The way to Jewish The way to Jewish nationalismnationalism

From segregation, to From segregation, to integration, to separatismintegration, to separatism

Main trends in the 19th Main trends in the 19th centurycentury

• Haskala spread in western and central Europe.Haskala spread in western and central Europe.

• Emancipation is achieved all over Europe Emancipation is achieved all over Europe (except Russia) by the second half of the (except Russia) by the second half of the centurycentury

• Jews integrate successfully into the economy, Jews integrate successfully into the economy, culture and social life – in central and western culture and social life – in central and western EuropeEurope

• Anti-Semitic publications and organizations in Anti-Semitic publications and organizations in the West; Riots and anti-Jewish policy in Russia the West; Riots and anti-Jewish policy in Russia

The crisis by the turn of the The crisis by the turn of the centurycentury

““Where should we go now”?Where should we go now”?

Assimilation EmigrationRevolutionismNationalism

Emancipation Segregation

A step behindA step behindthe developments in western European societies and among Jews in the developments in western European societies and among Jews in

EuropeEuropeThe Time European state of mind State of minds among Jews

17 – 18 centuries 

Enlightenments segregation

  Begging of Haskalah (Mendelssohn)  

19 century Nationalism and Romantic

Enlightenments

Assimilation Reform Judaism

Jewish studies

Orthodoxy backslash

1848 National and Liberal revulsions

Integrating among European national

movements

1870’s & 1880’s Modern Anti-Semitism in central and western

Europe; Riots (pogroms) in eastern

Europe

Jewish nationalism with Messianic belief

1880’s The movement of Lover of Zion (Hibat Zion)

1890’s The Dreyfus affair in France

Herzl and The Zionist movement

The Ultra-Orthodox attitude The Ultra-Orthodox attitude

The Jewish malaise is the punishment of god. It will end by a miracle redemption and the

coming of the messiah. He will come if people will continue to pray and to observe Jewish

laws and tradition

An example of Assimilation An example of Assimilation

The dimension of immigrationThe dimension of immigrationfrom the Pale of settlementfrom the Pale of settlement

The dimension of immigrationThe dimension of immigrationTo the United stateTo the United state

Immigration changes Jewish Immigration changes Jewish dispersaldispersal

RevolutionismRevolutionismThe Jewish problem is a symptom The Jewish problem is a symptom

of the problems of humanityof the problems of humanity

Jewish Jewish Nationalism/Separatism Nationalism/Separatism

Five different optionsFive different options

Jewish socialismThe Bund Autonomist Territorialism Cultural centerPolitical Zionism

The Bund – Jewish SocialismThe Bund – Jewish Socialism

• Founded in 1897Founded in 1897

• Jewish identity and Jewish identity and cloture is the way to cloture is the way to gain the support of gain the support of the massesthe masses

• In the Socialist In the Socialist Russia, Jews will be Russia, Jews will be recognize as a nationrecognize as a nation

• The Jews are a east The Jews are a east European nationEuropean nation

Jewish AutonomismJewish Autonomism

• The survival of the The survival of the Jews as a nation Jews as a nation depends on their depends on their spiritual and cultural spiritual and cultural strengthstrength

• Developing "spiritual Developing "spiritual nationhood" in the nationhood" in the Jewish Diaspora Jewish Diaspora

• Jewish communities Jewish communities should maintain self-should maintain self-rule, and rejected rule, and rejected assimilation assimilation

The Historian Simon Dubnow

1860-1941

TeritorialismTeritorialism

•Creation of a Creation of a Jewish territory Jewish territory (or territories), (or territories), not necessarily not necessarily in the Land of in the Land of IsraelIsrael

Spiritual / Cultural ZionismSpiritual / Cultural Zionism

• The Jews should The Jews should create a center create a center that will project on that will project on Jewish identityJewish identity

• ““It’s not the Jews It’s not the Jews problem but the problem but the Judaism problem”Judaism problem”

Echad Ha'am, (one of the people)

Asher Ginsberg (1856 - 1927