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8/8/2019 The World as We Know It...
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T &
H
E T
H
E E
L I
E R
M
E U
N S
T E
S S
By: Samantha Malima
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Click an element...
H (Hydrogen) Al (Aluminum)
C (Carbon) S (Sulfur)
O (Oxygen) Cl (Chlorine)
F (Fluorine) K (Potassium)
Na (Sodium) Ca (Calcium)
Fe (Iron) I (Iodine)
Ni (Nickel) Au (Gold)
Cu (Copper) Hg (Mercury)
Ag (Silver) Pb (Lead)
Sn (Tin) Ra (Radium)
SOURCES
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State: Gaseous
Type: Non-metal
Atomic Weight: 1.0079
Melting Point: 14.01 K (-259.14 C)
Boiling Point: 20.28 K (-252.87 C)
Harmful Effects:
Hydrogen is highly flammable and has an almost invisible flame,
which can lead to accidental burns.
Characteristics:
Hydrogen is the simplest element of all, and the lightest. It is also
by far the most common element in the Universe. Over 90
percent of the atoms in the Universe are hydrogen.
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Characteristics (contd):
In its commonest form, the hydrogen atom is made of one
proton, one electron, and no neutrons. Hydrogen is the onlyelement that can exist without neutrons.
Hydrogen is a colorless, odorless gas which exists, at standard
temperature and pressure, as diatomic molecules, H2.
It burns and forms explosive mixtures in air and it reacts violently
with oxidants.
On Earth, the major location of hydrogen is in water, H2O. There
is little free hydrogen on Earth because it is so light it escapes
from the atmosphere into space.
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Uses:
Haber Process (production of Ammonia)
Hydrogenation of fats and oilsMethanol production
Hydrocracking a catalytic chemical process used in petroleum
refineries for converting the high-boiling constituent
hydrocarbons in petroleum crude oils to more valuable
lower-boiling products such as gasoline, kerosene, jet fueland diesel oil.
Hydrodesulfurization a catalytic chemical process widely used
to remove sulfur (S) from natural gas and from refined
petroleum products such as gasoline or petrol, jet fuel,
kerosene, diesel fuel, and fuel oils
Metal refining
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State: Gaseous
Type: Non-metal, Carbon Group
Atomic Weight: 12.011
Melting Point: 3823 K (3550 C)Boiling Point: 4300 K (4027 C)
Harmful Effects:
Pure carbon has very low toxicity. Inhalation of large quantities of
carbon black dust (soot/coal dust) can cause irritation and
damage to the lungs.
Characteristics:
Carbon can exist in several allotropes, including graphite,
diamond, amorphous carbon, fullerines and nanotubes.
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Characteristics (contd):
Interestingly, graphite is one of the softest substances and diamond
was thought, until recently, to be the hardest naturally occurring
substance.
An extremely rare allotrope of carbon, Lonsdaleite, has been
calculated, in pure form, to be 58% stronger than diamond. Lonsdaleite
is made when meteorites containing graphite hit another body, such as
Earth. The high temperatures and pressures of the impact transformthe graphite into Lonsdaleite, a diamond-like substance that retains
graphite's hexagonal structure.
Carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of all the elements
and, in the form of diamond, has the highest thermal conductivity ofany element. This is the origin of the slang term "ice" - diamond, at
room temperature, carries heat away from your warmer skin faster
than any other material and so feels cold to touch.
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Uses:
Carbon coal and fuels
Graphite used as a lubricant, for pencil tips, high temperature
crucibles, dry cells and electrodes.
Diamonds used in jewelry and - because they are so hard - in
industry for cutting, drilling, grinding, and polishing.
Carbon black used as the black pigment in printing ink.
Carbon steel alloys merged with iron
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State: Gaseous
Type: Non-metal, Chalcogen
Atomic Weight: 15.9994
Melting Point: 54.8 K (-218.3 C)Boiling Point: 90.2 K (-182.9 C)
Harmful Effects:
O2 is non-toxic under normal conditions. However, exposure to
oxygen at higher than normal pressures, e.g. scuba divers, canlead to convulsions. Ozone (O3) is toxic and if inhaled can damage
the lungs.
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Characteristics:
Oxygen in its common form (O2) is a colorless, odorless and tasteless diatomic
gas. Oxygen is extremely reactive and forms oxides with nearly all other
elements except noble gases.
Earth's atmosphere at first contained no free oxygen. It only contains free
oxygen now because green plants - not initially present on Earth - produce it
during photosynthesis.
If green plants were to disappear, all the oxygen in Earth's atmosphere wouldreact over a period of time and the atmosphere would once again contain no
free oxygen. If we discover any other planets with atmospheres rich in oxygen,
we will be able to infer that life is almost certainly present on these planets.
Liquid and solid oxygen are pale blue and are strongly paramagnetic. Ozone
(O3), another form (allotrope) of oxygen, occurs naturally in the Earth's upper
atmosphere.
The reaction with oxygen is one of the criteria we use to distinguish between
metals (these form basic oxides) and non-metals (these form acidic oxides).
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Uses:
Steel production
Oxyacetylene welding - use fuel gases and oxygen to weld and
cut metals
Oxidant for rocket fuel
Methanol and ethylene oxide production
Respiration
Ozone layer
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State: Gaseous
Type: Non-metal, Halogen
Atomic Weight: 18.998403
Melting Point: 53.6 K (-219.6 C)Boiling Point: 85.1 K (-188.1 C)
Harmful Effects:
Fluorine is highly toxic and corrosive.
Characteristics:
Fluorine is the most reactive and the most electronegative of all
the elements.
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Characteristics (contd):
Fluorine is a pale yellow, diatomic, highly corrosive, flammable
gas, with a pungent odor. It is the lightest halogen.
It reacts violently with water to produce oxygen and the
extremely corrosive hydrofluoric acid.
Uses:
Uranium processingProduction of fluorochemicals (including many high-
temperature plastics such as Teflon)
Compunds of fluorine including sodium fluoride used in
toothpaste and in drinking water to prevent dental
cavitiesHydrofluoric acid dissolve glass and is used to etch the glass
in light bulbs and in other products
Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used in as refrigerants in air
conditioning units and freezers Back to top...
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State: Solid
Type: Alkali Metal
Atomic Weight: 22.98977
Melting Point: 370.87 K (97.72 C)
Boiling Point: 1156 K (883 C)
Harmful Effects:
Sodium is considered to be non-toxic. Contact with the skin may,
however, cause irritation and burns.
Characteristics:Sodium is a soft, silvery-white metal. It is soft enough to cut with
the edge of a coin. Freshly cut surfaces oxidize rapidly in air to
form a dull, oxide coating. Sodium burns in air with a brilliant
yellow flame.
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Characteristics (contd):
Sodium floats on water, because its density is lower than water's.
It also reacts vigorously with water - violently if more than a small
amount of sodium meets water (see video on left) - to produce
sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas. Sodium reacts with water
more vigorously than lithium and less vigorously than potassium.
Explosions occur when the heat generated by the sodium-water
reaction ignites the resulting hydrogen gas.
B
ack to top...
Uses:
Metallic sodium used in the manufacture of sodamide and
esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds;
modify alloys such as aluminum-silicon by improving their
mechanical properties and fluidity
Sodium vapor lamps used in city street lamps
Heat transfer agent
Sodium chloride (table salt) vital for good nutrition
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State: Solid
Type: Metal
Atomic Weight: 26.98154
Melting Point: 933.57 K (660.32 C)Boiling Point: 2740 K (2466.85 C)
Harmful Effects:
No proven issues; ingestion may cause alzheimer's disease
Characteristics:Aluminum is a silvery-white metal. It is non-magnetic and an
excellent electrical conductor. It is of low density and high
ductility. It is too reactive to be commonly found as the metal
although, very rarely, the native metal can be found.
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Characteristics (contd):
Aluminum's appearance is dulled and its reactivity is passivated by a
film of aluminum oxide that naturally forms on the surface of the metal
under normal conditions. The oxide film results in a material thatresists corrosion. The film can be thickened using electrolysis or
oxidizing agents and aluminum in this form will resist attack by dilute
acids, dilute alkalis and concentrated nitric acid.
Aluminum lies sufficiently far on the right side of the periodic table thatit shows some hints of nonmetal behavior, reacting with hot alkalis to
form aluminate ions [Al(OH)4]- as well as the more typical metal
reaction with acids to release hydrogen gas and form the positively
charged metal ion, Al3+. i.e. aluminum is amphoteric.
Pure aluminum is quite soft and lacking in strength. Aluminum used in
commercial applications has small amounts of silicon and iron (less
than 1%) added, resulting in greatly improved strength and hardness.
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Uses:
Drinking cans
Window framesBoats and aircraft
Food packaging and cooking pots
Electrical conductor
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State: Solid
Type: Non-metal, Chalcogen
Atomic Weight: 32.06
Melting Point: 388.4 K (115.2 C)Boiling Point: 717.9 K (444.7C)
Harmful Effects:
Elemental sulfur is considered to be of low toxicity. Compounds such as
carbon disulfide, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide are toxic. For
example, at 0.03 parts per million, we can smell hydrogen sulfide but itis regarded as safe for eight hours of exposure. At 4 ppm it may cause
eye irritation. At 20 ppm exposure for more than a minute causes
severe injury to eye nerves. At 700 ppm breathing stops. Death will
result if there is not a quick rescue. Permanent brain damage may
result.
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Characteristics :
Sulfur is a soft, pale yellow, odorless, brittle solid. It is insoluble in
water, but soluble in carbon disulfide. It burns with a blue flame,
oxidizing to sulfur dioxide.
Sulfur exists in several crystalline and amorphous allotropes. The
most common form is yellow, orthorhombic alpha-sulfur, which
contains puckered rings of S8.
Sulfur is multivalent and combines, with valence 2, 4, or 6, with
almost all other elements. The best known sulfur compound is
hydrogen sulfide (H2S). This is a toxic gas that smells like rotten
eggs; the smell is used in stink bombs, many of which release asmall amount of hydrogen sulfide.
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Uses:
Reactant in the production of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
Sulfuric acid - the industrialized world's number one bulk
chemical, required in large quantities in lead-acid batteries
for automotive use
Vulcanization of natural rubber
Fungicide
Black gunpowderDetergents
Manufacture of phosphate fertilizers
Components of amino acids cysteine and methionine
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State: Gaseous
Type: Non-metal, Halogen
Atomic Weight: 35.453
Melting Point: 172 K (-101 C)Boiling Point: 239 K (-34 C)
Harmful Effects:
Chlorine is a toxic gas that irritates the skin, the eyes and the
respiratory system.
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Characteristics:
Chlorine is a greenish-yellow, diatomic, dense gas with a sharp
smell (the smell of bleach).
It is not found free in nature as it combines readily with nearly all
other elements.
Chlorine occurs in nature mainly as common salt (NaCl), carnallite[ KMgCl2.6(H20) ], and sylvite (KCl).
In its liquid and solid form it is a powerful bleaching, oxidizing and
disinfecting agent.
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Uses:
Safe-drinking water
Sanitation, pulp bleaching, disinfectants, and textile processing
Dyestuffs
Petroleum products
Medicines, antiseptics
Insecticides
FoodstuffsSolvents, paints, plastics
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State: Solid
Type: Alkali Metal
Atomic Weight: 39.0983
Melting Point: 336.5 K (63.4 C)Boiling Point: 1038 K (765.6 C)
Harmful Effects:
Potassium is considered to be non-toxic. Due to its highly reactive
nature, elemental potassium must be handled with extreme care.
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Characteristics :
Potassium is silvery-white, low melting, metal soft enough to be
easily cut with a knife. It tarnishes rapidly in air, forming a dull
oxide coating.
Potassium burns with a lilac colored flame. It is extremely
reactive, reacting violently with water, for example, to produce
hydrogen gas and potassium hydroxide.Uses:
Fertilizers essential for plant growth
Electrolyte essential for human growth
Potassium hydroxide used in manufacture of soaps and as an
electrolyte in alkaline batteries
Potassium chloride used as a healthier alternative to table
salt.
Potassium nitrate a main explosive ingredient in gunpowder.
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State: Solid
Type: Alkali Earth Metal
Atomic Weight: 40.078
Melting Point: 1115 K (842 C)Boiling Point: 1771 K (1484 C)
Harmful Effects:
Non toxic and an essential metal for living organisms.
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Characteristics :
Calcium is reactive and, for a metal, soft (with difficulty, it can be
cut with a knife).
In contact with air, calcium develops a mixed oxide and nitride
coating, which protects it from further corrosion.
Calcium reacts easily with water and acids and the metal burnsbrightly in air, forming mainly the nitride.
Uses:
Major electrolyte for muscle contraction
Used to remove oxygen, sulfur, and carbon from alloys
Portland cement is the most common type of cement in
general use around the world
Water treatment
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State: Solid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 55.847
Melting Point: 1808.2 K (1535.1C)Boiling Point: 3023 K (2750C)
Harmful Effects:
Iron is considered to be non-toxic.
Characteristics:Iron is a ductile, gray, relatively soft metal and is a moderately
good conductor of heat and electricity.
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Characteristics (contd):
It is attracted by magnets and can be readily magnetized. The
pure metal is chemically very reactive and rusts readily in moist
air, forming red-brown oxides. There are three allotropic forms ofiron, known as alpha, gamma, and delta.
Alpha iron, also known as ferrite, is the stable form of iron at
normal temperatures.Uses:
Most commonly used metal (nails, cans, automotives,
infrastructures)
Manufacture steel and alloys use for construction and
manufacturing
Transporting oxygen in blood via the hemoglobin molecule
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State: Solid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 58.69
Melting Point: 1728 K (1455 C)Boiling Point: 3263 K (2990 C)
Harmful Effects:
Nickel and its compounds are considered to be carcinogenic.
Approximately 10 to 20 percent of people are sensitive to nickel.
Repeated contact with it leads to skin complaints (dermatitis). Suchpeople should avoid contact with nickel, which can be found in jewelry.
Workers who have breathed very large amounts of nickel compounds
have developed chronic bronchitis and lung and nasal cancers. Nickel
carbonyl is a very toxic gas.
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Characteristics :
Nickel is a hard, silvery-white metal, which is malleable and
ductile. The metal can take on a high polish and it resists
tarnishing in air.
Nickel is ferromagnetic and is a fair conductor of heat and
electricity.
Most nickel compounds are blue or green.
Uses:
Corrosion-resistant alloys, such as stainless steel
Coin-making
Nickel steel for burglar-proof vaults and armour plateBatteries and magnets
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State: Solid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 63.546
Melting Point: 1357.77 K (1084.62C)
Boiling Point: 2833 K (2560C)
Harmful Effects:
Copper is essential in all plants and animals. Excess copper is,
however, toxic.
Cooking acidic food in copper pots can cause toxicity. Copper
cookware should be lined to prevent ingestion of toxic verdigris
(compounds formed when copper corrodes).
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Characteristics :
Copper is a reddish orange, soft metal that takes on a bright
metallic luster. It is malleable, ductile, and an excellent conductor
of heat and electricity - only silver has a higher electricalconductivity than copper.
Copper surfaces exposed to air gradually tarnish to a dull,
brownish color. If water and air are present, copper will slowly
corrode to form the carbonate verdigris often seen on roofs andstatues.
Uses:
Most commonly used in electrical equipment
Roofing, guttering, and as rainspouts on buildingsPlumbing and in cookware and cooking utensils
Gun metals and coins
Fungicide and algicide
Fehlings Solution testing for presence of monosaccharides
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State: Solid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 107.868
Melting Point: 1235.1 K (961.95 C)
Boiling Point: 2428 K (2155 C)
Harmful Effects:
Silver is considered to be non-toxic. However, most silver salts are
poisonous and some may be carcinogenic.
Characteristics:
Silver is a soft, ductile, malleable, lustrous metal. It has the
highest electrical and thermal conductivity of all metals. Silver is
stable in oxygen and water, but tarnishes when exposed to sulfur
compounds in air or water to form a black sulfide layer.
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Uses:
Sterling silver and Britannia silver used in jewelry and
silverwareFood additive/coloring
Photography
Solders, electrical contacts, and silver-cadmium and silver-zinc
batteries
Silver paints used in the manufacture of electronic printedcircuits
Superior mirror production as silver is the best known
reflector of visible light
Silver iodide used in artificial rain making to seed clouds
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State: Solid
Type: Metal, Carbon Group
Atomic Weight: 118.69
Melting Point: 505.078 K (231.928C)
Boiling Point: 2893 K (2620C)
Harmful Effects:
Tin is considered to be non-toxic but most tin salts are toxic. The
inorganic salts are caustic but of low toxicity. Organometallic
compounds of tin are highly toxic.Characteristics:
Tin is a silvery-white, soft, malleable metal that can be highly
polished. Tin has a highly crystalline structure and when a tin bar
is bent, a 'tin cry' is heard, due to the breaking of these crystals.
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Characteristics (contd):
It resists oxygen and water but dissolves in acids and bases.
Exposed surfaces form an oxide film. When heated in air, tin
forms tin(IV) oxide (stannic oxide) which is feebly acidic.
Tin has two allotropic forms at normal pressure, gray tin and
white tin. Pure white tin slowly tends to become the gray powder
(gray tin), a change commonly called 'tin pest' at temperatures
below 13.2 oC . Gray tin has no metallic properties at all.Commercial quality tins are resistant to tin pest as a result of the
inhibiting effects of minor impurities.
Uses:
Coating on the surface of other metals to prevent corrosion
Drinking cans
Soft solder, pewter, bronze, and phosphor bronze
Tin chlorideused as a mordant in dyeing textiles and for
increasing the weight of silk
Stannous fluoride - toothpastes Back to top...
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State: Solid
Type: Halogen
Atomic Weight: 126.9045
Melting Point: 386.6 K (113.5 C)
Boiling Point: 457 K (184 C)
Harmful Effects:
In small doses, iodine is slightly toxic and it is highly poisonous in large
amounts. Elemental iodine is an irritant which can cause sores on the
skin. Iodine vapor causes extreme eye irritation.Characteristics:
Iodine is a bluish-black, lustrous solid. Although it is less reactive than
the elements above it in group 17 (fluorine, chlorine and bromine) it
still forms compounds with many other elements.
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Characteristics(contd):
Although iodine is a non-metal, it displays some metallic
properties.
When dissolved in chloroform, carbon tetrachloride or carbon
disulphide, Iodine yields purple colored solutions. It is barely
soluble in water, giving a yellow solution.
Uses:
Iodide and thyroxin (iodine derivative) used in the human
body
Radiotherapy
Potassium iodide and iodine in alcohol used to disinfect
external woundsSilver iodide photography
Added to table salt to prevent thyroid disease
Catalysts
Animal feeds
Inks and dyes Back to top...
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State: Solid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 196.9665
Melting Point: 1337.33 K (1064.18 C)
Boiling Point: 3123 K (2850 C)
Harmful Effects:
Gold is considered to be non-toxic
Characteristics:
Gold is an excellent conductor of heat and electricity. It is a soft,yellow, metal with a beautiful lustrous sheen. It is the most
malleable and ductile of all the elements and a single gram can
be beaten into a sheet one square meter sheet of gold leaf.
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Characteristics (contd):
Gold has a very high density, 19.32 g/cm3. (A tennis ball sized
sphere of gold would weigh about 5.7 pounds (2.6 kilograms).
Gold is not the densest natural element, however. That honorbelongs to osmium, followed very closely by iridium. Tennis ball
sized spheres of these elements would each weigh about 6.8
pounds (3.1 kilograms).
Gold is unaffected by air, water, alkalis and all acids except aqua
regia (a mixture of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid) which can
dissolve gold. Gold does react with halogens. It will, for example,
react very slowly with chlorine gas at room temperature to form
gold chloride, AuCl3. If gold chloride is heated gently, it willdecompose to release the pure elements again.
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Uses:
Jewelry and coinage
Dental work crowns
Solar heat shield for satellites and astronauts helmet visors
Microelectronic circuits
Treatment of cancers especially of the bladder, cervix, and
prostate
Gold flake added to some gourmet sweets and drinksChloroauric acid (HAuCl4) used in photography for toning the
silver image
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State: Liquid
Type: Transition Metal
Atomic Weight: 200.59
Melting Point: 234.32 K (-38.83C)
Boiling Point: 629.88 K (356.73C)
Harmful Effects:
Mercury and most of its compounds are highly toxic.
The pure metal is absorbed easily by inhalation, ingestion orthrough the skin.
It is also a chronic pollutant and mercury concentrates in
animal/fish tissues in increasing amounts up the food chain.
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Characteristics :
Mercury is a dense, silvery-white, poisonous metal with a mirror-
like appearance.
It is the only common metal that is liquid at room temperature.
Mercury evaporates slowly at room temperature.
The metal is relatively stable in dry air, but in moist air tarnishes
slowly to form a gray oxide coating.
Mercury has high surface tension and, when spilled, breaks up
into tiny beads.
Mercury readily forms alloys (called amalgams) with other
metals, such as silver, gold and tin. As it does not amalgamate
with iron, mercury is often stored in iron containers.
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Uses:
Barometers and manometers
Thermometers
Made use in extracting gold, silver, and platinum from their
ores
Mercury-vapor lights emit light rich in ultraviolet radiation
Fungicides
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State: Solid
Type: Metal, Carbon Group
Atomic Weight: 207.2
Melting Point: 600.61 K (327.46C)
Boiling Point: 2023 K (1750C)
Harmful Effects:
Lead and its compounds are poisonous.
Characteristics:
Lead is a bluish-gray, soft, dense metal that has a bright lusterwhen freshly cut. It tarnishes slowly in moist air to form a dull
gray coating. The metal is highly ductile and malleable. Lead is
extremely resistant to corrosion and is a poor conductor of
electricity.
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Uses:
Storage batteries
Cable covering
Ammunition
Electrodes
Solder and roofing material
Shielding from radiation
Lead oxide manufacture of fine crystal glassPlumbing
Additive in paints
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State: Solid
Type: Alkali Earth Metal
Atomic Weight: 226.0254
Melting Point: 973 K (700 C)
Boiling Point: 1773 K (1500 C)
Harmful Effects:
Radium is highly radioactive and hence carcinogenic. Microscopic
quantities of radium in the environment can lead to some
accumulation of radium in bone tissue. Radium, like calcium, is agroup II element and our bodies treat it in a similar way.
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Characteristics :
Radium is a silvery-white metal. It is highly radioactive and its
decay product, radon gas, is also radioactive. One result of
radium's intense radioactivity is that the metal and itscompounds glow in the dark. When it is exposed to air, it reacts
with nitrogen to quickly form a black coating of radium nitride.
Radium's chemistry is similar to that of the other alkali earth
metals. It reacts very vigorously with water to form hydrogen gas
and radium hydroxide. It reacts with even more vigorously with
hydrochloric acid to form radium chloride.
Uses:
Production of luminous paintsRadium chloride used medicinally to produce radon gas for
cancer treatment
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Sources:y http://www.chemicool.com/
y http://www.google.com.ph/imghp?hl=tl&tab=wi
yhttp://www.wikipedia.org/
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