The Utilization of the Nile Waters: A Shift from Position to Interests Seifeldin H. Abdalla (Ph.D.) (Water Resources Professor, Consultant Engineer) Ministry

The Utilization of the Nile Waters: A Shift from Position

to Interests

Seifeldin H. Abdalla (Ph.D.)(Water Resources Professor, Consultant Engineer)

Ministry of Irrigation and Water Resources, Khartoum, Sudan.

Burundi D.R.

Congo Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Kenya Rwanda Sudan Tanzania Uganda

The Nile Basin

(shared by ten countries)

Introduction

In Africa (Average Annual Discharge in Billion

Cubic Meters, bcm)

• The Congo River 1200 bcm

• Volta River 390 bcm

• Zambezi River 230 bcm

• Niger River 180 bcm

• The Nile River 84 bcm

Longest Rivers of the WorldL

engt

h in

Km

River Name

Main Discharge of Rivers of the WorldD

isch

arge

(M

LR

D)

River Name

Nile Riparian Countries Country Basin Area (%) Basin Area (km2)

Sudan 62.7 1,900,000

Ethiopia 12.1 368,000

Egypt 9.9 300,000

Uganda 7.7 232,000

Tanzania 3.8 116,000

Kenya 1.8 55,000

DRC 0.8 23,000

Rwanda 0.7 21,500

Burundi 0.5 14,500

Total 100.0 3,030,000

Average Rainfall in the Nile Basin

CountryAverage Rainfall (mm/year)

Minimum Maximum Mean

Burundi 895 1,570 1,110

D.R. Congo 875 1,915 1,245

Egypt 0 120 15

Eritrea 240 665 520

Ethiopia 205 2,010 1,125

Kenya 505 1,790 1,260

Rwanda 840 1,935 1,105

Sudan 0 1,610 500

Tanzania 625 1,630 1,015

Uganda 395 2,060 1,140

Source: FAO 1997.

Nile Basin Agreements

• Common Issues:– Determine Boundary or Areas of influence or

jurisdiction (the first parts in the agreements)– Promise not to construct structures or withdraw

irrigation water from the Nile or its tributaries that could affect river flows or discharges downstream without the agreement with the downstream countries

– Concessions or interests that strengthen the powers of mainly Great Britain, in the region, and to some extent France and Italy

Atbara River 15th April 1891 Agreement

• Signed between Great Britain and Italy at Rome to determine areas under their jurisdiction. In the third part of the agreement, the Italian Government promised not to construct any structures for irrigation on Atbara river that have a significant impact or alter river flows or discharges in the main Nile

Blue Nile, LakeTana, Sobat15th May 1902

• Britain and Ethiopia signed a boundary agreement in Addis Ababa on the 15th May 1902, written in Amharic language and official papers ratified and exchanged on 28th October 1902. The agreement explained the intention of Edward the 7th, King of Britain, Ireland, Overseas Colonies, Emperor of India an Emperor Menelek King of Ethiopia to improve bilateral and cordial relations


• The first two parts of the agreement were concerned with delimiting the boundaries. The third part specified clearly the promise of the King of Ethiopia not to order or allow any works on the Blue Nile, Lake Tana, or the Sobat River that might curtail or delimit their flow to the Nile without the agreement of Britain Government in advance and the Sudan Government


• The other two parts of the agreement were dealt with normal domestic issues. In the 1902 agreement, it is stated that the inheritors and those who follows in the government of both parties should continue with the agreed points in order to ensure its sustainability

The Semlike and Isango RiversThe 9th May 1906 Agreement

• The first two parts of the London agreement modified the Agreement signed at Brussels, May 12, 1894 relating to areas of influence and boundary issues. The third part of the agreement was a promise of the Congo Free State not to construct or allow constructing any works on or near the Semlike or Isango Rivers that would decrease or diminish volume of inflows or discharges to Lake Albert, except in agreement with the Sudanese Government


• The parts from 4 to 8 were centered on boundary, navigation, and concessions issues that strengthen the powers of the British Government on the region

• One of the most important characteristics of the agreement is that it suggested a mechanism to solve future disputes between parties involved


• It stated on the 8th part that: Any boundary disputes should be solved cordially between the parties involved, otherwise should be submitted to The Hague International Court for resolution. Although this part of the agreement specified boundary disputes only, but water disputes could be considered by The Hague Court as part of the agreement disputes in case of fall of cordial solutions

The Interests AgreementDecember 13, 1906

• Between the United Kingdom, France and Italy respecting Abyssinia, concerned with their interests, in Ethiopia. It considered maintenance of the political and territorial situation in Ethiopia. In the forth part of the agreement, the three countries agreed to concert and work together in case of disturbances in Ethiopia and would safeguard the interests of Great Britain and Egypt in the basin of the Nile, in particular in matters related to the regulation of the Nile and its tributaries and follow-up of the local interests, and secure the Italian interests in Ethiopia and French interests in the coast of Somalia under the French colony

Exchange of Notes between United Kingdom and Italy, 1925

• Concessions to construct a barrage on Lake Tana with an idea to store flood waters to be harnessed in the Blue Nile

• The Kingdom agreed to support Italy to obtain a railway concession from Ethiopia in exchange of building the Barrage

• The Italian government has to recognize the prior hydraulic rights of Egypt and Sudan and the promise not to engage in construction of works that might sensibly or significantly modify the flows of the Main River on upstream parts of the river


• The United Kingdom stressed on the importance of maintaining continuous flows of the Nile to Egypt and Sudan and the possibility of increasing the volume of water for irrigation from the Blue and White Niles and other Nile tributaries. In parallel, the United Kingdom promised to support Italy in getting some economic concessions in Ethiopia


The note recognized:• A reasonable use of water for the

inhabitants of the region • Constructing dams for hydroelectric

power • Small reservoirs in minor affluent to

store water for domestic purposes and water for cultivation of food crops necessary to their own subsistence


And Assured that:• The construction of the dams and its

operation would be carried out by local labors and water level at the lake would not exceed the allowed level or maximum level occurred during the flood or rainy season

• The dam would benefit not only Egypt and Sudan but would add to the welfare of the local people and their economic development


• Italy accepted the British conditions• Assured the cordial cooperation and

confidence between the two countries and the importance of securing the interests of both countries in the region

• Emphasizes the acceptance of Italy to avoid significant harm for downstream countries (Egypt and Sudan)

• Clearly accepted the acquired rights of Sudan and Egypt in the waters of the Blue and White Niles and their tributaries


• Highlights the importance of appropriate planning to regulate and use the water equitably for upper stream users without causing significant harm to the downstream users

• Established a foundation for amicable and cordial cooperation for the use of water between the two parts.

• keep the situation in Ethiopia (interests of all parts) as mentioned in the international agreements

Exchange of Notes between Great Britain and Egypt, 1929

• Egyptian Note stated: “It is realized that the development of the Sudan requires a quantity of the Nile Water greater than that which has been so far utilized by the Sudan. As your Excellency is aware, the Egyptian Government has always been concerned to encourage such development, and will therefore continue that policy, and be willing to agree with His Majesty’s government upon such an increase of this quantity as does not infringe Egypt’s natural and historical rights in the waters of the Nile and its requirements of agricultural extension”


The two governments agreed on:• The construction of Jebel Aulia dam parallel

to the irrigation water used in Gezira scheme.• The use of Sudan from the Nile waters not to

exceed 136 cubic meters per second (equivalent to 4 billion cubic meters per year) before 1936.

• Egyptian authorities in Sudan has the right to cooperate with the resident engineer at Sennar Dam and participate in the discharge measurements from the dam and carry on hydrological studies


• No irrigation or power works or measures are to be constructed or taken on the river Nile and its branches, or on the lakes from which it flows, so far as all these are in the Sudan (repealed by 1959 Agreement) or in countries under British administration, which would, in such a manner as to entail any prejudice to the interests of Egypt, either reduce the quantity of water arriving Egypt, or modify the date of its arrival, or lower its level


• Egyptian Government has all facilities for the complete study and monitoring of the hydrology of the Nile in the Sudan

• In case the Egyptian government decide to construct in the Sudan (repealed by the 1959 Agreement) any works on the river and its branches, or to take any measures with a view to increasing the water supply for the benefit of Egypt, they will agree before hand with the local authorities on the measures to be taken for safeguarding local interests. The construction, maintenance and administration of the above mentioned works shall be under the direct control of the Egyptian Government


• Great Britain to use its authority in British colonies to facilitate measurements and studies as mentioned before

• A reservation regarding future disputes that may arise in technical or administrative details as to be solved in a spirit of reciprocal good intention otherwise submitted to an independent commission


• The British authorities confirmed the arrangement agreed upon mutually and stated in part 4 that: “It had already acknowledged the natural and historical rights of Egypt in the waters of the Nile”

• The note also emphasized that the British Government considers that safeguarding these rights is a major issue in the British Policy and this policy and the details of the agreements will be followed and stick to at all times regardless of future conditions


• For the first time this agreement considered the need for future irrigation development in Sudan

• It was also clear that the British made a quick response and agreed to the Egyptian notes, since ideas of increasing cotton areas in Gezira for Lancashire textile mills were still hovering in the British minds

The Kagera RiverThe November 22nd 1934

• Signed in London between the United Kingdom representing Tanganyika (Tanzania) and Belgium representing Rwanda – Burundi

• The first part of the agreement provided that water diverted from Kagera River should be returned without substantial reduction at some point before the stream flowed into the other territory or formed the common boundary between them

The Kagera RiverThe November 22nd 1934 Agreement

• In part six, the agreement stated that if either government wished “to utilize the waters of any river or stream on the aforesaid boundary or to permit any person to utilize such water for irrigation purposes”, such government should give the other six months’ notice “in order to permit the consideration of any objections which the other contracting government may wish to raise”

• The agreement also included provisions regarding navigations, fishing, and pollution

Lake TanaThe 16th April 1938 Agreement

• Between the United Kingdom and Italy, mentioned in some part a declaration regarding Lake Tana. It stated: “That the Italian Government were fully conscious of their obligations towards the Government of the United Kingdom in the matter of Lake Tana and had no intention whatever of overlooking or repudiating them”

Owen Dam, UgandaExchange of Notes 1949-1953

Exchange of notes between the United Kingdom and Egypt:

• Share the benefits and costs of the dam (win-win)• Uganda Electricity Board should construct and

maintain the dam • Egypt pay compensation for the interests affected,

including compensation to the Uganda Electricity Board for the consequent loss of hydroelectric power

• An Egyptian resident engineer in Jinja to monitor regulation of the discharged water through the dam according to agreed curve

The Nile Water Agreement8th December 1959

• Recognizes that the waters actually used by Egypt and the Sudan at the time of signature constitute their established or prescriptive rights, amounting in the case of Egypt to 48 milliards cubic meters per year and in the case of Sudan to 4 milliards, measured at Aswan

• The two governments agreed to the construction of the Sudd el Aali reservoir at Aswan by Egypt and construction of Roseires dam on the Blue Nile by Sudan, and allow Sudan to construct any other works deemed necessary to exploit its share of the waters


• Net benefit from the high dam is to be divided between the two countries, 14.5 milliards for the Sudan and 7.5 milliards for Egypt at times of normal supply leaving 10 milliards for evaporation at the Sudd el Aali reservoir. Adding these increases to their previous established rights Egypt would get from the Nile 55.5 milliards per year and the Sudan 18.5 measured at Aswan

• If the mean natural river discharge exceeds 84 milliards, the combined total of the two shares, the two countries will divide the net increase equally


• Provision is made for agreement in case a series of low flow years draws down levels to a point where the two countries cannot get their normal share

• After the high dam comes into operation, Egypt will abandon Jebel Aulia dam and the two countries will decide its future later

• The Government of Egypt is to pay 15 million Egyptian pounds to the government of the Sudan as full compensation for damages to Sudanese property. The Government of the Sudan agreed to transfer the population whose properties will be affected


• The two governments further agreed that the Sudan, in agreement with Egypt, shall construct works to prevent the loss of Nile waters in swamps along the White Nile. If Egypt finds it necessary to carry out a project in this area before the Sudan has need of it, arrangements are made for Egypt to do so


• The agreement also provides for technical cooperation between the two governments through a permanent joint technical committee which is to prepare plans for projects for the approval of the two governments, to supervise the carrying out of approved projects, and to perform other tasks


• The two governments agreed that when any question relating to Nile water needs to be discussed with other riparians they will agree beforehand in a unified view

• If other riparians demand shares in the Nile Waters, the two governments also agree to take a unified view. If discussions result in allocation to any other riparian, the quantity, calculated at Aswan, is to be deducted equally from the shares of the two countries


• It is clear that this is the first time that the principle of established rights comes into consideration as a part in the determination of an equitable right

• Amount of water allotted to Sudan i.e. share of Sudan is not clearly justified in accordance with the amount remaining after deduction of water already exploited by each country


• The agreement seems to have a political basis in addition to the legal basis

• The agreement also made a clear reservation regarding future water utilization by other states in the Nile Basin, to be deducted from the two governments’ share, as recognition of equitable utilization of the Nile Waters (Agreement of 1929 contained no provisions relating to the water needs of Uganda, Kenya, and Tanzania)

Exchange of Notes between Uganda and Egypt in 1991

Extension of Owen Dam Power Station

• Respecting the Agreement of 1953 (the establishment of Owen Dam)

• Uganda has the right to control the discharges from Owen Dam for the generation of hydropower without causing adverse effects on the demands of the downstream users and based on the agreed natural flows of the Lake

• Egypt writes to the World Bank to withdraw its reservation on the Project

General Framework for Cooperation

between Egypt and Ethiopia signed on the 1st day of July 1993

• Strengthening friendship ties to enhance cooperation between the two countries

• The two countries avoid carrying out any activities causing adverse impacts on each other.

• Calling on the importance of conservation and protection of the Nile waters

• Respecting the international laws• Consultation and cooperation between the

two countries for the establishment of water conservation projects

HYDROMET Program May, 1967 - 1992

• Decision was made by: Egypt, Kenya, Sudan, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania that a hydrometeorological survey project be established, developed, with a regional centre at Entebbe

• Objectives: collection and analysis of the meteorological and hydrological data of an extensive area in Kenya, Uganda and United republic of Tanzania in order to study the water balance of the Upper Nile (catchments of Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Albert)


• The Government of Ethiopia joined the technical committee towards the end of 1971 as an observer, and in 1972, representation was expanded to cover members from Rwanda and Burundi. In 1977, a member from Zaire joined the committee

• A technical committee was formed to establish a mechanism for cooperation between the riparian countries (it was the first institutional arrangement consisting representatives of all the Governments of riparian countries)


• The data collected and the study is expected to assist the countries in the planning of water conservation and development and to provide the ground work for inter-governmental co-operation in the storage, regulation and use of the Nile

• The Project was supported by UNDP, WMO, UNEP and other international organizations.


• The first phase of the project (1967 – 1972) comprised the establishment of a network of stations for the collection and analysis of hydrological and hydrometeorological data for the operational use of water balance computations

• The second phase of the project, which was successfully completed in December 1980, comprised the development of a mathematical model simulating the Upper Nile basin, water resources development studies in the project area and continuation of data collection


• The international co-operation established by the committee proved its viability on several occasions, often under difficult circumstances

• In 1992, there was a need to redefine the Project to make it more robust to future challenges and to extend the geographical area of cooperation to the whole Nile Basin. In addition the experience of HYDROMET made it clear that there is a necessity of an institutional Nile Basin body of cooperation

TECCONILE9th December 1992 - 1998

• The Technical Co-operation Committee for the Promotion of the Development and Environmental Protection of the Nile Basin (TECCONILE) was established as a transitional three-year follow-up arrangements to the HYDROMET Survey Project, during which new institutional and organizational forms of cooperation would be elaborated and tested

• The TECCONILE creation statement was signed on behalf of Egypt, Rwanda, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire


• The long-term objective of TECCONILE was to assist participating countries in the development, conservation and use of the Nile Basin water resources in a sustainable manner through basin-wide co-operation, and to determine the equitable entitlement of each riparian country to the use of Nile waters.

• The immediate objective during the transitional period was to assist participating member states in developing national water master plans and their integration into a Nile Basin Development Action Plans and, help them to develop their infrastructure, capacity building and techniques required for the management of the Nile Basin water resources


• In October 1994, the TECCONILE issued an action plan promoting a comprehensive and cooperative framework for water management on a river basin level. The plan proposes twenty two projects with five main components. It was approved in 1995

• It was decided in the same meeting in Arusha, Tanzania (1995) to extend the Project for another three years starting from 1996

• One of the projects (D3) of the NRBAP was planned to establish a Nile River Basin Cooperative Framework to enable riparians to establish a forum for a process of legal and institutional dialogue aimed at reaching agreement on core legal principles and institutional agreements


• The D3 project was initiated in 1996 with funds from UNDP, totaling US$ 3.4 million. In 1997, a Panel of Experts (POE) was formed from the ten countries, three legal and technical experts from each. The main duty of the POE is to come up with a legal institutional cooperative framework to govern the management and development of the Nile Basin and could be acceptable to all the Nile Basin countries (called OUTPUT 1).

• The POE was also asked to recommend the methods, means and activities to achieve a reasonable and equitable utilization of water resources for all the Nile Basin riparian countries (termed as OUTPUT 2)

The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI)

• Based on – The request from the TECCONILE TAC and COM

from the World Bank to solicit more funds for the 22 projects of the Nile River Basin Action Plan (NRBAP) in their meeting in Cairo, Feb 1997

– The recommendations from the Nile Basin COM meeting in Arusha, Tanzania in March 1998

• The Nile Basin Initiative (NBI) was initiated in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) in February 1999 as a regional congregation within which the Nile basin countries should cooperate for sustainable development and management of the Nile Basin

The NBI Shared Vision

“To achieve sustainable socio-economic development through equitable utilization of, and benefit from, the common Nile Basin water resources.”


• The NBI first phase is a transitional institution mechanism that includes all riparians and provides an agreed basin-wide framework to fight poverty and promote economic development in the region. The NBI also provides a process to facilitate substantial investment in the Nile Basin to realize regional socio-economic development, and represents a real commitment by the Nile riparian countries to foster cooperation and sustainable development of the Nile River for the benefit of all riparians


The primary objectives of the NBI are:– To develop the water resources of the Nile Basin

in a sustainable and equitable way to ensure prosperity, security and peace for al its people;

– To ensure efficient water management and the optimal use of resources;

– To ensure cooperation and joint action between the riparian countries, seeking win-win gains;

– To target poverty eradication and promote economic integration;

– To ensure that the program results in a move from planning to action.


• To translate its objectives into action, the NBI has launched a Strategic Action Program, which includes two complimentary components:– Basin-wide Shared Vision Program (SVP)

and– Subsidiary Action Programs (SAPs)

Shared VisionShared Vision

Action on the groundAction on the ground

Shared Vision Program

Subsidiary Action Prog.

Strategic Action Program for the Nile Basin

SVP

Create an enabling environment for cooperative investments and action on the ground, within a basin-wide framework.

Promote Shared Vision through a limited, but effective, set of basin-wide programs and activities

SAP Translates the shared vision into

action through sub-basin investment projects

- NBI Policy Guidelines


Shared Vision Program (SVP)

• Objectives: – To create an enabling environment for

cooperative development through:-• Basin-wide engagement and dialogue.• Common strategic and analytical frameworks.• Practical tools and demonstrations.• Institutional and human capacity building.


• The basin-wide Shared Vision Program includes a set of seven projects:

• Thematic Projects– Nile Transboundary Environment - Sudan– Nile Basin Regional Power Trade - Tanzania– Efficient Water Use for Agricultural Production - Kenya– Water Resources Planning and Management - Ethiopia

• Facilitative Projects– Confidence Building and Stakeholder Involvement

(Communication) - Uganda– Applied Training - Egypt– Socio-economic Development and Benefit Sharing - Uganda

The SVP: Project Linkages

Equitable and Sustainable

Socio-Economic Develop.

Environmental Action•Strategic• framework &

transboundary •action

Applied

Training

Training

institutes &

curriculum

Socio-Econ Develop. & Benefits

•IWRM Policy & Planning

•Communication,

information &

Analysis platform

•Development Scenarios•Private sector engage.

Confidence Bldg•Public information•Stakeholder involvement

Water

Resources

Power Trade•Power forum•Power develop. options

Basin-wide enabling environment

Agriculture

•Demonstrations/Pilots•Regional Cons & Training


The Subsidiary Action Program (SAP):• Objectives: To cooperatively identify and

implement investment projects those confer mutual benefits at the sub-basin level. Potential types of projects identified by the riparians fall into two categories:

– Generic Water Resources Management Project Possibilities

– Other Related Joint Development Project Possibilities


• Generic Water Resources Management Project Possibilities– Fisheries Development & Pooling– Watershed Management– Sustainable Management of Wetlands & Biodiversity

Conservation– Sustainable Management of Lakes & Linked Wetland

Systems– River Regulation– Flood Management– Desertification Control– Water Hyacinth & Weeds Control– Pollution Control & Water Quality Management– Water Use Efficiency Improvements


• Other Related Joint Development Project Possibilities– Infrastructure– Trade and Industry– Health, Environment and Other

• To develop a strategic approach to cooperative management and development at the sub-basin level, the Nile riparians have formed two Subsidiary Action Programs, one in the Eastern Nile region, and the other in the Nile Equatorial Lakes region– The Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP)– The Nile Equatorial Lakes Region Subsidiary Action

Program (NELSAP)

Nile Basin InitiativeThe Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program

Egypt Ethiopia Sudan Eritrea

The Technical regional Office (ENTRO) Established

in

Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, June 2002


The Eastern Nile Subsidiary Action Program (ENSAP)• Including the countries of Egypt, Sudan and Ethiopia

(Eritrea is still an observer) • The primary objectives : the Integrated Development

of the Eastern Nile (IDEN) projects to: – Initiate a regional integrated, multi-purpose development

project through a first set of investments to ensure efficient water management and optimal use of resources through equitable utilization and causing no significant harm;

– Ensure cooperative and joint action between the Eastern Nile countries seeking win-win gains;

– Target poverty eradication and promote economic integration; demonstrate joint action between the Eastern Nile Countries, and;

– Ensure that ENSAP results in a move from planning to action.


• IDEN, the first ENSAP project, comprised seven major sub-projects:– Eastern Nile Planning Model – Baro-Akobo Multi-purpose Water Resources

Development – Flood Preparedness and Early Warning – Ethiopia-Sudan Transmission Interconnection – Eastern Nile Power Trade Investment Program– Irrigation and Drainage – Watershed Management

Nile Basin InitiativeNile Equatorial Lakes Region Subsidiary

Action Program

Burundi RwandaDRC SudanEgypt TanzaniaKenya Uganda

The Coordination Unit NEL-CU established Dec 2001 In Entebbe

relocated to Kigali-Rwanda (Jan /04)


• The Nile Equatorial Lakes Region Subsidiary Action Program (NELSAP)– Includes the six countries in the southern portion

of the Nile Basin: Burundi, D.R. of Congo, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda, as well as the downstream riparians Egypt and Sudan

• The objectives of the NELSAP: – Eradicate poverty, promote economic growth, and

reverse environmental degradation


• Natural Resources Management Projects– Enhanced Agriculture Productivity through Rainwater

Harvesting, Small scale irrigation and Livestock Management – under implementation

– Fisheries Project for Lake Albert and Lake Edward – under implementation

– Development of a Framework for Cooperative Management of the Water Resources of the Mara River Basin – under implementation

– Kagera River Basin Integrated Water Resources Management – under implementation

– Development of a Framework for Cooperative Management of the Water Resources of the Malakisi-Malaba-Sio River Basins – under implementation

– Water Hyacinth Abatement – waiting for finance


• Hydropower Development and Power Trade Projects– Rusumo Falls Hydro-Electric Power (HEP) Development –

under implementation– Ranking and Feasibility Study of HEPs in the NEL Region -

implemented– Interconnection between Kenya and Uganda – under

preparation– Interconnection between Burundi, DRC and Rwanda – under

preparation– Interconnection between Burundi and Rwanda – under

preparation– Interconnection between Rwanda and Uganda – under

preparation


• Scaling-Up of NELSAP Projects– Another additional program is introduced to

identify and prioritize a new set of NELSAP projects that could be developed between NELSAP Countries in geographical areas previously not considered

– The individual countries have identified and defined hydropower and natural resources projects to be promoted through the cooperative NELSAP projects

The Institutional Legal Cooperative Framework of the Nile Basin

• The Panel of Experts (POE) – 1997 to 2000– Draft of agreed upon terms with many bending

issues• The Transitional Committee – 2000 to end of

2002, bending issues:– User Terms (Nile System, Nile Basin)– Planned Measures (Prior Notification)– Existing Agreements

• The Negotiating Committee – 2003 to 2007, bending issues:– Existing Agreements (Definition of Water

Security)

Thank youfor your patience

Documents

The Utilization of the Nile Waters: A Shift from Position to Interests Seifeldin H. Abdalla (Ph.D.) (Water Resources Professor, Consultant Engineer) Ministry