The Usefulness of Social-convert Aza

8/13/2019 The Usefulness of Social-convert Aza

1/160


2/160

FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF HUMAN SCIENCES

THE USEFULNESS OF SOCIAL CAPITAL THEORY TO UNDERSTAND

ACADEMIC IMPROVEMENT IN YOUNG CHILDREN: THE IMPACT OF FAMILY

STRUCTURE

BY:

MICHAEL SHRINER

A Dissertation su!itte" to t#eDe$art!ent o% Fa!i&' an" C#i&" S(ien(es

in $artia& %u&%i&&!ent o% t#ere)uire!ents %or t#e "e*ree o%

Do(tor o% P#i&oso$#'

De*ree A+ar"e":

Fa&& Se!ester, -../


3/160

UM! Number: 3348544

INFORMATION TO USERS

The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy

submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and

photographs, print bleed-through, substandard margins, and improper

alignment can adversely affect reproduction.

In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript

and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthoried

copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion.

t!"I "icroform 3348544

Copyright" by #ro$uest %%&All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against

unauthoried copying under Title '(, !nited )tates &ode.

#ro$uest %%&(*+ ast isenhower #arkway

#.. Bo '/01Ann Arbor, MI 48#$%#34$


4/160

T#e !e!ers o% t#e Co!!ittee a$$ro0e t#e Dissertation o% Mi(#ae& S#riner"e%en"e" on Au*ust -1t#, -../2

Rona&" L2 Mu&&isPro%essor Dire(tin* Dissertation

Patri(e &ataro&aOutsi"e Co!!ittee Me!er

T#o!as A2 Corni&&eCo!!ittee Me!er

Re(ei0e" ':

B2 3a' Pas&e', C#air, De$art!ent o% Fa!i&' an" C#i&" S(ien(es

Bi&&ie Co&&ier, Dean, Co&&e*e o% Hu!an S(ien(es

T#e o%%i(e o% Gra"uate Stu"ies #as 0eri%ie" an" a$$ro0e" t#e ao0e na!e"(o!!ittee !e!ers2

ii


5/160

ii


6/160

AC3NO4LEDGEMENTS

I +ou&" &i5e to a(5no+&e"*e t#e !e!ers o% !' "issertation (o!!ittee6Drs2 Rona&" L2 Mu&&is, T#o!as A2 Corni&&e, an" Patri(e &ataro&a2 Your

(ontriutions to t#is $ro7e(t +ere *reat&' a$$re(iate"2 I (ou&"n8t #a0e as5e" %or a

!ore res$onsi0e, un"erstan"in*, an" #e&$%u& !a7or $ro%essor t#an 'ou, Dr2

Mu&&is, an" %or t#at I t#an5 'ou2 In a""ition, I +ou&" &i5e to t#an5 Dr2 Ann Mu&&is2

You #a0e een an e9tre!e&' su$$orti0e $resen(e in !' &i%e2

I +i&& ne0er e a&e to t#an5 Bet#anne enou*#2 You are a *i%t2 I &o0e 'ou2

Fina&&', I +ou&" &i5e to e9ten" !' sin(erest a$$re(iation to t#e $eo$&e +#o

#a" an o0er+#e&!in* $ersona& i!$a(t on !e "urin* !' ti!e in Ta&&a#assee

eit#er t#rou*# t#eir entran(e, e9it, or e0er$resent e9isten(e in !' &i%e6A"rian,

A%ro!an, A!', Da", Ei&een, Heine5en, Hei"i, 32C2, 3aren, ;i!, ;es, ;oe, Ma9ine,

Mi(#e&&e, Miss', Mo!, Nana, Pat, R2 ;2 Re'no&"s, S(ott, Tara, an" 4a'ne2

iii


7/160

iii


8/160

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List o% Fi*ures 2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 0ii

List o% Ta&es 22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222220iii

Astra(t222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222 i9

1 INTRODUCTION222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222221

A$$en"i9 B

Ta&es2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222>

A$$en"i9 C

IRB A$$ro0a& Letter22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222@=

Re%eren(es2222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222@>

Bio*ra$#i(a& S5et(#22222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222222/>

vi


13/160

vi


14/160

LIST OF FIGURES

Fi*ure


15/160

viii


16/160

LIST OF TABLES

Ta&e


17/160

ABSTRACT

T#is stu"' e9$&ore" t#e e9tent to +#i(# "i%%eren(es in so(ia& (a$ita& a!on*

%a!i&' stru(tures $re"i(te" a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent in 'oun* (#i&"ren usin* "ata

%ro! t#e nationa&&' re$resentati0e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e', ECLS

3in"er*arten (&ass o%


18/160

ix


19/160

CHAPTER , an"

atten"in* (o&&e*e Gar(es, T#o!as, Currie, -..-2 Furt#er, e(ause ear&' (#i&"#oo"o%%ers an o$ti!a& $erio" %or inter0ention an" re$resents t#e $erio" +#en *a$s in

a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent %irst e!er*e Pere;o#nson Ma'nar", -..@, t#e $erio" o%

ear&' (#i&"#oo" "eser0es (ontinue" resear(#ase" stu"'2

As t#e %irst nationa& sur0e' "esi*ne" to %o&&o+ a (o#ort o% (#i&"ren %ro!

5in"er*arten entr' to !i""&e s(#oo&, t#e ECLS3 $ro0i"es a +ea&t# an" rea"t# o%

(o!$re#ensi0e an" re&ia&e "ata t#at s(#o&ars (an use to etter un"erstan" (#i&"ren8s

"e0e&o$!ent as t#e' $ro*ress %ro! 5in"er*arten to t#e !i""&e s(#oo& *ra"es2 Ina""ition, T#e ECLS3 o%%ers resear(#ers t#e o$$ortunit' to in0esti*ate a !u&titu"e o%

)uestions t#at are $ertinent in to"a'8s so(iet'2 Be(ause o% its "e$t# o% assess!ent,

resear(#ers are a&e to ta(5&e (o!$&e9 intera(tions et+een young (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(

an" (o*niti0e $er%or!an(e an" t#eir s(#oo&, (o!!unit', an" $arenta& in0o&0e!ent

Touran*eau, Nor", Le, Po&&a(5, At5insBurnett, -..12 Ot#er stu"ies #a0e e9$&ore"

t#ese sa!e intera(tions in older (#i&"ren usin* su(# nationa&&' re$resentati0e "atasets

as t#e Nationa& E"u(ationa& Lon*itu"ina& Stu"' Pon*, , t#e Internationa& So(ia& S(ien(e

Sur0e'sAustra&ia E0ans, 3e&&e', 4anner, -..


26/160

26


27/160

(ommu+ity ,ttribute' o+ (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( per.orm,+(e /Mu))i'2 R,thge2 1 Mu))i'2

!!3 For e6,mp)e2 i, ,+* Si+gh /!! (riti(,))y reie&e* 35 prim,ry empiri(,)

,rti()e' ,ppe,ri+g bet&ee+ #"8$ ,+* !!# &here 'o(i,) (,pit,) &,' u'e* ,' ,

.r,me&or to e6p)ore ,riou' e*u(,tio+,) out(ome' A' ,+ e6emp),r2 I'r,e)2 e,u)ieu2

,+* 0,rt)e'' /!!# e6p)ore* the i+.)ue+(e o. .,mi)y ,+* (ommu+ity o+ e*u(,tio+,),(hieeme+t i+ ,*o)e'(e+t' .rom , 'o(i,) (,pit,) .r,me&or They .ou+* th,t high

'(hoo) 'tu*e+t' &ho )ie* i+ t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t .,mi)y 'tru(ture' e,r+e* higher

gr,*e' ,+* &ere more )ie)y to 't,y i+ '(hoo) th,+ their (ou+terp,rt' i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t

.,mi)y 'tru(ture' Further2 they 'ugge'te* th,t po)i(ie' be ge,re* to&,r* 'tre+gthe+i+g

.,mi)y 'o(i,) (,pit,) A)though their ',mp)e i+()u*e* ,*o)e'(e+t'2 they 'ub't,+ti,te* the

u'e.u)+e'' o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory .or (o+(eptu,)i@i+g ,+* e6p),i+i+g &hy you+g

(hi)*re+ i+ 'tep.,mi)ie' ,+* 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)y 'tru(ture' m,y be )e'' 'u((e''.u)

,(,*emi(,))y th,+ their t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t (ou+terp,rt'

Pur$ose o% t#e Stu"'

A)though 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory h,' re(e+t)y bee+ ,pp)ie* to , ,riety o. topi('

i+()u*i+g pub)i( he,)th /S@reter 1 -oo)(o(2 !!42 .oo* (o+'umptio+ /ert)er2 Bei+e2 1

Moretti2 !!$2 ,+* (orpor,te org,+i@,tio+,) *ee)opme+t /A*)er 1 &o+2 !!2 here

'o(i,) (,pit,) theory &,' u'e* to e6p),i+ ,(,*emi( improeme+t /,' me,'ure* by

(h,+ge' i+ 't,+*,r*i@e* m,th ,+* re,*i+g te't' i+ you+g (hi)*re+ There.ore2 the

purpo'e o. thi' 'tu*y &,' to te't the u'e.u)+e'' o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory .or

u+*er't,+*i+g the ,(,*emi( improeme+t o. you+g (hi)*re+ ,+* to e6p)ore ho&

,ri,tio+' i+ 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) ,mo+g three .,mi)y 'tru(ture' /'i+g)e%p,re+t2

t&o%p,re+t%bio)ogi(,)2 ,+* 'tepp,re+t pre*i(t ,(,*emi( improeme+t i+ you+g (hi)*re+

oer t&o poi+t' i+ time

Resear(# ?uestions

,'e* o+ , .,mi)y 'o(i,) (,pit,) per'pe(tie2 the .o))o&i+g re'e,r(h ue'tio+'

&ere ,**re''e*:

1 oe' 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) h,e ,+ imp,(t o+ you+g (hi)*re+='

,(,*emi( improeme+t2 (o+tro))i+g .or p,re+t=' e*u(,tio+ ,+*

'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'G

2 oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o. (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( improeme+tG

27


28/160

28


29/160

De%initions o% Ter!s

,'e* o+ preiou' empiri(,) )iter,ture2 the re'u)t,+t *e.i+itio+' &ere u'e* i+ thi'

'tu*y:

1 So(i,) (,pit,): re'our(e' th,t ,+ i+*ii*u,) (,+ uti)i@e em,+,ti+g .rom the

i+ter,(tio+' ,+* re),tio+'hip' bet&ee+ ,+* ,mo+g ,(tor' /Co)em,+2 #"88;Beo+,r*2 !!5; Dut+,m2 #""5

2 Re'our(e (,pit,): Re'our(e' /eg2 h,i+g , (omputer ,,i),b)e to the (hi)* i+ the

home o. ,+ ,(,*emi(,))y%orie+te* e+iro+me+t th,t i' (o+*u(ie to (hi)*re+='

)e,r+i+g /Co)em,+2 #"88

O$erationa& De%initions

0oy)e2 0,rri'2 ,+* Hu** /!! 't,te* th,t ?,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ 'pe(i.ie'

ho& to me,'ure , ,ri,b)e 'o th,t &e (,+ ,''ig+ 'omeo+e , '(ore?2 .urther ,**i+g th,t?the be,uty o. ,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ i' th,t it 'pe(i.ie' pre(i'e)y ho& to me,'ure ,

,ri,b)e i+ 'u(h , (o+(rete ,+* 'pe(i.i( m,++er th,t ,+yo+e e)'e (ou)* repe,t the 'tep'

,+* obt,i+ the ',me me,'ureme+t'? /p


30/160

De&i!itations

T#e %o&&o+in* "e&i!itations, a %un(tion o% se(on"ar' ana&'sis on e9istin* "ata, are

a(5no+&e"*e":

1 T#e stu"' +i&& e &i!ite" to t#e sa!$&e re(ruite" %or t#e ECLS3 ' t#e NCES

"urin* a&& %our ti!e $erio"s2

2 T#e !easures t#at +i&& e use" in t#is stu"' are (ontin*ent u$on t#ose use" in t#e

ori*ina& stu"' (on"u(te" ' t#e NCES2

30


31/160

CHAPTER -

LITERATURE REVIE4

In t#is (#a$ter so(ia& (a$ita& t#eor' is $resente" as a t#eoreti(a& %ra!e+or5 %or

e9a!inin* t#e a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren2 In a""ition, t#e e!$iri(a& &in5 et+een

(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( out(o!es an" %a!i&'so(ia& (onte9ts is "is(usse"2 Fina&&', t#ee!$iri(a& %in"in*s re*ar"in* a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren reare" in sin*&e$arent

an" ste$$arent %a!i&ies are su!!arie"2

Theoretical Perspective

Fa!i&' So(ia& Ca$ita&

Leonar" -..> "es(rie" t#e e9istin* &iterature on so(ia& (a$ita& as ur*eonin*,

an" t#e (on(e$t itse&%, as e&usi0e2 S#e su!!arie" its (urrent status as ein*

K*enera&&' i!ue" +it# $ositi0e (onnotations, in $arti(u&ar t#e i!$ortan(e o% so(ia&

net+or5s an" trust in $ro!otin* a sense o% e&on*in* an" +e&&ein*K $2 1.>2 Co&e!an


32/160

32


33/160

#er *ro+t#, !aturation, an" o0era&& +e&&ein*2 Ho+e0er, as Morro+


34/160

34


35/160

et+een its !e!ers i% t#e' are to e !aintaine" o0er ti!e2 T#ere%ore, %a!i&ies !ust

nurture t#eir stai&it' an" suse)uent&', t#eir so(ia& (a$ita&, to not on&' %&ouris#, ut

si!$&' !aintain2 For e9a!$&e, $arents +#o (ontinuous&' (o!!uni(ate a!on*st

t#e!se&0es an" +it# ot#ers in t#e (o!!unit' in an e%%ort to o0er(o!e a (#i&"8s

a(a"e!i( "i%%i(u&ties %oster t#e so(ia& (a$ita& t#at !a' e inte*ra& to reso&0in* an'

en(ountere" $ro&e!ati( situation2 Ho+e0er, so!eti!es %a!i&ies6in t#eir u&ti!ate&'

se&%"e%eatin* )uest to !aintain stai&it'6or*anie aroun" a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i(

"i%%i(u&ties2 B' "oin* so, t#e' e%%e(ti0e&' (uto%% t#eir su$$&' o% so(ia& (a$ita& ' not

(o!!uni(atin* +it# ot#ers outsi"e t#eir %ra*i&e %a!i&' oun"aries an" are t#us ren"ere"

iso&ate" an" in a $er$etua& state o% (risis Corni&&e Boroto,


36/160

36


37/160

e.i(ie+t .,mi)ie' i+()u*e tho'e .,mi)ie' (o+'i'ti+g o. either o+e p,re+t or t&o p,re+t'

&ho ,re more i+o)e* &ith &or ,(tiitie' th,+ .,mi)y ,(tiitie' Thi' i' p,rti(u),r)y

',)ie+t gie+ Dorte'= /#""8 ,''ertio+ th,t )o&ere* 'o(i,) (,pit,) i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie'

i' prim,ri)y , .u+(tio+ o. the 'i+g)e p,re+t=' /,+* hi' or her (hi)*=' re'i*e+ti,) mobi)ity

,+* ),( o. i+%home 'upport i, ,+ ,**itio+,) p,re+t For Dorte'2 the ),( o. ,+otherp,re+t i+ the home ,+* .reue+t re)o(,tio+' )e,*' to i+(o+'i'te+t ,+* &e, tie' to the

(ommu+ity%,t%),rge &hi(h ,re ,''o(i,te* &ith )o&ere* e*u(,tio+,) per.orm,+(e

0o&eer2 be.ore e6,mi+i+g the e*u(,tio+,) out(ome' o. (hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%

p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 ,+* ),ter 'tep.,mi)ie'2 you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t i+ ,

.,mi)y>'o(i,) (o+te6t ,re *i'(u''e*

Youn* C#i&"ren8s A(a"e!i( A(#ie0e!ent in a Fa!i&'So(ia& Conte9t

0er+,+*e@2 e+to+2 ,+* M,(,rt+ey /!!


38/160

$o0ert' $&a's in its re&ation to a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i( "e0e&o$!ent an" a(#ie0e!ent2 In %a(t,

Guo an" Harris -..., usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa& Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#

in0o&0in* a$$ro9i!ate&' -,... (#i&"ren +it# a !ean a*e o% @< !ont#s, %oun" t#at t#e

asso(iation et+een $o0ert' an" (o*niti0e %un(tionin* is (o!$&ete&' !e"iate" ' su(#

%a!i&' (onte9t 0aria&es as $arentin* st'&e, (o*niti0e sti!u&ation in t#e #o!e, an" t#e$#'si(a& en0iron!ent o% t#e #o!e2 S$e(i%i(a&&', t#rou*# stru(tura& e)uation !o"e&in*,

t#e aut#ors (on(&u"e" t#at $o0ert' itse&% o%%ers no "ire(t e%%e(t on a (#i&"8s inte&&e(tua&

"e0e&o$!ent !easure" ' stan"ar"ie" rea"in* an" !at# a(#ie0e!ent tests2

Ho+e0er, in(reases in $o0ert' a"0erse&' a%%e(te" (o*niti0e sti!u&ation #o+ o%ten t#e

!ot#er rea"s to a (#i&", t#e nu!er o% oo5s a (#i&" #as, +#et#er or not a (#i&" #as a

re(or"ta$e $&a'er, #o+ o%ten a (#i&" is ta5en to a !useu!, an" t#e nu!er o%

!a*aines a %a!i&' re(ei0es, $arentin* st'&e #o+ o%ten a !ot#er (on0erses +it# #er

(#i&", +#et#er a !ot#er ans+ere" #er (#i&"8s )uestions 0era&&', +#et#er t#e !ot#er8s

0oi(e s#o+e" $ositi0e %ee&in*s to+ar" #er (#i&", an" +#et#er t#e !ot#er #u**e" an"

5isse" #er (#i&", an" t#e $#'si(a& en0iron!ent o% t#e #o!e i2e2, #o+ (&ean t#e #o!e

is, #o+ (&uttere" t#e #o!e is, #o+ sa%e t#e #o!e is, an" #o+ ri*#t an" sti!u&atin* t#e

#o!e is +#i(# ne*ati0e&' i!$a(te" inte&&e(tua& "e0e&o$!ent2

Boar"!an, Po+ers, Pa"i&&a, an" Hu!!er -..-, usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa&

Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#C#i&" Data


39/160

39


40/160

Bur(#ina& -..1, usin* &on*itu"ina& "ata %ro! t#e Nationa& Institute %or C#i&" Hea&t# an"

Hu!an De0e&o$!ent Stu"' o% Ear&' C#i&" Care an" Yout# De0e&o$!ent e9a!ine" t#e

asso(iation et+een !ot#ers8 sensiti0it' to t#eir (#i&"ren an" t#eir (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(

out(o!es2 T#e aut#ors re0ea&e" t#at +#en (#i&"ren in %irst *ra"e e9$erien(e" !ore

sensiti0e (are*i0in* as in"i(ate" ' t#e nu!er an" )ua&it' o% intera(tions $ur$orte" toen#an(e $er(e$tua&, (o*niti0e, &in*uisti(, an" $#'si(a& "e0e&o$!ent %ro! t#eir !ot#ers

o0er ti!e et+een t#e a*es o% 1 an" > !ont#s, t#e' s(ore" si*ni%i(ant&' #i*#er on

tests o% a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent2 In $arti(u&ar, +#en (#i&"ren re(ei0e" in(reasin*&' !ore

"e0e&o$!enta&&' a$$ro$riate, res$onsi0e, an" sti!u&atin* (are*i0in* %ro! t#eir !ot#er

et+een t#e a*es o% 1 to > !ont#s, t#eir a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent +as si*ni%i(ant&'

#i*#er t#an t#ose (#i&"ren +#o "i" not re(ei0e $ro*ressi0e&' !ore "e0e&o$!enta&&'

a$$ro$riate, res$onsi0e, an" sti!u&atin* (are*i0in*2 Si!i&ar&', Mer&o, Bo+!an, an"

Barnett -..@ stu"ie" on&' (#i&"ren %ro! %a!i&ies +it# &o+er so(ioe(ono!i( status +#o

+ere transitionin* %ro! $res(#oo& to e&e!entar' s(#oo&2 T#e' re0ea&e", a%ter (ontro&&in*

%or su(# 0aria&es as $rior rea"in* ai&it', $#ono&o*i(a& a+areness, 0era& reasonin*

ai&it', an" #o!e a(a"e!i( sti!u&ation, a (#i&"8s *ro+t# in rea"in* a(#ie0e!ent (ou&"

e a((ounte" %or ' t#e uni)ue (ontriution o% $arenta& nurturan(e !easure" ' se&%

re$ort an" e#a0iora& ratin*s re*ar"in* +ar!t#, #osti&it', an" to +#at e9tent t#e $arent

is 0era&&' an" a%%e(ti0e&' $ositi0e2

Do+ner an" Pianta -..1 e9a!ine" t#e ear&' %a!i&' e9$erien(es o% /=- (#i&"ren

enro&&e" in t#e Nationa& Institute o% C#i&" Hea&t# an" Hu!an De0e&o$!ent %ro! irt# to

> !ont#s as $re"i(tors o% a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent in %irst *ra"e2 Usin* t#e HOME

In0entor' Ca&"+e&& Bra"&e',


41/160

41


42/160

-../ re$orte" roust an" $o+er%u& e%%e(ts o% (#i&"ren8s #o!e &earnin* en0iron!ent on

rea"in* an" !at# a(#ie0e!ent o0er ti!e2 Usin* "ata in0o&0in* -,=> (#i&"ren %o&&o+e"

&on*itu"ina&&' %ro! a*e = to @, t#e aut#ors %oun" t#at o0er ti!e, (#i&"ren +#o +ere

(&assi%ie" as un"era(#ie0in* at a*e @"e%ine" as s(ores < stan"ar" "e0iation e&o+ t#e

!ean #a" a #i*#er &i5e&i#oo" o% &i0in* in unsu$$orti0e #o!e &earnin* en0iron!ent asin"i(ate" ' (#i&"ren +#o +ere not %re)uent&' en*a*e" in su(# a(ti0ities as ein*

%re)uent&' rea" to, *oin* to t#e &irar', $&a'in* +it# nu!ers, an" ein* tau*#t &etters

an" nu!ers in t#e #o!e at a*e t#ree2

Dun(an an" Ma*nuson -..> su!!arie" t#e e9tent to +#i(# %a!i&ia&

en0iron!ents i!$a(t (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent2 A(5no+&e"*in* t#e ra(ia& *a$s

in ot# so(ioe(ono!i( status an" a(#ie0e!ent s(ores in rea"in* an" !at# e0i"en(e" in

t#e "ata %ro! t#e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e', t#e aut#ors (o!!ente" on t#ei!$ortan(e o% $arenta& #u!an (a$ita& "e%ine" as %a!i&' in(o!e an" its i!$&i(ations %or

(#i&"ren ' (on(&u"in* t#at its 5e' a"0anta*e +as in its ai&it' to o%%er t#e o$$ortunities

%or a sti!u&atin* &earnin* en0iron!ent2 S$e(i%i(a&&', t#e aut#ors (o!!ente" t#at not

on&' "i" $arents8 e"u(ation in"ire(t&' ene%it (#i&"ren 0ia a #i*#er %a!i&' in(o!e, it

i!$a(te" (#i&"ren8s +e&&ein* 0ia i!$ro0e" $arentin* s5i&&s as +e&&2 Re&ate"&', $arent

in0o&0e!ent6a sa&ient (o!$onent o% an' sti!u&atin* #o!e en0iron!ent6#as een

(onsistent&' &in5e" to (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent A&o!ar, -..1 Lee Bo+en,

-..1 Mar(#ant, Pau&son, Rot#&iser*, -..


43/160

43


44/160

En*&is#, so(ia& s(ien(e, &an*ua*e, an" re&i*ion tests2 T#e aut#or %oun" t#at $arent

in0o&0e!ent an" in"ire(t&', $arent e"u(ation (ontriute" a stron* 2@ e%%e(t on

stu"ent8s a(#ie0e!ent2

M(Int're, E(5ert, Fiese, DiGennaro, an" 4i&"en*er -..@ e9a!ine" t#e

re&ations#i$ et+een (#i&"ren8s %a!i&' e9$erien(es an" t#eir transition to 5in"er*arten2

Fa!i&ies %ro! a &o+er so(ioe(ono!i( status as in"i(ate" ' re(ei0in* *o0ern!ent

%inan(ia& ai" +ere &ess &i5e&' to atten" annua& !eetin*s at t#eir (#i&"8s $res(#oo&, #a0e

!ont#&' (o!!uni(ation +it# t#eir (#i&"8s $res(#oo&, or 0isit a 5in"er*arten (&assroo!

t#an t#eir #i*#er so(ioe(ono!i( status (ounter$arts2 La(5in* +#at Co&e!an


45/160

45


46/160

bee+ 'ho&+ to e+tire)y me*i,te the imp,(t o. poerty o+ you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(

,(hieeme+t /uo 1 0,rri'2 !!! I+ ,**itio+2 p,re+t i+o)eme+t /,+* p,rti(u),r)y2

p,re+t i+o)eme+t i+ their (hi)*=' '(hoo) 'ig+i.i(,+t)y (o+tribute to , (hi)*=' ,(,*emi(

,(hieeme+t /A)om,r2 !!$; Bee 1 o&e+2 !!$; M,r(h,+t2 D,u)'o+2 1 Roth)i'berg2

!!#; Mu)hui'h2 Dh,+2 Sy),2 S,mmo+'2 Sir,9%),t(h.or*2 1 T,gg,rt2 !!8 0o&eer2.or (hi)*re+ &ho (ome .rom 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 the'e .,(tor' ,re p,rti(u),r)y ',)ie+t

i+ term' o. their imp,(t o+ ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t

Fa!i&' Stru(ture an" A(a"e!i( A(#ie0e!ent

Sin*&eParent Fa!i&ies

rei*er ,+* Fie)*' /!!5 reporte* th,t 5" o. ,)) (hi)*re+ i+ +o+%t&o bio)ogi(,)

p,re+t .,mi)ie' )ie* &ith 'i+g)e mother' Co+'eue+t)y2 thi' i' p,rti(u),r)y ,),rmi+g

gie+ the .i+*i+g' by C,r)'o+ ,+* Cor(or,+ /!!# &ho2 ,.ter (o+tro))i+g .or mother'=

,ge ,t .ir't birth2 e*u(,tio+2 ,+* ,ptitu*e2 .ou+* th,t (hi)*re+ &ho )ie* i+ , (o+ti+uou')y

'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)y h,* 'ig+i.i(,+t)y )o&er (og+itie te't '(ore' th,+ their (ou+terp,rt'

i+ either (o+ti+uou' t&o%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 'i+g)e%p,re+t to t&o%p,re+t .,mi)ie'2 t&o%p,re+t

to 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,+* tho'e (hi)*re+ &ho e6perie+(e* mu)tip)e .,mi)y 'tru(ture

tr,+'itio+' 0o&eer2 the ,uthor' ,)'o (omme+te* th,t ,+y time 'pe+t i+ , 'i+g)e%p,re+t

home p),(e* , (hi)* ,t higher ri' .or poor beh,ior,) ,+* (og+itie out(ome'2 but th,t

the'e ri'' (ou)* be mi+imi@e* i. p,re+t' proi*e* gre,ter emotio+,) 'upport ,+*

(og+itie 'timu),tio+ to&,r* their (hi)*re+

Do+g /#""8 'ugge'te* t&o po''ib)e e6p),+,tio+' .or the *etrime+t,) imp,(t o.

'i+g)e p,re+thoo* o+ (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t: /# ),( o. e(o+omi( re'our(e';

,+* / ),( o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) Reie&i+g the e(o+omi( re'our(e' e6p),+,tio+2 the ,uthor

(o+()u*e* th,t i+(ome *i..ere+(e' bet&ee+ (hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t er'u' t&o%

p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,((ou+t .or ,' mu(h ,' h,). o. the *i'p,rity i+ e*u(,tio+,) ,(hieeme+t2

te't' '(ore'2 gr,*e'2 (o))ege e+ro))me+t ,+* (o))ege gr,*u,tio+ 0o&eer2 the ,uthor

(omme+te* th,t 'tu*ie' o.te+ (o+tro) .or e(o+omi( re'our(e' /+,me)y2 SES ,+*

*i..ere+(e' 'ti)) e6i't e(,u'e o. thi'2 'he 'upporte* the 'ep,r,te2 ,)beit re),te*

e6p),+,tio+2 ),( o. 'o(i,) (,pit,) i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' F,ori+g the 'o(i,) (,pit,)

e6p),+,tio+2 'he (o+()u*e* th,t e..ort' to improe the ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t i+

(hi)*re+ re,re* i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' &ou)* be't be 'ere* by .,(i)it,ti+g

46


47/160

47


48/160

(o!!uni(ation et+een sin*&e$arents an" ot#er $arents o% (#i&"ren in t#e sa!e

s(#oo&2 S#e o%%ere" t#at ' "oin* so, $arents ene%it 0ia in(reases in so(ia& (a$ita&

ste!!in* %ro! t#e onon*oin* "ia&o*ue re*ar"in* s(#oo& $o&i(ies an" $ersonne&, t#eir

(#i&"ren an" t#eir (#i&"ren8s $eers, an" 0arious strate*ies t#at +ou&" &i5e&' en#an(e t#eir

o+n $arentin* $ra(ti(es2 S#e (on(&u"e" t#at %or sin*&e$arent %a!i&ies, i!$ro0in* so(ia&(a$ita& +as (riti(a& to t#e e"u(ation o% t#eir (#i&"ren2 A&t#ou*# (on(e$tua&ie" as so(ia&

(a$ita&, ut !easure" "i%%erent&', ot#er s(#o&ars su$$ort t#e notion t#at so(ia& (a$ita& or

!ore a$$ro$riate&', t#e &a(5 t#ereo% $&a's a 0ita& ro&e in t#e &o+ere" a(a"e!i(

a(#ie0e!ent o% (#i&"ren reare" in sin*&e$arent %a!i&ies Do+ne',


49/160

49


50/160

(#i&"ren +ou&" &i5e&' &ea" to a "e(rease in t#e "is(re$an(ies et+een (#i&"ren in sin*&e

$arent an" (#i&"ren in t+o$arentio&o*i(a& %a!i&ies on !easures o% stan"ar"ie" tests,

stu"ent !ise#a0ior, an" re$orte" *ra"es2

Astone an" M(Lana#an


51/160

51


52/160

e*u(,tio+,) re'our(e' proi*e* by p,re+t'2 the ,uthor (omme+te* th,t her .i+*i+g'

rei+.or(e* the empiri(,) ,rgume+t th,t re'i*i+g &ith t&o bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' .,(i)it,te' the

e*u(,tio+,) 'o(i,)i@,tio+2 ,ppropri,te beh,ior2 ,+* 'tu*y h,bit' o. ,*o)e'(e+t'

ie+ the m,g+itu*e i+ &hi(h (hi)*re+ re'i*e i+ 'i+g)e%p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,t ,+y

gie+ time /rei*er 1 Fie)*'2 !!5 ,+* the e6te+t th,t ,+y time 'pe+t i+ the'e .,mi)ie' i'

*e)eteriou' .or (hi)*re+=' beh,ior,) ,+* ,(,*emi( out(ome' /C,r)'o+ 1 Cor(or,+2

!!# the o+u' o+ '(ho),r' i' to e6,mi+e ,+* ,rti(u),te the ,riou' (o+tributie .,(tor'

th,t ,..e(t the ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t o. , (hi)* re,re* i+ thi' .,mi)y 'tru(ture Some

'(ho),r' h,e 'ugge'te* th,t .uture re'e,r(h .o(u' o+ 'o(i,) (,pit,) theory ,+* the &,y

i+ &hi(h it he)p' to e6p),i+ ,+* pre*i(t )o&ere* ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t o. (hi)*re+ i+

the'e .,mi)ie' /A'to+e 1 M(B,+,h,+2 #""#; o&+ey2 #""4; Bee2 #""3; Do+g2 #""8

A)though 0e,r* /!!


53/160

53


54/160

Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e'2 E9a!inin* t#e e9tent to +#i(# "i0or(e or re!arria*e #a" a *reater

i!$a(t on a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent, #e re0ea&e" t#at (#i&"ren resi"in* in ste$%a!i&ies

s(ore" si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er on stan"ar"ie" tests o% !at#, rea"in*, s(ien(e, an" so(ia&

stu"ies an" +ere !ore &i5e&' to #a0e re$eate" a *ra"e t#an t#eir (ounter$arts in

"i0or(e" ut not re!arrie" #ouse#o&"s, e0en a%ter (ontro&&in* %or so(ioe(ono!i(status, ra(e, an" *en"er2

;e'nes


55/160

55


56/160

a(a"e!i( out(o!es2 T#e aut#ors %oun" t#at ste$(#i&"ren8s et+een t#e a*es o% @ an"


57/160

57


58/160

Hear" -..@ use" "ata %ro! 4a0es& an" - o% t#e Nationa& Lon*itu"ina& Stu"' o%

A"o&es(ent Hea&t# to e9a!ine t#e re&ations#i$ et+een %a!i&' stru(ture an" a(a"e!i(

e#a0ior2 Base" on resu&ts %ro! or"inar' &east s)uares re*ression an" &o*isti(

re*ression, s#e re0ea&e" t#at ea(# 'ear an a"o&es(ent &i0e" +it# a (o#aitin* !ot#er

ste$%at#er "e(rease" t#eir o0era&& GPA e0en a%ter (ontro&&in* %or unsta&e %a!i&'#istories2 Ea(# 'ear a"o&es(ents &i0e" in a (o#aitin* !ot#erste$%at#er #ouse#o&"

in(rease" t#eir o""s o% ein* sus$en"e" or e9$e&&e" %ro! s(#oo&


59/160

59


60/160

s(ores o% (#i&"ren in (o#aitin* ste$%a!i&ies re!aine" si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er t#an t#eir

(ounter$arts in t+oio&o*i(a&$arent %a!i&ies2

Fina&&', ;e'nes -..1 (on"u(te" a !etaana&'sis in0o&0in* a tota& o% 1< stu"ies

$u&is#e" et+een


61/160

ste$ (#i&"ren8s s(#oo&2 Ho+e0er, as Ca0ana*#, S(#i&&er, an" Rie*&eCru! -..1

state" Ke(ause o% ti!e (onstraints, &a(5 o% #e&$, ne+ o&i*ations, an" t#e $ossi&e

strain intro"u(e" to t#e $arent(#i&" re&ations#i$ ' "i0or(e or t#e start o% a $arent8s ne+

ro!anti( re&ations#i$s, sin*&e $arents an" t#ose +#o are !arrie" or are (o#aitin* +it#

ne+ $artners !a' e9$erien(e &ess (&oseness +it# t#eir a"o&es(ents, an" "es$ite t#eirest e%%orts, !a' e &ess in0o&0e" in t#eir a"o&es(ents8 e"u(ationa& (areers $2 ==-2

A&t#ou*# t#ese aut#ors su**est t#at t#e &e0e& o% $arent in0o&0e!ent e9$erien(e" '

a"o&es(ents is a %un(tion o% t#e in#erent (onstraints o% sin*&e$arent an" ste$%a!i&'

stru(tures, si!i&ar $ro(esses un"oute"&' i!$a(t 'oun* (#i&"ren in t#ese %a!i&'

stru(tures as +e&&2 A((or"in*&', t#e $ur$ose o% t#is stu"' +as to e9a!ine #o+ 0ariations in

so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& a!on* t#ree %a!i&' t'$es sin*&e$arent, t+o$arent

io&o*i(a&, an" ste$$arent $re"i(t a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent in (#i&"ren o0er ti!e2

61


62/160

CHAPTER =

METHODS

T#is (#a$ter $ro0i"es a (on(e$tua& %ra!e+or5 %or e9a!inin* #o+ so(ia& an"

resour(e (a$ita& an" suse)uent&' %a!i&' stru(ture i!$a(ts (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(

i!$ro0e!ent o0er ti!e2 In a""ition, a rie% o0er0ie+ o% t#e Nationa& Center %orE"u(ationa& Statisti(s8 $ur$ose, !et#o"o&o*', an" sa!$&e %or t#e a"!inistration o% t#e

Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e'3in"er*arten Co#ort is $ro0i"e"2 Fina&&', an

o0er0ie+ o% t#e statisti(a& te(#ni)ues, s$e(i%i( !et#o"o&o*', sa!$&e, an" in(&u"e"

0aria&es %or use in t#ese se(on"ar' ana&'ses is a&so "is(usse"2

Con(e$tua& Fra!e+or5

T#e asso(iations et+een 0ariations in so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& an" "ro$$in*

out o% #i*# s(#oo&, atten"in* (o&&e*e, (o!$&etin* (o&&e*e, an" !at# an" rea"in*

a(#ie0e!ent #a0e een e9$&ore" an" suse)uent&' esta&is#e" in a"o&es(ents E0ans,

3e&&', 4anner, -..


63/160

63


64/160

statisti(a& (ontro& in esti!atin* t#e uni)ue e%%e(t o% ea(# in"e$en"ent 0aria&e on t#e

out(o!e Me'ers, G&enn, Guarino, -..1 Tate,


65/160

65


66/160

?the be,uty o. ,+ oper,tio+,) *e.i+itio+ i' th,t it 'pe(i.ie' pre(i'e)y ho& to me,'ure ,

,ri,b)e i+ 'u(h , (o+(rete ,+* 'pe(i.i( m,++er th,t ,+yo+e e)'e (ou)* repe,t the 'tep'

,+* obt,i+ the ',me me,'ureme+t'? /p


67/160

re&ia&e "ata t#at s(#o&ars (an use to etter un"erstan" (#i&"ren8s "e0e&o$!ent as t#e'

$ro*ress %ro! 5in"er*arten to t#e !i""&e s(#oo& *ra"es2

T#e ECLS3 o%%ers s(#o&ars t#e o$$ortunit' to in0esti*ate a !u&titu"e o%

)uestions t#at are $ertinent in to"a'8s so(iet'2 Be(ause o% its "e$t# o% assess!ent,

resear(#ers are a&e to ta(5&e "i%%i(u&t areas o% in)uir' su(# as t#e "i0erse +a's in+#i(# (&assroo!s an" s(#oo&s atten" to t#e nee"s o% (#i&"ren, t#e i!$a(t o% (#i&"ren8s,

tea(#er8s, an" a"!inistrator8s a(5*roun"s on (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e, t#e

ro&e $arent8s e9$e(tations aout t#eir (#i&"ren8s s5i&&s, e#a0iors, an" attriutes $&a'

+it# re*ar" to t#eir (#i&"ren8s transition an" su((ess in an a(a"e!i( en0iron!ent, an"

t#e (o!$&e9 intera(tions et+een (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( an" (o*niti0e $er%or!an(e an"

t#eir %a!i&', #o!e en0iron!ent, s(#oo&, an" (o!!unit' Touran*eau, Nor", Le, Po&&a(5,

At5insBurnett, -..12

As ot# a !u&tisour(e an" !u&ti!et#o" stu"', (#i&"ren, t#eir %a!i&ies, tea(#ers,

an" s(#oo& a"!inistrators $ro0i"e in%or!ation re&ate" to (#i&"ren8s #o!e en0iron!ent,

#o!e e"u(ationa& a(ti0ities, s(#oo& an" (&assroo! en0iron!ents, (&assroo! (urri(u&u!,

tea(#er )ua&i%i(ations, an" assess!ents o% (#i&"ren8s (o*niti0e, so(ia&, e!otiona&, an"

$#'si(a& "e0e&o$!ent2 As a &on*itu"ina& in0esti*ation, in%or!ation #as een (o&&e(te" in

t#e %a&& an" s$rin* o% 5in"er*arten


68/160

!!5; -e't2 e+to+2 1 ermi+o%0,u'e+2 !!!2 ,+* their prei+*erg,rte+ progr,m

i+o)eme+t /M,g+u'o+2 Ruhm2 1 -,)*.oge)2 !!


69/160

69


70/160

Rea"in* Assess!ent

The i+*erg,rte+ re,*i+g ,''e''me+t /(o+t,i+i+g .ie pro.i(ie+(y )ee)'

i+()u*e* ue'tio+' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure ,riou' .,(et' i+()u*i+g b,'i( 'i))' /pri+t

.,mi)i,rity2 )etter re(og+itio+2 begi++i+g ,+* e+*i+g 'ou+*'2 ,+* (re,ti+g rhymi+g

&or'2 re(eptie o(,bu),ry2 ,+* (omprehe+'io+ /i+o)i+g )i'te+i+g ,+* &or*' i+(o+te6t

The .i.th gr,*e re,*i+g ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure ,

(hi)*=' ,bi)ity to m,e )iter,) i+.ere+(e'2 e6tr,po),te2 e,)u,te2 ,+* *emo+'tr,te hi' or

her ,bi)ity to (omprehe+* biogr,phi(,) ,+* e6po'itory te6t /e,)u,ti+g +o+.i(tio+

Mat#e!ati(s Assess!ent

The i+*erg,rte+ m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to

me,'ure 'i))' i+ (o+(eptu,) ,+* pro(e*ur,) +o&)e*ge ,+* prob)em 'o)i+g Item're),te* to +umber 'e+'e2 propertie'2 ,+* oper,tio+' (ompri'e* ,ppro6im,te)y 5!

Rem,i+i+g item' t,ppe* ,bi)itie' i+ me,'ureme+t2 geometry ,+* 'p,ti,) ,bi)ity2 ,+,)y'i'2

't,ti'ti('2 prob,bi)ity2 ,+* ,)gebr, The'e item' (ou)* be groupe* i+to .ie pro.i(ie+(y

()u'ter' (ompri'e* o. item' reuiri+g , (hi)* to: /, i*e+ti.y 'ome o+e%*igit +umer,)' ,+*

geometri( 'h,pe'; /b re,* ,)) o+e%*igit +umer,)'2 (ou+t beyo+* te+2 re(og+i@e ,

'eue+(e o. p,tter+'2 ,+* u'e +o+'t,+*,r* u+it' o. )e+gth to (omp,re ob9e(t'; /( re,*

t&o%*igit +umber'2 re(og+i@e +umber' i+ 'eue+ti,) or*er2 ,+* 'o)e , 'imp)e &or*

prob)em; /* 'o)e 'imp)e ,**itio+ ,+* 'ubtr,(tio+ prob)em'; ,+* /e 'o)e 'imp)e

mu)tip)i(,tio+ ,+* *ii'io+ prob)em'

The .i.th gr,*e m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t (o+t,i+e* item' *e'ig+e* to me,'ure

+umber 'e+'e2 propertie'2 oper,tio+'2 me,'ureme+t2 geometry ,+* 'p,ti,) 'e+'e2

,+,)y'i'2 't,ti'ti('2 prob,bi)itie'2 ,+* ,)gebr, The'e item' (ou)* be groupe* i+to .ie

pro.i(ie+(y ()u'ter' (ompri'e* o. item' reuiri+g , (hi)* to: /, 'o)e 'imp)e

mu)tip)i(,tio+ ,+* *ii'io+ prob)em'; /b *emo+'tr,te hi' or her u+*er't,+*i+g o. p),(e

,)ue; /( u'e their +o&)e*ge o. me,'ureme+t to 'o)e &or* prob)em'; /* 'o)e

prob)em' u'i+g .r,(tio+'; ,+* /e 'o)e &or* prob)em' i+o)i+g ,re, ,+* o)ume

Re&iai&ities %or Mat#e!ati(s an" Rea"in* Assess!ent S(ores

Re)i,bi)itie' .or the m,them,ti(' ,+* re,*i+g ,''e''me+t '(ore' /*erie* .rom

item re'po+'e theory%b,'e* '(ore' .or *,t, (o))e(tio+ i+ the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+

70


71/160

71


72/160

&ere "# ,+* "32 re'pe(tie)y The re)i,bi)itie' .or the m,them,ti(' ,+* re,*i+g

,''e''me+t' i+ .i.th gr,*e &ere"4 .or m,them,ti(' ,+* .or re,*i+g2 "3

Va&i"it' %or Dire(t Co*niti0e Assess!ent in Mat#e!ati(s an" Rea"in*

?Ei*e+(e .or the ,)i*ity o. the *ire(t (og+itie ,''e''me+t' &,' *erie*

.rom 'eer,) 'our(e' A reie& o. +,tio+,) ,+* 't,te per.orm,+(e 't,+*,r*'2

(omp,ri'o+ &ith 't,te ,+* (ommer(i,) ,''e''me+t'2 the 9u*gme+t' o. (urri(u)um

e6pert' ,+* te,(her' ,)) proi*e* i+put to te't 'pe(i.i(,tio+' I+ ,**itio+2

(omp,ri+g the re,*i+g ,+* m,them,ti(' .ie)*%te't item poo) '(ore' &ith tho'e

obt,i+e* .rom ,+ e't,b)i'he* i+'trume+t proi*e* ,)i*ity i+.orm,tio+

The ECBS% te't 'pe(i.i(,tio+' &ere *erie* .rom , ,riety o. 'our(e'

For the thir* through .i.th%gr,*e ,''e''me+t'2 +,tio+,) ,+* 't,te per.orm,+(e

't,+*,r*' i+ e,(h o. the *om,i+' &ere e6,mi+e* The '(ope ,+* 'eue+(e o.m,teri,)' .rom 't,te ,''e''me+t'2 ,' &e)) ,' .rom m,9or pub)i'her'2 &ere ,)'o

(o+'i*ere* The re'u)ti+g ECBS% .ourth%gr,*e .r,me&or' ,re 'imi),r to the

NAED .ourth gr,*e .r,me&or'2 &ith 'ome *i..ere+(e' *ue to ECBS% .orm,tti+g

,+* ,*mi+i'tr,tio+ (o+'tr,i+t' The .ourth%gr,*e .r,me&or' &ere mo*i.ie* .or

thir* ,+* .i.th gr,*e' /,+* .or the e,r)ier %# .orm' A+ e6pert p,+e) o. e,r)y

e)eme+t,ry '(hoo) e*u(,tor'2 i+()u*i+g (urri(u)um 'pe(i,)i't' i+ the 'ub9e(t

,re,' ,+* te,(her' ,t the t,rgete* gr,*e )ee)' .rom *i..ere+t regio+' o. the

(ou+try2 e6,mi+e* the poo) o. item' ,+* the re(omme+*e* ,))o(,tio+' The

,''e''me+t 'pe(i.i(,tio+' i+*i(,te* t,rget per(e+t,ge' .or (o+te+t 'tr,+*' &ithi+

e,(h o. the 'ub9e(t ,re,' The'e per(e+t,ge' &ere m,t(he* ,' ()o'e)y ,'

po''ib)e i+ *ee)opi+g the .ie)*%te't ,''e''me+t item poo) ,' &e)) ,' i+ 'e)e(ti+g

item' .or the .i.th%gr,*e ,''e''me+t .orm' Some (ompromi'e' i+ m,t(hi+g

t,rget per(e+t,ge' &ere +e(e'',ry to ',ti'.y (o+'tr,i+t' re),te* to other i''ue'2

i+()u*i+g )i+i+g to %# ,+* thir*%gr,*e '(,)e'2 ,oi*i+g .)oor ,+* (ei)i+g e..e(t'2,+* .ie)* te't item per.orm,+(e Thi' &,' e'pe(i,))y true .or the re,*i+g

,''e''me+t2 &ho'e 'tru(ture2 ie2 'eer,) ue'tio+' b,'e* o+ e,(h re,*i+g

p,'',ge2 p),(e* ,+ ,**itio+,) (o+'tr,i+t o+ the 'e)e(tio+ o. item' to m,t(h

(o+te+t 'tr,+*' E6pert' i+ e,(h o. the 'ub9e(t ,re,' the+ reie&e* the propo'e*

72


73/160

.i.th%gr,*e .orm' .or ,ppropri,te+e'' o. (o+te+t ,+* re)e,+(e to the ,''e''me+t

.r,me&or

A+ ,**itio+,) metho* o. e,)u,ti+g the (o+'tru(t ,)i*ity o. the re,*i+g

,+* m,them,ti(' ,''e''me+t' &,' ,**re''e* by the i+()u'io+ o. the -oo*(o(%

M(re&%-er*er Mi+i%,ttery o. A(hieeme+t /MA i+ the 'pri+g !! .ie)* te'to. .i.th%gr,*e item' Se)e(te* .ie)*%te't .orm' th,t i+()u*e* re,*i+g 'e(tio+' ,)'o

i+()u*e* the MA re,*i+g te't2 &hi)e the MA m,them,ti(' te't &,'

,*mi+i'tere* ,)o+g &ith .ie)*%te't m,them,ti(' .orm' Corre),tio+' &ere

(ompute* .or the MA '(ore' &ith the thet, e'tim,te' b,'e* o+ ECBS% .ie)*%

te't re'po+'e' Te't '(ore' (,+ be re),te* to other me,'ure' o+)y to the e6te+t

th,t they ,re (o+'i'te+t &ithi+ them'e)e' e+er,))y2 , (orre),tio+ bet&ee+ t&o

,ri,b)e' (,++ot e6(ee* the 'u,re root o. the re)i,bi)ity o. either ,ri,b)e

Re)i,bi)itie' .or the MA &ere (ompute* both &ith +ot%,*mi+i'tere* ,+* omitte*

item' tre,te* ,' mi''i+g2 ,+* &ith the'e item' tre,te* ,' i+(orre(t The

(orre),tio+' o. MA &ith ECBS% me,'ure' &ere uite ()o'e to the 'u,re root'

o. the re)i,bi)itie'2 i+*i(,ti+g th,t the t&o ,''e''me+t' &ere me,'uri+g ()o'e)y

re),te* 'i))'? /Tour,+ge,u2 et ,)2 !!$

Parti(i$ant C#ara(teristi(s o% t#e Ear&' C#i&"#oo" Lon*itu"ina& Stu"'

3in"er*arten Co#ortAna&'ti(a& Sa!$&e

T,b)e proi*e' , i'u,) repre'e+t,tio+ o. the 'tep%by%'tep pro(e'' )e,*i+g to

the re'u)t,+t ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e A' (,+ bee+ 'ee+ .rom T,b)e 2 ,)though there &ere ,

tot,) o. 28#3 (hi)*re+ &ho &ere ',mp)e* i+ the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 the +umber o.

(hi)*re+ &ith IRT '(,)e* '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th &,' #$28 ,+* #$284$2

re'pe(tie)y Simi),r)y2 ,)though , tot,) o. #$2#43 (hi)*re+ &ere ',mp)e* i+ the 'pri+g o.

.i.th gr,*e2 the +umber o. (hi)*re+ &ith IRT '(,)e* '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th &,'

##2$ ,+* ##2


74/160

'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e repre'e+t 4$ ,+* 48 o. ,)) the (hi)*re+ &ho &ere ',mp)e* i+ the

'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 re'pe(tie)y

Ana&'ti(a& Sa!$&e: Fa!i&' Stru(ture Varia&e

I+ ,+ e..ort to ,+'&er the 'e(o+* re'e,r(h ue'tio+2 .our 'ep,r,te .,mi)y

'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' &ere (re,te* The'e ,ri,b)e' (o+'i'te* o. (hi)*re+ &ho h,* either

t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 ,

m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 or , 'i+g)e

p,re+t i+ their hou'eho)* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The .ourth .,mi)y 'tru(ture

,ri,b)e (o+'i'te* o. ,)) other type' o. .,mi)y 'tru(ture' th,t (hi)*re+ m,y h,e

e6perie+(e* *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The (orre'po+*i+g .reue+(ie' .or e,(h

.,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e (,+ be 'ee+ i+ T,b)e 3

A' (,+ be 'ee+ .rom T,b)e 32 $5 o. (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the

'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e i+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th h,* t&o m,rrie*

bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' i+ their hou'eho)*' *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ The

(orre'po+*i+g .igure' .or (hi)*re+ &ith , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t2 ,+* 'i+g)e p,re+t2 or

,+other .,mi)y 'tru(ture (o+.igur,tio+ &ho h,* (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the 'pri+g o.

i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e i+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th &ere 32 #"2 ,+* 82

re'pe(tie)y Co+'eue+t)y2 5 o. the (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' .rom the 'pri+g o.

i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e &ere mi''i+g i+.orm,tio+ pert,i+i+g to their

.,mi)y 'tru(ture *uri+g the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+

Parti(i$ant De!o*ra$#i(s

T,b)e 4 proi*e' *emogr,phi( (h,r,(teri'ti(' .or (hi)*re+ &ith (h,+ge '(ore' i+

m,th .rom the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e .rom the .u)) ,+,)yti(,)

',mp)e ,+* .rom hou'eho)*' &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t'2 , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t2

or , 'i+g)e p,re+t A' 'u(h2 the .o))o&i+g *e'(riptio+' o. *emogr,phi( (h,r,(teri'ti('

,re .or the .u)) ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e o+)y

I+ term' o. ge+*er2 5!4 o. the (hi)*re+ &ere m,)e'2 &here,' 4"$ &ere

.em,)e' -ith reg,r* to r,(e2 583 &ere -hite2 No+%0i'p,+i(2 ##3 &ere ),( or

A.ri(,+%Ameri(,+2 "# &ere 0i'p,+i(2 r,(e 'pe(i.ie*2 "$ &ere 0i'p,+i(2 r,(e +ot

'pe(i.ie*2 $! &ere A'i,+2 # &ere N,tie 0,&,ii,+2 other D,(i.i( I'),+*er2 #"

&ere Ameri(,+ I+*i,+ or A),', N,tie2 ,+* 4 &ere more th,+ o+e r,(e I+ term' o.

74


75/160

t#eir $arents8 #i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e&, =2- o% (#i&"ren #a" a $arent +#o re$orte" a

#i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e& o% /t#*ra"e or e&o+, +#ereas 2@ o% (#i&"ren #a" a $arent

+#o re$orte" a #i*#est e"u(ationa& &e0e& o% an earne" "o(torate or $ro%essiona& "e*ree2

4it# re*ar" to so(ioe(ono!i( status, o% (#i&"ren +ere (&assi%ie" as ein* in t#e

t#)uinti&e t#e #i*#est (&assi%i(ation2 Ta&e > $ro0i"es "e!o*ra$#i(

(#ara(teristi(s %or (#i&"ren +it# (#an*e s(ores in rea"in* %ro! t#e s$rin* o%

5in"er*arten to t#e s$rin* o% %i%t# *ra"e %ro! t#e %u&& ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e an" %ro!

#ouse#o&"s +it# t+o !arrie" io&o*i(a& $arents, a !arrie" ste$$arent, or a sin*&e

$arent2

In ter!s o% "e!o*ra$#i( (#ara(teristi(s %or (#i&"ren +it# (#an*e s(ores in !at#

%ro! t#e s$rin* o% 5in"er*arten to t#e s$rin* o% %i%t# *ra"e, non$ara!etri( ana&'sesase" on (#is)uare "istriution tests re0ea&e" se0era& si*ni%i(ant "i%%eren(es a!on*

t#e %a!i&' stru(ture 0aria&es2 4it# re*ar" to *en"er, t#ere +ere $ro$ortiona&&' !ore

!a&es in %a!i&ies +it# a !arrie" ste$$arent an" !ore %e!a&es in sin*&e $arent

#ouse#o&"s 9- /2/-, "e*rees o% %ree"o! =,p 2.>2 In ter!s o% ra(e, $ro$ortiona&&'

!ore (#i&"ren in t+o io&o*i(a& $arent %a!i&ies +ere 4#ite, nonHis$ani(, +#ereas

$ro$ortiona&&' !ore (#i&"ren in sin*&e $arent #ouse#o&"s +ere B&a(5 or A%ri(an

A!eri(an 9- @>2/1, "e*rees o% %ree"o! -


76/160

76


77/160

&here,' (hi)*re+ i+ t&o bio)ogi(,) p,re+t .,mi)ie' &ere more )ie)y to be -hite2 h,e

p,re+t' &ith higher e*u(,tio+,) ,tt,i+me+t2 ,+* re'i*e i+ hou'eho)*' i+ the highe't

'o(ioe(o+omi( ui+ti)e

Des(ri$ti0es: Mat# C#an*e S(ore an" In"i(ator Varia&esSo(ia& Ca$ita&

A' (,+ be 'ee+ .rom T,b)e $2 the ,er,ge m,th (h,+ge '(ore .rom the 'pri+g o.

i+*erg,rte+ to the 'pri+g o. .i.th gr,*e .or the .u)) ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e &,' 8!4! The

(orre'po+*i+g .igure' .or (hi)*re+ &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t'2 , m,rrie*

'tepp,re+t2 ,+* , 'i+g)e p,re+t &ere 85$2


78/160

78


79/160

(omputer &ho re'i*e* i+ , hou'eho)* &ith , m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t or , 'i+g)e p,re+t &ere

#$ ,+* (,pit,) i+*i(,tor ,ri,b)e' (,+ be 'ee+ i+ T,b)e #!

Sa!$&e 4ei*#ts

y *e'ig+2 the N,tio+,) Ce+ter o. E*u(,tio+,) St,ti'ti(' (ho'e to ,''ig+ &eight'

to (ompe+',te .or the higher ',mp)i+g prob,bi)itie' o. (ert,i+ (hi)*re+ .rom ,riou'

r,(e'2 '(hoo)'2 ,+* (ommu+itie' ,+* to ,*9u't .or '(hoo)2 (hi)*2 te,(her2 ,+* p,re+t

+o+re'po+'e /Tour,+ge,u2 Nor*2 Be2 Do)),(2 1 Ati+'%ur+ett2 !!$ A((or*i+g)y2 the

NCES (re,te* +umerou' (,tegori(,) ,ri,b)e' to be u'e* ,' &eight' *epe+*i+g upo+

the 'e)e(te* ',mp)e There.ore2 ,' 'ugge'te* by the N,tio+,) Ce+ter .or E*u(,tio+,)

St,ti'ti(' /per'o+,) (ommu+i(,tio+2 !!8 the b,'e &eight ,ri,b)e ,ppropri,te .or (hi)*

,''e''me+t *,t, .rom the 'pri+g o. i+*erg,rte+2 .ir't gr,*e2 thir* gr,*e2 ,+* .i.th gr,*e

&,' 'e)e(te*2 ,+* 'ub'eue+t)y u'e* i+ ,)) regre''io+ ,+,)y'e'

Mi''i+g Data

ie+ the pre,)e+(e o. mi''i+g *,t, i+ 'o(i,) '(ie+(e' /Hu'ter 1 Smith2 #""82

the e6te+t to &hi(h *,t, ,re mi''i+g i+ the E,r)y Chi)*hoo* Bo+gitu*i+,) Stu*y (ome'

,' +o 'urpri'e 0o&eer2 gie+ the re),tie)y )o& o((urre+(e o. mi''i+g *,t, .or the

,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e i+ thi' 'tu*y /,)) but t&o i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e' h,e *,t, .rom oer

"4 o. the ,+,)yti(,) ',mp)e7the other ,ri,b)e' h,e *,t, .rom oer 8


80/160

80


81/160

!issin* "ata, t#e (#an*e in t#e 0arian(e rou*#t on ' !ean sustitution %or an'

0aria&e +i&& e !ini!a& A(o(5, -..>2

Data Ana&'sis P&an

In an e%%ort to ans+er t#e %irst resear(# )uestion "oes so(ia& an" resour(e

(a$ita& #a0e an i!$a(t on 'oun* (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent, (ontro&&in* %or

$arent8s e"u(ation an" so(ioe(ono!i( status6!u&ti$&e re*ression +as use"2

A((or"in*&', in"i(ators o% $arents8 resour(e an" so(ia& (a$ita& !easure" in t#e s$rin* o%

5in"er*arten, +#i&e (ontro&&in* %or t#eir e"u(ationa& &e0e&, so(ioe(ono!i( status, an"

t#eir (#i&"8s *en"er an" ra(e +as use" to $re"i(t t#e (#an*e in IRT s(a&e" s(ores %ro!

5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e in rea"in* an" !at#2 A""itiona&&', ' usin* t#e s$e(i%ie"

sa!$&e +ei*#ts, an' re*ression esti!ates in t#e statisti(a& !o"e& +i&& 'ie&" (onsistent

esti!ates %or t#e entire $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# t#e' +ere "ra+n 4ins#i$ Ra"i&&,


82/160

C0ADTER 4

RESUBTS

Thi' (h,pter proi*e' the re'u)t' o. 't,ti'ti(,) ,+,)y'e' u'i+g , 'erie' o. mu)tip)e

regre''io+' i+ ,+ e..ort to ,+'&er t&o re'e,r(h ue'tio+':

1 oe' 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) h,e ,+ imp,(t o+ you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(improeme+t2 (o+tro))i+g .or p,re+t=' e*u(,tio+ ,+* 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'G

2 oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o. you+g (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi(

improeme+tG

I+()u*i+g mu)tip)e i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e' i+ the regre''io+ mo*e)' ,))o&e* the

u'e o. 't,ti'ti(,) (o+tro) i+ e'tim,ti+g the u+iue e..e(t o. e,(h i+*epe+*e+t ,ri,b)e o+

the out(ome /Meyer'2 )e++2 1 u,ri+o2 !!$; T,te2 #""8 A((or*i+g)y2 i+ ,+ e..ort to

,+'&er the .ir't re'e,r(h ue'tio+2 t&o mu)tip)e regre''io+' &ere u'e* to ,+,)y@e the

re),tio+'hip bet&ee+ 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) ,+* (hi)*re+=' ,(,*emi( improeme+t

7me,'ure* i, the (h,+ge .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e i+ (hi)*re+=' IRT '(,)e*

'(ore' o+ 't,+*,r*i@e* re,*i+g ,+* m,th te't'7&hi)e (o+tro)) i+g .or p,re+t='

e*u(,tio+2 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu'2 (hi)*re+=' ge+*er2 ,+* (hi)*re+=' r,(e

Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" C#i&"ren8s Rea"in* C#an*e S(ores

T,b)e ## pre'e+t' the regre''io+' o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) o+to

(hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e I+ term' o.

the re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 the mo*e) e6p),i+e* #3 o.the ,ri,+(e -ith reg,r* to m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 #5

o. the ,ri,+(e &,' e6p),i+e* by the mo*e) 0o&eer2 gie+ the e6te+t to &hi(h the

,riou' i+*i(,tor' imp,(te* re,*i+g ,+* m,th improeme+t2 o+)y the i+*ii*u,)

(o+tributio+' o. e,(h 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t pre*i(tor ,ri,b)e i+ the mo*e) ,re

*i'(u''e*

Parent So(ia& Ca$ita&

Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t (o+t,(te* the '(hoo) '(ore* )o&er by ! 't,+*,r*

*ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !38 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge

'(ore' i+ m,th ,' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (o+t,(t the '(hoo)

Simi),r)y2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t ,tte+*e* , p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e '(ore* )o&er by

!# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !3# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

82


83/160

o+ the (h,+ge '(ore i+ m,th ,' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot ,tte+*

p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e' 0o&eer2 the m,g+itu*e o. the'e (o+tributio+' &,' )e''

th,+ the (o+tributio+ o. p,re+t' ,(ti+g ,' , '(hoo) o)u+teer A((or*i+g)y2 (hi)*re+

&ho'e p,re+t ,(te* ,' , '(hoo) o)u+teer '(ore* !4# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+

the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g ,+* !

Parent Resour(e Ca$ita&

Chi)*re+ &ho i'ite* the )ibr,ry &ith their p,re+t '(ore* !5 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' th,+ (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot i'it the )ibr,ry &ith their

p,re+t A**itio+,))y2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot h,e , home (omputer2 (hi)*re+

&ho h,* , home (omputer '(ore* !45 ,+* !4$ 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g

,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y A)though the'e ,ri,b)e' h,* , 't,ti'ti(,))y

'ig+i.i(,+t ,..e(t2 their imp,(t o+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th improeme+t &,' )e'' th,+ the

imp,(t o. , p,re+t re,*i+g to the (hi)* Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot re,*

to them2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t re,* to them three to 'i6 time' , &ee '(ore* #44

't,+*,r* *ei,tio+ higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' ,+* ##4 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' Reg,r*i+g re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+

&ho *i* +ot re,* pi(ture boo'2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* pi(ture boo' o+(e or t&i(e , &ee

'(ore* !5# 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher Fi+,))y2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,*

out'i*e o. '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) o+(e or t&i(e , &ee or three to 'i6

time' , &ee '(ore* !3! ,+* !8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ their m,th (h,+ge

'(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y 0o&eer2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,* out'i*e '(hoo)2

(hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) eery *,y '(ore* !$" 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* !4"

't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore'2 re'pe(tie)y

Parent E"u(ation

The m,g+itu*e o. imp,(t o. p,re+t e*u(,tio+ o+ (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th

improeme+t &,' *ire(t)y proportio+,) to the *egree to &hi(h , p,re+t obt,i+e*

,**itio+,) '(hoo)i+g beyo+* , high '(hoo) *ip)om, Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t reporte* ,

high '(hoo) *ip)om, '(ore* !5" 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'

,+* !8! 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ m,th (h,+ge '(ore' (omp,re* to their

(ou+terp,rt' &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (omp)ete high '(hoo) Simi),r)y2 (omp,re* to their

83


84/160

84


85/160

(ou+terp,rt' &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot (omp)ete high '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t

reporte* 'ome (o))ege '(ore* #48 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* #$8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

higher o+ (h,+ge '(ore' .or re,*i+g ,+* m,th2 re'pe(tie)y Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t

e,r+e* , b,(he)or=' *egree i+(re,'e* the *i'p,rity bet&ee+ their ,+* their (ou+terp,rt'=

re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' by #8 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' ,+* #55 't,+*,r**ei,tio+'2 re'pe(tie)y Fi+,))y2 (omp,re* to their .e))o& (),''m,te' &ho'e p,re+t *i*

+ot (omp)ete high '(hoo)2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t h,* ,+ e*u(,tio+,) eui,)e+t beyo+*

, b,(he)or=' *egree '(ore* #


86/160

86


87/160

'(ore'2 (omp,re* to -hite (hi)*re+2 0i'p,+i( ,+* A'i,+ (hi)*re+ '(ore* !4< ,+* !48

't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher2 re'pe(tie)y

Fa!i&' Stru(ture, Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" C#i&"ren8s Rea"in*

C#an*e S(ores

The 'e(o+* regre''io+ ue'tio+7*oe' .,mi)y 'tru(ture m,tter i+ term' o.

(hi)*re+ ,(,*emi( improeme+t7&,' ,+'&ere* by i+()u*i+g the .,mi)y 'tru(ture

,ri,b)e' i+ the i+iti,) mo*e) T,b)e # pre'e+t' the regre''io+' o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+*

re'our(e (,pit,) o+to (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g ,+* m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to

.i.th gr,*e &ith the ,**itio+,) .,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' i+()u*e* i+ the mo*e) I+ term'

o. the re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2 the mo*e) e6p),i+e* #3

o. the ,ri,+(e -ith reg,r* to m,th (h,+ge '(ore' .rom i+*erg,rte+ to .i.th gr,*e2

#$ o. the ,ri,+(e &,' e6p),i+e* by the mo*e) A)though the ,**itio+ o. the .,mi)y

'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' &,' ,''o(i,te* &ith ')ight (h,+ge' i+ the 't,+*,r*i@e* bet,' o. the

,riou' re'our(e ,+* 'o(i,) (,pit,) ,ri,b)e'2 the re'u)t' ,re uite 'imi),r to tho'e

obt,i+e* i+ the mo*e) &ithout the .,mi)y 'tru(ture ,ri,b)e' 0o&eer2 (hi)*re+ &ith ,

m,rrie* 'tepp,re+t '(ore* !3$ 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'

(omp,re* to (hi)*re+ i+ hou'eho)*' &ith t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' A((or*i+g)y2

gie+ th,t the 'tep.,mi)y (oe..i(ie+t &,' 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t i+ the mo*e)2 I e6,mi+e*

the e6te+t to &hi(h 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) imp,(te* (hi)*re+=' re,*i+g (h,+ge

'(ore' i+ thi' .,mi)y 'tru(ture 'ep,r,te)y

Parent So(ia& an" Resour(e Ca$ita& an" Rea"in* C#an*e S(ores: C#i&"ren in

Ste$%a!i&ies

T,b)e #3 pre'e+t' the regre''io+ o. p,re+t'= 'o(i,) ,+* re'our(e (,pit,) o+to

(hi)*re+=' re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' .or o+)y tho'e (hi)*re+ re'i*i+g &ith , m,rrie*

'tepp,re+t The mo*e) e6p),i+e* 34 o. the ,ri,+(e i+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'

0o&eer2 gie+ the e6te+t to &hi(h the ,riou' i+*i(,tor' imp,(te* re,*i+g

improeme+t2 o+)y the i+*ii*u,) (o+tributio+' o. e,(h 't,ti'ti(,))y 'ig+i.i(,+t pre*i(tor

,ri,b)e i+ the mo*e) ,re *i'(u''e*

Parent So(ia& Ca$ita&

Chi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t (o+t,(te* the '(hoo) '(ore* higher by #34 't,+*,r*

*ei,tio+' o+ the (h,+ge '(ore' i+ re,*i+g (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot

87


88/160

(o+t,(t the '(hoo) I+ (o+tr,'t2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t' *i* +ot ,tte+* ,

p,re+t>te,(her (o+.ere+(e2 tho'e (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t' *i* ,tte+* , p,re+t>te,(her

(o+.ere+(e '(ore* !#5 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' Fi+,))y2 ,'

the +umber o. p,re+t' o. their .rie+*' th,t their p,re+t' t,) to regu),r)y i+(re,'e* by

o+e 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+2 their re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' i+(re,'e* by #44 't,+*,r**ei,tio+'

Parent Resour(e Ca$ita&

Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t *i* +ot re,* boo' to them2 (hi)*re+ &ho'e

p,re+t re,* boo' to them o+(e or t&i(e , &ee '(ore* 45< 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

higher I+ ,**itio+2 (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho *i* +ot re,* pi(ture boo'2 (hi)*re+ &ho

re,* pi(ture boo' three to 'i6 time' , &ee '(ore* 48 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher o+

re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' Further2 (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo) three to 'i6 time' ,

&ee '(ore* 45 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher ,+* (hi)*re+ &ho re,* out'i*e '(hoo)

eery*,y '(ore*334 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' higher th,+ their (ou+terp,rt' &ho *i* +ot

re,*i+g out'i*e '(hoo)

So(ioe(ono!i( Status

Comp,re* to (hi)*re+ &ho'e p,re+t%reporte* 'o(ioe(o+omi( 't,tu' p),(e* them

i+ the )o&e't ui+ti)e2 (hi)*re+ i+ the 'e(o+* ui+ti)e '(ore* 38 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'

higher o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore' The (orre'po+*i+g ,*,+t,ge o. (hi)*re+ i+ either the

thir*2 .ourth2 or .i.th ui+ti)e' (omp,re* to (hi)*re+ i+ the )o&e't ui+ti)e &ere3432 3332

,+* 33 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+'2 re'pe(tie)y

Ra(e

),( (hi)*re+ '(ore* 3! 't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er o+ re,*i+g (h,+ge '(ore'

th,+ -hite (hi)*re+ A**itio+,))y2 (hi)*re+ &ho repre'e+te* other r,(e' '(ore* #5

't,+*,r* *ei,tio+' )o&er th,+ -hite (hi)*re+

88


89/160

C0ADTER 5

ISCUSSION

I+ )ight o. ei*e+(e to 'ugge't th,t (hi)*re+ i+ ,)ter+,tie .,mi)ie' /ie2 re'i*e &ith

, 'i+g)e p,re+t or , 'tepp,re+t *emo+'tr,te )e'' ,(,*emi( ,(hieeme+t th,+ tho'e

(hi)*re+ re'i*i+g i+ t&o%bio)ogi(,)%p,re+t .,mi)ie' /Ab*%E)%F,tt,h2 !!$; 9or)u+*2i+ther2 1 Su+*'trom2 !!$; C,,+,gh2 !!$; 0e,r*2 !!


90/160

90


91/160

so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& in re&ation to t#e a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent o% 'oun* (#i&"ren6

an area o% in)uir' +#i(# #as een re$eate"&' (a&&e" to attention ' s(#o&ars in t#e $ast

as nee"in* %urt#er e9a!ination Artis, -..@ Astone M(Lana#an, , E&!ore -../, an" Potter -../ su**este" t#at

tea(#ers $ri!ari&' s(#e"u&e (on%eren(es +it# $arents in an e%%ort to "is(uss $ro&e!ati(

situations su(# as "e(&ines in a (#i&"8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e, $ositi0e attitu"e, or

a$$ro$riate e#a0ior2 Furt#er, Patri5a5ou an" 4eisser*


92/160

92


93/160

t#e )ua&it' o% $arent tea(#er (on%eren(es is !ore i!$ortant t#at t#e )uantit' o% $arent

tea(#er (onta(ts2 It !a' a&so e t#at %or t#e (#i&"ren in t#is stu"' +#o +ere $er%or!in*

$oor&', t#eir $arents8 (onta(t +it# tea(#ers 0ia s(#e"u&e" (on%eren(es !a' #a0e een

ren"ere" ine%%e(ti0e, *i0en S+a$8s


94/160

94


95/160

!at# i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to (#i&"ren +#ose $arentre$orte" so(ioe(ono!i( status

$&a(e" t#e! in a&& ot#er )uinti&es2 Hirs#Pase5 an" Bur(#ina& -..1 an" Mer&o,

Bo+!an, an" Barnett -..@ re$orte" t#at a (#i&"8s rea"in* a(#ie0e!ent (ou&" e

a((ounte" %or ' $arent nurturan(e an" in0o&0e!ent2 Per#a$s in t#is $o$u&ation, t#e

(#i&"ren in t#e &o+est )uinti&e i2e2 &o+est -. in ter!s o% %a!i&' so(ioe(ono!i( status,&a(5e" su%%i(ient $arent in0o&0e!ent an" nurturan(e, t#ere' re"u(in* t#eir a(a"e!i(

i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to a&& ot#er (#i&"ren in #i*#er )uinti&es2 Ho+e0er, t#e (o!$&e9it'

o% t#is inter$retation is %urt#er e9a(erate" ' t#e %a(t t#at a nu!er o% ot#er %a(tors

#a0e a&so een s#o+n to e re&ate" to so(ioe(ono!i( status +#i(# i!$a(t (#i&"ren8s

a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent in(&u"in* &o+ere" e9$osure to #ouse#o&" &iterature E0ans,

-.. VernonFea*ans, Ha!!er, Mi((io, Man&o0e, -..-, $oorer )ua&it'

nei*#or#oo"s E0ans, -.. Lee Bur5a!, -..-, t#e e9tent an" )ua&it' to +#i(#

tea(#ers8 intera(t +it# stu"ents "urin* (&assroo! instru(tion an" a(ti0ities Ent+is&e

A&e9an"er,


96/160

96


97/160

si*ni%i(ant&' &o+er on !easures o% !at# an" rea"in* t#an t#eir (ounter$arts +#ose

!ot#er8s "i" (o!$&ete #i*# s(#oo&2 Ma*nuson -..@, usin* "ata %ro! t#e Nationa&

Lon*itu"ina& Sur0e' o% Yout#C#i&" Data in0o&0in* (#i&"ren si!i&ar in a*es et+een 1

an"


98/160

98


99/160

!!5; e+to+ 1 -e't2 !!; u+(,+ 1 M,g+u'o+2 !!5; R,er2 er'ho..2 1 Aber2

!!


100/160

100


101/160

t&o m,rrie* bio)ogi(,) p,re+t' *uri+g i+*erg,rte+ A)though2 A'to+e ,+* M(B,+,h,+

/#""#2 C,r)'o+ ,+* Cor(or,+ /!!#2 o&+ey /#""42 Bee /#""32 ,+* Do+g /#""8 ,))

reporte* ,(,*emi( *i..ere+(e' bet&ee+ (hi)*re+ i+ 'i+g)e p,re+t .,mi)ie' ,+* t&o

bio)ogi(,) p,re+t .,mi)ie' .rom , 't,ti( per'pe(tie /their re'pe(tie ,+,)y'e' i+()u*e*

o+)y ,''e''me+t' he)* *uri+g o+e poi+t i+ time2 0e,r* /!!


102/160

102


103/160

+i"o+e"$arent ste$%a!i&ies ;e'nes, -...a2 T#ere%ore, t#e (o!$arati0e&' in(onsistent

%in"in*s in t#is stu"' "eser0e (onsi"era&e attention2

One $ossi&e reason %or t#ese %in"in*s is t#e e9tent to +#i(# so(ia& (a$ita&6in

t#e %or! o% t#e nu!er o% $arents o% t#eir %rien"s t#at t#eir $arent ta&5e" +it# re*u&ar&'6

i!$a(te" ste$(#i&"ren2 T#rou*# ana&'sis o% t#e $o$u&ation in its entiret', t#is in"i(ator o%

so(ia& (a$ita& o%%ere" no statisti(a& si*ni%i(an(e +it# re*ar" to (#i&"ren8s !at# an"

rea"in* (#an*e s(ores2 Ho+e0er, %or (#i&"ren &i0in* +it# a ste$$arent "urin*

5in"er*arten, t#is in"i(ator o% so(ia& (a$ita& su**este" t#at as t#e nu!er o% $arents o%

t#eir %rien"s t#at t#eir $arent ta&5e" to re*u&ar&' in(rease" ' one stan"ar" "e0iation,

t#eir rea"in* (#an*e s(ore in(rease" ' 2


104/160

104


105/160

entire ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e, su$$orts t#is assertion2 A((or"in*&', in !a' e t#at t#e

ste$$arents in t#e $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# t#e "ata +ere ana&'e" intera(te" +it# t#eir

ste$(#i&"ren "i%%erent&', t#ere' a%%e(tin* t#eir ste$(#i&"8s rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent2

T#e "i%%eren(es in t#e $ro$ortion o% e9$&aine" 0arian(e in rea"in* (#an*e s(ores

%ro! 5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e et+een t#e ste$(#i&"ren susa!$&e an" t#e entire

ana&'ti(a& sa!$&e a&so su$$orts t#e assertion t#at (#i&"ren in ste$%a!i&ies are uni)ue&'

i!$a(te" ' t#e $o$u&ation (#ara(teristi(s t#e!se&0es, an" %a!i&' $ro(esses6in(&u"in*

$arent in0o&0e!ent2 Base" on t#ese %in"in*s, it a$$ears as t#ou*# t#e in"i(ators use" to

!easure so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& +ere !ore sa&ient %or ste$(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(

i!$ro0e!ent in rea"in* an" !at# t#an t#e' +ere %or (#i&"ren in sin*&e $arent an" t+o

io&o*i(a& $arent %a!i&ies2 Un&i5e 4i"!er -..1, +#o state" t#at Kres$on"ents in $ost

"i0or(e %a!i&ies #a0e a s!a&& nu!er o% ties e!e""e" in &on* (#ains o% (onne(tionsK,

t#e (#i&"ren in t#ese ste$%a!i&ies a$$ear to resi"e in %a!i&ies (#ara(terie" as t#ose

$ro0i"in* Kon"in* so(ia& (a$ita&6"ense&' (onne(te" %a!i&' net+or5sK $2 >, +#i(#

!a' #a0e $ositi0e&' i!$a(te" t#eir o0era&& &on*itu"ina& rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent (o!$are" to

(#i&"ren in ot#er %a!i&' stru(tures2

I!$&i(ations

T#e resu&ts o% t#is stu"' #a0e i!$&i(ations %or 0arious *rou$s o% in"i0i"ua&s

in(&u"in* ste$$arents, s(#o&ars, an" $o&i('!a5ers2 T#e %a(t t#at $arentin* e#a0iors

are a!ena&e to (#an*e an" "ire(t&' an" in"ire(t&' asso(iate" +it# i!$ro0e" (#i&"

"e0e&o$!ent, a(a"e!i( a(#ie0e!ent, an" s(#o&asti( $er%or!an(e Muuis#, P#an,

S'&0a, Sa!!ons, Sira7B&at(#%or", Ta**art -../ $ro0i"es a (o!$e&&in* ar*u!ent %or

$arents an" ste$$arents to e9a!ine, an" $er#a$s !o"i%', t#eir o+n $arentin* $ra(ti(es2

Gi0en t#e e9tent to +#i(# in0o&0e!ent in s(#oo& %un(tions i!$a(te" (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i(

i!$ro0e!ent in t#is stu"' an" ot#ers A&o!ar, -..1 Lee Bo+en, -..1 Mar(#ant,

Pau&son, Rot#&iser*, -..


106/160

106


107/160

so(ia& (a$ita& *enerate" +i&& un"oute"&' ene%it t#eir ste$(#i&" a(a"e!i(a&&'2 Ot#er

s(#o&ars #a0e (ertain&' su$$orte" t#is assu!$tion Co&e!an, ,

"ro$$in* out o% #i*# s(#oo& A&e9an"er, Ent+is&e, Dauer, -..- Finn, Gerer, Bo'"

Ja#arias, -..> an" atten"in* (o&&e*e Gar(es, T#o!as, Currie, -..-2

T#ese %in"in*s a&so #a0e i!$&i(ations in &i*#t o% re(ent nationa& $o&i(ies su(# as

Presi"ent Bus#8s -..- No Child Left Behind Act an" t#e Good Start, Grow Smart

initiati0e2 Conse)uent&', $o&i('!a5ers s#ou&" (ontinue to %o(us on ui&"in* etter

$arent, (#i&", an" s(#oo& (onne(tions t#at in(rease t#e &e0e& o% a(a"e!i( an" so(ia&

su$$ort (#i&"ren e9$erien(e2 B' %osterin* stron*er ties to s(#oo&s, (o!!unities, an"

%e&&o+ $arents i2e2, in(reasin* so(ia& (a$ita&, $o&i('!a5ers (an "ire(t&' an" in"ire(t&'

assist $arents in t#eir e%%ort to ui&" a ri(#er en0iron!ent t#at is (on"u(i0e to t#eir

(#i&"ren8s &earnin* an" a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent2

Li!itations

A&t#ou*# a se(on"ar' ana&'sis on t#e "ata "ra+n %ro! t#e ECLS3 o%%ere" a &o+

(ost, rea"i&' a((essi&e, an" nationa&&' re$resentati0e $o$u&ation %ro! +#i(# to "eri0e

in%or!ation, t#e inai&it' to "eter!ine +#i(# $arent res$on"e" to )uestions $ertainin* to

ste$(#i&"ren is an o0ious "ra+a(52 Be(ause on&' one $arent +as inter0ie+e", an"

no in%or!ation +as otaine" to "istin*uis# t#at $arent8s e9a(t re&ations#i$ to t#e %o(us

(#i&", it +as i!$ossi&e to "eter!ine +#et#er t#e $arent res$on"ent +as a ste$ or

io&o*i(a& $arent6on&' t#at t#e (#i&" &i0e" in a ste$$arent #ouse#o&"2 Touran*eau,

Nor", Le, Po&&a(5, At5insBurnett, -..12 T#is $oses $otentia& $ro&e!s +it# res$e(t

107


108/160

108


109/160

to t#e 0ie+ t#at Kstu"ies #a0e *enera&&' %a0ore" (o&&e(tin* "ata $ri!ari&' %ro! t#e

!ot#er, +#o resear(#ers e&ie0e" +as !ost 5no+&e"*ea&e aout resi"entia& (#i&"ren

an" t#eir +e&&ein*K Ho%%ert#, -..>, $2 /@2 Furt#er, e(ause re&ations#i$ )ua&it' "ata

et+een $arent an" (#i&" are not a0ai&a&e in t#e ECLS3, &ea0in* t#is i!$ortant %a(tor

un!easure" $ro0i"e" no +a' o% 5no+in* #o+ t#e $arti(i$ant8s $er(e$tions o% t#e (#i&"!a' #a0e %&a0ore" res$onses to in)uir' Artis, -..@2

Ho%%ert# -..> state" t#at Kt#e !a7or reason %or &ar*e sa!$&e sie, o% (ourse, is to

otain *reater $re(ision o% esti!ates o% su*rou$s o% t#e U2S2 $o$u&ation, *i0en t#at t#e

$o$u&ation is "i0erse in et#ni(it', so(ioe(ono!i( status, %a!i&' stru(ture, an" %a!i&'

e!$&o'!entK $2 /=2 E0en t#ou*#t t#e ECLS3 o%%ers e!$&o'a&e sa!$&e +ei*#ts to

(o!$ensate %or une)ua& $roai&ities o% se&e(tion, $arti(i$ant or unit nonres$onse, an" to

(on%or! to 5no+n $o$u&ation "istriutions, t#e +ei*#te" resu&ts ste!!in* %ro! t#ese

ana&'ses o% t#e re&ati0e&' s!a&& sa!$&e o% ste$$arent %a!i&' stru(tures +arrants (aution2

T#is is $arti(u&ar&' re&e0ant *i0en Co#en8s


110/160

%o(us o% $arent resour(e an" so(ia& (a$ita& to in(&u"e tea(#er resour(e an" so(ia&

(a$ita& usin* t#e ECLS3 "ataset2

T#e !a*nitu"e in +#i(# so(ia& an" resour(e (a$ita& in"i(ators a((ounte" %or

ste$(#i&"ren8s rea"in* i!$ro0e!ent %ro! 5in"er*arten to %i%t# *ra"e +arrants a""itiona&

e!$iri(a& %o(us2 Gi0en t#e &on*itu"ina& nature o% t#e ECLS3 "ata, &atent 0aria&e *ro+t#

(ur0e !o"e&in* !i*#t e one +a' to s$e(i%i(a&&' ans+er #o+ (#an*es in %a!i&' so(ia&

an" resour(e (a$ita& i!$a(t ste$(#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( $er%or!an(e o0er ti!e2 In %a(t,

e(ause Kt#e $ri!ar' *oa& o% &on*itu"ina& ana&'sis o% re$eate" !easures an" *ro+t#

(ur0e ana&'ses in $arti(u&ar is to "es(rie $atterns o% (#an*e o0er ti!eK M(Cartne',

Bur(#ina&, Bu, -..1, $2 11, &atent 0aria&e *ro+t# !o"e&in* +ou&" re$resent t#e

o$ti!a& !eans ' +#i(# to e9$&ore t#is $#eno!enon2

Fina&&', anot#er $otentia& a0enue %or a(a"e!i( e9$&oration is t#e &in5 et+een

(o!$uter usa*e, so(ia& (a$ita&, an" (#i&"ren8s a(a"e!i( i!$ro0e!ent2 In t#is stu"',

#a0in* a (o!$uter in t#e #o!e +as asso(iate" +it# in(reases in ot# rea"in* an" !at#

i!$ro0e!ent2 Sura#!an'a!, 3raut, Green%ie&", an" Gross -... re$orte" t#at K!u(#

o% (#i&"ren8s a&one ti!e on (o!$uters a$$ears a(tua&&' to e s$ent e9ten"in* so(ia&

re&ations#i$s ' (onne(tin* +it# ot#ers t#rou*# inter$ersona& (o!!uni(ation

a$$&i(ations 0ia t#e InternetK $2


111/160


112/160

stu"' (&ear&' e&u(i"ate t#e uti&it' o% %a!i&' so(ia& (a$ita& t#eor' Co&e!an,


113/160

APPENDI A

FIGURES

113


114/160

Fi*ure , -=-/2

Artis, ;2 E2 -..@2 Materna& (o#aitation an" (#i&" +e&&ein* a!on* 5in"er*arten(#i&"ren2


136/160

136


137/160

Boar"!an, ;2 D2, Po+ers, D2 A2, Pa"i&&a, Y2 C2, Hu!!er, R2 A2 -..-2 Lo+ irt#+ei*#t, so(ia& %a(tors, an" "e0e&o$!enta& out(o!es a!on* (#i&"ren in t#e Unite"

States2 (emography, =, =>==1/

Bor7a, R2 R2 -..12 So(ia&net+or5in* sites %or s(#oo&s $ro!ote sa%et': E"u(ation

Bene%its2 -ducation &ee;, 6:, 5"

Broo5sGunn, ;2, Dun(an, G2 ;2 2 O9%or",U3: Per*a!on2

137


138/160

138


139/160

Co&e!an, M2, Ganon*, L2, Fine, M2 -...2 Rein0esti*atin* re!arria*e: Anot#er"e(a"e o% $ro*ress2 ;ourna& o% Marria*e an" t#e Fa!i&', 1-,


140/160

140


141/160


142/160

142


143/160

Hirs#Pase5, 32, Bur(#ina&, M2 -..12 Mot#er an" (are*i0er sensiti0it' o0er ti!e:Pre"i(tin* &an*ua*e an" a(a"e!i( out(o!es +it# 0aria&e an" $erson(entere"

a$$roa(#es2 'errill.Palmer >uarterly, 36, />2

Ho%%ert#, S2 L2, An"erson, 32 G2 -..=2 Are a&& "a"s e)ua& Bio&o*' 0ersus !arria*e

as a asis %or $aterna& in0est!ent2


144/160

144


145/160

;uster, F2 T2, S!it#, ;2 P2 2 C#i&"ren, (#i&"#oo" an" so(ia& (a$ita&: E9$&orin* t#e &in5s2

Sociology, =, 1.>1--2

Lour', G2 , --@>


146/160

146


147/160

M(Cartne', 32, Bur(#ina&, M2 R2, Bu, 32 -..12Gro+t# (ur0e ana&'sis: An

intro"u(tion to 0arious !et#o"s %or ana&'in* &on*itu"ina& "ata2 'onographs of

the Society for Research in Child (eelopment, 50, 1>/@2

M(Int're, L2 L2, E(5ert, T2 L2, Fiese, B2 H2, DiGennaro, F2 D2, 4i&"en*er, L2 32 -..@2

Transition to 5in"er*arten: Fa!i&' e9$erien(es an" in0o&0e!ent2 -arly Childhood-ducation , /=//2

M(Lana#an, S2 S2, San"e%ur, G2 a !u&ti$&e

re*ression2 InApplied 'ultiariate Research# (esign and Implementation, $$2


148/160

148


149/160

Par5, H2 -..@2 Ine)ua&it' o% e"u(ationa& o$$ortunit' in 3orea ' *en"er, so(io

e(ono!i( a(5*roun", an" %a!i&' stru(ture2 =he International


150/160

150


151/160

Ra0er, C2 C2, Gers#o%%, E2 T2, Aer, ;2 L2 -..@2 Testin* e)ui0a&en(e o% !e"iatin*!o"e&s o% in(o!e, $arentin*, an" s(#oo& rea"iness %or 4#ite, B&a(5, an"

His$ani( (#i&"ren in a nationa& sa!$&e2 Child (eelopment, @/, 12 Tea(#ers, s(#oo&s, an" a(a"e!i(

a(#ie0e!ent2 -conometrica# =he ,


152/160

152


153/160

Ti&&!an, 32 H2 -..@2 Fa!i&' stru(ture $at#+a's an" a(a"e!i( "isa"0anta*e a!on*

a"o&es(ents in ste$%a!i&ies2 Sociological In@uiry, @@, =/=->2

Touran*eau, 32, Nor", C2, Le, T2, Po&&a(5, ;2 M2, At5insBurnett, S2 -..12 -arly

childhood longitudinal study, ;indergarten class of 0227.0222 *-CLS.)4,

com%ined users manual for the -CLS.) fifth.grade data files and electroniccode%oo;s NCES -..1.=-22 U2S2 De$art!ent o% E"u(ation2 4as#in*ton, DC:Nationa& Center %or E"u(ation Statisti(s2

VernonFea*ans, L2, Ha!!er, C2 S2, Mi((io, A2, Man&o0e, E2 -..-2 Ear&' &an*ua*ean" &itera(' s5i&&s in &o+in(o!e A%ri(an A!eri(an an" His$ani( (#i&"ren2 In S2 B2

Neu!an D2 32 Di(5inson E"s2, and%oo; of early literacy research $$2


154/160

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Michael Shriner

Education

2008 /e&emberPh.D. #uma! &ie!&es amil% elatio!slori"a tate !iversit% Talla'assee

/issertatio! /efe!"e" 8)26)08 The usefulness of social capital theory to

understand academic improvement in young children The impactof family structureaor (rofessor /r. o!al" . ullis

2006 Graduate Certificate easureme!t a!" tatisti&s Talla'assee

:omlete" :ourse$or+ i! !eneral "inear Modeling# Multivariate

Modeling# $onparametric %nalysis# Research Methods & ' &Measurement Theory# %dvanced Topics %nalysis of Variance#

Causal Modeling# Meta(%nalytical Techni)ues# SupervisedResearch

2003 .. :li!i&al (s%&'olo,%

ra!&is ario! !iversit% lore!&e :

1999 B.A. (s%&'olo,%(e!!s%lva!ia tate !iversit% !iversit% (ar+ (A

Profeional E!"erience

2007 Director of E#aluation$ (roe&t (; rese!t /uties (rovi"i!, lea"ers'i i! t'e o!,oi!, "evelome!t a!"

imroveme!t of t'e assessme!t a!" evaluatio! s%stem for t'e


155/160


156/160

/uties (roose" a!" &o!"u&te" t$o stu"ies F(are!t a!" stu"e!t er&etio! of stu"e!t

tra!sitio! to &olle,eF a!" FT'e effe&ts of "iabetes o! me!*s sexual 'ealt'FD "eveloe"

i!strume!ts &olle&te" "ata i!&lu"i!, e!tr% &lea!i!, a!" a!al%sisD reare" ma!us&rit a!"aers for rese!tatio! at !atio!al a!" re,io!al &o!fere!&esD A!al%Ce" a!" i!terrete" "ata o!

are!ti!, ro&essesD reare" aers for rese!tatio! at re,io!al &o!fere!&eD ;!tere" "atarelate" to relatio!s'i "issolutio! assiste" i! ma!us&rit rearatio! a!" rese!te" aer at

!atio!al &o!fere!&e. uervisors /rs. eslie Gar!es>Eou!, Be!!et' Halters a!" i+e

Ior"a!

2000>2001

Pu'lication

&olunteer Reearch Aitant$ /eartme!t of (s%&'olo,% (e!!s%lva!ia tate!iversit%

/uties A"mi!istere" ?>sort tas+ e!tere" a!" &lea!e" "ata o! ealous% roe&tD built

arti&ia!t base for stu"% o! &'il"re!*s frie!"s'i uervisor /r. Ieffer% (ar+er

Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. J ibler . !"er revie$. o&ial stu"ies i!stru&tio! :'a!,i!, tea&'er &o!fi"e!&ei! &lassrooms e!'a!&e" b% te&'!olo,%. The Social Studies*

&'lee G. ullis A. J Shriner$ M. !"er revie$. (re"i&tors of a&a"emi& a&'ieveme!t "uri!, earl%&'il"'oo" A so&ial &aital erse&tive of tea&'ers a!" s&'ools."earning +nvironments Research*

Shriner$ M.$ ullis R.$ ( &'lee G. !"er revie$. T'e useful!ess of so&ial &aital t'eor% for u!"ersta!"i!, t'ea&a"emi& imroveme!t of %ou!, &'il"re! i! stefamilies over t$o oi!ts i! time.,ournal of -ivorce and

Remarriage*

Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. J ibler . !"er revie$. Tea&'ers* er&etio!s attitu"es a!"beliefs re,ar"i!, &urri&ulum i!te,ratio!. The %ustralian +ducational Researcher*

ullis R.$ G%!o . ullis A. J Shriner$ M. evise" a!" esubmitte". e&+less be'aviora!" sexual ra&ti&es of emer,i!, a"ult $ome!.%ustralian ,ournal of +ducational

-evelopmental Psychology*

Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. #amil . J ibler . evise" a!" esubmitte". :reati!, tea&'ers* er&etual be'aviorala!" attitu"i!al &'a!,e usi!, rofessio!al "evelome!t $or+s'os. Teacher -evelopment*

Shriner$ M.


157/160

Shriner$ M.$ &'lee G. ullis . ullis A. J :ori!!e T. 2008. amil% 'ome &'il"&are rovi"ers A&omariso! of subsi"iCe" a!" !o!subsi"iCe" $or+i!, e!viro!me!ts a!" emlo%ee issues. +arly Child-evelopment and Care0 1230 165>176.

(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2007.%nnotation of the recent research literature Remarriage and

stepfamilies0 4556(4552 Aubur! A Natio!al tefamil% esour&e :e!ter.

ullis A. ullis . &'$artC . (ease I. J Shriner$ M. 2007. elatio!s amo!, are!tal "ivor&e i"e!tit% statusa!" &oi!, strate,ies of &olle,e a,e $ome!.&dentity %n &nternational ,ournal of Theory and

Research0 7 137>154.

(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2006.%nnotated bibliography on remarriage and stepfamilies0 4557(4556 Aubur! A Natio!al tefamil% esour&e :e!ter.

:ori!!e T. ullis . ullis A. J Shriner$ M. 2006. A! exami!atio! of &'il"&are tea&'ers i! for>rofit a!"!o!>rofit &'il"&are &e!ters.+arly Child -evelopment and Care0 1260 631>641.

(asle% B. J Shriner$ M. 2005.%nnotated bibliography on remarriage and stepfamilies0 4558(4557 i!&ol! NG tefamil% Asso&iatio! of Ameri&a.

Profeional Preentation

Shriner$ M.$ ( ibler . !"er revie$.P-S summer teaching academy Changing confidencein the classroom Hor+s'o submitte" for rese!tatio! at t'e (rofessio!al /evelome!t &'ools Natio!al:o!fere!&e /a%to!a

Bi,er . ?uatro&'e /. ibler . Gal&' G. @atrell I. J Shriner$ M. 2009 i! ebruar%.Ma9ing initiatives/or9 :hat to do /hen leadership changes Hor+s'o rese!tatio! at t'e a!!ual re&o!fere!&e oft'e Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of :olle,es for Tea&'er ;"u&atio! :'i&a,o

of early academic achievement (oster rese!tatio! at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al :ou!&ilo! amil% elatio!s ittle o&+ A.

157


158/160

Shriner$ M.$ ( ibler . 2008 Aril.amilies in >amily Services* (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al:ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s ('oe!ix AK

ullis . ullis A. :ori!!e T. &'lee G. G%!o . Shriner$ M.$ ( Gerar"u&&i N. 2005 November.Congruence of parental and teacher perceptions of early literacy behavior* (aer rese!te" att'e a!!ual &o!fere!&e of t'e Natio!al :ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s ('oe!ix AK

Garlo$ . ee . &He% . Bos'% . :'a!" . J Shriner$ M. 2005 =&tober. Technology inM>T Trac9 Training /ith the ne/est technology0 "andro play analy?er* %mosia rese!te" att'e !atio!al &o!fere!&e of t'e Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of arria,e a!" amil% T'eraists Ba!sas :it% Eou!, . Hillis I. . J Shriner$ M. 2003 ar&'.-iabetes and sexual health%ssessment;intervention in the rural South (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter!(s%&'olo,i&al Asso&iatio! Ne$ =rlea!s A

Gar!es>Eou!, . J Shriner$ M. 2003 ebruar%. :ill & get there from here= StudentsB and

their parentsB perceptions of the transition to college (aer rese!te" at t'e a!!ual &o!fere!&eo! T'e irst>Eear ;xerie!&e Atla!ta @A

Ior"a! ). ).$ Shriner$ M.$ (root :. Gle"soe B. J a'o!e% /. 2002 Iu!e. Six dimensions of brea9ups ofromantic relationships (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al o&iet%Ne$ =rlea!s A

Shriner$ M.$ Halters B. . J (root :. 2002 ar&'.Parental behavior and relationship satisfactionamong adult children (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&alAsso&iatio! =rla!"o

Halters B. . (root :. J Shriner$ M. 2002 ar&'.-ifferential emotional responses as a function ofparental interpersonal behavior (oster rese!te" at t'e a!!ual meeti!, of t'e out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&alAsso&iatio! =rla!"o

Clinical E!"erience

Student Therapist, :e!ter for arria,e a!" amil% T'era% lori"a tate !iversit%. (art>time ositio! Au,ust2004>ar&' 2006.

/uties ai!tai!i!, a! a&tive &aseloa" 6>8 &lie!ts a $ee+ of i!"ivi"uals e!,a,e" i! i!"ivi"ual &oules a!")orfamil% t'era%. :lie!ts rese!t $it' var%i!, levels of fu!&tio!i!, a!" "iffi&ulties. uervisors /rs. arr% Garlo$

a!" Tom :ori!!e

Graduate Clinical Intern, Alter!atives to Viole!&e lore!&e :. ull>time ositio! Iu!e 2003>/e&ember 2003./uties :o!"u&te" all assessme!ts &o>fa&ilitate" me!*s ,rou $ome!*s ,rou a!" i!&ar&erate" $ome!*s ,rou.


160/160

Live-in and Residential Counselor, tra$berr% iel"s time ositio! Iul%1999>ar&' 2000./uties (rovi"e" !e&essar% &are &o!sultatio! a!" "ail% livi!, assista!&e for a me!tall% "isable" a"ult $it'

a""itio!all% "ia,!ose" me!tal 'ealt' "isor"ersD &o!sulte" me!tall% "isable" &lie!ts $it' "ual "ia,!oses to fa&ilitatero,ressD rovi"e" &ase ma!a,eme!t.

uervisor Ala! :amero! ..

Profeional Aociation*

Ameri&a! ;valuatio! Asso&iatio! member si!&e 2007

Natio!al :ou!&il o! amil% elatio!s stu"e!t member si!&e 2005

Ameri&a! Asso&iatio! of arria,e a!" amil% T'era% stu"e!t member 2004>2007 Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al

Asso&iatio! stu"e!t member 2001>2004

Ameri&a! (s%&'olo,i&al o&iet% stu"e!t member 2001>2003

out'easter! (s%&'olo,i&al Asso&iatio! stu"e!t member 2001>2004

Honor and A+ard*

lori"a tate !iversit% A&a"emi& @ra!t 2005>2006 2007>2008

@ol"e! Be%

/ou,las A. a!"ra emorial A$ar" i! Alie" (s%&'olo,% for @ra"uate tu"e!t of t'e Eear ra!&is ario! !iversit%2003

Documents

The Usefulness of Social-convert Aza