The Way we Live: The Way we Live:

Livelihood Systems Livelihood Systems

in the Sahelin the Sahel

AIACC_AF92AIACC_AF92Presented at the Africa Regional Workshop, South AfricaPresented at the Africa Regional Workshop, South Africa

March 10-13, 2003March 10-13, 2003

Basic QuestionsBasic Questions

• What are the various livelihood systems of the rural people in the Sahel?

• Who can achieve a sustainable livelihood, and who cannot in the face of climate change?

• What resources, institutions and strategies are important for enabling the options open to the rural poor in the Sahel to adapt to climate change?

• What practical, operational and policy implications stem from adopting this approach?

Defining LivelihoodDefining Livelihood

• Livelihoods are the ways people make a living, including how they distribute their productive resources and the types of activities in which they are engaged.

• The decisions people make about how to organize their livelihoods may incorporate a whole range of goals and values, e.g. an individual’s preference for agricultural work over pastoral work.

• Some of these goals and values are influenced by cultural norms. Therefore, it is relevant to consider the cultural context of how people in a society structure their livelihoods.

Why Livelihood?Why Livelihood?

• A livelihoods perspective encourages a broader understanding and examination of factors, institutions and processes that can explain the differing success with which rural households make a living.

• Consequently, permits a bringing together of more sectoral approaches which tend to focus on a single aspect of rural livelihood systems, to create a more holistic understanding of the options and trade-offs facing different groups in the face of climate change.

MethodologyMethodology

• Define or Adopt a framework

• Rapid rural reconnaissance– Identify livelihood systems– Identify stakeholders

• Participatory rural workshops and data collection

• Scenario and model development

• Evaluate adaptation strategies

The Sustainable Livelihood The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (1)Framework (1)

Is simply a tool to help:o plan new development/adaptation initiativeso assess the contribution to livelihood

sustainability made by existing activities

It:o provides a checklist of relevant issueso highlights what influences what o emphasizes the multiple interactions that

affect people’s livelihoods

The Sustainable Livelihood The Sustainable Livelihood Framework (2)Framework (2)

Helps us think holistically about:o The things that poor rural households

might be very vulnerable too The assets and resources that help them

thrive and surviveo The policies and institutions that impact

on their livelihoodso How they respond to threats of climate

changeo What sort of adaptation strategies are

open to them

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Vulnerability Context

•

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

• Government-

• Socio-Cultural-

Livelihood Outcomes

• + Sustainable use of NR base • + Income• + Well-being• - Vulnerability• + Food security

The SL Framework

Livelihood Capital Assets

Human

Social

Physical

Financial

Natural

Vulnerability Context

•

Livelihood Strategies

Policies & Institutions

• Government-

• Socio-Cultural-

Livelihood Outcomes

• + Sustainable use of NR base • + Income• + Well-being• - Vulnerability• + Food security

The SL Framework

Livelihood Systems

Reconnaissance SurveyReconnaissance Survey

• Familiarize with project Area

• Identify candidate project sites

• Identify logistics that we may need for effective research implementation

• Identify potential stakeholders

Study RegionStudy Region

Livelihood SystemsLivelihood Systems

Rural livelihood structures in the Sahel are heavily reliant on the natural resource base.

• Formal– Agriculture– Non-Agricultural

• Informal– Wildlife– Fuel wood gathering– Tourism?

Formal LivelihoodFormal Livelihood• Agriculture

– Arable farming• Rain fed• Irrigation/Fadama

– Pastoralism• Commercial• Domestic

– Fishing

• Non-Agriculture– Handicrafts– Small scale manufacturing and processing

AgricultureAgriculture

• Main stay of Nigeria’s economy, employing over 70% of active labour and accounting for over 90% of non-oil export earnings.

• Over 90% of agricultural production comes from rural areas.

Index of Agricultural Production in Nigeria, 1970-1998

050

100150200

250300

Years

Crops

Livestock

Fishery

PastoralismPastoralism• In the Sahel, pastoralism is the dominant livelihood. The

Sahel of Nigeria is estimated to support about:– 15 million cattle– 10 million sheep– 18 million goats– All the donkeys in Nigeria, etc

• Here, nomadic herdsmen graze their livestock and are constantly in search of suitable pasture.

• Two major pastoral corridors in Nigeria: The Northwest and Northeast.

• 3 million hectares of wetlands dot these corridors, with an average livestock density of 13/ha, well above the carrying capacity.

Livestock in Mali: 1960-1992Livestock in Mali: 1960-1992

PastoralismPastoralism

FishingFishing

A dry river valley in the dry season, a major source of fish in the rainy season

Fishing in a pond in Arid Northern Nigeria

Informal SectorInformal Sector

Utensil makers Mat makers

Anticipated ProblemsAnticipated Problems

• Deciding on what livelihood systems to include or exclude

• Scale of analysis

• Integrating local knowledge with western scientific knowledge in model specification

• Coordinating the project across two countries with very different languages