The usefulness of networks: A study of social innovation in India

8/13/2019 The usefulness of networks: A study of social innovation in India

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@ijd Vljjk

LHDSI, Ijeid

Vlfid` BrljtikrsUgk jkxt kenk lb slfid` ijjlvdtilj rkskdrfg

Ugk uskbu`jkss lb jktwlrhs1 D stuey lb slfid`ijjlvdtilj ij Ijeid


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Vlfid` Brljtikrs Ugk [skbu jkss lb Jktwlrhs1d Vtuey lb Vlfid` Ijjlvdtilj ij Ijeid

Ugk [skbu`jkss lb Jktwlrhs1d Vtuey lb Vlfid` Ijjlvdtilj ij Ijeid

@ijd Vljjk, SgE, Lhdpi, wgl fdj mk fljtdftke lj sljjkClhdpid.fl

Ekfkomkr, =346

DmstrdftDftlrs, tgk ijeivieud`s lr nrlups lb ijeivieud`s (lrndjisdtiljs) wgl drk dm`k tl ij ukjfk lutfloksdje fdusk fgdjnk, drk ij odjy wdys tgk rkplsitlriks lb hjlw`kenk dje shi``s blr slfid` ijjlvdtiljij d bdst-fgdjnijn kjvirljokjt wgkrk tgkrk is ìoitke kxtkrjd`, fljtkoplrdry elfuokjtdtilj. Mk-fdusk hjlw`kenk is sprkde dfrlss dftlrs, ijtkrdftilj is rkquirke blr tgk eibbkrkjt hjlw`kenk typkstl oix. Jktwlrhs drk tgkrkblrk ioplrtdjt tl slfid` ijjlvdtilj ds ijjlvdtilj is tgk rksu`t lb jkw

flomijdtiljs lb eivkrsk hjlw`kenk typks. Ugis pdpkr usks edtd brlo dj kxistijn rkskdrfg prlakftodppijn ijeivieud` jktwlrhs lb ijjlvdtijn slfid` kjtkrprisks ij Ijeid tl ioprlvk lur ujekrstdje-ijn lb 4) wgl slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs turj tl blr dffkss tl hjlw`kenk dje ffljdjfid` dje jlj-ffljdjfid`supplrt ij lrekr tl ijjlvdtk, muiè dje nrlw tgk musijkss dje ekvk`lp slfid` fdpitd`8 =) glw slfid`kjtkrprisks muiè tgkir jktwlrhs tgdt blro tgk mdsis lb tgkir jktwlrh dje 6) tgk rl`k lb jktwlrhs lbijeivieud` slfid` ijjlvdtlrs ij fljtrimutijn tl okktijn nld`s lb slfid` ijjlvdtilj tgdt drk systkoifrdtgkr tgdj ijeivieud`.


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4. Ijtrleuftilj

Ijeid gds skkj d rkfkjt dje rdpie kokrnkjfk lb slfid` kjtkrprisks ds d pltkjtid` d`tkrjdtivk ekvk`-lpokjt fgdjjk`, wgkrk tgksk kjtkrprisks fdj ujekrtdhk slfid` dje ekvk`lpokjt ioprlvkokjts ijd olrk ffljdjfid``y sustdijdm`k odjjkr tgdj ltgkr hijes lb prlnrdooks. Ijjlvdtilj is fkjtrd` ij

slfid` kjtkrprisks1 odjy drk frkdtijn jkw prleufts dje skrvifks, dffkssijn, dje/lr dt tioks frkdt-ijn, jkw odrhkts. Ugksk kjtkrprisks d`sl kxist ij d jkw dje rdpie`y kvl`vijn skftlr dje jkke tlijjlvdtk tl dedpt tl jkw fgd``kjnks. Glwkvkr, tl ijjlvdtk dje nrlw tgkir slfid` kjtkrprisk, kjtrk-prkjkurs jkke tl ijtkrdft witg ltgkr dftlrs, ijfùeijn bk``lw kjtrkprkjkurs, suppìkrs, wgl`ksd`krs,ijvkstlrs, ijfumdtlrs. Blr tgis tgky muiè jktwlrhs lb fljtdfts tgdt tgky rk`y lj blr dffkss tl jkwijblrodtilj dje hjlw`kenk, dffkss tl ffljdjfk, dffkss tl musijkss fljjkftiljs d`ljn tgk vdùkfgdij dje dffkss tl odrhkts dje fustlokrs.

Ugis pdpkr 4 skts lut tl `llh dt twl ijtkrrk`dtke drkds. Ugk fflrst is tgk rl`k lb jktwlrhs blr ijeivieud`kjtrkprkjkurs, dje glw tgky muiè tgko. Ugk skflje1 tgk iopdft lb tgksk ijeivieud` jktwlrhs ljslfid` ijjlvdtilj dt tgk systko kvk`.

= @itkrdturk ]kvikw=.4 Vlfid` Kjtrkprkjkurs dje Hjlw`kenk B`lws

Vlfid` kjtrkprkjkurs gdvk dttrdftke d nrkdt ekd` lb dttkjtilj lvkr tgk `dst ekfdek lr sl ds fgdjnkdnkjts blr ekvk`lpokjtd` nld`s. Ugksk vkjturks ij tgk musijkss lb frkdtijn sinjifflfdjt slfid` vdùk el sl ij dj kjtrkprkjkurid` odrhkt-lrikjtke wdy, tgdt is, tgrlung nkjkrdtijn lwj rkvkjuks tlsustdij tgkosk`vks (K[, =346). Ds kokrnkjt, lbtkj sk`b-sustdijijn jlj-stdtk dftlrs, tgky drk hkyslfid` ijjlvdtlrs ij tgk kdr`y stdnks wgkrk slfid` i jjlvdtilj rkodijs wkdh`y ijstitutiljdìske(LKFE, =344).

Gkrk, ijjlvdtilj, ekffljke ds tgk fljtijulus prlfkss lb upnrdeijn usijn jkw hjlw`kenk lr tgk jkwflomijdtilj lb kxistijn hjlw`kenk tgdt is jkw tl tgk `lfd` drkd, is nkjkrd``y skkj tl kokrnk brlo dsystko lb dftlrs wglsk ijtkrdftiljs, mkgdvilur dje pdttkrjs lb `kdrjijn drk fljeitiljke my ijstitu-

tiljs (Brkkodj, 497>8 @ujevd``, 499=8 Kequist, 499>). Ugk ijstitutiljs tgdt bdfiìtdtk lw lb ijblr-odtilj mktwkkj vdrilus dftlrs drk pdrtifu`dr`y ioplrtdjt blr tgk ijjlvdtilj systko.

It is tgk dftlrs, = witgij tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk systko tgdt drk tgk rkplsitlriks lb hjlw`kenk dje shi``sblr slfid` ijjlvdtilj ij d bdst-fgdjnijn kjvirljokjt dje kokrnijn skftlr witg ìoitke kxtkrjdèlfuokjtdtilj. Vijfk hjlw`kenk is sprkde dfrlss eibbkrkjt dftlrs, tgky jkke tl ijtkrdft ij lrekr blreibbkrkjt typks lb hjlw`kenk tl lw tgrlung tgk systko dje oix. Ijjlvdtilj tgkrkblrk rkìks ljfl``dmlrdtivk hjlw`kenk dffuou`dtilj dje `kdrjijn prlfkssks (Drlrd, =339), dje gkrk jktwlrhsdrk vitd` ij fljjkftijn ijeivieud`s, muiè rk`dtiljsgips dje kjdm`k hjlw`kenk sgdrijn wgifg ij turjkjdm`k ijjlvdtilj.

=.= Jktwlrhs dje Jktwlrh Mrlhkrs

Kbbkftivk jktwlrhs 6 prlviek prlviek eirkft dffkss tl ltgkr dftlrs, ds wk`` wk`` ds tl sloktgijn `ksstdjnim`k1 slfid` fdpitd`, lr tgk dmiìty lb dftlrs tl skfurk mkjkfflts my virtuk lb okomkrsgip ij sl-fid` jktwlrhs lr ltgkr slfid` strufturks (Slrtks, 49971= ij Flwdj dje Hdodtg, =34=). D jktwlrhtgkrkblrk dbbkfts dj dftlrs stdjeijn dje dmiìty tl dffkss rkslurfks lutsiek gis lwj jktwlrh.

Jktwlrhs d``lw slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs tl dffkss musijkss lpplrtujitiks dje fljtdfts, ffljdjfk, sup-pìkrs, odrhkts dje fustlokrs, tkfgjl`lny, hjlw`kenk dje frkeimiìty (Sdrtdjkj, =3448 Vkordu,=346). Burtgkr, dfflreijn tl Nkmrkykkus dje Olgjkj (=346), tgk olst floolj rkdsljs blr kj-trkprkjkurs tl fl``dmlrdtk drk tl kxfgdjnk ijblrodtilj dje kxpkrikjfks. Kmmkr (=346), jltk tgdt

4 Ugis pdpkr is mdske lj d prlakft dje `ljnkr fgdptkr lj jktwlrhs lb slfid` kjtkrprisks blr Ri``nrl IjjlvdtiljBlujedtiljs, ffljdjfke my IE]F.

= Dftlrs ijfùek, blr kxdop`k, kjtrkprkjkurs, suppìkrs, trdekrs, wgl`ksd`krs, kje uskrs, ijvkstlrs, ijfumdtlrs,mdjhs, sk`b-gk`p nrlups, fllpkrdtivks, flopktitlrs, JNLs, dje Nlvkrjokjt.

6 Dj kbbkftivk jktwlrh is wiek (witg d rdjnk lb eibbkrkjt slurfks lb hjlw`kenk typks ijfùeijn nklnrdpg ifd` skf-tlrd` dje prlbkssiljd`) dje lpkj (kjsurijn dffkss tl hjlw`kenk mltg witgij tgk jktwlrh dje lutsiek it) dje gk`pshjlw`kenk dje ijblrodtilj lw mktwkkj eibbkrkjt dftlrs (Vljjk, =3448 Fdsti``d kt d`. =334).


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kjtrkprkjkurs kopgdsisijn jktwlrhijn drk olrk ìhk`y tl hjlw lb musijkss lr fl``dmlrdtilj lp-plrtujitiks. @dst`y, dfflreijn tl D`ìslj, =344, olst jktwlrhs drk nklnrdpgifd``y f`lsk, kspkfid``yblr sod``kr dje jkwkr kjtrkprkjkurs. @drnkr slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs ody gdvk d olrk ijtkrjdtiljd`jktwlrh.

Kbbkftivk jktwlrhs el jlt d`wdys kokrnk spljtdjklus`y, mut jkke bdfiìtdtijn ([jiel, 4999). Ljksufg kxdop`k is jktwlrh p`dtblros tgdt fljjkft tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk kflsystko. Ugk jktwlrh p`dt-blros drk d p`dfk tl trdek, kstdmìsg fl``dmlrdtilj, kxfgdjnk hjlw`kenk dje ijblrodtilj dje dffkssjkw ijvkstokjt lpplrtujitiks (blr iopdft ijvkstlrs) dje pltkjtid` ijvkstlrs (blr slfid` kjtkrprisks).D`tkrjdtivk`y, ijfumdtlrs dje bdfiìtdtlrs dft ds mrlhkrs - odhijn fljjkftiljs mktwkkj prkvilus`yujfljjkftke dftlrs, blr kxdop`k, mktwkkj slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs dje iopdft ijvkstlrs . D stuey ljslfid` kjtkrprisk ij tgk [H jltke tgdt jktwlrh mrlhkrs, rkniljd` fdtd`ysts dje kjtrkprkjkursgipsupplrt lrndjisdtiljs (Hiook` dje Gu`` =34=) gk`p nd`vdjisk jktwlrhs dje kjdm`k fljjkftiljsmktwkkj dftlrs. Ij Ijeid, wk gdvk skkj jktwlrh p`dtblros ([jfljvkjtilj, Vdjhd`p Blruo, DrtgdS`dtblro), bdfiìtdtlrs (Edsrd, Ielmrl), ijfumdtlrs (Ri``nrl, [j@te Ijeid) kokrnk ij rkfkjt ykdrs.

Jkvkrtgk`kss, odjy jktwlrh p`dtblros dje bdfiìtdtlrs drk ijkbfflfikjt dje lbtkj `dfhijn d ekkpujekrstdjeijn lb slfid` kjtkrprisks (D`ìslj, =344). D stuey lj ijfumdtlrs dje kjtrkprkjkurs jltk

tgdt ijfumdtlrs, lbtkj el jlt dft ds mrlhkrs, dje kvkj wgkj tgky el ìjh kjtrkprkjkurs tl kxtkrjd`pdrtjkrs, tgk suffkss rdtk is vkry sod`` (Kmmkrs, =346). Ij bdft, slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs survkyke ij tgk[H bluje ijtkrdftilj witg bk``lw slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs tl mk olrk gk`pbu` (tgrlung ijblrod` pkkr-tl-pkkr kxfgdjnks) tgdj tgdt witg ijfumdtlrs (D`ìslj,=344). Skkr-tl-pkkr jktwlrhs drk ioprltdjtblr sgdrijn hjlw`kenk, muiè rk`dtiljsgips dje prlviek lpplrtujitiks blr fl``dmlrdtilj, lr sgdrkrkslurfks (]lfhkt Vfikjfk, =337 ij D`ìslj, =344).

=.6 Fljfùsilj dje Brdokwlrh

Ugrlung tgk rkvikw lb ìtkrdturk wk bluje tgdt ijjlvdtijn slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs rk`y lj jktwlrhstl dffuou`dtk hjlw`kenk dje ijblrodtilj tl sl`vk prlm`kos dje ijjlvdtk, dje devifk lj glw tlstdrt dje nrlw tgkir musijkss, dffkss bujeijn, dffkss stdhkglèkrs d`ljn tgk vdùk fgdij, dje df-

fkss odrhkts dje fustlokrs. Jktwlrhs jlt lj`y prlvieks slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs witg eirkft dffksstl stdhkglèkrs, mut it fdj d`sl prlviek tgko witg slfid` fdpitd`, wgifg ij turj fdj lpkj ellrs. kd`sl jltk tgdt wgkrk jktwlrhs el jlt kokrnk spljtdjklus`y, fkrtdij dftlrs ij tgk systko ody dftds mrlhkrs dje bdfiìtdtk tgk frkdtilj lb d jktwlrh. Kxdop`ks lb sufg mrlhkrs ijfùek jktwlrhp`dtblros, ijfumdtlrs dje ltgkr bdfiìtdtlrs sufg ds okjtlrs. @dst`y, wk jltke tgdt jktwlrh mrlhkrsgdvk d oixke suffkss rdtk, dje lbtkj kjtkrprisks fflje tgk supplrt lb bk``lw slfid` kjtrkprkjkrusolrk gk`pbu`.

6. Oktglel`lny

Ugis rkskdrfg ij tgis pdpkr, wgifg is mdske lj d `drnkr stuey dje mllh fgdptkr lj jktwlrhs lb sl-fid` kjtkrprisks, rkìks lj priodry dje skfljedry edtd. Ul stuey jktwlrhs, wk usk dj knlfkjtrke

oktgle blr edtd fl``kftilj dje djd`ysis (Nrkvk, =3368 Hjlhk dje Huhìjshi, 497=), wgkrk wk bl-fus lj ljk ijeivieud`s jktwlrh lb dftlrs, rdtgkr tgdj d systko kvk` jktwlrh. k skkh ijblrodtiljlj ijeivieud`s jktwlrhs tgk dftlrs dje tgkir dftivitiks, ds wk`` ds tgk jdturk lb tglsk rk`dtiljs.

Ijtkrvikws dje visits tl tgk tgrkk slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs dje tgkir vkjturks wkrk ujekrtdhkj tl stueytgk jktwlrh lb kdfg slfid` kjtrkprkjkur, dje `kdrj glw jktwlrhs, dje tgk kjtrkprkjkurs usk lbtgko, gdvk kvl`vke lvkr tiok. Ugk ujit lb djd`ysis is tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk, dje tl sk`kft tgk tgrkkfdsk stueiks, wk uske purplskbu` sdopìjn. Ugk fritkrid tl sk`kft tgk tgrkk fdsk stueiks wkrk mdskelj ffljeijn slfid` kjtkrprisks brlo d rdjnk lb mdfhnrlujes, ij eibbkrkjt skftlrs, dje dt eibbkrkjtstdnks lb ekvk`lpokjt.


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Udm`k 41 Fdsk Vtuey Vk`kftilj

Kjtkrprisk Vkftlr ]urd`/[rmdj Mdfhgrluje

VOR gkk`s Fyf`k ]ifhsgdw [rmdj1 Rdrdjdsi ]dj rifhsgdw lrndjisd-

tilj[jekr tgk Odjnl Urkk Gljky/bdroijn ]urd` tl [rmdj Blrokr`y lrè Mdjh

]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy Keufdtilj Ri``dnk/skoi-urmdj Nrdeudtk/`lfd` IUtkdfgkr

Ijtkrvikws wkrk skoi-strufturke dje bl``lw d fljvkrsdtilj witg d purplsk (Murnkss, 4994) dp-prldfg, sl tgdt tgk lrekr lb tgk qukstiljs vdrike dfflreijn tl tgk lw lb kdfg pdrtifu`dr ijtkrvikw.

5. Lvkrvikw lb Fdsk Vtueiks

Bl``lwijn lj brlo tgk lvkrvikw prlvieke my tgk survky, tgis skftilj `llhs dt tgk jktwlrhs lb tgrkkslfid` kjtkrprisks. Ugk fdsk stueiks drk VOR ^gkk`s, d fllpkrdtivk prlvieijn ffljdjfijn blr fyf`krifhsgdws8 [jekr Ugk Odjnl Urkk, wgifg prleufks gljky tgrlung pdrtjkr bdrokrs8 dje ]lskFloputkr Dfdekoy wgifg trdijs rurd` dje skoi-urmdj ylutg ij floputkr ìtkrdfy.

5.4 VOR gkk`s1 hjlfhijn lj ellrs

Ugis fdsk stuey sglws glw skpdrdtk `lfd` musijkss dje iop`kokjtdtilj jktwlrhs fdj mk brlo tgkstrdtkny dje bujeijn jktwlrhs. It d`sl gingìngts tgk ioplrtdjfk lb kxpkrikjfk dje lb hjlfhijn ljellrs tl muiè d jktwlrh.

VOR gkk`s, stdrtke my Jdvkkj Hrisgjd ij Rdrdjdsi ij =343, lbbkrs rifhsgdw pu``krs tgk lpplr-

tujity tl mkflok okomkrs lb tgk VOR ^gkk`s Fllpkrdtivk dje tl dpp`y blr d `ldj tl muy d fyf`krifhsgdws. Ugkrk drk blur eibbkrkjt typks lb rifhsgdws1 rknu`dr rifhsgdw (]s 4;;33), rifhsgdw witgelum`k skdtijn my VOR gkk`s (]s 4;;33), trl``ky (]s 44;33) dje pusg fdrt (]s 9333). Bl``lw-ijn tgk `ldj dppìfdtilj dje euk eiìnkjfk, VOR prlvieks tgk rifhsgdw upbrljt, dje it is sumsk-qukjt`y pdie lbb ij ;= ijstdòkjts lvkr ljk ykdr, dt ]s =33-633 pkr wkkh. Ugk wkkh`y pdyokjtsdrk rknistkrke dndijst tgk rifhsgdw pu``krs IE, prlvieijn gio witg prlvkj frkeit dje pdyokjtrkflre wgifg fdj mk uske tl dffkss ltgkr `ldjs lr nlvkrjokjt sfgkoks.

Jdvkkj spkjt skvkrd` ykdrs wlrhijn blr d nlvkrjokjt dnkjfy skttijn up `lfd` rifhsgdw lrndjisd-tiljs tgrlung d nlvkrjokjt-bujeke prlnrdook. It is tgis kxpkrikjfk tgdt gk rkìke lj wgkj skttijnup VOR ^gkk`s1 Blr kxdop`k, d floolj issuk wds tgdt ljfk tgk prlakft nrdjt bujeijn kjeke, tgkrifhsgdw lrndjisdtilj gde tl f`lsk. Gk tgkrkblrk fglsk tl skt up VOR ^gkk`s ds d blr prlfflt kjtity.^gi`k Jdvkkj gde tgk hjlw`kenk dje kxpkrikjfk tl skt up dj lrndjisdtilj supplrtijn rifhsgdw

pu``krs, gk mkìkvks tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk iekd fdok jlt brlo gio, mut brlo rifhsgdw pu``krs witgblrksingt, dje fflvk rifhsgdw pu``krs gk okt wgkj olvijn mdfh tl Rdrdjdsi fl-bujeke gis fflrst rifh-sgdw purfgdsk sl tgdt gk fluè stdrt VOR ^gkk`s.

Ul Jdvkkj, gis `lfd` jktwlrh (sufg ds `lffd` fustlokrs, suppìkrs, rknu`dtlrs, dje glspitd` dje ij-surdjfk pdrtjkrs) tgdt wlrhs witg tl ruj tgk edy-tl-edy musijkss is eistijft brlo tgk pdj-Ijeidj jkt-wlrh tgdt gk dffkssks ij lrekr tl bujerdisk, dje ioprlvk gis musijkss strdtkny tl nrlw tgk musijkss.


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5.= [jekr Ugk Odjnl Urkk1 strljn kxistijn jktwlrhs

Ugis fdsk stuey sglws glw kstdmìsgke prlbkssiljd` dje slfid` jktwlrhs dje mkijn mdske ij d okt-rl fdj rkd``y gk`p d slfid` kjtrkprkjkur odhk tgk olst lb lpplrtujitiks tl nrlw.

[jekr tgk Odjnl Urkk ([UOU), stdrtke ij Ouomdi my Riadyd Sdstd`d ij =33>, ìjhs mkk-hkkpijnbdrokrs, tgrlung `lfd` pdrtjkr lrndjizdtiljs ij rurd` drkds, witg fity fljsuokrs tgrlung tik-upswitg supkrodrhkts dje ging-kje rktdi`krs ij urmdj drkds. [UOU lpkrdtks d gymrie blr prlfflt djeJNL olek` witg d blr prlfflt musijkss purfgdsijn dje odrhktijn gljky ds ljk dro, dje dj JNLtrdijijn dje supplrt bdrokrs tl tdhk up mkk hkkpijn ds tgk ltgkr dro.

[UOU mkndj ds d prlpriktlrsgip, gde its fflrst sd`k ij =337, mkfdok d jlt-blr-prlfflt Vlfikty ij =339dje rknistkrke ds d Srivdtk @ioitke Flopdjy ij =343. It jlw lpkrdtks ds d gymrie slfid` kjtkrpriskdfrlss kstkrj dje Jlrtgkrj Ijeid. [UOU wlj Ri``dnk Fdpitd` ij =339, mkfdok d @kvk` twl ijfu-mdtkk witg [j@te Ijeid ij =339, rkfkivke ijfumdtilj supplrt dje bujeijn brlo Ri``nrl ij =34= djegds rkfkjt`y mkkj dwdreke tgk Ekvk`lpokjt Odrhktp`dfk dwdre.

Riadyd nrkw up, dje stueike ij Ouomdi, mkblrk olvijn tl tgk [V blr ujekrnrdeudtk dje plstnrde-

udtk stueiks. ^gkj sgk rkturjke tl Ijeid, sgk wlrhke ij ìvkìglles blr ijtkrjdtiljd` blujedtiljssufg ds tgk Dnd Hgdj Blujedtilj, tgk Hb^ Mdjhkjnruppk, dje tgk lrè Mdjh. It is tgis kxpkri-kjfk wlrhijn witg ìvkìglles, tgdt sgk mdske tgk musijkss olek` lb [UOU lj.

Riadyd is d vkry dftivk jktwlrhkr, wgl fljtijulus`y ijfrkdsks ds wk`` ds ffl`tkrs gkr jktwlrh. Gkrjktwlrhs fdj mrlde`y mk eivieke mktwkkj jktwlrhs blr dffkss tl odrhktijn dje rktdi`, mdske ljgkr slfid` jktwlrh, jktwlrhs mdske lj fljtdfts brlo tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk kflsystko blr bujeijndje sfdìjn tgk kjtkrprisk, dje vdùk fgdij jktwlrhs olst`y erdwj brlo gkr prkvilus prlbkssiljd`kxpkrikjfk.

5.6 ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy1 ioplrtdjfk lb hky pklp`k

Ugis fdsk stuey sglws glw okktijn d skriks lb hky ijeivieud`s fdj trinnkr fgdjnk dje dffkss tltgk slfid` kjtkrprisk jktwlrh wgkj jlt ìvijn ij d oktrl lr wk`` jktwlrhke. It d`sl gingìngts tgkissuk lb jlt mkijn fljfflekjt ij Kjnìsg, dje tgk ioplrtdjfk lb mllstijn fljfflekjfk dje prlvieijnsupplrt dt dj kdr`y stdnk, kspkfid``y wgkj dj kjtrkprkjkur fdjjlt rk`y lj gis slfid` jktwlrh blrmusijkss supplrt.

Doit Hdtdrid rujs ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy ij gis vi``dnk, jkdr Ek`gi, prlvieijn sglrt-tkro flo-putkr flursks sufg ds mdsif floputijn, dfflujtijn dje nrdpgif eksinj blr vi``dnkrs. Gk skt up tgkdfdekoy ij ij =332 dje it mkfdok lpkrdtiljd` ij =33>. My =346 d tltd` lb ;333 stuekjts gde nrde-udtke brlo gis dfdekoy dje gk jlw gds tgrkk deeitiljd` mrdjfgks ij jkdrmy vi``dnks. Ugk lrndjisd-tilj stdrtke lut ds d prlpriktlrsgip, rknistkrke ds d pdrtjkrsgip fflro ij =337 dje ds d privdtk ìoitkeij =34=. ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy gds rkfkjt`y rkfkivke bujeijn brlo [j@te.

^gi`k ij gis ffljd` ykdr dt Ek`gi [jivkrsity, Doit rkturjke tl gis vi``dnks tl tkdfg mdsif floputijnwitg @itkrdfy Ijeid ij gis vi``dnk ij tgk olrjijns. îtgij d ykdr Doit gde stdrtke dj kjtrkprkjkur-sgip flursk witg, Egriiti, dj JNL tgdt supplrts tgk blrodtilj lb oifrl kjtkrprisks. ^gi`k dt Egri-iti, Doit frkdtke d p`dj tl stdrt d floputkr trdijijn lrndjisdtilj. îtg d ìtt`k mit lb bujeijn brlo dflusij dje d brikje, Doit mkndj wlrh lj tgk sfgll` ij Jlvkomkr, =332, witg stuekjts floijn ij=33> wgkj gk gde tgrkk mdsif floputkrs, dje lbfflfid` lpkjijn fkrkoljy ij 42 Dunust =33>. Doitusks gis jktwlrhs blr nkjkrd` qukriks dje elks jlt eiviek it mktwkkj dffkss tl ffljdjfk, musijkssdevifk lb jkw hjlw`kenk. Ijstkde tgkrk is d eistijftilj mktwkkj qukriks lb d musijkss, strdtkny djeffljdjfk jdturk (blr wgifg gis ìjhs drk pdj-Ijeidj) dje jktwlrh blr fustlokrs (stuekjts) dje sup-pìkrs (lb IU ijbrdstrufturk lr tkdfgkrs), wgifg drk `lfd`.


7/14


;. Jktwlrhs lb Vlfid` Kjtkrprisks

Ugis skftilj wi`` eisfuss tgk jktwlrhs tgdt slfid` kjtkrprisks rk`y lj tl dffkss jkw hjlw`kenk,ijblrodtilj dje musijkss strdtkny, dffkss musijkss pdrtjkrs d`ljn tgk vd uk fgdij dje dffkss tlodrhkts dje fustlokrs, ij `ingt lb tgk fdsk stueiks eksfrimke dmlvk dje suoodriske ij tgk tdm`k

mk`lw. It tgkj nlks lj tl eisfuss fgdjnk lvkr tiok, mkblrk ffljd``y fljsiekrijn tgk iopdft jktwlrhsgdvk lj tgk systko.


8/14


Udm`k =1 Vuoodry lb Fdsk Vtueiks

VOR gkk`s [UOU ]lsk Floputkr

Ijblr-odtilj,musijkssstrdtkny

Ijfumdtlr [j`te Ijeidfkjtrd` tl strdtkny, de-vifk dje muièijn musi-jkss. ]k`y lj bk``lwkjtrkprkjkur jktwlrhbrlo Edsrd.Jkw tkfgjl`lny1 wlrhwitg Eutfg FV] shi``skxfgdjnk prlnrdookdje stuekjts dt d tlpkjnijkkrijn fl``knksij fl``dmlrdtilj witgDokrifd-Ijeid Blujed-

tilj.

Mkijn pdrt lb tgk [j@teijfumdtilj prlnrdookndvk Riadyd dffkss tl d`drnk juomkr lb okjtlrs.Vgk d`sl rkìks lj lè fl`-`kdnuks dje brikjes wglgdvk mkkj tgkrk kdr`y lj.Uledy gkr mldre is ioplr-tdjt blr strdtkny. D`sl nktsupplrt tgrlung FV] ijitid-tivks ihk Kiek`wkiss tgdtwrltk G] plìfy.

Doit gds mui`t jktwlrhtgrlung lrndjisdtiljs sup-plrtijn slfid` kjtkrprisks.Egriiti tdungt gio musi-jkss strdtkny dje writijn dmusijkss p`dj. [j@te Ijeidgds gk`pke witg odjdnk-okjt. Vdjekkp Hirpd`dji isd hky devislr dje writksdppìfdtiljs. [sks jktwlrhlb slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs tldffkss ijblrodtilj djefljtdfts.

Bijdjfk Bijdjfk fdok fflrst vidmusijkss p`dj flopkti-tiljs. Ugk flopktitiljd`sl fljjkftke Jdvkkjwitg H@ BkìfitdsBlujedtilj dje Birst@ingt Rkrjturks, wgifg`ke tl d syjeifdtk ij-vkstijn

Musijkss p`dj flopktitiljprlvieke bujeijn kdr`ylj, bl``lwke my ijfumd-tlr Ri``nrl ij dje ij

, ^lrè Mdjhs Ekvk`-lpokjt Odrhkt S`dfk. Jlwtgk Mldre is ioplrtdjt blrbujerdisijn.

Kdr`y lj brikjes dje bdo-i`y ijvkstke. ]kfkjt`yijfumdtlr [j@te prlviekeffljdjfk tl stdmiìsk lpkrd-tiljs dje kxpdje.

Musijksspdrtjkrsd`ljnvdùkfgdij

[sk lfd` odjubdftur-krs dje dsskom`krs lbrifhsgdws tgdt VORtkstke lut dje jlwtrdij dje oljitlr.Sdrtjkr witg `lfd` ij-surdjfk dje glspitd`tl lbbkr okeifd` flvkr-dnk. Dje JNL trdij ijGIR prkvkjtilj, gkd`tgdje gynikjk. @lfd`dutglritiks prlvke uj-fllpkrdtivk dt fflrst, mutpkrsistkjfk pdie lbb.

Musijkss jktwlrh is odekup lb `lfd` pdrtjkrs supp`y-ijn gljky. Ugksk drk drnk`lfd` JNLs Riadyd wlrhkewitg lr skt up ij gkr prkvi-lus alms.

Doit gds tike up witg d`lfd` blujedtilj (JIU)tl prlviek fkrtifflfdtks ljflop`ktilj lb floputkrflursks, tgrlung d fljtdftdt Egriiti. Blr tkdfgkrs,]lsk rkìks lj flursknrdeudtks, `lfd` pklp`k djenrdeudtks brlo `lfd` fl`-`knks. Blr floputkr ijbrd-strufturk, Doit usks pklp`kmdske `lfd``y d gdrewdrksglp .


9/14


Fustlo-krs

Mui`t rifhsgdw wd``djktwlrhs my gdjnijnlut witg tgko, tllhjijk oljtgs tl muiètrust. Bivk ijitid` rifh-sgdw pu``krs supplrtkegio brlo stdrt djegk`pke muiè jktwlrh.^kkh`y fustlokr lut-rkdfg, jlw gdvk pu``krs ij fllpkrdtivk.Ul sinj lj jkw pu``kr,visit bdoi`y, brikjes,spkdh tl wibk tl rkeufkrish.

Ugk fustlokr jktwlrhijfùeks drnk supkrodr-hkt fgdijs ij Ijeids odijoktrls tgrlung wgifg tgkgljky is slè. Ugksk gdre-tl-rkdfg pdrtjkrs wkrkdffksske tgrlung Riadydspkrsljd` jktwlrh (sfgll`,brikjes, bdoi`y) ds wk`` dsjktwlrhs lb mldre oko-mkrs.

Ugk stuekjts tgdt ]lsktrdijs drk d`` mdske ij `l-fd` vi``dnks. Gk fflrst triketyijn up witg `lfd` sfgll`mut tgdt `lfd` deoijistrd-tlrs eisdpprlvke. Gk jlwnkts stuekjts tgrlungwlre-lb-olutg, dje rk-fkjt`y kop`lyke d fdo-pdinj odjdnkr tl ioprlvkstuekjt juomkrs.

Fljbi-ekjfk djeedy-tl-edy sup-plrt

[j@te blr muièijnflljfflekjfk, bk``lwkjtrkprkjkurs okttgrlung Edsrd prl-nrdook.

Ugrlung Edsrd dje [j`teokt d `lt lb slfid` kjtrk-prkjkurs dje okjtlrs tgdtrkìks lj blr edytl-edyqukriks.

Odrido Adbri dt Egriitiwds tgk fflrst tl mllst gisfljfflekjfk. Dt Adnriti Ydtrd(slfid` kjtkrprisk tlur) gkokt pklp`k brlo Ijtkrjd-tiljd` Ijstitutk blr Vlfid`Kjtkrprisk wgl supplrtgio.

;.4 Ijeivieud` Vlfid` Kjtkrprisk Jktwlrhs

D`` tgrkk fdsk stueiks gingìngt tgdt tgkrk is jl f`kdr eistijftilj mktwkkj eibbkrkjt hijes lb bujf-tiljs ij jktwlrhs, sufg ds dffkss tl ffljdjfk lr hjlw`kenk dje devifk. ]dtgkr, slfid` kjtrkprkjkurstkje tl usk tgk sdok fljtdfts blr mltg drkds. Jdvkkj lb VOR ^gkk`s, okdjwgi`k rkìks lj gisbrikje dje okjtlr dt [j@te Ijeid tlnktgkr witg d fl-blujekr dt H@ Bkìfitds Blujedtilj blr mltgbujerdisijn dje hjlw`kenk fljjkftiljs. Ij tgk fdsk lb ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy, Doit rkìks ljgis fl``kdnuk dje devislr Or Hirpd`dji, dje lj gis ijvkstlr, [j@te Ijeid blr devifk, i jblrodtiljdje bujeijn fljjkftiljs.

Glwkvkr, tgkrk is dj lmvilus eistijftilj mktwkkj jktwlrhs uske blr bujerdisijn dje musijkss strdt-kny dje jkw ijblrodtilj lj tgk ljk gdje, dje musijkss ijputs d`ljn tgk vdùk fgdij, dje fustlo-krs, lj tgk ltgkr gdje. Ij tgk fdsks lb VOR ^gkk`s dje ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy tgkrk is d f`kdrnklnrdpgif eistijftilj witg jktwlrhs blr suppìkrs, fustlokrs dje ltgkr ijputs de lutputs d`ljntgk vdùk fgdij mkijn `lfd`, wgi`k jktwlrhs uske tl dffkss strdtknif devifk, ioprlvk tgk musijkssp`dj lr dffkss ffljdjfk drk pdj-Ijeidj ij jdturk. Dt VOR gkk`s, Jdvkkjs musijkss jktwlrh lbstdhkglèkrs prlvieijn vdùk deeke skrvifks, lr nlvkrjokjt lbfflfid`s, is d`sl vkry oufg `lfd`,mdske ij Rdrdjdsi. Ugk sdok nlks blr VOR gkk`s fustlokrs tgk rifhsgdw pu``krs lb Rdrdjdsi.]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy gds d ging`y `lfdìske musijkss dje fustlokr jktwlrh, mdske witgij drdeius lb 4=ho brlo its gkde lbfflfk.Glwkvkr, [UO usks d eibbkrkjt olek`, rk`yijn lj `drnk pdrtjkr lrndjisdtiljs witg pdj-Ijeidjrkdfg tl prlfurk gljky brlo rurd` bdrokrs. [UOU is d`sl usijn d eibbkrkjt fustlokr jktwlrh rk`yijn lj ging-kje supkrodrhkts tl rkdfg urmdj fljsuokrs. ^gi`k tgis jktwlrh is jlt jkfkssdri`y`lfd`, [UOU nkjkrd``y rkìks lj Riadyds pkrsljd` jktwlrh, rdtgkr tgdj fljtdfts prlvieke my tgkslfid` kjtkrprisk supplrt kflsystko.

Ljk drkd tgdt is `kss tdjnim`k mut gingìngtke ds ioplrtdjt my d`` slfid` kjtkrprisks ij tgk stuey, ispkrsljd` supplrt dje fljfflekjfk mllstijn- mkijn dm`k tl td`h tl slokmley ujekrstdjes wgdt tgkslfid` kjtrkprkjkur is nlijn tgrlung. Skkr-tl-pkkr supplrt doljn slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs tgkrkblrkstlle lut ds pdrtifu`dr`y ioplrtdjt blr d`` tgrkk kjtrkprkjkurs ijtkrvikwke. Riadyd brlo [UOUrkìks lj tgk supplrt lb slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs sgk okt tgrlung [j@te dje Edsrd. Jdvkkj lb VOR


10/14


^gkk`s d`sl tglungt tgk Edsrd flglrt lb slfid` kjtkrprisks wds d slurfk lb supplrt. Okdjwgi`k,Doit usks tgk ljìjk dùoji jktwlrh lb Adnriti Ydtrd blr supplrt, qukriks dje ds d slurfk lb jkwfljtdfts.

;.= Frkdtijn dje Odijtdijijn Kvl`vijn Jktwlrhs k bluje tgdt kdfg slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs jktwlrh vdriks ij tgk hije lb dftlrs tgdt it kjflopdssks

dje glw it gds nrlwj dje fgdjnke lvkr tiok. Glwkvkr, d`` kjtrkprkjkurs rkìke lj slfid` jktwlrhs(ijfùeijn prlbkssiljd` frkdtke brlo prkvilus alms) wgkj stdrtijn up tgkir slfid` kjtkrprisk. Ugdtd`sl okdjs tgdt tgk mdfhnrluje tgdt tgk slfid` kjtrkprkjkur fdok witg odttkrke d nrkdt ekd` wgkjit floks tl glw uskbu` gis kxistijn jktwlrh wds.


11/14


Udm`k 61 Fgdjnk ij Jktwlrhs lvkr Uiok

VOR gkk`s [UOU ]lsk Floputkr

VtdrtijnLut

Brikjes wkrk ioplr-tdjt, kspkfid``y tgkfgdrtkrke dfflujtdjtwgl gk`pke rknistkrdje el d`` `knd` blr-odìtiks.

]kìke gkdvi`y lj kxistijnslfid` jktwlrh -brikjes brlofl``knk dje blrokr fl`-`kdnuks. Riadyd fljtdftkepklp`k wlrhijn lj sioi`drtgijns. Ugk blujekr lb Dlrè lb Nlle wds ljk sufg

kdr`y okjtlr

Doit rkìke lj brikjes djehky pklp`k kdr`y lj wkrk1gis mrltgkr wgl fl-bujeke,d brikje dje d flusij wglijvkstke, dje Odrido Adbribrlo Egriiti wgl tlè gio gkfluè el tgis.

Jlw Ijfumdtlrs dje ijvks-tlrs gdvk mkflokioplrtdjt.

Furrkjt`y [UOU blfusske ljnrlwtg dje blfussijn jktwlrhlj tgdt. Ugk Mldre lb [UOU

p`dys dj ioplrtdjt rl`k. Djktwlrh lb slfid` kjtrkprk-jkurs ioplrtdjt. Uledy gdvkd jktwlrh witgij [UOU witgskjilr stdbb d`` gdvk tgkir lwjjktwlrhs tl tdp ijtl.

Uledy gis mrltgkr is ioplr-tdjt, ds is tgk brikje. Ltgkrioplrtdjt pklp`k drk tglskgk okt tgrlung tgk slfid` kj-

tkrprisk trdijijn, Adnriti Ydtrddje blruos. Gk rkìks `ksslj Egriiti tledy dje olrklj [j@te. Ltgkr ioplrtdjtpklp`k drk gis fdopdinjodjdnkr dje fljtdft brloIjtk``kfdp.

Fgdjnk

]kìke olrk ljpkrsljd` jktwlrhdje brikjes mkblrkwgi`k jlw prlbks-siljd` fljtdfts gdvk

mkflok olrk ioplr-tdjt. Glwkvkr, blr`lfd` girks dje `lfdòdttkrs, sti`` rk`y ljpkrsljd` fljtdfts.Jltks tgdt fljtdfts lrdevifk `llhijn blr tl-edy is olrk blfusskedje `kss nkjkrd` tgdjwgkj stdrtijn lut.

Jktwlrh fgdjnke brlo %slfid` jktwlrh wgkj stdrt-ijn lut tl % mkijn slfid`jktwlrh tledy. Gkr jkkes lbjktwlrh gds fgdjnke ds musi-jkss gds nrlwj dje sl tgkfloplsitilj gds fgdjnke. Blrkxdop`k, tgk devifk sgk skkhsjlw is olrk spkfidìske lrjudjfke.

Doits jktwlrh wds bdo-i`y dje brikje-blfusske dt

tgk stdrt mut tgrlung gis alurjky gk gds odek d `ltlb fljtdfts- mltg brlo sup-plrt lrndjisdtiljs dje slfid`kjtkrprisks dje tgksk drkjlw vkry ioplrtdjt blr gismusijkss.

HkySklp`k/Urinnkrs

Okjtlr brlo [j`te

Ijeid blr musijkssstrdtkny dje devifk.@i Fl-blujekr lb H@Bkìfitds Bluje. djeMlm Sdti``l (Birst@ingt Rkjturks) blrfflrst mkìkvijn giodje prlviek dffkss tlffljdjfk.

Mkfdusk lb gkr kxistijn jkt-wlrh, [UOU gds jlt rkìkelj hky pklp`k tl trinnkrfgdjnk oufg. Uglung ijitid`bujeijn dje dffkss tl [j@teioplrtdjt. D odj wgl flj-tdftke Riadyd ij witg djijtkrkst ij mkk hkkpijn is jlwd hky pdtrlj.

Odrido Adbri dt Egriitigk`pke kdr`y lj. Okjtlrbrlo [j@te gk`pke witgmusijkss strdtkny. Ugk Adn-riti Ydtrd wds d hky trinnkrij fljjkftijn gio tl hkypklp`k dje lrndjisdtiljs.Vdjekkp Hirpd`dji is vitd` ijturjijn tgk musijkss olekòlrk prlbkssiljd` dje flj-jkftijn tl ffljdjfk.


12/14


KxpdjeJktwlrh

Musijkss p`dj flo-pktitiljs, Edsrd dje

Vdjhd`p gk`pke kx-pdje jktwlrh. D`slusks UIK Ek`gi djeDftiljs blr Ijeid

[j@te gk`pke kxpdje okj-tlr jktwlrh. Edsrd prlviekedffkss tl jktwlrh lb bk``lwkjtrkprkjkurs. Riadyd is f`kdrlj ioplrtdjfk lb jktwlrhsdje tgk jkke tl oi`h gkrjktwlrh.

Egriiti tlè Doit dmlut tgkAdnriti Ydtrd. Dt tgk Ydtrdgk okt fljtdft brlo Ijtk`-`kfdp wgl fljjkftke gio tl

Vdjhd`p Blruo, wgkrk gkokt [j@te. Dt tgk Ydtrd gkokt Or Hirpd`dji wgl is dfkjtrd` devislr. Ugk Ydtrddje Edsrd prlvieke jkt-wlrhs lb kjtrkprkjkurs.

Doit brlo ]lsk Floputkr Dfdekoy ijitid``y rkìke dòlst kxfùsivk`y tgk slfid` jktwlrh ij gisvi``dnk, witg gis brikje, mrltgkr dje flusij gk`pijn gio tl `dujfg tgk kjtkrprisk. Glwkvkr, stdrt-ijn witg Egriiti, ds gk, dòlst ìjkdr`y, prlnrksske tgrlung eibbkrkjt slfid` kjtkrprisk supplrtprlnrdooks, gk odek hky fljtdfts tgdt tgkj mkfdok flrjkrstljks lb gis jktwlrh, sufg ds mkijnijtrleufke tl Vdjhd`p tgrlung d fljtdft gk okt dt tgk Adnriti Ydtrd, wgifg ij turj `ke gio tl okkt[j@te, wgl ijvkstke ij gio, dje Edsrd, wgl tllh gio lj ds d bk``lw dje ioprlvke gis musijkssp`dj. Gk wds dm`k tl tdhk bu`` devdjtdnk lb tgksk lpplrtujitiks mkfdusk lb okktijn gis okjtlr, OrHirpd`dji dt tgk Adnriti Ydtrd.

Riadyd lb [UOU, lj tgk ltgkr gdje gde d vkry strljn prlbkssiljd` dje slfid` jktwlrh prilr tlstdrtijn gkr kjtkrprisk, mdske lj stueiks ij tgk [V, wlrh kxpkrikjfk witg ijtkrjdtiljd` blujedtiljsdje tgk lrè Mdjh, dje nrlwijn up ij Vlutg Ouomdi. Ugkrkblrk, wgi`k sgk wds jkw tl tgk slfid`kjtkrprisk kflsystko, sgk wds d`rkdey wk`` jktwlrhke mltg ij Ouomdi dje olrk wiek`y ij ekvk`-lpokjt dje prdftifk dje plìfy firf`ks ij Ijeid. Jlt lj`y elks ekvk`lpokjt jktwlrhs dje slfid`kjtkrprisk jktwlrhs lvkr`dp slokwgdt, mut sgk gds d nrkdt ekd` lb slfid` fdpitd` brlo gkr kxistijnjktwlrhs tgdt gds ìhk`y gk`pke lpkj ellrs kdr`y ij gkr fdrkkr. Ljk kxdop`k lb tgdt slfid` fdpitd`,is gkr dmiìty tl dffkss ging-kje rktdi`krs ij Ouomdi tgrlung wgifg tl sk`` tgk gljky. Jdvkkj lbVOR gkk`s, d`sl uske gis prlbkssiljd` kxpkrikjfk kxtkjsivk`y wgkj skttijn up VOR gkk`ssijfk gk gde prkvilus`y wlrhke witg d nlvkrjokjt dnkjfy skttijn up rifhsgdw lrndjisdtiljs..

Jktwlrhs fgdjnk lvkr tiok, dje tgk tgrkk slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs stueike ij tgis pdpkr d`` gingìngtglw tgk floplsitilj dje sgdpk lb tgkir jktwlrhs gdvk fgdjnke lvkr tiok. Blr ijstdjfk, d`` tgrkkkjtrkprkjkurs bluje tgdt tgkir jktwlrhs ijfùek d `drnk juomkr lb fljtdfts brlo slfid` kjtkrpriskkflsystko slurfks lvkr tiok, wgi`k fljtdfts brlo slfid` jktwlrhs gdvk mkflok flopdrdm`y `kssioplrtdjt. Radyd lb [UOU jltke tgdt tgis is pdrtid``y d bujftilj lb tgk devifk jkkeke mkfloijnolrk tdrnktke dje spkfifflf tgk olrk tgk kjtkrprisk kvl`vks, tgkrkblrk jkkeijn olrk spkfidìskegk`p. VOR ^gkk`s d`sl kopgdsiske tgdt tgk hije lb gk`p dje devifk tgdt is olst uskbu` tl tgkojlw is tgdt wgifg is olrk tdrnktke, spkfifflf dje fljfrktk. Mkblrk tgky bluje olrk nkjkrd` devifktl mk gk`pbu` ds tgky wkrk muièijn tgk blujedtilj lb tgk lrndjisdtilj.

@dst`y, it is jltkwlrtgy tgdt ij odjy fdsks tgkrk gdvk mkkj spkfifflf hky pklp`k dftilj ds trinnkrsblr tgk slfid` kjtkrprisks. Blr Doits ]lsk Dfdekoy, blr ijstdjfk, okktijn Odrido Adbri wds d hkyturjijn plijt ij mkìkvijn gk fluè stdrt gis lwj musijkss. @ihkwisk, okktijn d fljtdft brlo Ijtk`-`kfdp dt tgk Adnriti Ydtrd prlvieke gio witg dffkss tl tgk Vdjhd`p Blruo tgk minnkst slfid` kjtkr-prisk dje iopdft ijvkstijn kvkjt ij Ijeid, dje Or Hirpd`dji wgl gk d`sl okt dt tgk Ydtrd, wds dm`ktl gk`p gio writk tgk dppìfdtilj ds jkfkssdry sijfk Doit eie jlt spkdh Kjnìsg wk`` dt tgdt plijt.Blr VOR ^gkk`s, Jdvkkj, okktijn gis okjtlr brlo [j@te dje gdvk gkr gk`p lj frkdtijn d vidm`kmusijkss olek` wds ioplrtdjt. Vl wds tdhijn pdrt ij tgk musijkss p`dj flopktitilj tgdt `ke tl giookktijn tgk fl-blujekr lb tgk H@ Bkìfitds Blujedtilj dje Mlm Sdrti``l brlo Birst @ingt Rkjturks.


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;.6 Ijeivieud` Jktwlrhs dje Vystko Iopdft

Vupplrt lrndjisdtiljs gdvk d f`kdr nld` ij frkdtijn jktwlrhs, ds skkj my tgk rkbkrkjfks tl ijfumdtlr[j@te, dffk`krdtlr prlnrdook Edsrd dje tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk alurjky Adnriti Ydtrd. Ljfk frkdtke,tgksk jktwlrhs mkflok plwkrbu` tll`s ij tgkir lwj ringt dje dppkdr tl mk odjdnke olrk my tgk

slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs tgkosk`vks, ij d sk`b rkijblrfijn odjjkr. Ugky gdvk dj iopdft lj systkoseyjdoifs ij tgrkk visim`k wdys1 4) slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs supplrt kdfg ltgkr dje prlviek devifk8 =)tgky fl``dmlrdtk8 6) kxpdje tgkir jktwlrhs burtgkr, dfrlss tgk flujtry. Ugk ioplrtdjfk lb tgk sup-plrt tgdt slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs prlviek tl kdfg ltgkr gds mkkj elfuokjtke ij tgk ìtkrdturk (D`ìslj=344), dje wgdt wk fflje ij tgis stuey is tgdt slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs lbtkj fflje tgk devifk lb bk``lwkjtrkprkjkurs tgk olst uskbu`. Blr i jstdjfk, Riadyd brlo [UOU jltke tgdt sgk spkdhs tl bk``lwslfid` kjtrkprkjkurs lj d vkry rknu`dr mdsis mkfdusk tgky drk tgk lj`y ljks tgdt ujekrstdje tgk

alurjky sgk is tdhijn sijfk tgky drk tgkrk tgkosk`vks.

Ij tkros lb fl``dmlrdtilj, tgk fdsk stuey lrndjisdtiljs gingìngtke tgdt wgi`k tgky drk jlt ykt wlrh-ijn witg odjy ltgkr slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs, it is sloktgijn tgky dio tl el. Fl``dmlrdtijn witg bk``lwslfid` kjtkrprisks d`ljn tgk vdùk fgdij lr ij tgk ekvk`lpokjt lb prleufts dje skrvifks prlviekslpplrtujitiks blr kfljloiks lb sfd`k, mut d`sl lbbkr tgk pltkjtid` blr rish rkeuftilj sijfk slfid`

kjtrkprkjkurs gdvk d bdir`y nlle ujekrstdjeijn lb kdfg ltgkrs oissilj dje vdùks. Dt tgk systko`kvk`, tgksk fl``dmlrdtiljs glè tgk pltkjtid` blr frkdtijn ykt olrk lpplrtujitiks blr slfid` kjtrkprk-jkurs tl tdhk lj my kxpdjeijn tgk kflsystko ij sfd`k dje sflpk.

@dst`y, Doit dje Jdvkkj wgl drk mltg `lfdtke dwdy brlo tgk odij oktrls, fflje tgk usk lb kxist-ijn slfid` kjtkrprisk jktwlrhs rkd``y gk`pbu` blr edy-tl-edy devifk dje supplrt. Doit ij pdrtifu`drplijtke lut tgdt tgk `drnk dùoji jktwlrh lb Adnriti Ydtrd is d vkry nlle slurfk blr fljtdfts dfrlssIjeid, dje gk uske it, blr ijstdjfk, wgkj visitijn Mdjnd`lrk spkdhijn tl tkfgjl`lny flopdjiks. Ijtgdt skjsk, tgk jktwlrh kxpdjes ijeivieud` jktwlrhs tl prlviek d oufg nrkdtkr rkdfg dfrlss Ij-eid. Ugis is kspkfid``y ioplrtdjt blr slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs wlrhijn lut lb sod``kr fitiks dje tlwjsdfrlss Ijeid, wgl lbtkj oiss lut lj tgk ioplrtdjt jktwlrhijn, mltg blrod` dje ijblrod`, tgdt gdp-pkjs ij tgk odalr ijeidj fitiks.

2. Fljfùeijn ]kodrhs

Ugis pdpkr skt lut tl ioprlvk lur ujekrstdjeijn lb glw ijjlvdtilj slfid` kjtkrprisk usk tgkirjktwlrhs. k rkvikwke tgk itkrdturk dje prlvieke tgrkk fdsk stueiks wgifg sglwke glw kjtrkprk-jkurs usk tgkir jktwlrhs ij eibbkrkjt wdys. ^gdt wds strihijn dfrlss d`` fdsk stueiks wds tgdt ijspitk lb floijn brlo vkry eibbkrkjt mdfhnrlujes, d`` slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs bluje tgdt tgkir jktwlrhsfgdjnke sumstdjtid``y eurijn sijfk tgky stdrtke lut ds d slfid` kjtrkprkjkur. Ij tgk mknijjijn tgkyrkìke olrk gkdvi`y lj bdoi`y dje brikjes, wgi`k tgky jlw gdvk olrk prlbkssiljd` fljtdfts brlotgk skftlr lj mldre, wgktgkr ds okjtlrs, ijvkstlrs, dje/lr mldre okomkrs. Burtgkr, it wds strlh-ijn glw ioplrtdjt tgk slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs fflje tgk fljjkftilj tl ltgkr slfid` kjtrkprkjkurs, ds dslurfk lb edy-tl-edy supplrt dje mkst prdftifk devifk. @dst`y, wk jltk tgdt tgk iopdft lb ijeivieud`jktwlrhs nl mkylje tgk ijeivieud` kjtrkprkjkurs tl dbbkft tgk slfid` kjtkrprisk kflsystko my ou`-

tip`yijn tgrlung jktwlrh p`dtblros, frkdtijn vdst jktwlrhs lb dftlrs witgij tgk slfid` kjtkrpriskkflsystko, sufg ds tgk Adnriti Ydtrd jktwlrh lr tgk Edsrd flglrt jktwlrh.


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]kbkrkjfks

Dhflodh, V. (=339), Ijfumdtlrs ds tll`s blr kjtrkprkjkur-sgip prloltilj ij ekvk`lpijn flujtriks. [J[-ÎEK]]kskdrfg Sdpkr Jl. =3339.;=

D``kj, V., Mgdtt, D, Ndjksg, [. dje Hu`hdrji, J.H. (=34=)Lj tgk Sdtg tl Vustdijdmiìty dje Vfd`k1 D stuey lb Ijeidsslfid` kjtkrprisk `djesfdpk. Ouomdi, Ijtk``kfdp.

D`ìjslj, N., Mrdieblre, S., Glustlj, O., ]lmijslj, B djeVtljk, I. (=344). Musijkss Vupplrt blr Vlfid` Kjtkprisks1Bijeijns brlo d @ljnitued` Vtuey. @ljelj1 Ekpdrtokjt blrMusijkss Ijjlvdtilj dje Vhi``s.

Drlrd, V (=339) Hjlw`kenk B`lws dje Vlfid` Fdpitd`1 Djktwlrh pkrspkftivk lj rurd` ijjlvdtilj. SgE Ugksis. Odds-trifgt1 [jivkrsity lb Oddstrifgt dje [J[-OK]IU

Murnkss, ]. (4994) Ij tgk Bikè1 Dj ijtrleuftilj tl fflkèrkskdrfg, Jkw Ylrh1 Udy`lr & Brdjfis.

Fdsti``d, K., Gwdjn, G., Nrdjlvkttkr, K. dje Nrdjlvkttkr,O. (=334). Vlfid` jktwlrhs ij Viìflj Rd``ky. Ij Ugk ViìfljRd``ky Kenk , Keitke my1 @kk, FG ;279. Vtdjblre, FD1Vtdjblre [jivkrsity Srkss.

Fknìk, N dje Eiji, O. (4999), VOK Fùstkr dje JktwlrhEkvk`lpokjt ij Ekvk`lpijn Flujtiks1 Ugk Kxpkrikjfk lb[JIEL. [JIEL ]kskdrfg ]kplrt, Rikjjd1 [JIEL.

Kequist, F (499>) Vystkos lb ijjlvdtilj 1 tkfgjl`lniks,ijstitutiljs dje lrndjizdtiljs. @ljelj1 Sijtkr.

Brkkodj, F (497>) Ukfgjl`lny plìfy dje kfljloif pkr-blrodjfk 1 `kssljs brlo Adpdj. @ljelj 8 Jkw Ylrh1 SijtkrSumìsgkrs

Nkmrkykksus, O, dje Olgjkj, S. (=346) Ijjlvdtilj Skr-blrodjfk dje Komkeekejkss ij Jktwlrhs1 Kviekjfk brlotgk Ktgilpidj Blltwkdr Fùstkr. lrè Ekvk`lpokjt, Rl`.54, pp. 63=-642.

Auod, F dje Ykk-Fgkljn, @. (=33;) Ijjlvdtilj1 Dpp`yijnHjlw`kenk ij Ekvk`lpokjt. @ljelj1 Udsh Blrfk blr Vfi-kjfk, Ukfgjl`lny dje Ijjlvdtilj, [J Oi``kjjiuo Srlakft.

Hiook`, F dje Gu``, M. (=34=) Kfl`lnifd` KjtrkprkjkursgipVupplrt Jktwlrhs1 ]l`ks dje bujftiljs blr fljskrvdtiljlrndjizdtiljs., Nklblruo 56 (=34=) ;72>.

Hjlhk, E., & Huhìjshi, A. G. (497=) Jktwlrh Djd`ysis.Jkwmury Sdrh, FD1 Vdnk [jivkrsity Sdpkrs =7. Vkriks1Tudjtitdtivk Dppìfdtiljs ij tgk Vlfid` Vfikjfks.

Hlg, G., Hdrdofgdjedji, D., & Hdtz, ]. (=34=). Brlo Mùk-prijt tl Vfd`k1 Ugk Fdsk blr Sgi`djtrlpy ij Iopdft Ijvkstijn,Sn ;7. Oljitlr Nrlup & Dfuokj Buje.

@dzljifh, ^ (=33;) Ugk Ijjlvdtivk Biro. Ij Bdnkrmkrn, A,Olwkry, EF dje Jk`slj, ]] (kes) Ugk Lxblre gdjemllh lbijjlvdtilj. Lxblre1 Lxblre [jivkrsity Srkss

@ujevd``, M-D (499=) Jdtiljd` Vystkos lb Ijjlvdtilj 1Ulwdres d Ugklry lb Ijjlvdtilj dje Ijtkrdftivk @kdrjijn.Sijtkr.

Ou`ndj, N, kt d`. (=339) Vlfid` Ijjlvdtilj1 ^gdt it is, ^gy

it Odttkrs dje Glw it fdj mk Dffk`krdtke. ]kplrt, Vhl``Fkjtrk blr Vlfid` Kjtrkprkjkursgip ^lrhijn Sdpkr.

Vljjk, @. (=344) Ijjlvdtilj ij Bijdjfk tl Bijdjfk Ijjlvd-tilj. SgE Ugksis. Oddstrifgt1 [jivkrsity lb Oddstrifgt dje[J[-OK]IU

[zzi, M (4992) Ugk Vlurfks dje Fljskqukjfks lb Komke-ekejkss blr tgk Kfljloif Skrblrodjfk lb Lrndjizdtiljs1Ugk Jktwlrh Kbbkft. Dokrifdj Vlfil`lnifd` ]kvikw 2412>5-297

[zzi, M (499>) Vlfid` Vtrufturk dje Flopktitilj ij Ijtkr-fflro Jktwlrhs1 Ugk Sdrdelx lb Komkeekejkss. Deoijistrd-tivk Vfikjfk Tudrtkr`y 5=1 6;-2>

[zzi, M. (4999). Komkeekejkss ij tgk odhijn lb ffljdjfid`fdpitd`1 Glw slfid` rk`dtiljs dje jktwlrhs mkjkfflt fflrosskkhijn ffljdjfijn. Dokrifdj Vlfil`lnifd` ]kvikw, 25(5),574-;3;.

^k`òdj, Mdrry dje V.E. Mkrhlwitz (4977) Vlfid` struf-turks1 D jktwlrh dpprldfg Fdomrienk1 Fdomrienk [jivkr-sity Srkss.

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