Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
Document of
The World Bank
FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Report No: 63459-PK
PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT
ON A
PROPOSED CREDIT
IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR161.2 MILLION
(US$250 MILLION EQUIVALENT)
TO THE
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
FOR THE
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM
PROJECT (PIPIPP)
February 23, 2012
Agriculture and Rural Development Unit
Sustainable Development Department
South Asia Region
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the
performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World
Bank authorization.
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
Pub
lic D
iscl
osur
e A
utho
rized
ii
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
April 2011
Currency Unit = Pakistan Rupees (Rs) US$ = 85 Rs
FISCAL YEAR
July 1 – June 30
Weight and Measures
Metric System
1 meter (m) = 3.280 feet 1 hectare (ha) = 2.470 acres
1 Kilometer (km) = 0.620 miles 1cubic meter(m3) = 35.310 cubic feet
1 million acre feet (MAF) = 1.234 billion cubic meters 1 cubic foot/second (cfs) = 0.0283 cubic meters/sec (m3/sec)
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACZ Agro-climatic Zones
ADB Asian Development Bank
AWBs Area Water Boards
BEC Bid Evaluation Committee
BER Bid Evaluation Report
CAS Country Assistance Strategy
CCGT Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
CPPA Central Power Purchase Agency
CPS Country Partnership Strategy
CQ Consultants‟ Qualification
CSCs Construction Supervision Consultants
DA Designated Account
DD Deputy Director
DGAWM Director General Agriculture Water
Management
dgMarket Development Gateway Market
DIC District Implementation Committee
DISCO Distribution Company
DP Development Partner
DPLs Development Policy Loans
DRC District Rate Committee
DSCR Debt Service Credit Ratio
EA Environmental Assessment
ECA Export Credit Agencies
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
ERR Economic Rate of Return
ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan
FBS Fixed Budget Selection
FM Financial Management
FOs Farmers Organizations
GBHP Ghazi Barotha Hydropower Project
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographic Information System
GM General Manager
GMRC Glacier Monitoring and Research Center
GoP Government of Pakistan
GoPunjab Government of Punjab
GPN General Procurement Notice
Gwh Gigawatt hour
Ha Hectare
HEIS High Efficiency Irrigation Systems
I&D Irrigation & Drainage
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and
Development
IBWS Indus Basin Water System
IBWT Indus Basin Water Treaty
ICB International Competitive Bidding
ICR Implementation Completion Report
ICS Individual Consultant Selection
IDA International Development Agency
IDB Islamic Development Bank
IDC Interest During Construction
IDP Irrigation and Power Department
IFIs International Financial Institutions
IFR Interim Financial Report
IPOE Independent Panel of Experts
IPPs Independent Power Producers
IUFR Interim Unaudited Financial Report
JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency
KAPCO Kot Adu Power Company
KESC Karachi Electric Supply Corporation
Kg Kilogram
Km Kilometer
KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kwh Kilowatt hour
iii
LCS Least Cost Selection
LIBOR London Inter-Bank Exchange Rate
M&E Monitoring & Evaluation
MAF Million Acre Feet
M&ECs Monitoring and Evaluation Consultants
mm millimeter
MOWP Ministry of Water and Power
MTR Mid Term Review
MW Megawatt
NCB National Competitive Bidding
NEPRA National Electric Power Regulatory
Authority
NGO Non Government Organization
NPV Net Performance Value
NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch
Company Limited
O&M Operation and Maintenance
OCC Opportunity Cost of Capital
OFWM On Farm Water Management
ORAF Operational Risk Assessment Framework
PAD Project Appraisal Document
PCC Project Coordination Committee
PCW Punjab Cotton-Wheat
PD Project Director
PDO Project Development Objectives
PEPCO Pakistan Electric Power Company
PHAP Public Health Action Plan
PISCs Project Implementation Supervision
Consultants
PIC Project Implementation Committee
PIDA Punjab Irrigation Development Authority
PIPIPP Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity
Improvement Program Project
PMU Project Management Unit
PMW Punjab Mixed-Wheat
POE Panel of Experts
PPC Project Policy Committee
PQ Pre-qualification
PRC Project Rates Committee
PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper
PRW Punjab Rice-Wheat
PSC Project Steering Committee
PSW Punjab Sugarcane-Wheat
QBS Quality Based Selection
QCBS Quality and Cost Based Selection
RAP Resettlement Action Plan
RCU Regional Coordination Unit
RPD Regional Project Director
RSC Residual Sodium Carbonate
RTW River Training Work
SAP Social Action Plan
SCARP Salinity Control and Reclamation Program
SEMP Social and Environmental Management Plan
SFMS Sr. Financial Management Specialist
SIL Specific Investment Loan
SOPs Standard Operating Procedures
SSS Single Source Selection
T4HP Tarbela Fourth Extension Hydropower
Project
TA Technical Assistance
TATCs Technical Assistance and Training
Consultants
TDP Tarbela Dam Project
TOR Terms of Reference
UIB Upper Indus Basin
UNDB United Nations Development Business
USA United States of America
WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority
WCAP Water Sector Capacity Building Project
WEC WAPDA Environmental Cell
WMO Water Management Officer
WMTI Water Management Training Institute
WSIP Water Sector Improvement Project
WTP Willingness to Pay
WUA Water Users‟ Association
Regional Vice President: Isabel M. Guerrero
Country Director: Rachid Benmessaoud
Sector Director: Sector Manager:
John Henry Stein Simeon K. Ehui
Task Team Leader: Masood Ahmad
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the
performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World
Bank authorization
Table of Contents I. Strategic Context .............................................................................................................. 1
A. Country Context ............................................................................................................... 1
B. Sectoral and Institutional Context .................................................................................... 1
C. Higher level objectives to which the project contributes ................................................. 7
II. Project Development Objectives (PDOs) ........................................................................ 7
A. PDOs ................................................................................................................................ 7
1. Project Beneficiaries ........................................................................................................ 7
2. PDO Level Results Indicators .......................................................................................... 8
III. Project Description........................................................................................................... 8
A. Project components .......................................................................................................... 8
B. Project Financing ........................................................................................................... 11
1. Lending Instrument: The lending instrument is Specific Investment Loan (SIL). ....... 11
2. Project Cost and Financing ............................................................................................ 11
C. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design ................................................... 12
D. Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection ......................................................... 13
IV. Implementation .............................................................................................................. 14
A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ........................................................... 14
B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................... 15
C. Sustainability.................................................................................................................. 16
V. Critical risks and possible controversial aspects (Refer to Annex 4) ............................ 17
VI. Appraisal Summary ....................................................................................................... 17
A. Economic and Financial Analysis .................................................................................. 17
B. Technical ........................................................................................................................ 19
C. Financial Management ................................................................................................... 19
D. Procurement ................................................................................................................... 20
E. Social (including safeguards) ......................................................................................... 20
F. Environment (including safeguards) .............................................................................. 21
Annex 1: Results Framework and Monitoring.............................................................................. 26
Annex 2 Detailed Project Description .......................................................................................... 28
Annex 3: Implementation Arrangements ...................................................................................... 52
Annex 4: Operational Risk Assessment Framework (ORAF) ...................................................... 67
Annex 5: Implementation Support Plan ........................................................................................ 70
Annex 6: Team Composition ........................................................................................................ 73
v
Annex 7: Economic Analysis........................................................................................................ 74
Annex 8: Environment and Social Assessment Summary ............................................................ 82
MAP
IBRD 38945
IBRD 37352
vi
PAKISTAN
PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT
PROGRAM PROJECT (PIPIPP)
South Asia Region
SASDA Date: February 23, 2012 Country Director: Rachid Benmessoud Sector Director: John Henry Stein Sector Manager: Simoen K. Ehui Team Leader(s): Masood Ahmad Project ID: P125999 Lending Instrument: Specific Investment
Lending
Sector(s): Irrigation and Drainage (70%); Agriculture
extension and research (30%) Theme(s): Rural services and infrastructure (40%); Water
resources management (40%); Other environment and
Natural Resources Management (20%) EA Category: Category B
Project Financing Data: Proposed terms:
[ ] Loan [ X] Credit [ ] Grant [ ] Guarantee [ ] Other:
Total Bank Financing (US$m): 250
For US$250 million standard IDA blend terms, with a maturity of twenty five (25) years,
including a grace period of five (5) years.
Source Total Amount (US$M)
Total Project Cost: Cofinancing by Farmers and
Beneficiaries: Borrower:
Total Bank Financing: IBRD
IDA
New
Recommitted
423.5
173.5 -
250.0
250.0
Borrower: Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Government of the Punjab
Responsible Agency: Directorate General Agriculture (Water Management)
Contact Person: Chaudhary Mohammad Ashraff
Telephone No.: 0092-42-99200703 & 0092-42-99200713
Fax No.: 0092-42-99200702, Email: [email protected],
Estimated Disbursements (Bank FY/US$ m)
FY FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18
Annual 10 20 50 60 60 50
Cumulative 10 30 80 140 200 250
vii
Project Implementation Period: July 1, 2012 to June 30, 2018 Expected effectiveness date: July 1, 2012 Expected closing date: December 31, 2018
Does the project depart from the CAS in content or other
significant respects?
[] Yes [X] No
If yes, please explain:
Does the project require any exceptions from Bank policies?
Have these been approved/endorsed (as appropriate by Bank
management?
Is approval for any policy exception sought from the Board?
○ Yes [X] No
○ Yes ○ No
○ Yes ○ No
If yes, please explain:
Does the project meet the Regional criteria for readiness for
implementation?
[X] Yes ○ No
If no, please explain:
Project Development objective: The project‟s main objective is to improve productivity of
water use in irrigated agriculture. This will be achieved through improved physical delivery
efficiency and irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs which
will translate into greater agricultural output per unit of water used. The project‟s objectives
would contribute to increased agricultural production, employment and incomes, higher living
standards and positive environmental outcomes.
Project description: Component A: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (US$234 million). This
component will include construction of high efficiency irrigation systems such as drip, bubbler,
sprinkler, over an area of about 120,000 acres. It would also support provision of precision land leveling
equipment for improving land leveling operations in the country and thus improving irrigation
application efficiency. This would result in higher productivity of water. Component B: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems (US$160 million). This component
would cover improvement of watercourses in canal irrigated areas, as well as in the rain fed areas. The
watercourse level water users‟ associations would be established and they would receive support to
improve about 9,000 watercourses. Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
(US$9.0 million). This component would support improvement in irrigation agronomy, demonstration
of and assistance in improved and modern technologies and methods to increase agriculture production.
Assistance in crop diversification and training, covering training of service providers and farmers,
training of trainers, and establishment of farmers‟ information desk. It would also cover monitoring of
the project impact, and of the environmental and social action plans. Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and Strategic
Studies (US$20.5 million). This component would support the Government of Punjab‟s efforts in
project management, construction supervision, checking delivery of works, quality and certification of
payments, strategic studies, technical assistance and training to staff, etc.
viii
Safeguard policies triggered? Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01) Natural Habitats (OP/BP 4.04) Forests (OP/BP 4.36) Pest Management (OP 4.09) Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) Indigenous Peoples (OP/BP 4.10) Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) Safety of Dams (OP/BP 4.37) Projects on International Waterways (OP/BP 7.50) Projects in Disputed Areas (OP/BP 7.60)
[X] Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No [X] Yes ○ No ○ Yes ○ No
Conditions and Legal Covenants:
Financing/Proj
ect Agreement
Reference
Description of Condition/Covenant Date Due
Project
Agreement (PA)
Schedule
Section I A1-9
Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) would till completion of the
Project, with terms of reference (TORs) composition and staffing
acceptable to the Bank maintain: (a) the office of the Director
General Agriculture Water Management (DGAWM), Regional,
District and Tehsil Coordination Units; and (b) Project Policy
Committee (PPC), Project Steering Project (PSC), and District Rates
Committee.
Throughout
project
implementation
period
PA Schedule
Section I A10 GoPunjab would maintain the Project Implementation Supervision
Consultants (PISCs), Monitoring and Evaluation (M&ECs), and
Technical Assistance and Training Consultants (TATCs), under terms
and reference and contractual arrangements satisfactory to the Bank.
Throughout
project
implementation
period PA Schedule
Section II Part D GoPunjab would ensure that independent auditors carry out the
Project audits in accordance with scope and TORs acceptable to the
Bank, which shall include special examination of the controls and
compliance with the agreed-upon procurement procedures.
Annually
PA Schedule
Section III DGAWM would establish procurement documentation and record
keeping systems, including a website showing the status of
procurement of various contracts and their performance, and make
both fully operational, and put in place a procurement complaint
handling system by no later than three months after effectiveness.
Within three
months after
effectiveness
PA Schedule Section I, D Financing
Agreement (FA)
Schedule 2
Section II
DGAWM will: (i) monitor the physical and financial progress of the
Project, implementation of the Social Action Plan (SAP) and EMP,
and the project impact studies; (ii) analyze the data on key
performance indicators on a regular basis; (iii) prepare and submit
quarterly progress reports within 45 days following each quarter; and
(iv) submit annual progress reports each year by September 30 of
each year, and annual work plans for the following year, each year by
March 31.
45 days after
each quarter, September 30
each year; and
March 31 each
year
FA Schedule II
Section II C and
PA Section II C
The mid-term review of the Project would be undertaken by October
31, 2016 October 31,
2016
PA Section
Schedule
Section IV
The government of Punjab would ensure that laser leveling units
currently owned by the DGAWM are disinvested and provided to the
service provider following the same criteria under this project.
Twelve months
after
effectiveness
1
I. Strategic Context
A. Country Context
1. Pakistan has important strategic endowments and development potential. The country is located
at the crossroads of South Asia, Central Asia, China and the Middle East and is thus at the fulcrum of a
regional market with a vast population, large and diverse resources, and untapped potential for trade. The
increasing proportion of Pakistan‟s working-age population provides the country with a potential
demographic dividend but also with the critical challenge to provide adequate services and increase
employment. Poverty levels have declined from 34.5 percent in 2001/2002 to an estimated 17.2 percent in
2007/2008, although over the past two years there have been signs that poverty levels may be increasing
again. An important recent development is the devolution of greater decision-making authority in the
provision of services to the provinces. Furthermore, the country has one of the most extensive
water/irrigation networks in the world. These water/ irrigation assets have underpinned food security in a
country that ranks among the world‟s most arid and provide the basis for rapid potential growth in
agricultural income and employment.
2. Pakistan faces significant economic, governance and security challenges to achieve durable
development outcomes. The persistence of conflict in the border areas and security challenges throughout
the country is a reality that affects all aspects of life in Pakistan and impedes development. A range of
governance, corruption and business environment indicators suggest that deep improvements in
governance are needed to unleash Pakistan's growth potential.
3. Pakistan also faces significant economic challenges. As Pakistan recovered from the 2008 global
crisis, its gross domestic product (GDP) grew 3.8 percent in Fiscal Year 2009/2010 (FY09/10). The 2010
floods, exacerbated by a hike in food and fuel prices, caused economic activity to slow to 2.4 percent in
FY10/11. Growth is forecast to rise somewhat to the 3.5 percent range in FY 11/12. Inflation, at 13.7
percent in FY10/11 and forecast at 12 percent for FY11/12 is set to continue its four-year run in double
digits. Fiscal performance has continued to exert a drag on the economy; there was a deficit of 6.3 percent
of GDP in FY10/11, and this may close to or above 6.0 percent in FY11/12 as well. The rate at which
exports and remittances grow affect prospects for the current account, which showed a surplus of 0.2
percent of GDP in FY10/11 but which the Government forecasts will become a deficit of 1-1.5 percent in
the current year. Currency reserves have been in the range of about 4 months of imports for the past year
but may decline somewhat towards the end of this year.
4. Availability of water is crucial for economic growth and development of Pakistan. The country‟s
per capita availability of useable water is decreasing primarily due to population growth but also due to
pollution and inefficient use of available water resources. Water and sanitation services also suffer from
poor quality and limited availability. The water quality in rivers, streams, and canals has also been
gradually deteriorating, leading to public health concerns. One of the main objectives of the country
partnership strategy is to strengthen irrigation infrastructure and agricultural competitiveness.
B. Sectoral and Institutional Context
Agriculture Sector Setting
5. Agriculture is critical. Despite its declining share of Pakistan‟s GDP – estimated at 22% in
2009 - agriculture remains central to the country‟s economy. It is the single most important source of
employment and exports, accounting for two-thirds of employment and 80% of exports. Most of the poor
live in rural areas and tend to be employed mostly as agricultural wage workers. Migration of people
from rural areas is a contributing factor for unplanned urban growth and urban poverty.
2
6. Punjab is the most populated province of the country. Its total geographical area is 20.63 million
hectares, of which 12.27 million hectares (58.90 %) are cultivated, 3.01 million hectares (14.9 %) are
uncultivable, 1.74 million hectares (8.4%) are cultivable waste, and 0.50 million hectares (2.3 %) are
under forests. About 60 percent of the area commanded by the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) is in
Punjab (about 22 million acres). Over 70 percent cropped area of the IBWS is in Punjab. Its share of
total agricultural production of the country is more than 80 percent in case of cotton, almost 70 percent
for wheat, nearly 60 percent for sugarcane, and 50 percent in rice. The overall contribution of the
province towards the agriculture sector is estimated at more than 80 percent, of which about 90 percent
comes from irrigated areas. Major crops are wheat (38% of area), cotton (15% of the area), rice (10%),
sugarcane (4%) and orchard (about 2%). See Annex 2 for more details.
Water/Irrigation and Drainage Sector and Issues
7. Pakistan‟s agriculture sector is almost wholly dependent on irrigation – irrigated land supplies
more than 90 percent of agricultural production. Agriculture in most areas is not possible without
irrigation because of Pakistan‟s arid and semi-arid climate with low and variable rainfall. Annual rainfall
over much of the area is not more than 150 mm per annum with high evaporation rates, ranging from
1,250 mm to 2,800 mm per annum. However, there are abundant surface water resources in the Indus
Basin, which cover 566,000 km2
(70 percent of the country). This basin is the major source of water for
Pakistan.
8. Indus Basin Water System. Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous water system in the world,
namely the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS), for basic food security and supply of water for all sectors
of the economy. The IBWS consists of the Indus River and its tributaries, three major multi-purpose
storage reservoirs, 19 barrages, 12 inter-river link canals, 43 major irrigation canal commands (covering
over 14 million hectares), and over 120,000 watercourses, delivering water to farms and other productive
uses. Annual river flows are about 180 billion cubic meters (m3)
of which about 120 billion m3 of water is
diverted from the river system to canals. The total length of the canals is about 60,000 km, with
communal watercourses, farm channels and field ditches running another 1.8 million km. These canals
also serve as the country‟s main waterways. Pakistan would have remained largely a desert without the
development of this system of canals, dams and hydraulic structures. The IBWS is considered the
backbone of the country‟s economy and is the sole source of water supply supporting life and livelihoods.
In addition to providing water for irrigated agriculture, these resources also support the development of
major cities, industry, and growth centers.
9. Generally, the hierarchical canal system runs from main canals to branch canals to
distributaries/minors. Open, free-flowing outlets (moghas) regulate water flow from distributary/minors
to the watercourses that supply water to chacks or dehs (tertiary irrigation command area). These
watercourse commands are a complex miniature irrigation system with an average length of about 20 km.
Water is distributed to the field by a weekly time rotation (warabandi) based on the size of the land
holding. The canal system is also a major source of recharge for the groundwater aquifers. In fresh
groundwater areas, groundwater is pumped by tubewells to supplement canal supplies. Groundwater
resources are substantial, with more than 600,000 tubewells in the country contributing significantly to
the water supplies in areas underlain by fresh groundwater.
10. Irrigation and Drainage Sector Issues. The key challenges in the irrigation sector are: (i) low
surface water delivery efficiency (only about 35-40 percent from the canal head to crop root zone), major
losses are in watercourse command area (tertiary level canals 40 percent of water is lost in delivery and
application); (ii) wasteful on-farm water use and low water productivity; (iii) poor operation and
maintenance (O&M) and low cost recovery; (iv) water distribution inequities; (v) lack of storage capacity
and control structures and limited availability of water resources; (vi) water-logging and salinity; and
(viii) a constrained investment capacity. Some of these issues, in particular poor O&M of the
3
Government owned upper tiers of system1 and inequities in water distribution, are a manifestation of
institutional weaknesses in the sector, which is mainly due to the near exclusive control by public sector
entities, characterized by the usual inefficiencies of centralized bureaucracies, lack of corporate skills, and
poor client (farmer) focus and accountability. This results in lack of confidence among the users that
additional fees and levies would indeed be used for improvement of the system, thus generating low cost
recovery, which in turn leads to constrained sector finances and capacity to make investment and, to a
great extent, lack of additional storage and control structures. These issues are being addressed in various
ways through the reform program, whose progress varies throughout the country. The low watercourse
command efficiency, wasteful on-farm water use and low productivity of water is to some extent due to
the nature of infrastructure in the watercourse command and distribution system within it and traditional
method of flood irrigation which is commonly practiced -- this would be addressed under this project.
Water-logging and salinity is caused by excessive losses from canals and absence of appropriate drainage.
11. Irrigation and Drainage Sector Reform Program. After the irrigation and drainage strategy of
1994, there has been a major change in the direction in the sector.2 The Government adopted a
completely new approach to address the irrigation system issues and started an institutional reform
program to revamp irrigation and drainage (I&D) institutions with the aim of establishing an efficient,
self-sustaining I&D system. These efforts were supported by Bank operations such as the National
Drainage Program, Punjab Groundwater Development Project, NWFP On-Farm Water Management, the
ongoing Sindh On-Farm Water Management Project, Sindh Water Sector Improvement Project (WSIP)
and two Development Policy Loans in Irrigation and Drainage Sector in Punjab. The Asian Development
Bank (ADB) is supporting the reform program through the Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Investment
Program, a US$900 million program out of which a US$217 million loan has been signed for the Lower
Bari Doab Canal Improvement Project, which also covers rehabilitation of Balloki Barrage.
12. Under these reforms: (a) irrigation service is being decentralized by developing commercially
oriented Area Water Boards (AWBs) on a canal command level, while management at the distributary
level is transferred to Farmers Organizations (FOs) through Irrigation Management Transfer Agreements.
Autonomous provincial irrigation and drainage authorities have also been established to (a) deliver water
to AWBs and to handle off-farm drainage and regulations; (b) ensure greater transparency in water
measurements and accounting is introduced along with an enhanced monitoring capacity using
technologies (e.g. internet); and (c) preparation of asset management plans and improved methodology
for determining O&M requirements.
13. Progress on the reform program is slow but steady. The Punjab Irrigation Drainage Authority
(PIDA) Act of 1997 established PIDA with the objectives of replacing the existing management of
irrigation and drainage with a more responsive, equitable and user friendly institution, achieving efficient
and economical operation and maintenance (O&M) on sustainable basis, and enhancing the participation
of farmers in the management of the system at the distributary/minor canal level through formation of
Farmers‟ Organizations. The reform program is perhaps most advanced in Sindh Province. Sindh has
passed an ordinance, namely the Sindh Water Management Ordinance of 2002, providing the underlying
legal basis for the new institutions as well as defining their role in the sector. Sindh has also established
three AWBs in Nara Canal, Ghotki Canal and the Left Bank covering Akram Wah and Fuleli canals
covering about 1.8 million hectares of land or 30% of the irrigated area in Sindh. The FOs have been
established on almost all distributary canals in these AWBs. Punjab has also implemented very
1 Barrages, main canals, branches and distributary/minor (i.e. secondary level canals), are owned and managed by
the Government, though barrages being strategic assets commanding millions of acres of area (also multipurpose)
often get better attention. The watercourse is managed by the community and on-farm field channels are managed
by the farmers. The reform program emphasizes transfer the distributary canals to formally organized farmers‟
organizations (FOs) and encouraging participator water management. 2Pakistan: Irrigation and Drainage Issues and Options, March 1994, Report No. 11884-PAK, Pakistan Water
Country Assistance Strategy – Pakistan‟s Water Economy Running Dry, 2005.
4
impressive I&D reform programs that are scaled up under the two development policy loans (DPLs). In
eight canal commands, covering about 6.5 million hectares, Punjab has started establishing FOs. Reform
programs have also started in Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) Provinces, but they lag
behind considerably.
14. So far, about 300 FOs have been formed in Sindh mostly in the three AWBs. Management
transfer agreements have been signed with 284 FOs. Punjab has started a reform program in 8 canal
commands. About 297 FOs have been established and management has been transferred. As expected,
the outcomes of these reforms are mixed with some FOs performing well, some weak and others too
politicized. There is a need for continued capacity building of these FOs until they can begin to function
effectively. Once in place and properly working, user management can then be enhanced to cover the
upper tiers of the system such as branch and main canals, making the overall AWB operation more
effective. This may take more than a decade.
15. The water monitoring system established in Punjab is linked with display of information on the
internet. However, it needs further development along with real time measurement and capacity for
accounting and auditing. The asset management plans have been prepared along with estimation of O&M
requirements for various tiers of the system. Punjab is monitoring and evaluating these reforms
programs, consolidating and internalizing the actions, lessons and outcome before further expansion of
other canal commands. The ongoing Punjab Barrages Improvement Phase-II Project has a component to
monitor and analyze the reform program and help Punjab in improving the reform program based on the
field information and progress in achieving the target indicators.
16. Irrigation Practices and use of Water for Irrigation. As explained above, water from the
rivers is diverted into the main canals, then into the branch canals (both are primary level diversion
canals), distributaries and minor (secondary level canals), and then into the watercourses. The shortage of
water is distributed by rotating the flows to the distributaries and minors. However, when
distribuary/minor is supplied with water, all watercourses in that distributary draw water through a
regulating structure on each watercourse designed to share available water in the distributary canal
equally among all watercourses. Watercourse is a community irrigation system on which water is shared
by all users by allocating full discharge of the watercourse for a specific amount of time to one user,
following a weekly rotation system called “warabandi”. From community watercourse to the field there
is a complex system of channels and ditches which delivers water to the fields. See Figure 2.3 of Annex 2
that shows the complexity of the layout of the channels in the watercourse command. At the field level,
flooding is the most common irrigation method practiced by farmers and it is quite wasteful in water and
nutrients, and results in uneven growth of crop and causes salinity problems, particularly if the field is not
leveled.
17. Low Delivery Efficiency in Community Watercourses and Farm Channels. It is estimated
that about 40% of the water is lost in these community watercourse (W/C) commands, temporary
channels and farm ditches. This is due to the combined effect of wetting the dry channels filing up of the
channel to send water to the other end (much of channel storage is not retrieved), leakage, wastage,
standing water in channels and seepage etc. The main sources of these losses are seepage, spillage, and
side leakage from the watercourses due to: (a) irregular profile and zigzag alignment of banks and weak
sections of the channels; (b) variable cross section of water channels, resulting in stagnant water in
channels; (c) silt deposition, causing restrictions in flows, and overtopping; (d) trees, shrubs, and
vegetation growing in watercourses; (e) damage caused by rodents and farm animals; and (f) frequent
bank cutting and plugging of channel banks for water abstraction. Due to the “warabandi” system where
water moves from head to the tail in seven days and then back again, there is constantly a wet dry cycle
between the head to tail and that does not allow enough time for the seepage from such channels to
establish constant flow to enable contribution to the groundwater. Thus much of the losses in the
watercourse command are lost to evaporation or excessive weed growth.
5
18. Low Field Efficiency in Application to the Field and Crops. Flood irrigation is a commonly
used method by farmers of Pakistan which is inherently inefficient. Transpiration of water from the roots
through the leaves is the only water beneficially used by plants for growth, flowering and fruiting. Water
is applied to saturate the soil in the root zone from which water is drawn into the plants by osmosis on a
continuous basis. In addition to the osmosis, water also evaporates from the soil at a rate which is almost
equal to the water transpired through the plants. Such evaporation is actually lost and it is substantial
when the distance between the plants (such as cotton, and orchard) is significant and large surface of soil
is exposed to evaporation.
19. There are significant application losses when soil is saturated by flood irrigation. About 20-25%
of irrigation water is lost during the application due to uneven fields and poorly designed farms. This
leads to excessive application to low-lying areas of the field and under-irrigation of higher spots. Over-
irrigation leaches soluble nutrients from the crop root zone, makes the soil less productive, and degrades
groundwater quality. On the other hand, under-irrigation of elevated parts of the fields results in
accumulation of salts in such patches besides causing water stress and de-osmosis due to applied
fertilizer. The efficiency of irrigation methods ranges from 40-70 percent, while drip and sprinkler
irrigation systems are the most efficient with efficiency of up to 95 percent, as indicated in Figure 2.2 in
Annex 2.
20. High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS) technologies have been developed and successfully
adopted in various countries of the world, including USA, Australia, China, India etc. The major
constraint in the adoption of these technologies is their high installation costs. The issue has however
been resolved through research and development of low cost efficient irrigation technologies, particularly
in China, where cost effective systems have been developed for orchards and all field crops/vegetables.
Experience of other countries and recent studies suggest that introduction of HEIS is highly effective in
conserving water resources.
21. Water Conservation and Reducing Losses is Crucial. Pakistan has been expanding the
surface water supplies to the IBWS over time by capturing more water from the rivers. Prior to the
construction of the Mangla dam in 1967, the annual surface water diversions to the Indus Basin Canals
were about 67 million acre feet (MAF). These increased to about 85 MAF prior to the commissioning of
the Tarbela Dam in 1976 with storage at Mangla and connecting water surplus western rivers (Indus,
Jehlum and Chenab) to the water scarce eastern rivers (actually transferred to India after the Indus Treaty
of 1960). Annual canal diversion post Tarbela reached up to 105 MAF. In the last decade they have
declined to 94.5 MAF (see Annex 2, Table 2.1). This is due to reduced storage capacity in the reservoirs
because of sedimentation, diversions close to full potential supplies of the rivers, and a decade of
relatively low flows. A major deficit of about 8.6 MAF occurs in the Rabi season. Increasing this
capacity is only possible with heavy investment in storage dams on the Indus River, many of which are
very controversial. Also, some believe that apart from a few years of extraordinary floods, the rivers do
not have surplus water to store after meeting the ecological requirements of the delta region and coastal
zone. Even if a dam is started now (such as the Bhasha dam with a live storage capacity of about 6.5
MAF) with sedimentation continuing, it is questionable if it would be possible to increase the average
canal diversions to the level of post-Tarbela average. The other source of water in Pakistan that has been
tapped is groundwater which is recharged by the surface water system. Thus less canal diversions mean
less groundwater availability. Since the 1980s, the groundwater aquifers have supplied an increasing
amount of water for irrigation in areas underlain by fresh groundwater. In Punjab, about half the
irrigation water come from the groundwater wells. This resource is now reaching its limit and further
withdrawals are not possible without serious mining and extraordinary cost of pumping.
22. In the future, substantial quantities of water will only come from cutting down losses, particularly
in the watercourse command and fields, where losses are highest, and which do not contribute to
6
groundwater recharge. The quantity of water that could become available with about a 10 percentage
point reduction in losses in the watercourse command is more than two dams on the Indus River. The
project is designed to capture this potential in addition to making use of water more productively at the
farm level by crop diversification and better irrigation agronomic practices. With the continued use of
flood irrigation, Pakistan will not have enough water to meet future demands. With HEIS, which can
shift efficiency from 40% to 95%, there will be adequate water to meet the demands in the future.
23. The project addresses the issues of inefficiency in the watercourse command area (system owned
and managed by the community) and farmer‟s fields and not in the Government owned canal system like
the distributary and the main canals. The Project supports the goal of reducing the water demand by
introducing interventions that will reduce the amount of water lost in delivery (such as watercourse
improvement) and in water applications to the field such as precision land levelling and HEIS technology,
which targets the crop root zone and is inherently more efficient in water and nutrients application. These
technologies also bring about changes in cropping patterns to high value crops such as vegetables,
orchards and row crops like cotton. These technologies form the basis for productivity enhancement in
agriculture. It is recognized that to fully realize the potential agriculture productivity enhancement, other
interventions like seed, fertilizer, agriculture extension service and cropping technologies are also needed.
Such issues are to be addressed in other operations under preparation in the agriculture sector. In
addition, the issues of government-owned distributary and main canals are being addressed under other
ongoing operations supported by the Bank and other donors and are being monitored under the ongoing
Bank supported Punjab Barrages Improvement Phase-II Project.
24. Climate Change Considerations. The impacts of global climate change, including changes in
glacial melt and the characteristics of floods and droughts on the IBWS needs to be carefully considered.
Climate change studies and its impact on the upper catchment of the Indus River are included in the
ongoing Water Sector Capacity Building Project (WCAP) and in the proposed Tarbela 4th Extension
Hydropower Project. Even though it is difficult to quantify the possible impact, water availability would
be uncertain in the future. Rough estimates indicate that water runoff will decrease in the long run, but it
may be higher in the short run due to the melting of the glaciers. In the absence of glaciers, massive
storage in the Indus catchment would be lost, affecting available supplies. At the minimum, smooth
runoff to the rivers and minimal year-to-year variations in flow volume would be replaced by fluctuating
flows with rainfall runoff. Efficient use of available water resources is the key to meeting the uncertain
water supplies in future under changing climate. The Project would be a great contribution towards that
goal, both in reducing water demand and helping to produce more crops per drop and also creating a
system which can convert the 7 days turn system into and regular supply system.
Rationale for the Bank Involvement
25. The Bank has a long history of partnership and collaboration with Pakistan in the water sector.
As a key partner and principal donor, it has provided support to several main interventions in the
development of the IBWS, including (i) facilitating the Indus Water Treaty negotiations between Pakistan
and India; (ii) establishing the Indus Basin Development Fund that supported the construction of Mangla
and Tarbela dams and several inter-river link canals and barrages; (iii) formulation of the Salinity Control
and Reclamation Program (SCARP-1968); (iv) formulating the Revised Action Plan for Irrigated
Agriculture in 1979; (v) assisting in the development of the Water Sector Investment Planning Study
(WSIPS) in 1991; and (vi) providing guidance on the Drainage Sector Environmental Assessment in 1993
which contributed to the development of the Ninth Five Year Plan. The Bank also developed the
Irrigation and Drainage Strategy of 1994 (grey cover Pakistan: Irrigation and Drainage – Issues and
Options 11884-PAK) and the Pakistan Water CAS (Pakistan‟s Water Economy Running Dry, 2005
34081-PK) that led to a major shift in the I&D sector of Pakistan and the implementation of the current
institutional reform agenda. The Bank has supported several On Farm Water Management Projects and
has helped to introduce innovation in these operations in all provinces of Pakistan. The Government
7
recognizes the Bank‟s continuous and positive role in the I&D sector, and particularly sees a natural role
for the Bank in this project. The Bank‟s involvement is also crucial for ensuring proper implementation
of the Project innovation and introduction of new technologies. In addition to its financing, the
Government is seeking support from the World Bank for its knowledge, expertise and experience in the
sector. Thus, the Bank‟s involvement is crucial for achieving the project objectives.
C. Higher level objectives to which the project contributes
26. The proposed project is fully in line with the FY10-13 Country Partnership Strategy (CPS). The
CPS is organized around four pillars to improve: (i) economic governance; (ii) human development and
social protection; (iii) infrastructure to support growth; and (iv) security and reduce the risk of conflict.
This project is guided by the strategic principles of the third pillar by engaging in a program that would
strengthen irrigation infrastructure and agricultural competitiveness. By supporting Pakistan‟s water use
efficiency and encouraging technology that would promote crop diversification and increase productivity,
the proposed project supports Bank‟s particular emphasis on improving the efficiency of irrigation
systems. It would help support efficient management of the scarce water resources of the country and
help in adaptation under the climate change scenarios of future.
II. Project Development Objectives (PDOs)
A. PDOs
27. The project‟s main objective is to improve productivity of water use in irrigated agriculture. This
will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency and irrigation practices, crop
diversification and effective application of inputs that will translate into greater agricultural output per
unit of water used. The project‟s objectives would contribute to increased agricultural production,
employment and incomes, higher living standards and positive environmental outcomes.
1. Project Beneficiaries
28. The direct beneficiaries of Project would be about 580,000 farm families or about 4.0 million
people all over Punjab. About 17,500 families would be direct beneficiaries of the HEIS systems, about
90,000 families of laser leveling system, and about 475,000 families from the watercourse improvement
program. A very large population would be indirect beneficiaries of the Project, about 13 million
additional person days of employment as farm labor for agricultural operations. Also employment would
be generated through installation of the systems; and private companies would supply materials, help
improve watercourses, and gain additional business from the incremental agriculture production. More
women farmers are likely to opt for the HEIS as it does not require night irrigation as well as other field
work generally not considered culturally appropriate for women e.g., diversion of water from channels,
tilling etc. The HEIS can easily be operated by one person and require just a few hours of water during
the day. In contrast, water supply according to the warabandi goes over 24 hour rotation and about half of
the shareholders get water at night. With HEIS the water would be delivered to the ponds and used for a
week. Importantly, it is delivered during the day in the early morning and in the evening when heat and
evaporation is low. The number of women farmers benefiting from the project would be monitored in
particular by the monitoring and evaluation consultants and reported in the monitoring framework and
project impact assessment.
29. Farm size distribution shows (Agriculture Census of 2000 see Annex 2) that small farms are
dominant in Punjab. This is particularly true in the case of Northeastern Punjab. Over 86% of farms in
Punjab are less than 5 ha, (72% are less than 3 ha, 56% less than 2 ha, 34 are less than 1 ha and 18% are
less than 0.5 ha). Efforts will be made to target the small farmers in providing assistance and smaller
8
units of HEIS will be encouraged. In order to have economies of scale, where possible, farmers will be
allowed to share the ponds and head units (pumping units and fertilizer tank etc.).
2. PDO Level Results Indicators
30. Performance towards achieving the development objectives will be measured through the
following key performance indicators:
Reduction in water losses in the project area;
Increased agriculture output per unit of water used;
31. The above two are the key indicators which would be monitored for results framework, and to
measure the impact and outcome of the project. M&E studies funded under the project would also gather
data on:
Increase in crop yields per acre of land and per acre foot of water;
Change in cropping intensity due to better use of water; and
Crop diversification, increase in area under vegetables, orchards, floriculture and other high value
crops.
III. Project Description
32. The project interventions are installation of HEISs and laser land leveling, improvement of
watercourses, and assistance in crop diversification. All of these have short gestation period and high
return, and are therefore very potent and in strong demand by the farmers. These interventions will
leverage substantial investments from the beneficiaries and have only moderate risks due to strong
participation by the farmers in their designs and implementation, thus mitigating the governance risks.
A. Project components
33. The Project consists of the following components (see Annex 2 for more details).
34. Component A: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (US$234 million, of which
IDA US$120.9 million). This component would consist of the following two sub-components:
35. Component A1: Installation High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (US$177.5 million of which
IDA US$113 Million). The component would support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or
sprinkler irrigation systems at the field level for high value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture and other
high value crops. The irrigation systems would be installed by a service provider on a shared cost basis.
The farmers would provide 40% of the cost of works, and the Project would provide the remaining 60%
of the cost of works and the administrative and management costs. Such a level of subsidy is justified
given that this is a new technology. The drip units would include a pumping unit, fertilizer tank, delivery
fittings, filters, underground main pipeline, and delivery lines, etc. High efficiency irrigation systems
would be installed over 120,000 acres. Indicative targets are about, 5,400 units of 3 acres and 5 acres
each, 4,800 units of 10 acres and 1,920 units of 15 acres. Smaller units would be encouraged where
possible for a wider spread. The head units and ponds would be shared particularly in case of smaller
units. Most of the units would be drip, over an area of about 100,000 acres and other systems may cover
about an area of 20,000 acres. These systems would promote crop diversification. Controlled application
of water and non-water inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical assistance package would be
provided by the vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new technology. In addition,
technical assistance and training would be provided to the users through component C of this project.
Successful installation and application of these irrigation systems would encourage the private sector to
9
adopt this high efficiency irrigation technology, as it happened in case of groundwater development,
which was initiated by the government but brought to large scale development by the private sector. The
sites for installation of HEIS and service providers would be selected based the criteria provided in Annex
2 in more detail. The criteria would be revised and updated every six months in light of the implantation
experience and monitoring results in order to ensure that the project objectives are met in accordance with
the results indicators.
36. Component A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services in Private Sector
(US$56.5 million of which IDA US$7.9 million). Un-leveled fields cause wastage of water, resulting in
low irrigation application efficiency and much lower yields. Laser land leveling saves up to 30% of
irrigation water, results in uniform seed germination, and increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which
enhances crop yields of up to 20%. Under this component the laser leveling equipment would be
provided to the service providers on shared cost basis. The service providers would carry out laser
leveling service for interested farmers on charge back basis as a business. A capacity for laser land
leveling of about two million acres annually would be developed for which about 3,000 laser leveling
units would be provided. About 50% of the cost of the of laser land leveling equipment would be
provided by the service provider who also owns a tractor capable of operating the LASER unit. The
service providers would be selected based on the criteria provided in Annex 2 in more detail. The criteria
would be revised and updated every six months in light of implantation experience and monitoring results
in order to ensure that project objectives are met in accordance with the results indicators.
37. Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems (US$160 Million of which IDA
US$99.5 million). The component would consist of three sub-components:
38. Component B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas (US$126.4 million of
which IDA US$80.3 million). The component would assist Government efforts to improve W/Cs, which
is the tertiary level water distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the 140,000 total W/Cs
in irrigated areas of Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under various donor-supported and local
funded programs. Punjab has about 58,000 W/Cs in irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been
improved, leaving a remaining 17,000 in need of improvement.
39. Concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8 feet (or U sections namely canalets) would be placed
on leveled compacted earth with water tight joints, thus improving existing technology of brick lining.
Where suitable and where farmers prefer, watercourses would be lined using traditional bricks with
plaster. Water turnout structures would be replaced with properly designed concrete structures (pucca
nakas). The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using clean compacted soil. Efforts
would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct the canalets and then be installed
by the Water Users Associations (WUAs). The project would provide technical assistance for layout and
construction supervision to the WUAs. The length of the W/Cs, installation of diversion structures, as
well as other improvements to earthen sections of the W/Cs would be in accordance with the current
standard practice and optimized for each W/C. WUAs/farmers would share the cost through providing
labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other material. Approximately 5,500 W/Cs
would be improved. In canal commanded areas preference would be given to the areas where distributary
level farmers‟ organizations have been formed.
40. Component B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses (US$ 21.0 million of
which IDA US$12.1 million). Many W/Cs in Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early
part of the program in the late 1970s. In order to fully realize the benefits, the improvement works on
these W/Cs would have to be completed. The project would cover completion of about 1,500 W/Cs
which have been partially improved in the past. Farmers would contribute skilled and unskilled labor
with the Project funding the remaining cost.
10
41. Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal
Commanded Areas (US$12.5 million of which IDA US$7.0 million). This component would cover
W/C improvements in the rain fed (Barani) areas, i.e. areas which are not in the command of barrage
controlled irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes. These are generally small W/Cs and the cost of
improvement is less than in other areas. The project would cover about 2,000 W/Cs in Barani areas.
Project would provide material costing upto US$2,950 for each scheme. Farmers would contribute
skilled and unskilled labor and material cost above US$2,950. The cost sharing arrangement results in
about 40% by the farmers and about 60% by the Project.
42. Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
(US$9.0 million of which IDA is US$9.0 million). This component would consist of the following
two sub-components:
43. Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices (US$7.0 million). The
purpose of this component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities under
this component would include: (i) effective research, extension, and agricultural information services; (ii)
participatory training for farmers, involving training of specific target groups in various agro-technical
fields, farm management and irrigation agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in improved and
modern technologies and methods to increase agricultural production through better agronomic practices;
and (iv) the establishment of a Farmers Information Service Desk linked with internet and cell phone
services etc. The Water Management Training Institute (WMTI), Lahore will provide training, research
and extension support for adoption of modern irrigation water management and conservation techniques
and technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is expected to result in crop diversification, and
crop husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture, improved irrigation and drainage practices and
better water management to improve water use efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This
would include interventions to optimize field size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation, irrigation
using drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation system, gated pipes and ways to adapt these technologies etc.
and for moisture measurement and irrigation scheduling. For this purpose, demonstration plots would be
developed in various parts of the project area to complement the direct assistance and to promote new
technologies. These activities would be complemented by a Farmers Information Services Desk in
project areas to provide relevant information to farmers through different means (pamphlets, videos,
radio, TV, weekly papers, cell phones etc.) and to advise them on making their farms more productive
and sensitive to the market demands.
44. For implementation of this component, the Project would recruit Technical Assistance and
Training Consultants (TATCs) with experience in HEIS design, implementation and operation, irrigation
scheduling, crop technologies and irrigation agronomy particularly for the high value crops, horticulture,
vegetables, floriculture and other row crops etc, These consultants should have practical experience in
training of installation of HEIS etc. For this purpose twining arrangements would be made with
international institutions with experience in this area.
45. Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact (US$2.0 million). This
component would cover Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the project‟s impacts. This would be done
primarily by using a sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, Geographic Information
System (GIS), and satellite data. The M&E activities would provide continuous feedback on the
project‟s performance and impact of its various components to the Government of Punjab (GoPunjab), the
Project Policy Committee, (PPC) Project Steering Committee (PSC), and the implementing agency, so
that corrective actions could be undertaken in a timely manner. The M&E activities are likely to cover,
but not limited to: (i) the impact of the irrigation improvements on water use efficiency, groundwater
levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water use; cropping patterns and yields; and livestock
population, health and production; (ii) socio-economic impacts and the impact on the level of
employment, livelihood and household incomes in the project area; estimation of the project‟s overall
11
benefits and economic rate of returns etc. M&E would be carried out using latest technology such as
satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.
46. Implementation of M&E (component C2) would be carried out by independent consultants called
Monitoring and Evaluation Consultants (M&ECs). M&ECs would thus be responsible for: (a)
implementation progress monitoring, including spot checking of works and quality of construction,
targeting of works as compared to agreed criteria, particularly small farmers and women farmers‟
beneficiaries, planned and actual cost of works and various activities, carry out technical audits of the
works completed and certified under the Project; (b) M&E of project impact; and (c) environment and
social impact and implementation of the agreed program. The DGAWM would also have dedicated staff
working in M&E activities and act as counterparts for these consultants.
47. Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and
Strategic Studies (US$20.5 million of which IDA is US$20.5 million). This component would cover
the cost of (i) project implementation and management, including mobilization of farmers, surveys,
engineering and designs, implementation supervision and assistance to the farmers and suppliers, and
ensuring quality of the works carried out by farmers and suppliers/vendors etc; (ii) project supervision
and spot checks, covering quality and quantity aspects, by third party consultants based on which the
funds would be disbursed; (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that would be identified during project
implementation, and technical assistance, training, in particular training the project staff (i.e. training of
the trainers) in crop diversification, shift to horticulture, vegetable and floriculture crops, operation and
maintenance of the irrigation systems and the units installed under the project etc.; and (iv) activities
identified in the Operational Risk Assessment Framework (ORAF) and governance and accountability
measures.
B. Project Financing
1. Lending Instrument: The lending instrument is Specific Investment Loan (SIL).
2. Project Cost and Financing
48. Project Cost. The project cost is about US$423.5 million equivalent. Of this, Government/IDA
financing would be about US$250 million and farmers‟ contributions would come to about US$173.5
million (about 41%). Details of the costs by component and financing arrangements are given in Table 1.
49. This will be an output-based operation. Unit costs will be estimated for W/C improvement works,
laser leveling units, and per acre cost of installation of drip/high efficiency irrigation systems.
Disbursement will be based on the estimated/agreed unit costs and outputs will be monitored by
independent consultants against a baseline as provided in Annex 2. The unit rates will be reviewed every
six months, compared with the actual expenditures. Adjustments to the rates will be made accordingly.
The Project will explore using high technology systems, satellites and GIS system to monitor the
implementation of various units, in combination with ground inspections.
12
Table 1: Tentative Financing Plan (US$ Millions)
Units Amount Total Farmers IDA
US$ M US$ M US$ M
A. Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems
A1. Drip and high efficiency Systems Acres 120,000 177.5 64.5 113.0
A2. Laser Leveling Equipment Units 3,000 56.5 48.5 7.9
Sub-total A 234.0 113.0 120.9
B. Watercourse Improvement Program
B1. Imporvement of Watercourse Number 5,500 126.4 46.1 80.3
B2. Imporvement of W/C partially imp, Number 1,500 21.0 8.9 12.1
B3. Improvement of W/C Barani Areas Number 2,000 12.5 5.5 7.0
Sub-total B 9,000 160.0 60.5 99.5
C. Improved Agriculture Technology/Practies and
Monitoring and Evaluation
C1. Introduction of Improved Agricultural Practices 7.0 7.0
C2. M&E Project Management Support 2.0 2.0
Sub-total C 9.0 9.0
D. Project Management Support, Supervision
Teechnical Assistance Traning
D1. Project Implemenmtation and Management 10.0 10.0
D2. Project Supervision and Third Party Validation 9.5 9.5
D3. Strattegic Studies, TA and training etc. 1.0 1.0
Sub-total D 20.5 20.5
Total 423.5 173.5 250.0
Farmers Share (%) 41%
Taxes and duties (US$M) 50.81
C. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design
50. The project design draws on lessons learned from previous projects in Pakistan and similar
projects in different parts of the country. Bank-wide experience has shown that in arid countries,
irrigation systems are crucial for development, particularly in rural areas which largely depend on the
irrigated agriculture. Also, a large part of the world food production comes from irrigated agriculture;
thus efficient irrigation systems are fundamental for the success of irrigated agriculture. This is
particularly true in the case of Pakistan which depends heavily on the Indus Basin Water/Irrigation
System for almost all of its water resources and IBWS serves as the food machine for the country.
51. The Project is designed taking into account the important lessons learned from the Bank‟s
involvement in the irrigation and drainage sector in Pakistan and other countries such as Mexico,
Argentina, the Dominican Republic, Chile, Philippines, Turkey and Central Asian countries (Uzbekistan,
Kazakhstan etc.). Some of the major lessons incorporated in the project design are:
(i) Beneficiary participation is made central to the project. The project works are demand driven. Prior
to any improvement works, users‟ consultations are carried out and they are given training in the
formation of a WUAs, registered under the WUA Act of 1981. The WUA decides on the scope and
nature of improvement and selection of material, for example brick or concrete canalets. They
procure the material and provide skilled and unskilled labor etc.;
(ii) Laser levelers are provided to the service providers instead of having the laser leveling done by the
Government agency, which was the case in previous operations. This arrangement is much more
efficient and is done at a lower cost as only laser levelers are purchased and the service providers use
their own tractors. This is also recommended over providing equipment to the farmers who lack
13
expertise. Utilization and coverage by each equipment would also be higher as compared to
operations by the Government;
(iii) HEIS is installed by the service providers instead of the Government (which has to follow a complex
and cumbersome procurement process with leakages) or the farmers themselves who are not yet
familiar with the technology;
(iv) Providing a range of products instead of just W/C improvements i.e. HEIS, laser levelers, W/C
improvement and combined with irrigation agronomy and agriculture technology package etc.;
(v) The agriculture technology component is included in the project to provide technical assistance and
training to service providers, farmers and other staff who can teach farmers; such components were
not included in past operations;
(vi) Output based operation with disbursements to be made on unit rates instead of traditional
procurement and contracting of works and materials. Independent M&E consultants carrying out
technical audits (in addition to certification of works and delivery of goods) to ensure quality and
targeting;
(vii) Full component for M&E of project impact is included in the project, which was missing in past
operations.
(viii) Speed of project preparation, appraisal and implementation are critical to project success; and
(ix) Use of international consultants and independent experts to oversee the technical issues and suggest
solutions as needed.
D. Alternatives considered and reasons for rejection
52. Pakistan will be facing severe water shortage in the future. More than 95% of the country‟s water
is used for agriculture. As explained above, water losses are very high in the agriculture sector. With
capture and availability of additional water resources reaching its limit, interventions to conserve water,
improve technology, and enhance water productivity, are urgently needed. During the design phase of the
project, several alternatives were considered. These include:
53. Alternative A: Single Intervention or a Combination. Instead of a single intervention, several
interventions that have major impact on reducing water losses and improving water productivity were
considered to be the best alternative. These include full coverage of community infrastructure i.e. W/C
command, laser leveling, and HEIS - all of which promotes crop diversification, reduces water losses, and
improves water productivity. A menu of options is offered to the farmers, who can then decide based on
their needs, making it an extremely potent combination to achieve the objective of enhancing the water
productivity.
54. Alternative B: Areal Coverage, Target Area or Province wide Operation. Instead of
targeting a specific and limited area, the alternative of a province-wide operation is selected. This would
attract progressive farmers to start new technologies, which will have demonstrative effect and develop
demand for the technology and services. This would make these technologies cheaper in the long-term.
In some areas, the uptake of this technology would be faster than others and thus the approach of province
wide operation instead of target area is advantageous.
55. Alternative C: Implementation of Works by Government, Farmers or Service Providers.
Considering these alternatives, suitable arrangements of implementation of various interventions have
been selected. Government would not implement any works, but would rather provide technical
assistance, and carry out supervision and quality control. Watercourse works would be carried out by the
WUAs, HEIS and laser leveling would be done by the service providers as explained in the lessons
learned above. These alternatives are selected based on the experience gained in earlier operations.
14
IV. Implementation
A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
56. The Director General Agriculture (Water Management) (DGAWM) will be responsible for
implementation of the Project and act as the Project Director of the Project. The Directorate of On Farm
Water Management (OFWM) has demonstrated that it has the capacity to implement such programs in
Punjab. It has implemented several World Bank, ADB and Japan International Cooperation Agency
(JICA) financed projects and national programs for W/C improvements and HEIS. The detailed
implementation are described below and presented in Annex 3 and shown in Chart-I.
57. DGAWM reports to the Secretary Agriculture of the GoPunjab. DGAWM, as the Project
Director, will be responsible for all aspects of the project, including technical, implementation,
procurement, financial management, and overseeing the technical assistance and training program, etc.
The DGAWM will be supported by staff at headquarters and its team will be strengthened, particularly by
adding a highly qualified Deputy Director Finance and a Procurement Specialist.
58. The OFWM function, that is water management below “mogha” (outlet from the distributary
canal and command area of community W/C that is managed by farmers), has been devolved to District
Governments under the Devolution Plan of 2001. Under this arrangement, an office of the District
Officer (OFWM) has been setup in all 36 districts of the Province for supervision of water management
activities. The Tehsil is the lowest tier of the administration where the office of Deputy District Officer
(DDO, OFWM) carries out the execution of works through field staff comprising of: (i) Deputy District
Officer and one Water Management Officer (WMO); (ii) two Water Management Supervisors (WMSs);
and support staff. Out of 133 Tehsils in the province, offices of DDO (OFWM) have been established at
101 Tehsil Headquarters of which 83 are in irrigated area and 18 are in Barani (un-irrigated areas). The
remaining may be established under the Project as needed.
59. Regional Project Coordination Unit (RPCU). Three Regional Project Coordination Units
(RPCUs) have been established in Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi to help coordinate and supervise the
project activities at the district and Tehsil level. The RPCU will be headed by one Regional Project
Director (RPD), supported by one Deputy Director (Technical) and one Assistant Director (Technical),
Financial Management and support staff.
60. District Office (OFWM) will be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal
monitoring at the district level. Its capacity will be strengthened by provision of incremental staff for
establishing HEIS Field Teams, comprising of two WMOs, one Computer Operator, Assistant Director
(Tech), one Vehicle Driver, and two surveyors and Rodmen. The incremental staff shall be recruited on a
contract basis for the duration of the Project. It has been proposed to establish offices of DDO (OFWM)
in 25 uncovered Tehsils under the proposed project. In addition, incremental staff comprising of WMSs
and Rodmen will be provided to DDOs (OFWM) offices as per work load/targets in various Tehsils.
61. Project Supervision and Coordination. Several committees have been established to ensure
provincial oversight and coordination in implementation at various levels:
(i) Project Policy Committee. The Project Policy Committee (PPC) would provide
planning and strategic guidance for project implementation as well as facilitate inter-
agency coordination at the highest level. The PPC would be chaired by the Chairman,
Planning and Development Board, Punjab with Secretaries of Agriculture, Irrigation and
15
Power (IPD), Local Government (LG) and Finance Department (FD) as its members.
DGAWM will be the Member-Secretary of the PPC.
(ii) Project Steering Committee. The Project Steering Committee (PSC) would be chaired by
Secretary Agriculture, Government of Punjab with DGAWM; Chief (Agriculture) Planning and
Development Department; Additional Secretary (Expenditure), Finance Department; and Additional
Secretary (Tech), Irrigation & Power Department as its members. DGAWM would act as Secretary
of the PSC.
(iii) Project Implementation Committee. The Project Implementation Committee (PIC) would be
chaired by DGAWM with Director (Headquarters), Director (Training), Deputy Project Director
(HQ), Regional Project Directors, Deputy Directors (HQ) District Officers (OFWM), and Team
Leader Project Implementation Supervision Consultants (PISCs), M&ECs and Technical Assistance
and Training Consultants (TATCs) as its members. The Director (Headquarters) would act as the
Secretary of the committee.
(iv) District Implementation Committee. A District Implementation Committee (DIC) will be
constituted in each district to implement the project at the district level. It will comprise of (i) District
Coordination Officer chairing the DIC; and (ii) Executive District Officer (Finance & Planning),
Executive District Officer (Agriculture), Regional Project Director, Representative of the Revenue
Department as its members. District Officer (OFWM) would serve as the Member-Secretary.
(v) District Rate Committee. The District Rate Committee (DRC) will be constituted under the DIC to
decide the rates of construction materials for improvement of w/c and will consist of Executive
District Officer (Agriculture) as Chairman, Field Engineer (Consultant), District Officer (Buildings),
as members and District Officer (OFWM) would be the Secretary. The DRC will periodically review
rates of various construction materials, fix price for different materials for clusters on geographical
basis.
62. Project Implementation Supervision Consultants. The Project Implementation Supervision
Consultants (PISCs) will be selected through an international selection process under Component D2 of
the Project. They will report to DG OFWM and check the implementation program, quality of works,
delivery of works, and certify the quantities of work carried out and the payments. They will also help
the DG OFWM in project planning and management, quarterly progress reporting, procurement planning,
financial management and overall project management.
63. Monitoring and Evaluation, and Technical Assistance and Training Consultants. These
M&ECs, using resources allocated for component C2 of the project, will help in: (a) monitoring of the
physical progress; (b) M&E of the project impact; and (c) supervision of the environment and social
issues, framework and environmental and social management plans. The TATCs will provide technical
assistance and training to service providers for HEIS and precision land leveling, to individual farmers
and WUAs as envisaged under component C1 of the project and described in more detail above.
B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation
64. The DGAWM will submit quarterly reports in an appropriate format to the PPC, PSC, and the
Bank no later than 45 days after the end of each quarter. The DGAWM will be responsible for preparation
of the quarterly report that will cover the progress and expected completion dates for civil works and
equipment supply contracts, progress on institutional components, implementation of SAP and EMP,
training and studies, and activities of the PISCs, M&ECs and TATCs etc. The reports will cover financial
and procurement information, including: (a) comparison of actual physical and financial outputs with
forecasts, and updated six-months project forecasts; (b) project financial statements, including sources
and application of funds, expenditures by category statement, and special accounts reconciliation
statement; (c) a procurement management report, showing status and contract commitments; (d) progress
16
in completion of works, distribution of works among various kind of users as compared with the targets;
and (e) issues and alternative solutions etc.
65. The DGAWM will also prepare annual reports by no later than September 30 of each year of
project implementation. The report will cover: (a) the progress of each component, implementation of key
features of the social and environmental management plan, key performance indicators, operation of
project facilities, and financial statements; and (b) the Annual Work Plan for implementation, annual
funds required for implementation with breakdown by each co-financier, an updated disbursement profile,
planned actions for mitigating negative effects during construction, and target indicators for the coming
fiscal year. In addition to the semi-annual reviews by the Bank, detailed annual reviews will be
undertaken in October each year. A mid-term review of the Project will be undertaken by October 31,
2016. An Implementation Completion Report (ICR) will be submitted to the Bank no later than six
months after the closing date.
66. The M&ECs shall be recruited for: (a) M&E of the implementation progress, spot checking and
technical audits of works being implemented, achieve project targeting etc; (b) project impact, including
the implementation and monitoring of the environment and social plans. TATCs shall be recruited for
technical assistance and training of the farmers, service providers and establishment of demonstration
plots, farmers information desk etc. The M&E studies will evaluate the success in project implementation
in terms of meeting the project‟s objectives, and assess its physical, hydrological, environmental, social,
and economic impacts. The M&E activities will provide continuous feedback to the PPC, PSC and the
Bank on the project‟s performance, and on mitigation of negative impact under various components, so
that corrective actions can be undertaken in a timely manner if necessary. Changes to the Project, if any,
will be reflected in the implementation review aide memoires and/or communicated through an exchange
of letters between the Bank and the Government. The Bank Team will place a Staff and/or a consultant in
the country who will visit the project site on a regular basis, particularly in the first two years of the
project, to monitor the project planning, implementation program for construction activities,
communication strategy, etc.
C. Sustainability
67. Irrigation is highly profitable in Pakistan so there are no inherent sustainability issues. However,
despite the surpluses generated to the economy, the sector is short of funds for proper O&M of the system
due to several factors mentioned in Section I. The O&M issues are related to government-owned upper
tier of the irrigation system - from barrages to the head of W/Cs. Below the W/Cs, the system is
maintained by farmers themselves and it is comparatively well maintained. Aspects of O&M of the
Government owned system is being addressed through the irrigation sector reform program by divestiture
of the distributary canal system to formally organized FOs who would be responsible for management of
that part of the system. They are also being federated to participate in management and O&M of the main
and branch canal system. The Barrages will remain within Government control as they are multi-sectoral
and strategic assets. The Punjab Barrages II Project would support a program for improvements in (a)
transparency in water allocation; (b) accounting and monitoring; and (c) monitoring of progress in
transfer and progressively enhancing the role of FOs in irrigation management in Punjab.
68. The project works are designed to enhance the sustainability of the system. It will help reduce the
demand for water resources, thus enhance the availability of water. It will also improve the application of
chemicals and improve uptake by crops, which reduces water-logging, salinity, drawdown of the
groundwater aquifer, and land and water degradation. The O&M costs of the works improved under the
project will be reduced and become easier, thus improving the sustainability of the works and this would
help in improving overall sustainability of irrigation system. The expectation is that the project will
provide the necessary impetus for private sector and farmers to undertake installation of HEIS and laser
leveling. That is why these works are being carried out through service providers and this arrangement
17
will develop capability to carry out such works in the private sector. The service providers will do
appropriate work (checked by the PISCs and M&ECs) and provide after care in order to develop further
business in the same area. The Project will have transformational effect in improving the sustainability of
irrigated agriculture in Pakistan and improving its long-term productivity.
V. Critical risks and possible controversial aspects (Refer to Annex 4)
69. A detailed Operational Risk Assessment Framework (ORAF) has been prepared (Annex 4). The
overall implementation risk of the operation is considered to be Moderate. The following paragraphs
summarize key risks that support this evaluation.
70. Implementation capacity: The sheer scale of the operation, spanning the entire province and
dealing with millions of farmers and water users, raise concerns regarding technical and management
capacity to carry out the program. However, the implementing agency, DGAWM, has years of experience
working with farmers and water users associations, implementing projects of similar nature. Its capacity
would be further strengthened through the recruitment of PISCs and TATCs financed under components
C1 and D1 respectively. Further, under component C2, an independent team of consultants (M&ECs)
would monitor the project performance, users‟ satisfaction and any issues regarding implementation, and
will provide feedback to the implementing agencies. Should any issues emerge, they will be dealt with at
the management and PSC level, which would be chaired by the highest authority in the province.
71. Governance and accountability: Complex implementation arrangements, involving multiple
committees, several layers of government, and spanning across 36 districts in the province, could pose
governance challenges. Efficiency and transparency in procurements could also pose a risk, particularly
given the large number of contracts. DGAWM has considerable experience in procurement and execution
of civil works contracts. Its performance in carrying out procurement under the ongoing and previous
Bank, ADB and JICA financed projects has been satisfactory. In addition, project interventions will
leverage substantial investments from the beneficiaries which will mitigate governance risks.
Procurement of materials for W/Cs would be carried out by the communities who will also implement the
works. Therefore, there would be internal checks and balances and self interest to carry out procurement
properly. In addition, the works would be certified by the PISCs which would form the basis of
disbursements. The M&ECs will carry out technical audits and quality checks in addition to ensuring
targeting of the beneficiaries and women farmers as envisaged under the project.
72. The farmers like the Project and there is a huge demand for these interventions as seen under the
ongoing advance implementation of project activities that are proposed to be financed retroactively. The
Project would be transformational in terms of introducing the HEIS technology in the country and by
giving an impetus to the private sector, local industry and service providers to develop local technology
and industry to install such system in the future without the government‟s involvement as it happened in
the case of groundwater development. The Government installed drainage wells, and farmers and local
industry picked up the concept and made it cheaper and more practical. This lead to a boom in
groundwater development that propelled the agriculture development for nearly two decades. If
implemented successfully, the HEIS technology could have even more transformational impacts that
groundwater development brought two decades ago.
VI. Appraisal Summary
A. Economic and Financial Analysis
Economic Analysis (See Annex 7 for details)
18
73. The Project will have a transformational impact on Punjab‟s Water Sector, by reducing water
losses and introducing technologies, which will help improve water conservation and increase
productivity of water. It is challenging to fully capture and quantify the benefits of such an intervention
in a sector like agriculture where many factors are at play. Therefore, a simplified approach is used to
estimate the incremental benefits of the project and cost benefit analysis is carried out by determining a
discount rate, which equalizes the costs and benefits i.e. the Economic Rate of Return (ERR). The
methodology and analysis is described below.
74. The benefits are quantified to the extent possible for major interventions under Component A
(HEIS and Laser leveling) and Component B (watercourse improvements). The benefits of component C
(technical assistance) are considerable, but they are not quantified separately. It is assumed that these
services are required for the benefits of components A and B, even though they do extend beyond the
scope of these components. Similarly the benefits of training under component D of the project have not
been quantified and accounted for. The costs for all components are considered in the economic analysis.
75. To carry out the economic analysis, crop models were developed for each crop that would be
grown in the project area. Also models were prepared for each type of intervention i.e. HEIS, laser
leveling, and watercourse improvement. The economic benefits are estimated based on actual
observations in the field, which have been carried out under previous national and donor-supported
projects. The details on assumptions and methodology are provided in Annex 7.
76. Economic Rate of Return (ERR) Estimates. The ERR for the base case is about 32.6%. The
benefit cost ratio including capital and operational cost is over 1.9. The base case reflects a very
conservative estimate and the ERR realized is likely to be higher than this. The ERR is 43.2% for HEIS,
32.7% for laser leveling, 28.1%, for full and 23.1% for partial watercourse improvement in the canal area,
and 19.7% in non-canal or barani areas.
77. For HEIS, the ERR was estimated for each crop, orchard for which citrus, guava and mangoes
were taken, vegetables (potato, tomatoes etc,), orchard intercropped with vegetables, and DRIP-
installation for new orchard and old orchard etc. Models were developed for representing 3, 5, 10 and 15
acre units. The orchard gives the highest return followed by vegetables and cotton. The use of these
systems also gives good returns on wheat and pulses; however these may not be encouraged in the project
area.
78. Sensitivity Analysis. The Project ERR is robust, and not very sensitive to variations in the
project costs or benefits. Switching values have been computed to determine the effects of increase in
costs and decrease in benefits. With an increase in capital cost by 20% or a reduction in benefits by 20%,
the ERR is 25.7% and 24.2%. With a combination of two, the ERR is 18.5%. Delay in incremental
benefits by two years would reduce base ERR to 19.6%. The ERR would remain above 12% considering
opportunity cost of capital to 91% increase in cost or reduction in benefits by 47%.
79. Employment. The project would create about 12.9 million additional person days per annum of
employment as farm labor. This estimate reflects the additional labor days required for land preparation,
plowing, watering, harvesting, etc. at full development. The actual employment impact in the economy
will be much higher due to an incremental production of the agriculture produce and its handling sales
and marketing etc. It is difficult to estimate the full impact on employment. An effort will be made to
estimate through the Project M&E studies.
Financial Analysis
80. The financial return to farmers for the investments are even higher than the economic return as
the investment cost by farmers is much less (about 41% of the total project cost) and there are no
19
extraordinary distortions in the input and output prices of the agricultural commodities in Pakistan. The
analysis of financial return to the farmers is not of interest or applicable except to ascertain that farmers
are interested in the investments and there is a demand for the project interventions. Farmers have great
interest in the investments and there is already a long list of applications received by the DGAWM for
watercourse improvements and HEIS installation. Farmers are interested in these investments because of
productivity enhancement, improvement in water management and water savings, reduced labor
requirement and timely application of water.
81. The possible fiscal impact of the investment on the Government of Punjab is of interest as it is
providing about 60% of the cost of the project as subsidy. The project is a very small part of the
GoPunjab‟s budget and all government‟s share is financed by the IDA credit. Also the cost of borrowing
from IDA is much less compared to domestic borrowing which is the main issue in Pakistan. Therefore,
the project would not be an undue burden on the government‟s finances. The project‟s economic return is
very high and it will generate enough revenues for the GoPunjab in the long run by enhancing the
agricultural productivity and exports.
B. Technical
82. Technically the works are simple. They have been carried out successfully before. Some
innovations would be introduced in improving watercourses with concrete canalets and their unit length
increased. These would be manufactured under factory conditions where high quality standards would be
maintained. The improved technology and production system will be used to bring down the cost of
production like it was done in the case of “pucca nakka”. Similarly, in the case of HEIS, a combination
of buried PVC and polyethylene pipes will be used to minimize the cost of piping and to reduce the O&M
cost. Although PVC pipes are available in the market, relatively thinner PVC pipes would be more
suitable when buried. The pipe factories would also be encouraged to manufacture polyethylene pipes
specifically for DRIP and HEIS. This would bring down the cost. The existing pumping units will be
used with modifications to minimize the cost of the units and improve the O&M. The technical
assistance and training will provide value to farmers and service providers that will help in use of the new
systems and crop diversification etc. After the Project, a fleet of service providers will be available.
Material production facilities that the HEIS systems and canalets use will be established in the future as it
happened in the case of the groundwater wells and “paca nakka” that are commonly used by farmers.
They purchase from the market and install it or ask the drillers to install a tubewell.
83. The main challenge in the project is the proper execution and management of the thousands of
schemes all over the province, works contracts, purchase of material and installation, quality control and
testing, certification and payments. For that, as explained in the project implementation arrangement, a
robust system of supervision, checking and auditing is instituted with proper review and monitoring at
various levels. Adjustments would be made to implementation arrangements based on lessons learned
during initial implementation of the project. Also the output based disbursements system will help
manage the implementation issues very well.
C. Financial Management
84. An assessment of the Financial Management (FM) arrangements was carried out for this output-
based disbursement Project. The detailed FM arrangements are included in Annex-3. Initial Substantial
risk of the Project shall be mitigated through, inter alia, (a) recruitment and training of FM staff at
DGAWM Office; (b) development of FM Manual for the Project; and (c) timely submission of properly
prepared quarterly Interim Financial Report (IFR) and annual audited financial statements of the project.
Disbursements will follow the "Report-Based" principle whereby funds will be front-loaded to the
Designated Account based on the cash forecast for the following two quarters provided in IFRs. The
project‟s financial statements will be audited by the Auditor General of Pakistan and must be submitted to
20
the Bank no later than 6 months (December 31) after the FY-end. The Project shall be put on the
Government FM Information System (SAP R3) starting from the inception period.
85. Retroactive Financing. Retroactive financing of up to US$20 million for payments made
against eligible expenditures from August 1, 2011 to the Loan signing date shall be allowed provided that
the procurement procedures are acceptable to the Bank. The IFRs shall include Disbursement Statement
indicating PISC‟s certificate for completed number of watercourses, HEIS installed and the laser land
leveling provided.
D. Procurement
86. A procurement assessment has been carried out and is deemed satisfactory in terms of
institutional capacity. A procurement specialist will be added to the DGAWM office at the headquarters.
Components A and B of the project shall be implemented through the community participation approach
and is designed as an output based disbursement. The parameters of community participation in the
activities of installation of HEIS, precision land leveling equipment and watercourse improvements have
been agreed with the Bank. The procedures for pre-qualification of HEIS service providers and LLL
suppliers, as well as selection of beneficiaries have been agreed upon. Templates of contracts with
communities/beneficiaries of such services have been agreed with the implementing agency. Procurement
responsibility rests with the office of DGAWM. At the implementation level, support shall be provided by
the DRC for adequate estimates and the PISC for pre-qualification of service providers/suppliers and
technical support to communities for construction works, as well as certification for payments.
Communities shall be provided with a very simple set of procurement guidelines to ensure that funds are
utilized with economy, efficiency and transparency. Consultancy firms under component C and D shall be
hired using Bank‟s guidelines. The Bank shall conduct procurement training sessions to facilitate efficient
procurement and contract implementation.
E. Social (including safeguards)
87. The project will generate substantial social benefits in addition to economic benefits. These
include enhanced participation of farmers. Such cooperation results in better O&M of the system and
cooperation in other ventures such as marketing and purchase cooperative and other social activities in the
village. Enhanced equity between tail and head users further strengthens community relations leading to
other useful outcomes e.g. reduced tensions, fights and even murders. Currently conflicts in villages are
caused by issues of water use and head-tail delivery of water. Thousands of cases are pending in courts
due to fights for water at the watercourse command level. The participation of water users and farmers is
central to the project. End-users will form WUAs and register under the 1981 Act for WUAs and develop
systems according to the by-laws of WUA act. This system is well tested and works very well.
Watercourse improvements ensure equity in water distribution between head and tail, more water is made
available at the tail end of the system. Such improved equity brings more social harmony and inclusion,
reduces tensions among farmers on a watercourse allowing them to take other collective actions such as
collective purchase of inputs, marketing of outputs and improving O&M of the system. The main
beneficiaries of the W/C improvement program would be small farmers who would get sufficient water to
irrigation of small plots they own. As indicated above, when several thousand watercourses were
improved in Punjab, all influential farmers had their watercourse improved first over the last decade. This
Project would cover those left out who are less influential and are at the tail end of the program.
88. The HEIS will be targeted to the extent possible at small farmers and women farmers. Monitoring
program would keep track of the targets. Cost sharing arrangements may be done in a manner that small
farmers can contribute by digging ponds and doing some related works themselves in agreement with
service providers. Service providers are likely to provide a seasonal credit to help farmers to install the
21
HEIS and generate business. The return on investment in HEIS is such that it can generate enough profit
to pay off in one season. The Project would also assist farmers and link them with the microfinance
institutions to help finance their part of the cost.
89. In northern and eastern Punjab, the farm holdings are small. Many people from rural areas have
left their farms to seek livelihood outside the villages, leaving the land to one of their kin. Some people
left for the Middle-East where they are exposed to DRIP irrigation. With the financial crises, many such
people returned home and are now trying to make a living off the same shared land. They have some
capital and are familiar with the technology, and are located in areas closer to a growing urban
population. Such groups could potentially provide the first stock of farmers shifting to HEIS and also
become service providers.
90. Project interventions help rural women in general and women farmers in particular. Watercourse
improvements also provide washing ghats and other facilities to fetch water often used by women. Also,
the simpler turnout devised installed as part of the watercourse improvements are easy to operate by
women, children and old, as it involves picking up a concrete lid from one side and placing it on the other
side, thus diverting water from one channel to the other. This is otherwise very cumbersome as it
involves breaking an earthen plug from one side and constructing on the other side while standing in
flowing water, a task requiring movement of earth at a very high speed. This is even more difficult in
sandy areas where forming an earthen plug is rather difficult. More women farmers are likely to opt for
the HEIS system as that would help avoid night irrigation and an operation culturally not considered
appropriate for women to carry out in the field. HEIS systems can be operated easily by one person and
just a few hours during the day while water according to warabandi goes over 24 hour rotation and about
half of the share holders get water at night. With HEIS, water would be delivered to the ponds and used
for a week and during the early morning and evening when heat is less intense. By lowering the
evaporation, water is conserved. Also, vegetable farming and harvesting is relatively easier for women
and old farmers as farm operation is relatively less intense, e.g. unlike wheat where whole acre is to be
harvested in one go. Instead, vegetables are picked everyday for only a few hours and then processed,
packed and supplied, an operation in which even children and elderly can participate.
91. Non-farm activities would also increase in rural areas to handle enhanced production, generating
employment for landless people. It is estimated that an additional 10 million person days of labor would
be generated annually by the project for agriculture operations alone (plowing, harvesting, watering in
addition to labor needed for processing the produce), much of which would be provided by non land
owners, thus increasing their incomes. During construction, there would be labor demand for earth work
and lining etc, for skilled and unskilled labor, and service providers would employ technical and non staff
on a permanent basis. The Project‟s M&E consultants would be monitoring carefully the employment
numbers during project implementation and track various kind of jobs created both during and after the
project.
F. Environment (including safeguards)
92. Increased efficiency in irrigation water use, conservation of scarce water resources and reduction
in root zone salinity are some of the likely environmental benefits from the project. Since the project is
province-wide, cumulative impacts are enormous. However, during project implementation there is a
possibility of some low to moderate, short-duration impacts such as damage to assets, loss of land, soil
erosion etc. Therefore the project has been categorized as „B‟. The project has nonetheless carried out a
full Environmental Assessment (EA) with extensive consultations with stakeholders. No other Bank‟s
policy on environment is triggered on this project. Details on the EA process and consultation are
available in Annex 8.
93. The proposed project interventions are environmentally positive. However, potential impacts are
mainly limited to the construction and operation stage of the project. The environmental analysis includes
22
project alternatives in terms of „alternative irrigation methods‟, „alternative land leveling methods‟,
„alternative methods for on-farm water conservation‟ and „alternative methods for the
implementation/construction of project activities‟. The analysis clearly shows relative environmental and
social advantages of the proposed project against conventional/traditional irrigation practices and in
improving water use efficiency and water conservation.
94. The EA presents quite elaborate environmental and social baseline conditions of the project area.
The project area which falls administratively under Punjab province is geographically divided into (i)
upper hilly region (ii) Potohar plateau, (iii) central plain lands, (iv) desert like plains and (v) Cholistan
and Thar deserts. Each of these regions has different environmental, ecological and social settings.
Overall the province has about 29 percent of the total reported 57 percent cultivated area and 69 percent
of copped area. About 64 percent of rural population is associated with agriculture while around 50
percent of the total labor force is employed in agriculture alone. These figures show, on one hand, the
need for immediate action to improve irrigation practices. Otherwise overall irrigation efficiency,
currently at around 35 - 45 percent, would further deteriorate and the potential for water conservation, on
the other hand, due merely to the economy of scale, would be irretrievably lost. Despite the fact that
project interventions are limited to some select area producing high value crops like orchards and
vegetables, there are number of protected areas in the province which rely on the same water source for
irrigation as do the agricultural cropped lands. There exists one national park, nineteen wildlife
sanctuaries, and five game reserve areas in the project area, and proposed project interventions will
remain outside of these protected areas.
95. The project identified two major groups of stakeholders and has held extensive consultations.
Institutional stakeholders included all those who in one or another way either have influence over or have
direct bearing resulting from the project interventions. The EA reports on the key findings of these
consultations and include recommendations for the project to develop a good communication strategy, use
of FM radio for awareness campaign for farmers, inclusion of sustainability aspects and setting up
demonstration facilities within the project. The project also held grass-root consultations throughout the
project area. The grass-root stakeholders were generally appreciative of the project and put a lot of
emphasis on the provision of supply and services facilities. Some of the farmers asked for compensatory
tree plantation against those trees removed due to the project. Some of them were worried about the
quality of drinking water, particularly coming out of hand-pumps as the watercourse lining may affect the
shallow water lanes.
96. The EA reports assessment of potential environmental impacts particularly on change in land use
and land form, soil erosion and topography, possible soil and water contamination, reduction in
groundwater recharge, air quality deterioration, impact on flora and fauna and agriculture and irrigation
network, employment opportunities and gender inclusion issues. The EA report presents a comprehensive
environmental mitigation and monitoring program under the Environmental and Social Management Plan
(ESMP). The ESMP also elaborates the need for environmental and social monitoring, third party
monitoring, documentation and reporting requirements, capacity development needs both for the project
staff and water users and also outlines the institutional set up and responsibilities to provide oversight for
the implementation.
97. DGAWM will be responsible for the overall environmental and social performance of the project
and will designate an Environmental and Social Coordinator (ESC) at the province level for the effective
implementation of ESMP. The ESC will be responsible for liaison and coordination with Water
Management Staff at the district level, who in turn will coordinate with and supervise WUAs and farmers
for the actual implementation of environmental and social guidelines. An elaborate training program for
field staff has been envisaged to help them in understanding environmental and social issues and facilitate
them to implement the ESMP. The project has earmarked adequate funds for the implementation of
ESMP.
23
98. Climate Change Considerations. The project is an instrument for climate change adaptation by
providing technology and systems that would reduce losses and conserve water, reduce pollution and
provide storages close to ponds. About 10,000 ponds would be developed at the farm level that can
convert once in 7 days water supply to 7 days supply. All these measures would build resilience against
shortages or fluctuating and uncertain water supplies in case of climate change scenarios. In addition,
less pressure on water resources would enable the society to produce food and use water for other
purposes when such resources are further stained due of risks of climate change.
G. Other Safeguards Policies triggered (if required)
99. International Waterways (OP 7.50). The project area is located on the Indus Basin which is an
international waterway, thus automatically triggering the international waterways safeguard under OP
7.50. However, the project essentially involves enhancements to existing watercourses and farm channels
to improve water productivity and the fields‟ efficiency as well as eliminate water loss in the irrigation
process. It does not involve works and activities that would exceed the original scheme, change its
nature, or alter or expand its scope and extent to make it appear a new or different scheme. Therefore,
given the nature of works envisaged under the proposed project: (a) the project will not adversely affect
the quality or quantity of waterflows to other riparians; and (b) it will not be adversely affected by other
riparians' water use.
100. The project team has also reviewed Article VII of the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960 between India
and Pakistan and concluded that a notification by Pakistan to India under paragraph (2) of the said Article
VII is not required, as the project will not cause interference with the waters of any of the rivers and will
not affect the other riparians materially. Therefore, the Project falls within the exception to the
notification requirements of OP 7.50, set forth in paragraph 7(a) of OP 7.50. The RVP has approved
exception to notification as required under the OP7.50.
101. Consultations and Disclosure. During the ESA study, consultations were held with
institutional and grass-root stakeholders, in order to apprise them of the proposed interventions under
PIPIP, and to obtain their views, concerns and recommendations, to be incorporated in the project design
to the extent possible.
102. The institutional stakeholders‟ key comments and recommendations focused mainly on the
following aspects: The urgent need to adopt the proposed interventions in view of the decreasing
irrigation water availability; importance of farmers‟ capacity building and awareness raising; role of
research institutions in promoting initiatives such as the high efficiency irrigation techniques; importance
of trees and livestock in the overall rural economy; possibility of employing rural youth for innovative
irrigation and farming techniques; importance of local manufacturing and provision of back up services
for the high efficiency irrigation systems; need to integrate pest management and soil/water pollution
caused by chemical inputs; and the need to remove barriers for the small farmers to adopt techniques such
as drip or sprinkler irrigation.
103. Grassroot consultations were carried out during an extensive field visit to different parts of the
Province from 5 to 10 April 2011. These consultations were held with more than 200 stakeholders,
including project affected people, potential project beneficiaries, local communities, and the Department‟s
field officers in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bhakkar, and Layyah
districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of the distinct regions of the province
with respect to the cultivation and water availability – Potwar, Central Punjab, Southern Punjab, and Thal
desert. Farmers appreciated the proposed project and demonstrated their eagerness to participate in it.
24
104. Key comments recommendations provided by grassroot stakeholders primarily pertained to issues
such as the need to decrease farmers‟ share in the cost of schemes, need to simplify the payment process
and expedite payments to farmers, need to expand the land leveling, watercourse improvement and HEIS
to other areas, and willingness of the communities to carry out compensatory tree plantation for trees that
would need to be cut down for the project interventions.
105. Institutional consultations were primarily carried out through two consultative workshops
respectively held in Islamabad and Multan on 4 May and 18 May 2011. The workshop held in Islamabad
was attended by 30 participants, while the one held in Multan was attended by 40 participants. These
participants included officials from the relevant government departments such as the Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) and Irrigation Department, personnel from research institutions, faculty
members from academia, representatives of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and others.
Participants in these workshops generally appreciated the project, and raised pertinent questions and
provided valuable suggestions on the project objectives, design, and implementation details.
Communications Strategy
106. Recent experience in the infrastructure sector in Pakistan has increasingly shown the importance
of employing strategic communication to ensure ownership of a wide array of stakeholders. Effective
communications between the government, particularly the implementation agency and stakeholders
helps build trust and collaboration which in turn contributes to better project design, speedy
implementation and achievement of project‟s development objectives. The project will benefit from a
well designed communication strategy involving all stakeholders, including communities and people
likely to benefit (or impacted by) from the project. More broadly speaking, it is important that the
Agriculture Department takes advantage of this project to further strengthen its Media and
Communication Unit‟s capacity to communicate more effectively about its irrigation and water sector
development program including the Project.
107. Using resources available under the project‟s component D, DGAWM will further strengthen and
build capacity of the Communication team. A communication specialist will be hired as a consultant
whose ToRs will include (a) helping the Media and Communication Team put together an overarching
communication strategy for meeting DGAWM‟s external and internal communication needs with an
action plan for implementation, (b) through a consultative process, identify training and technology needs
of the team and come up with a detailed action plan of how these needs will be met, and (c) prepare a
communication strategy and action plan for the Project within an overall communication strategy with a
view to addressing immediate term and priority communication needs of the project like stakeholder
consultations, content generation and dissemination, website creation and maintenance, outreach
activities, media and civil society relationship management, and field level communications. The PISCs
and M&ECs would provide support to the DGAWM in implementation of an effective communication
strategy.
108. DGAWM, Regional Project Coordinators and District Units will all be responsible for
disseminating detailed project related information, particularly construction programs at the grassroots
level in the affected areas. Both traditional and non-traditional methods shall be employed to convey
messages to the stakeholders.
Communications Methods. The following communication methods shall be used:
109. Involvement of policy makers. The DGAWM will initiate a series of direct communications
measures to inform and involve policy makers including concerned Ministers, MNAs and MPAs. This
can be achieved by making presentations and holding briefing sessions on a regular basis. This will be
done simultaneously with the mass media campaign that achieves the same objective. They will be invited
25
as part of the public consultation process, to showcase the transparency of the Project as well as with an
objective of garnering public support for the project.
110. Involvement of the local elected bodies, FOs, community leaders and NGOs. Local elected
representatives and Councilors in the union councils have a close relationship with the farming
community. Information regarding the annual canal closure program will be disseminated through them.
Communication will also be undertaken through heads of villages and the Imam Masjid (Mosque). The
majority of the communities in the area are illiterate; so for those who can‟t read, communication through
these means will be used.
111. Communication through the Media. Print and electronic media (Newspapers, TV, and Radio)
have a vast reach among all potential project partners. They are also the bridge between policy making
and rural masses, informing and influencing opinions of the populace. The project will carry out a Media
Analysis to maximize the impact of its media relations. The Analysis will include assessing the reach of
different publications, TV and Radio stations among the various target audiences, perceptions among the
media on the Project and developing the most efficient and effective media strategy for the project. The
project team will carry out intensive media relations and will use press briefings, conferences, news
releases and interviews.
26
Annex 1: Results Framework and Monitoring
Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase-I Project (PIPIPP)
Project Development Objective (PDO): The project‟s main objectives are to improve water productivity. Improved water productivity will translate into greater agricultural output per
unit of water used, and will be achieved through improved physical delivery efficiency, irrigation practices, crop diversification and effective application of inputs.
PDO Level Results
Indicators* Co
re
Unit of
Measure Baseline
Cumulative Target Values
Frequency Data Source/
Methodology
Responsibi
lity for
Data
Collection
Description
(indicator
definition etc.) YR 1 YR 2 YR3 YR 4 YR 5
YR 6
Indicator One:
Reduction in water
losses in the project
area - In watercources
improved by
10%;
- Where HEIS are
installed
In number of
watercourse
command
Acres
covered by
HEIS
40% level
of current
losses
500
20,000
1500
40,000
3,500
80,000
6500
100,000
9,000
120,000
Bi-
Annually
Project
reports,
monitoring
reports by
M&ECs
OFWM,
M&ECs
reports
Indicator Two:
Increased agriculture
output per unit of water
used
HEIS Orchards, Vegetables
and Row Crops)
Watercourse Improvement
Value of
Production
per Cubic
Meter of
Water
increased
from
baseline.
By 45% over
an area
(acres).
By 9% over
an areas
covered by
number of
watercourses
12 Rupees
per m3
7 Rupees
perm3
20,000
500
40,000
1,500
80,000
3.500
100,000
6,500
120,000
9,000
Annually
Annually
Annually
Project
reports,
monitoring
reports by
M&ECs
OFWM,
M&ECs
reports
Change in value
of water rupees
per cubic meters
by the target
amount to 45% in
case of HEIS and
9% in case of
watercourse
improvement
over area in acres
and numbers of
watercourses
respectively
Alternatively,
agriculture
production would
also be monitored
in order net out
the changes in
prices.
27
INTERMEDIATE RESULTS
Component A: Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems
Intermediate Result indicator
One: Drip and high efficiency
Systems
System in
Nos Zero 1,752 4,380 7,884 12,264 15,768 17,520
Same as
above
Same as above Same as above
Intermediate Result indicator
Two: Laser Leveling Equipment
Laser units
No. Zero 300 1,200 2,100 3,000 3,000 3,000 Same as above Same as above
Component B: Watercourse Improvement Program
Intermediate Result indicator
One: Improvement of
Watercourse in Canal Command
Area
No. of
Watercours
es
Zero 500 1500 3,500 6,500 8,500 9,000
Same as
above
Same as above Same as above
Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
Intermediate Result indicator
One: Introduction of Improved
Agricultural Practices
%
completio
n
Zero 10 20 50 80 90 100
Same as
above
Same as
above
Same as above
Intermediate Result indicator
Two: M&E Project Management
Support
Percent
completio
n
Zero 10 20 50 80 90 100
Same as
above
Same as
above
Same as above
Component D: Project Management Support, Supervision Technical Assistance Training
Intermediate Result indicator
One: Project Implementation and
Management
Constant
support and
supervision
by the PISC
Consta
nt
suppor
t and
superv
ison
by the
PISC
Constan
t
support
and
supervi
son by
the
PISC
Constan
t
support
and
supervi
son by
the
PSIC
Constan
t
support
and
supervi
son by
the
PSIC
Constan
t
support
and
supervi
son by
the
PISC
Constan
t
support
and
supervi
son by
the
PISC
Same as
above
Same as
above
Same as above
Intermediate Result indicator
Two: Project Supervision and
Third Party Validation
Regular
Support
Regul
ar
Suppo
rt
Regular
Support
Regular
Support
Regular
Support
Regular
Support
Same as
above
Same as
above
Same as above
Intermediate Result indicator
Three: Strategic Studies, TA and
training etc.
Percent
completio
n
Zero 10 20 50 80 90 100
Same as
above
Same as
above
Same as above
28
Annex 2 Detailed Project Description Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase-I Project
(PIPIPP)
Background
112. Indus Basin Water/Irrigation System. Pakistan relies on the largest contiguous water system in
the world, namely the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) for basic food security and supply of water for
all the sectors of the economy. The IBWS consists of the Indus River and its tributaries, three major
multi-purpose storage reservoirs, 19 barrages, 12 inter-river link canals, 43 major irrigation canal
commands (covering over 14 million hectares), and over 120,000 watercourses, delivering water to farms
and other productive uses. Annual river flows are about 180 billion m3 of which about 120 billion m
3 of
water is diverted from the river system to the canals annually. The total length of the canals is about
60,000 km, with communal watercourses, farm channels and field ditches running another 1.8 million km.
These canals also serve as the country‟s main waterways. Pakistan would have remained largely a desert
without the development of this system of canals, dams and hydraulic structures. This system is the
country‟s sole source of water supply, supporting life and livelihoods of millions of people. In addition to
providing water for irrigated agriculture, the IBWS serves as the backbone of the economy, supporting
the development of major cities, industry, and growth centers. See Map IBRD 37352 for a schematic
layout of the IBWS and Table 2.3 provides detailed information about the IBWS.
113. Generally, the hierarchical canal system runs from main canals to branch canals to
distributaries/minors. Open, free-flowing outlets (moghas) regulate water flow from distributary/minors
to the watercourses that supply water to chacks or dehs (tertiary irrigation command area). These
watercourse commands are a complex miniature irrigation system with an average length of about 20 km.
Water is distributed to the field by a weekly time rotation (warabandi) based on the size of the land
holding. The canal system is also a major source of recharge for the groundwater aquifers. In fresh
groundwater areas, groundwater is pumped by tubewells to supplement canal supplies. Groundwater
resources are substantial, with more than 850,000 tubewells in the country contributing significantly to
the water supplies in areas underlain by fresh groundwater.
114. Irrigated Agriculture in Punjab. Punjab is the most populated province of the country. Its total
geographical area is 20.63 million hectares, of which about 59% of the area is cultivated, about 15% is
uncultivable, and the rest is cultivable waste and covered with forests. About 60 percent of the area
commanded by IBWS is in Punjab (about 22 million acres). Over 70 percent of the cropped area of IBWS
is in Punjab. Its share of agricultural production of the country is more than 80 percent in case of cotton,
almost 70 percent for wheat, nearly 60 percent for sugarcane, and 50 percent for rice. The overall
contribution of the province towards agriculture sector is estimated to be more than 80 percent, 90 percent
of which comes from irrigated areas. Major crops are wheat (38% of area), cotton (15% of the area), rice
(10%), sugarcane (4%), and orchard (about 2%) – see Figure 2.1.
115. Groundwater Resources. Most of the Indus Basin has been formed as a result of alluvium
deposits derived by rivers from the mountain ranges in the north. These alluvial deposits consist
principally of fine and medium-grained sands and silts, although there are discontinuous lenses of silt and
clay. Their depth ranges from 450 meter in upper Punjab to about 60 meter in lower Sindh, where it is
layered with silty and heavy deltaic sediment. In total, about 80 percent of the area in Punjab and 28
percent of the area in Sindh has fresh groundwater which is suitable for irrigation. However, the residual
sodium carbonate (RSC) which results from use of groundwater is often high. Exclusive reliance on
groundwater can lead to a build-up of salts, resulting in binding of the soil structure, reduced water
infiltration into the root zone, and falling yields. The groundwater is mixed with canal water for irrigation
use.
29
Figure 2.1: Cropping Pattern in Punjab
116. Development of groundwater in the late 1980s onwards by the private sector has been one of the
major sources of growth in agriculture production. This has helped in improving overall basin-wide
efficiency of water resources as the water seeped from the canals and watercourses, recharges the
groundwater aquifer that would be otherwise wasted and results in water logging, which is then pumped
and re-used. The aquifer acts as a multi-year storage reservoir for irrigation supplies which also helps
during drought years. This was experienced during the 2001-2002 drought during which agriculture
production was not affected despite serious surface water constraints. The conjunctive use of surface and
groundwater allows farmers to close the gap between canal supplies and crop water requirements, which
improves timeliness of irrigation application that is vital for higher productivity. Also, the delivery
efficiency from groundwater wells to the fields is much more compared to canal water as tubewells are
developed in close proximity to the fields.
117. Agro-climatic Zones (ACZ) of Punjab. Punjab province can be divided broadly into four
agroclimatic zones
(i) Punjab Mixed-Wheat (PMW) contains nearly three million canal commanded acres, mostly on
the left bank of the Indus below the Jinnah barrage but also includes the Paharpur and Chasma
Right Bank canal command areas in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. The topography is
rough, soils are sandy and seepage is high, resulting in low cropping intensities and yields. Fresh
groundwater and localized water logging in most of this ACZ imply that the potential for
tubewell development is favorable.
(ii) Punjab Rice-Wheat (PRW) contains about 3.0 million acres, virtually all of which is underlain by
fresh groundwater. This has spurred intense private tubewell development. As a result, cropping
intensities are among the highest in Punjab, with Basmati rice being the dominant cash crop.
Relatively high returns to farming combined with a shortage of labor have led to rapid
mechanization in this zone. It has more tractors per acre than any other zone.
(iii) Punjab Sugarcane-Wheat (PSW), (also called "Punjab Mixed Crop") lies between PMW and
PRW, and contains about 5 million acres. Wheat and sugarcane are the principal crops. About
Type of Crop
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40P
erce
nt
Cro
pp
ed A
rea
30
one-third of the zone is saline, but farmers make extensive use of groundwater in the rest. Water
shortages do exist, and are largely attributable to low watercourse efficiencies.
(iv) Punjab Cotton-Wheat (PCW) is by far the largest ACZ in the Basin, comprising over 11 million
acres on the left bank of the Indus between Sindh Province and the other Punjab ACZs. Cotton
and wheat are the main crops and have some of the highest yields in Pakistan. About 20 percent
of this ACZ suffers from severe water-logging and salinity. Groundwater is extensively used in
the rest of the zone, but adequate water remains an overall constraint.
118. Farm Size Distribution in Punjab. Farm size in Punjab is relatively small compared to Sindh
and is particularly small in northern and eastern Punjab. The farm size distribution based on 2000
Agriculture census is given in the table below. Based on this, about 18% of the farms are less than 1.23
acres, about 34% are less than 2.47 acres, about 56% are less than 4.94 acres, about 72% are less than
7.41 acres and about 86% are less than 12.3 acres. Efforts would be made to target the small farmers and
to get economies of scale. More than one farmer would be allowed to share the head units and/or ponds.
Number and Area of Farms by Size of Farm in the Punjab
(Area in Thousand Hectares)
Size of Farm (hectares) Farms Farms Area Cultivate Ares
„000‟
Number
% with
Total
Total %
With
Total
Total % With
Total
All Farms 3864.2 100.0 11262.0 100.0 10313.6 100
Government Farms 0.1 - 26.8 0.2 18.3 0.2
Private Farms – Total 3864.1 100.0 11235.2 99.8 10295.3 99.8
Under 0.5
0.5 to Under 1
1 to Under 2
2 to Under 3
3 to Under 5
5 to Under 10
10 to Under 20
20 to Under 40
40 to Under 60
60 and above
703.6 18.2 201.1 1.8 191.3 1.8
617.3 16.0 459.4 4.1 443.7 4.3
844.2 21.8 1166.8 10.3 1124.4 10.9
597.9 15.5 1403.9 12.5 1341.7 13.0
536.4 13.9 2081.5 18.5 1955.0 19.0
368.4 9.5 2422.3 21.5 2221.4 21.5
149.0 3.9 1558.6 16.5 1645.8 16.0
36.7 1.0 909.2 8.1 789.9 7.7
5.7 0.1 263.1 2.3 211.3 2.0
4.9 0.1 469.3 4.2 370.8 3.6 Source: Agriculture Census Organization, Govt. of Pakistan, Lahore. “Census of Agriculture, 2000”
119. Water Conservation and Reducing Losses is Crucial in the Future. Pakistan has been
expanding the surface water supplies to the Indus Basin Water System over time by capturing more water
from the rivers. Prior to construction of the Mangla dam in 1967, the annual surface water diversions to
the Indus Basin Canals were about 67 million acre feet (MAF). These increased to about 85 MAF prior to
commissioning of the Tarbela Dam in 1976 with storage at Mangla and connecting water surplus western
rivers (Indus, Jehlum and Chenab) to the water scarce rivers in east (actually transferred to India after the
Indus Treaty of 1960). Annual canal diversion post -Tarbela reached up to 105 MAF. In the last decade
they have declined to 94.5 MAF (see Table 2.1). This is due to reduced storage capacity in the reservoirs
because of sedimentation, diversions are close to full potential supplies of the rivers and a decade of
relatively low flows. Major deficit is in Rabi season, about 8.6 MAF. Increase is only possible with
heavy investment in storage dams on the Indus River, many of which are very controversial. Also, some
believe that, apart from a few years of extraordinary floods, the rivers do not have surplus water to store
after meeting the ecological requirements of the delta region and the coastal zone. Even if a dam is
started now (such as Bhasha dam with a live storage capacity of about 6.5 MAF) with sedimentation
continuing, it is questionable if it would be possible to increase the average canal diversions to the level
of post-Tarbela average. The other source of water Pakistan has tapped is groundwater, which is
31
recharged by the surface water system. Thus less canal diversions mean less groundwater availability.
Since the 1980s, groundwater aquifers have supplied an increasing amount of water for irrigation in areas
underlain by fresh groundwater. In Punjab, about equal amount of irrigation water comes from the
groundwater wells. This resource is now reaching its limit and further withdrawals are not possible
without serious mining and extraordinary cost of pumping.
Table 2.1: Average Annual Canal Diversions in IBWS (MAF)
Average 2001-2011 Average 1976-2000
Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total Kharif Rabi Total
Punjab 33.6 18.2 51.8 33.2 14.6 47.8 33.7 19.7 53.4
Sindh 28.7 13.7 42.5 27.3 11.2 38.6 29.3 14.7 44.0
Balochistan 1.3 0.8 2.1 2.0 0.8 2.8 1.1 0.8 1.9
KPK 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3 3.3 2.0 5.3
(a) Gauged 2.1 1.4 3.5 2.7 1.6 4.4 1.9 1.3 3.2
(b) Ungaged 1.2 0.6 1.8 0.5 0.4 0.9 1.4 0.7 2.1
Total 66.9 34.8 101.7 65.8 28.6 94.5 67.4 37.3 104.6
Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2010 -1.1 -6.2 -7.3
Difference between 2001-11 and 1976-2001 -1.6 -8.6 -10.2
Average 1976-2010
120. In the future, substantial quantities of water would only come from cutting down losses,
particularly in the watercourse command and fields, where losses are highest, and which do not contribute
to groundwater recharge. The quantity of water that could become available with about a 10 percentage
point reduction in losses in the watercourse command is more than two dams on the Indus River. The
project is designed to capture this potential in addition to making use of water more productively at the
farm level by crop diversification and better irrigation agronomic practices. With continued use of flood
irrigation, Pakistan will not have enough water to meet future demands. With HEIS, which can shift
efficiency from 40% to 95%, there would be adequate water to meet demands in the future.
121. Irrigation Practices and Use of Water for Irrigation. As explained above, water from the
rivers is diverted into the main canals, then into the branch canals (both are prime level diversion canals),
distributaries and minor (secondary level canals), and then into the watercourses. The shortage of water is
distributed by rotating the flows to the distributaries and minors. However, when distributary/minor is
supplied with water, all watercourses in that distributary draw water through a regulating structure on
each watercourse, designed to share available water in the distributary canal equally among all
watercourses. Watercourse is a community irrigation system on which water is shared by all users by
allocating full discharge of the watercourse for a specific amount of time to one user, following a weekly
rotation system called “warabandi”. From the community watercourse to the field there is a complex
system of channels and ditches which delivers water to the field. At the field level, flooding is the most
common irrigation method practiced by farmers and it is quite wasteful in water and nutrients, and results
in uneven growth of crop and salinity, particularly if the field is not leveled.
122. Low Delivery Efficiency in Watercourses. It is estimated that about 40% of the water is lost in
the community watercourses (W/Cs). The main sources of these losses are seepage, spillage, and side
leakage from the watercourses due to the following factors.
o Irregular profile and zigzag alignment of banks and weak sections of the channels.
o Variable cross section of water channels, resulting in stagnant water in channels
o Silt deposition, causing restrictions in flows, and overtopping
o Trees, shrubs, and vegetation growing in watercourses
o Damage caused by rodents and farm animals
o Frequent bank cutting and plugging for water abstraction
32
123. The watercourse improvement / renovation consists of complete demolition of the community
channel and its rebuilding/re-aligning according to the engineering design to increase conveyance
efficiency by reducing seepage, evaporation, spillage and operational losses.
124. Low Field Efficiency in Application to the Field and Crops. Flood irrigation is a traditional
method adopted by most of the farmers of Pakistan. A significant amount (20 to 25%) of irrigation water
is lost during its application due to uneven fields and poor farm designs. This leads to excessive
application to low-lying areas of the field and under-irrigation of higher areas. Over-irrigation leaches
soluble nutrients from the crop root zone, makes the soil less productive, and degrades groundwater
quality. On the other hand, under-irrigation of elevated parts of the fields results in accumulation of salts
in such patches and causes water stress and de-osmosis due to applied fertilizer. The efficiency of this
irrigation method ranges from 40-70 percent, while the drip and sprinkler irrigation systems are the most
efficient with an efficiency up to 95 percent, as indicated in the Figure 2.2 below.
125. HEIS technologies have been developed and successfully adopted in various countries of the
world including USA, Australia, China, India etc. Major constraint in the adoption of these technologies
is their high installation costs. The issue has, however, been resolved through research and development
of low cost efficient irrigation technologies, particularly in China where cost effective systems have been
developed for orchards and all field crops/vegetables. Experience of other countries and studies conducted
in the recent past recommend that introduction of high efficiency irrigation systems is highly effective in
conserving water resources.
126. The proposed project is designed to deliver a combination of interventions: (a) W/Cs
improvement to improve the delivery efficiency to the field; (b) precision land leveling to improve the
applications in the field where flood irrigation would remain prevalent in the near future (e.g. wheat, rice,
fodder etc); (c) HEIS - drip, sprinkler, bubbler, etc - for orchard, vegetables, flowers and other high value
row crops.
Figure 2.2 Efficiency under various methods of Irrigation
127. This would be a transformational operation that would change the water application system in the
country and help manage the growing demand of water in particular for food production. As most of the
elements of interventions are available in the country, the project would help bring them together in a
33
manner that these would take off in the private sector as was the case in groundwater development. The
groundwater wells were initially installed by the Government primarily for controlling water-logging and
salinity. However, their demonstrative effect to farmers and demand created by private suppliers and
manufacturers helped propel a groundwater revolution in Pakistan, without which the current level of
food production would have been unattainable. All these interventions have a short gestation period and
leverage substantial investments from beneficiaries. Furthermore, these interventions help in improving
agricultural productivity through appropriate application of inputs, increase water conservation, reduce
water-logging and salinity, and bring about a change in cropping pattern and crop husbandry. As a result
productivity enhancement is much higher than the physical improvements in the delivery and irrigation
system. These interventions are synergetic, and provide an extremely potent solution to improve
irrigation efficiency, crop production, and diversification.
Project Description
128. The project consists of the following components:
Component A: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (US$234 million of which IDA
US$120.9 million). This component would consist of the following two sub-components:
129. Component A1: Installation High Efficiency Irrigation Systems (HEIS, US$177.5 million of
which IDA US$113 Million). Drip, bubbler, sprinkler (rain-gun, centre pivot) are termed as HEISs,
which use pipes for conveyance of water from the source to points of use. In drip or trickle irrigation,
water is delivered in the form of drops to individual plants by means of small emitters. Bubbler irrigation
is very similar to trickle irrigation except that the water is delivered to the plants through fountain type
heads mounted on small spikes. Water is pumped at high pressure in sprinkler irrigation network through
a pipe system and sprayed over the field somewhat like rain to irrigate the crops. In case of Punjab the
source of water would be a groundwater well or canal water. As the canal water is delivered according to
“warabandi” farmers would have to develop pond on the farm that would allow to store water during their
turn of “warabandi”, and apply to the field through HEIS on a continuous basis during the week till the
next turn.
130. This component would support the installation of drip, trickle, bubbler, or sprinkler irrigation
systems at the field level for high value, horticulture, vegetables, floriculture and other high value row
crops. The irrigation systems would be installed by a service provider on a shared cost basis. The drip
units would include a pumping unit, fertilizer tank, delivery fittings, filters, underground main pipeline,
and delivery lines etc. These systems would be installed for orchards, vegetables, flowers and other high
value row crops, thereby promoting crop diversification. Controlled application of water and non-water
inputs would enhance crop productivity. A technical assistance package would be provided by the
vendors to the farmers to promote adaptation of the new technology. In addition, technical assistance and
training would be provided to the users through component C of this project. Successful installation and
application of these irrigation systems would encourage the private sector to adopt this high efficiency
irrigation technology, as was the case of groundwater development, which was initiated by the
government but brought to scale by the private sector.
131. High efficient irrigation systems would be installed over 120,000 acres. The indicative targets
would be to install about 5,400 units each for farms up to 3 acres and 4-5 acres, 4,800 units for farms up
to 10 acres and 1,920 units for farms up to 15 acres. See Table 2.2 for details. Major part of the area
about (100,000 acres) would be covered by the drip irrigation systems and other HEIS systems may be
installed on an area of about 20,000 acres. The head units and ponds, in particular, for the smaller units
would be combined if possible to reduce costs. Farmers would carry 40% of the cost of material, labor
and installation, while the government would finance 60% of such cost and administrative cost of the
government for installation of the system.
34
Table 2.2 Indicative Targets for Installation of HEIS.
Units Acres
HEIS 3 Acres Orchard 1500 4,500
HEIS 3 Acres Vegetables 1950 5,850
HEIS 3 Acres Row Crops 1950 5,850
Sub-TotaL or Average 5,400 16,200
HEIS 5 Acres Orchard 1800 9,000
HEIS 5 Acres vegetables 1800 9,000
HEIS 5 Acres Row Crops 1800 9,000
Sub-TotaL or Average 5,400 27,000
HEIS 10 Acres Orchard 1600 16,000
HEIS 10 Acres Vegetables 1600 16,000
HEIS 10 Acres Row Crops 1600 16,000
Sub-TotaL/Average 4,800 48,000
HEIS 15 Acres Orchard 650 9,750
HEIS 15 Acres Vegetables 635 9,525
HEIS 15 Acres Row Crops 635 9,525
Sub-TotaL/Average 1,920 28,800
Total/Average 17,520 120,000
132. HEIS units would be designed and installed based on the lessons learnt from the pilot project
already working in Punjab. Among the major components would be providing sufficient technical
assistance and training to the installer and the users, and aftercare to ensure maximum benefit of such
systems. Schemes for installation of HEIS would be selected using the criteria given below which would
be reviewed annually, or more often if required, by the PSC and updated based on the lessons learned:
133. The Farm:
(i) has adequate and reliable/assured water source e.g. canal supply or operational tubewell
having water of suitable quality for cotton irrigation;
(ii) preferably located in an area with adequate access in order to have good demonstration effect;
(iii) soil is suitable for growing cotton with drip irrigation and not severely degraded due to
waterlogging, salinization, alkalinization etc.; and
(iv) topography is relatively good without deep ditches/ravines or other obstacles, which cannot
be resolved through economic drip irrigation design;
134. The Farmer:
(i) agrees to contribute his/her share over and above the financial assistance being provided
under the scheme;
(ii) is willing to mobilize operation and maintenance expenditure after installation of the drip
irrigation;
(iii) agrees to provide support and assistance to project staff, supply & services companies and
consultants during their activities pertaining to site surveys, installation of equipment, and
other civil works;
(iv) is owner/tenant/lessee and self cultivator of land (in the case of absentee owner, a well-
versed farm manager is required);
(v) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;
(vi) will not remove or sell or transfer or hand over possession of installed system to any person
in any form within three years after installation;
(vii) agrees to get the operator of irrigation system trained in operation, trouble shooting/repair &
maintenance from SSC/government;
(viii) will abide by the decision of the allotment committee; and
35
(ix) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the purpose as arrears of
land revenue in case of violating any of the conditions specified by the government.
135. Component A2: Strengthening of Precision Land Leveling Services in the Private Sector
(US$56.5 million of which IDA US$7.9 million). Un-leveled fields cause wastage of water, resulting in
low irrigation application efficiency and much lower yields. Precision land leveling saves up to 30%
irrigation water, results in uniform seed germination, and increases fertilizer uptake efficiency which
enhances crop yields of up to 20%.
136. The Government of Punjab (GoPunjab) provided 2,500 LASER units to the farmers/service
providers during the period 2005-06 to 2007-08 under the “Strengthening of LASER Land Leveling
Services in Punjab” project which has substantially improved the rental service of LASER land leveling
for farmers. Furthermore, about 1,425 units have been procured by the farmers/ service providers from
their own resources in the province. Accordingly, there are over 4,000 operative LASER land leveling
units in the Punjab with annual capacity of normally 1.2 million acres.
137. The total irrigated area of the Punjab is 36 million acres, out of which only about two million
acres have been leveled. It is estimated that one LASER unit can LASER level about 300 acres annually
due to short window available for land leveling between the Rabi and Kharif crops. Accordingly, LASER
leveling of the remaining area in five years will require more than 22,000 LASER units. In addition,
LASER land leveling operations are required to be repeated after 3-5 years to get the real benefits of the
technology. It is therefore considered appropriate to add at least 3,000 more units to bring significant
improvement in provision of LASER land leveling services.
138. The innovative approach introduced under the recently completed scheme will be replicated
under the proposed project for further strengthening of LASER land leveling services. This involves
provision of one-time financial assistance to farmers/service providers for procurement of equipment and
their capacity building to carry out the envisaged task that proved to be quite successful.
139. Under this component laser leveling equipment would be provided to service providers on a
shared cost basis. The service providers would carry out laser land leveling for farmers on charge back
basis as a business. A capacity for laser land leveling of about two million acres annually would be
developed, for which about 3,000 laser leveling units would be provided. About 50% of the cost of laser
land leveling equipment would be provided by the service provider who owns tractors capable of
operating the LASER unit.
140. The following criteria would be used for selection of service providers under the Project which
would be approved and updated by the PSC from time to time. An applicant will be eligible for the grant
of financial assistance provided that the person
(i) possesses a tractor capable of operating LASER unit;
(ii) agrees to carry out/provide services for LASER land leveling of 300 acres per year during
project period on rental basis;
(iii) has not applied for provision of LASER unit under this scheme from any other Tehsil in the
Punjab;
(iv) has not already availed such facility from any earlier scheme of federal/provincial
government;
(v) is owner/tenant/lessee and self cultivator of land not more than 12.5 acres and is preferably
agricultural machinery service provider or an agricultural graduate possessing requisite land
ownership
(vi) is not defaulter of any revenue/financial institution;
(vii) agrees to use LASER unit for agricultural purposes only;
(viii) will rent out the equipment for LASER land leveling in the area;
36
(ix) will get the LASER unit booked with any short-listed/pre-qualified firm and failure to do so
will cause cancellation of financial assistance being offered under the scheme;
(x) will not sell or transfer or hand over possession of the LASER unit to any person in any form
within the project period before meeting the obligations agreed under the scheme;
(xi) agrees to get the operator trained in operation, trouble shooting/repair & maintenance and
farm layout planning through the Water Management Training Institute, Lahore;
(xii) will abide by the decision of the District Allotment Committee and DGAWM, Punjab
Lahore; and
(xiii) will be liable to pay full amount of financial assistance received for the purpose as arrears of
land revenue in case of violation of any of the conditions of the scheme.
141. Component B: Upgrading of Community Irrigation Systems (US$160 Million of which IDA
US$99.5 million). The component would consist of three subcomponents:
142. Component B1: Watercourse Improvements in Canal Irrigated Areas (US$ 126.4 million of
which IDA US$80.3 million). This component would assist Government efforts to improve
watercourses (W/C), the tertiary level water distribution system where water losses are highest. Of the
140,000 total watercourses in irrigated areas of Pakistan, around 95,000 have been improved under
various programs supported by several donors as well as from national program. Punjab has about 58,000
watercourses in irrigated areas, out of which about 41,000 have been improved, leaving a remaining
17,000 in need of improvement.
143. The innovations would be introduced to use concrete parabolic channel sections up to 8 feet (or U
sections namely canalets) placed on leveled compacted earth with water tight joints, thus improving
existing technology of brick lining. It may not be possible to use parabolic concrete units at all
watercourses due to accessibility issues, lack of required skills, and farmers‟ preference. Therefore,
where suitable and where farmers prefer, watercourses would be lined using traditional bricks with
plaster. Also, water turnout structures would be replaced with properly designed concrete structures
(pucca nakkas). The earthen sections of the watercourse would be improved using clean compacted soil.
Efforts would be made to have private contractors/service providers construct such canalets and have
water users associations (WUAs) install them. The project would provide technical assistance for layout
and construction supervision to the WUAs. The length of the watercourses, installation of diversion
structures, as well as other improvements to earthen sections of the watercourses would be in accordance
with the current standard practice and optimized for each watercourse. WUAs would share the cost
through providing labor, and the Government would provide canalets and other material. Farmers share
would range from 35 to 43% of the cost depending on type of improvements and total cost. Detailed cost
estimates and shares are given in Tables 2.9 and 2.10.
144. About 5,500 new watercourses which have never been improved would be covered under the
project. The target would be to improve about 3,400 using the concrete canalets and another 2,100 using
traditional material of bricks etc. About 1,500 watercourses that have been improved since the start of the
program would be improved using up-to-date techniques. About 2,000 watercourses would be improved
in rainfed (barani) area. In canal commanded areas, preference would be given to the areas where
distributary level farmers‟ organizations have been formed. Preference would also be given to
watercourses located at the tail-end of the canal systems.
145. Development and Role of Water Users Associations (WUAs). The key to success of
watercourse improvement program in Pakistan is farmers‟ participation. Watercourse improvement
projects are driven by the community and share holders of the watercourses. The OFWM staff would
carry out social mobilization program to involve farmers in the implementation of the proposed project.
They have successfully undertaken this function for the past 30 years by organizing about 48,000 WUAs
in the province for improvement of watercourses.
37
146. A WUA would be formed on each canal outlet or watercourse that will be registered under
“Water Users‟ Association Ordinance [Act]-1981 (Amended 2001)” under the proposed project. The
WUA will be the key institution for implementation of watercourse development activities with following
key responsibilities.
(a) Provide right of way for constructing watercourse;
(b) Arrange skilled and unskilled labor required for reconstruction of earthen water channel,
installation of structures and lining of critical reaches;
(c) Procure construction materials for carrying out civil works;
(d) Settle matters of disputes amongst the water users in respect of channel alignment, fixation of
nuccas (outlets), distribution of work etc.
(e) Make alternate arrangements for conveyance of water during execution of works
(f) Carry out civil works in accordance with standards and specifications under the supervision of
OFWM field staff; and
(g) Regularly undertake O&M of new / improved watercourses
147. In addition, WUAs would be encouraged to assume the following functions:
(a) Participate in distributary level farmers‟ organization and represent all users of the watercourse;
(b) undertake construction / improvement of farmers‟ branches and field ditches
(c) (b) Participate in the process of water allocations and distribution (warabandi) within the
watercourse command
(c) carry out O&M of community tubewells
(d) install surface/sub-surface drains within watercourse command areas;
(d) facilitate distribution of non-water inputs; and
(e) participate in development and utilization of funding obtained from the government or other
sources.
148. Watercourse Improvement works. The watercourse improvement/renovation would consist of
complete demolition of community channels and rebuilding/re-aligning them according to the engineering
design with clean compacted soil. Parts of the reconstructed channel are lined and necessary water control
structures are installed to improve conveyance of the canal and tubewell water. The standard "Pucca"
lining carried out under previous and ongoing OFWM programs is a rectangular shaped channel using
double-brick masonry walls (23 cm) and a brick masonry bed (7 cm) plastered inside and on top of the
walls. This design has proved to be durable and easy to install. The same will therefore be adopted under
the proposed project. Other types of lining e.g. pre-fabricated concrete (pre-cast parabolic lining), pipe,
plastic etc. will also be followed considering farmers‟ choice, field conditions, and cost effectiveness.
149. Precast "Naccas" would be installed at all junctions and authorized outlets to reduce channel
deterioration, seepage loss, and to improve water control. Under normal conditions, where the land is
fairly leveled and belongs to one or two farmers only, the standard practice of providing one Nacca
(turnout and check) for every 25 acres is satisfactory. Extra provision of Naccas would be made where the
land has been subjected to fragmentation because of uneven topography, repeated division of ownership,
social problems, etc. Moreover, culverts would be constructed at major crossings, and a limited number of
checks/drop structures, animal wallows/buffalo baths, and laundry sites would be provided as required.
The construction of washing places and lining of reaches through villages would provide additional public
health benefits. It is planned that execution of field activities will be carried out by the following
procedures adopted under earlier national program.
150. Component B2: Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses (US$21.0 million of which
IDA US$12.1 million). Many watercourses in Punjab were only partially (barely) improved in the early
part of the program in the late 1970s. In order to fully realize the benefits, improvement works on these
38
watercourses would have to be completed. The project would cover completion of about 1,500
watercourses which have been partially improved in the past. Farmers would contribute with skilled and
unskilled labor, with the Project funding the material cost, administration and management. Improvement
works and procedures would be similar to new watercourses, as described above. See cost details in
Tables 2.11 and 2.12.
151. Component B3: Improvement of Community Irrigation Systems in the Non-canal
Commanded Areas (US$12.5 million of which IDA US$7.0 million). This component would cover
watercourse improvements in the rainfed (Barani) areas, i.e. areas which are not in the command of the
barrage controlled irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes. These are generally small
watercourses and the cost of improvement is less than in other areas. The project would cover about
2,000 watercourses in Barani areas. Detailed cost estimates are provided in Table 2.13 and 2.14. The
standards and procedures for improvement would be the same as described above.
152. Component C: Improved Agriculture Technology/Practices and Monitoring and Evaluation
(US$ 9.0 million of which IDA US$9.0 million). This component would consist of the following two
sub-components:
153. Component C1: Improved Agriculture Technology and Practices (US$7.0 million). The
purpose of this component would be to enhance productivity of the irrigated lands. The activities under
this component would include: (i) effective applied research, extension, and agricultural information
services; (ii) participatory training for farmers, involving training of specific target groups in various
agro-technical fields, farm management and irrigation agronomy; (iii) demonstration and assistance in
improved and modern technologies and methods to increase agricultural production through better
agronomic practices; (iv) training of the service providers, training of trainers, etc; and (iv) the
establishment of a Farmers Information Services Desk linked to the internet, electronic media and cell
phones etc. This would provide relevant information to farmers and advise them on making their farms
more productive and sensitive to market demands. The Water Management Training Institute (WMTI),
Lahore will provide training, research and extension support for adoption of modern irrigation water
management and conservation techniques and technologies. Demonstration of new technologies is
expected to result in crop diversification and crop husbandry, horticulture, vegetables and floriculture,
improved irrigation and drainage practices and better water management to improve water use
efficiencies and reduce environmental degradation. This would include interventions to optimize field
size, introduce land leveling and furrow irrigation, irrigation using drip, bubbler and sprinkler irrigation
system and ways to adapt these technologies etc. For this purpose, demonstration plots would be
developed in various parts of the project area to complement the direct assistance and to promote new
technologies.
154. Component C2: Monitoring and Evaluation of Project Impact (US$2.0 million). This
component would cover Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of the project‟s impacts. This would be done
primarily by using a sampling technique, as well as by conducting case studies, GIS systems, and satellite
data. M&E activities would provide continuous feedback on the project‟s performance and impact of its
various components to GoPunjab, PPC, PSC and the implementing agency, so that corrective actions
could be undertaken in a timely manner. M&E activities would cover three set of activities: (a)
monitoring of project implementation, checking and audit of project outputs and quality; (b) project
impact; and (c) monitoring of environmental and social impact and mitigation plans etc. M&E activities
are likely to cover, but not be limited to: (i) the impact of the irrigation system improvements on water
use efficiency, groundwater levels and quality, and soil salinity; on-farm water use; cropping patterns and
yields; and livestock population, health and production; (ii) socio-economic impacts and impact on the
level of employment, livelihood and household incomes in the project area; estimation of the project‟s
overall benefits and economic rate of returns etc. M&E would be carried out using latest technology
such as satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary.
39
155. Component D: Project Management, Supervision, Technical Assistance, Training and
Strategic Studies (US$20.5 million of which IDA US$20.5 million). This component would cover the
cost of (i) project implementation and management, including mobilization of farmers, surveys,
engineering and designs, implementation supervision and assistance to farmers and suppliers, and
ensuring quality of works carried out by farmers and suppliers/vendors etc; (ii) project supervision and
spot checks, covering quality and quantity aspects by third party consultants based on which the funds
would be disbursed; and (iii) strategic studies and pilot projects that would be identified during project
implementation, technical assistance and training, in particular training to project staff (i.e. training of
trainers) in crop diversification, shift to horticulture, vegetable and floriculture crops, operation and
maintenance of irrigation systems and units installed under the project etc.
Project Cost and Financing
156. Project Cost. The total project cost is estimated at about US$423.5 million for all the
components. Cost by components is provided in Table 2.4 and cost by expenditure category is provided in
Table 2.5. The taxes and duties are estimated around US$50.81 million equivalent.
157. Detailed cost breakdown for the HEIS (Component A1) is given in Table 2.6. Farmers would be
paid for 40% of the cost of material and labor and 60% cost would be provided by the Project in addition
to the administrative and management costs.
158. In case of equipment for precision land leveling (Component A2) the cost sharing arrangement is
that GoPunjab would provide subsidy upto US$2,650 equivalent while the remaining cost would be borne
by the beneficiary. The beneficiary‟s contribution would be up to US$16,176 covering contribution to
laser unit, scraper, tractor unit and other items required.
159. The cost of improvement for various types of watercourses is given in Table 2.7 and of the
overall component in Table 2.8. Detailed cost estimate for each type of watercourse along with a
breakdown of cost of material, skilled and unskilled labor is provided in Tables 2.7 to 2.12. The project
would provide the cost of material and administrative cost while the labor cost would be provided by the
farmers. In the case of water scheme improvements in Barani areas, the project would provide the
material cost upto US$2,950 and farmers would provide labor and cost of any additional material.
Administrative and management cost would be provided by the Project. This would result in about 40%
of the cost to be borne by farmers and 60% by the Project, For other watercourse works the cost sharing
arrangements ranges from 35% to 43% depending upon the type of improvement and total cost of the
works.
160. Project Financing. Considering the cost sharing arrangements for the various components and
that the Project would finance component C and D, the overall share of beneficiaries in the project is 41%
or US$173.5 million. US$250 million of the cost would be financed by IDA or about 59%.
40
Table 2.3: Indus Basin Water System Main Features
(Rivers, Barrages, Canals, Link Canal, Reservoirs) River Barrage Water/Irrigation Canal Link Canal to
transfer water / To a
River or a Canal
System
Command
Area (Million
Acres)
Discharge
Capacity
(000 cfs)
Indus Jinnah (P) Thal 2.100 10.000
Chashma
(P/N)
Chasma Right Bank Canal (P) 0.266 1.810
Chasma Right Bank Canal (N) 0.367 4.880
Chashma- Jehlum
/Jehlum
- 22.000
Taunsa (P) Dera Ghazi Khan Canal 1.232 11.550
Muzafargarh Canal 0.975 8.900
Tausnsa –Punjnad /
Chenab
- 12.000
Gudu (S) Desert Pat Feeder 1.356 13.275
Begari Sind Feeder 1.002 14.760
Ghotki Feeder 1.002 8.490
Rainee Canal 0.412 5.155
Sukhar (S) North West 1.215 9.500
Rice 0.519 13.370
Dadu 0.584 5.400
Khairpur West 0.417 2.650
Khairpur East 0.373 3.440
Rohri 2.561 16.385
Nara 2.474 15.000
Kotri (S) Kalari 0.592 9.010
Lined Channel/Akram Wah 0.540 4.100
Fuleli 0.929 14.860
Pinyari 0.758 13.390
Jehlum Below (P)
Mangla
(Bong)
Upper Jehlum 0.537 9.030
Lower Jehlum 1.476 6.600
Rasul (P) Rasul-Qadirabad /
Chenab
- 19.000
Chenab Marala (P) Marala Ravi/Ravi 22.000
Marala-Ravi Link Off-take 0.162
Upper Chenab 1.017 16.850
Upper Chenab/Ravi - 12.000
BRBD/to feed three
canals shown below
- 5.440
BRBD-Raya 0.424 5.440
BRBD-CBDC 0.649 4.495
BRBD-Upper Dipalpur 0.36 2.450
Khanki (P) Lower Chenab Main Line
(Direct)
0.142 11.800
Lower Chenab (LC)- Jhang 1.168 3.135
Lower Chenab (LC)-Gugera 1.866 7.425
Qadirabad (P) Qadirabad
Balloki/Ravi
- 15.000
LC Feeder/LC Jhang
and Gugera
- 4.100
Trimmu (P) Rangpur 0.344 2.700
Haveli 0.179 5.170
Trimmu-Sidnai/Ravi - 12.500
41
River Barrage Water/Irrigation Canal Link Canal to
transfer water / To a
River or a Canal
System
Command
Area (Million
Acres)
Discharge
Capacity
(000 cfs)
Ravi Balloki (P) Lower Bari Doab 1.761 8.000
Balloki-Sulemanki
(BS) / Sutlej
- 27.500
BS-Lower Dipalpur 0.615 27.500
Sidhnai (P) Sidhnai Canal 0.869 4.060
Sidhnai-Mailsi
(SM)/Sutlej System
- 10.100
SM-Lower Pakpatan 0.370 10.100
SM-Lower Mailsi 0.690 10.100
SM-Lower Bahawal 0.605 4.000
Sutlej Sulemanki (P) Upper Pakpatan 1.050 6.590
Fordwah 0.471 3.450
Sadiqia 0.969 5.500
Pakpatan-Islam /Sutlej - 1.160
Islam (P) Qaim 0.044 0.483
Upper Bahawal 0.251 1.400
Panjnad (P) Panjnad 1.348 10.480
Abbasai 0.248 1.390
Swat Amandara(N)
Munda (N)
Upper Swat 0.279 2.220
Lower Swat 0.182 1.010
Kabul Warsak (N)
Warsak 0.119 0.310
Kabul 0.048 0.45
1. In addition to the above additional canals are under construction and would be completing soon. (i) Greater
Thal Canal (10,500 cfs capacity) taking water from RD 180+222 of Chasma-Jehlum Link with command area
of 1.560 Ma in Punjab; (ii) Kachhi Canal (5,300 cfs) off-taking from Taunsa Barrage with command area of
0.550 Ma in Balochistan; and (iii) the capacity of Raine Canal off-taking from Guddu Barrage is planned to be
increased to 10,000 cfs.
2. Also discharge capacity of LBDC canal from Balloki Barrage is being increased to 9,780 cfs.
3. The Indus System has four major storage reservoirs Tarbela and Chasma on Indus with current live storage
capacity of 5.96 and 0.275 MAF respectively; Mangla on Jehlum which has been recently raised with live
storage capacity of 7.15, MAF and Chotiari Reservoir with live storage capacity of 1.1 MAF fed from Nara
canal off-taking from the Sukkher Barrage.
4. Location of barrage is indicated as (P) in Punjab, (S) in Sindh, (N) in NWFP. Pat and Desert Feeder canals
from Gudu barrage and Kirther Branch from Northwest canal from Sukkur Barrage supply water to
Balochistan. IBWS commend area in Punjab is 22.19 Ma; Sindh 13.38 Ma , NWFP 0.99 Ma and Balochistan
1.36 MA
42
Table 2.4 Project Cost by Component (US$ million)
Units Amount Total Farmers IDA
US$ M US$ M US$ M
A. Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems
A1. Drip and high efficiency Systems Acres 120,000 177.5 64.5 113.0
A2. Laser Leveling Equipment Units 3,000 56.5 48.5 7.9
Sub-total A 234.0 113.0 120.9
B. Watercourse Improvement Program
B1. Imporvement of Watercourse Number 5,500 126.4 46.1 80.3
B2. Imporvement of W/C partially imp, Number 1,500 21.0 8.9 12.1
B3. Improvement of W/C Barani Areas Number 2,000 12.5 5.5 7.0
Sub-total B 9,000 160.0 60.5 99.5
C. Improved Agriculture Technology/Practies and
Monitoring and Evaluation
C1. Introduction of Improved Agricultural Practices 7.0 7.0
C2. M&E Project Management Support 2.0 2.0
Sub-total C 9.0 9.0
D. Project Management Support, Supervision
Teechnical Assistance Traning
D1. Project Implemenmtation and Management 10.0 10.0
D2. Project Supervision and Third Party Validation 9.5 9.5
D3. Strattegic Studies, TA and training etc. 1.0 1.0
Sub-total D 20.5 20.5
Total 423.5 173.5 250.0
Taxes and duties 50.81 41%
Table 2.5 Project Cost by Expenditure Category (US$ million)
Works Goods
Consulting
Services
Incremen
tal
Operatin
g costs Training Total
A. Installation of High Efficient Irrigation Systems
A1. Drip and high efficiency Systems 177.5 - - 177.5
A2. Laser Leveling Equipment 56.5 - 56.5
Sub-total A 234.0 - - 234.0
B. Watercourse Improvement Program 160.0 - - 160.0
C. Improved Agriculture Technology/Practies and
Monitoring and Evaluation -
C1. Introduction of Improved Agricultural Practices - - 7.0 7.0
C2. M&E Project Management Support - - 2.0 2.0
Sub-total C - 9.0 9.0
D. Project Management Support, Supervision
Teechnical Assistance Traning -
D1. Project Implemenmtation and Management 2.0 8.0 10.0
D2. Project Supervision and Third Party Validation 9.5 9.5
D3. Strattegic Studies, TA and training etc. - 0.2 0.3 0.5 1.0
Sub-total D 9.7 8.3 0.5 20.5
Total 394.0 - 18.7 8.3 0.5 423.5
43
Table 2.6 Cost breakdown for HEIS Component
Units Acres
Unit Cost
US$
Total
Cost
US$M
IDA
US$
Millions
Farmers
US$
Milllion
HEIS 3 Acres Orchard 1,500 4,500 1,679 7.6 4.8 2.7
HEIS 3 Acres Vegetables 1,950 5,850 2,110 12.3 7.9 4.5
HEIS 3 Acres Row Crops 1,950 5,850 2,229 13.0 8.3 4.7
Sub-Total/Average 5,400 16,200 2,006 32.9 21.0 12.0
HEIS 5 Acres Orchard 1,800 9,000 1,241 11.2 7.1 4.1
HEIS 5 Acres vegetables 1,800 9,000 1,733 15.6 9.9 5.7
HEIS 5 Acres Row Crops 1,800 9,000 1,748 15.7 10.0 5.7
Sub-Total/Average 5,400 27,000 1,574 42.5 27.0 15.5
HEIS 10 Acres Orchard 1,600 16,000 1,216 19.4 12.4 7.1
HEIS 10 Acres Vegetables 1,600 16,000 1,555 24.9 15.8 9.0
HEIS 10 Acres Row Crops 1,600 16,000 1,366 21.9 13.9 7.9
Sub-Total/Average 4,800 48,000 1,379 66.2 42.1 24.1
HEIS 15 Acres Orchard 650 9,750 1,030 10.0 6.4 3.7
HEIS 15 Acres Vegetables 635 9,525 1,525 14.5 9.2 5.3
HEIS 15 Acres Row Crops 635 9,525 1,188 11.3 7.2 4.1
Sub-Total/Average 1,920 28,800 1,248 35.9 22.8 13.0
Total 17,520 120,000 1,552 177.5 113.0 64.5
Table 2.7 Cost of Improvement of one Watercourse (US$ 000)
Material
Admin/Ma
ngement Total Material Labor Total
1. Brick Lined New 30% 13.43 2.20 15.62 - 8.53 8.53 24.16
2. Concrete pre-cast New 30% 11.96 2.02 13.98 - 8.28 8.28 22.26
3. Partially Completed Brick 7.36 1.34 8.69 - 5.99 5.99 14.69
4. Partially Complete Concrete 6.46 1.23 7.69 - 5.88 5.88 13.58
5. Watercourses in Barani Area -
Pipes etc. 2.94 0.44 3.38 1.05 0.36 1.42 4.79
Concrete Channels 2.94 0.70 3.65 0.91 3.19 4.11 7.75
Total
Government Farmers
Type of Improvements
Table 2.8 Summary cost of Watercourse Improvement component US$ millions
Material Admin/M Total Material Labor Total
Improvement of W/C in Canal Area 5,500 68.9 11.5 80.3 - 46.1 46.1 126.4
Imporovemnt Partially Completed W/C 1,500 10.2 1.9 12.1 - 8.9 8.9 21.0
Improvement of non Canal Areas 2,000 5.9 1.1 7.0 2.0 3.6 5.5 12.5
Total 9,000 85.0 14.5 99.5 2.0 58.5 60.5 160.0
TotalNumberType of Improvemts
Government Farmers
44
Table 2.9 Detailed cost for improvement of a watercourse – Brick lined1. Cross Section of a Typical Watercourse
Lined Section Dimensions
Depth = 52 cm (20 inches)
Bottom Width = 60 cm (24 inches)
Floor Thickness = 7 cm (2.75 inches)
Floor width = 131.5 cm (52 inches)
Wall Thickness = 23 cm (9 inches)
2. Basic Data of a Typical Watercourse to be Lined
Unit Qty
Unit
Volume
(Cum)
Total Volume
(Cum)
Length of Watercourse m 3,900
Design Discharge lps 75
Average Slope m/m 0.0004
Length of Lining (30%) m 1,170 0.3313 387.56
Nakka Structures (0.51 m dia) number 45 0.52 23.40
Culvert number 3 4.00 12.00
Sign Board number 1 0.50 0.50
Drop Structure number 5 0.25 1.25
Animal Wallows number 0.18 15.00 2.70
427.41
3. Estimated Materials & Cost
Unit Qty Unit Cost
(Rs.)
Total Cost
(Rs.)
Bricks Nos. 213,706 3,600 /1,000 769,343
Cement bag 799 350 /Bag 279,741
Sand cu m 111 600 /Cum 66,676
Nakkas Nos. 45 570 /Nakka 25,650
Total Material cost 1,141,410
Material Cost per Running Meter (Rs.) 976
4. Cost of Labour & Masons (Farmers' Share)
Labor
(Rs.)
Masons
(Rs.)
Earthen improvement of 2,730 meters section 245,700 - 245,700
(0.2 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Alternate irrigation channel for constriction of 1,170 meters lined section 47,385 - 47,385
(0.09 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Excavation of section to be lined 1,170 meters 78,975 - 78,975
(0.15 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man- days)
87,750 204,750 292,500
@ Rs.250/meter.
Installation of 45 nakkas @ Rs.800/- each 18,000 18,000 36,000
Construction of 3 culverts @ Rs.5,000/- each 7,500 7,500 15,000
Construction of 0.18 Animal wallows @ Rs.20,000/- each 1,620 1,980 3,600
Construction of 05 drop structures @ Rs.700/- each 1,750 1,750 3,500
Construction, Painting and Writing of Sign Board @ Rs.2,500/- each 1,250 1,250 2,500
Total Labor & Masons 489,930 235,230 725,160
5. Overall Unit Cost of Watercourse Improvement
Items Rupees USD= Rs 85
i Cost of Materials 1,141,410 13,428
ii Cost of Labour for Earthen Construction 245,700 2,891
iii Cost of Labour for Lining 244,230 2,873
iv Cost of Masons 235,230 2,767
v Total (i+ii+iii+iv) 1,866,570 21,960
vi Administration Cost 186,657 2,196
vii G.Total (v+vi) 2,053,227 24,156
6. Cost Sharing
i. Government Share 1,141,410 13,428
ii. Farmers' Share 725,160 8,531
iii Administration Cost 186,657 2,196
Total 2,053,227 24,156 100%
13%
13%
100%
56%
35%
9%
%age
61%
13%
Construction of lined section 1,170 meters
Items
Items
Items Total (Rs.)
45
Table 2.10 Detailed cost for improvement of a watercourse – Precast Parabolic Canalets 1. Cross Section of a Typical Watercourse
PCPS Size
Maximum Height, D 48 cm
Maximum Width, T 67 cm
Designed Flow Depth, d 41 cm
Free Board, FB 7 cm
2. Basic Data of a Typical Watercourse to be Lined
Unit QuantityUnit Volume
(Cum)
Total Volume
(Cum)
Length of Watercourse m 3,900
Design Discharge lps 75
Average Slope m/m 0.0004
Length of Lining (30%) m 1,170
Nakka Structures (0.51 m dia) number 45 0.52 23.40
Culvert number 3 4.00 12.00
Sign Board number 1 0.50 0.50
Drop Structure number 5 0.25 1.25
Animal Wallows number 0.18 15.00 2.70
39.85
3. Estimated Materials & Cost
Unit Quantity Total Cost
(Rs.) PCPL Segments (# 5) Nos. 1,070 800 /Segment 855,916
Bricks Nos. 19,925 3,600 /1,000 71,730
Cement (including Joints) bag 81 350 /bag 28,523
Sand (including in bed) cu m 58 600 /Cum 34,585
Nakkas Nos. 45 570 /nakka 25,650
1,016,403
Material Cost per Running Meter (Rs.) 869
4. Cost of Labor & Masons (Farmers' Share)
Labor (Rs.) Masons (Rs.) Total
Earthen improvement of 2,730 meters section 245,700 - 245,700
(0.2 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Alternate irrigation channel for constriction of 1,170 meters lined section 43,173 - 43,173
(0.09 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Excavation of section to be lined 1,170 meters 78,975 - 78,975
(0.15 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man- days)
PCP Segments laying, jointing and back earth filling (1,170 meters) 137,475 137,475 274,950
@ Rs.235/meter.
Installation of 45 nakkas @ Rs.800/- each 18,000 18,000 36,000
Construction of 3 culverts @ Rs.5,000/- each 7,500 7,500 15,000
Construction of 0.18 Animal wallows @ Rs.20,000/- each 1,620 1,980 3,600
Construction of 05 drop structures @ Rs.700/- each 1,750 1,750 3,500
Construction, Painting and Writing of Sign Board @ Rs.2,500/- each 1,250 1,250 2,500
Total Labor & Masons 535,443 167,955 703,398
5. Overall Unit Cost of Watercourse Improvement
Items Rupees USD= Rs 85
i Cost of Materials 1,016,403 11,958
ii Cost of Labor for Earthen Construction 245,700 2,891
iii Cost of Labor for Lining 289,743 3,409
iv Cost of Masons 167,955 1,976
v Total (i+ii+iii+iv) 1,719,801 20,233
vi Administration Cost 171,980 2,023
vii G.Total (v+vi) 1,891,781 22,256
6. Cost Sharing
i. Government Share 1,016,403 11,958 ii. Farmers' Share 703,398 8,275
iii. Administration Cost 171,980 2,023 Total 1,891,781 22,256
54%37%9%
100%
%age
59%
14%
17%
10%
100%
Items
Items Unit Cost (Rs.)
Items
Total Cost of Material
46
Table 2.11 Detailed cost for Improvement of a partially improved Watercourse – Brick Lining1. Cross Section of a Typical Watercourse
Lined Section Dimensions
Depth = 52 cm (20 inches)
Bottom Width = 60 cm (24 inches)
Floor Thickness = 7 cm (2.75 inches)
Floor width = 131.5 cm (52 inches)
Wall thickness = 23 cm (9 inches)
2. Basic Data of a Typical Watercourse to be Lined
Unit QtyUnit Volume
(Cum)
Total Volume
(Cum)
Length of Watercourse m 3,900
Design Discharge lps 75
Average Slope m/m 0.0004
Length of Lining (30%) m 644 0.3313 213.16
Nakka structures (0.51 m dia) number 20 0.52 10.40
Culvert number 2 4.00 8.00
Sign Board number 1 0.50 0.50
Drop Structure number 2 0.25 0.50
Animal Wallows number 0.18 15.00 2.70
235.26
3. Estimated Materials & Cost
Unit Qty Unit Cost (Rs.) Total Cost (Rs.)
Bricks Nos. 117,630 3,600 /1,000 423,467
Cement bag 440 350 /Bag 153,977
Sand cu m 61 600 /Cum 36,700
Nakkas Nos. 20 570 /Nakka 11,400
Total Material cost 625,545
Material Cost per Running Meter (Rs.) 972
4. Cost of Labor & Masons (Farmers' Share)
Labor (Rs.) Masons (Rs.)
Earthen improvement of 2,730 meters section 245,700 - 245,700
(0.2 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Alternate irrigation channel for constriction of 644 meters lined section 26,062 - 26,062
(0.09 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Excavation of section to be lined 644 meters 43,436 - 43,436
(0.15 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man- days)
48,263 112,613 160,875
@ Rs.250/meter.
Installation of 20 nakkas @ Rs.800/- each 8,000 8,000 16,000
Construction of 2 culverts @ Rs.5,000/- each 5,000 5,000 10,000
Construction of 0.18 Animal wallows @ Rs.20,000/- each 1,620 1,980 3,600
Construction of 02 drop structures @ Rs.700/- each 700 700 1,400
Construction, Painting and Writing of Sign Board @ Rs.2,500/- each 1,250 1,250 2,500
Total Labor & Masons 380,031 129,543 509,573
5. Overall Unit Cost of Watercourse Improvement
Items Rupees USD= Rs 85
i Cost of Materials 625,545 7,359
ii Cost of Labor for Earthen Construction 245,700 2,891
iii Cost of Labor for Lining 134,331 1,580
iv Cost of Masons 129,543 1,524
v Total (i+ii+iii+iv) 1,135,118 13,354
vi Administration Cost 113,512 1,335
vii G.Total (v+vi) 1,248,629 14,690
6. Cost Sharing
i. Government Share 625,545 7,359
ii. Labor Cost (Farmers' Share) 509,573 5,995
iii Administration Cost 113,512 1,335
Total 1,248,629 14,690
%age
55%
22%
Items
Construction of lined section 644 meters
Items
Total (Rs.) Items
100%
12%
11%
100%
50%
41%
9%
47
Table 2.12 Detailed cost for Improvement of a partially Improved Watercourse –Concrete Canalets1. Cross Section of a Typical Watercourse
PCPS Size
Maximum Height, D 48 cm
Maximum Width, T 67 cm
Designed Flow Depth, d 41 cm
Free Board, FB 7 cm
2. Basic Data of a Typical Watercourse to be Lined
Unit QtyUnit Volume
(Cum)
Total Volume
(Cum)
Length of Watercourse m 3,900
Design Discharge lps 75
Average Slope m/m 0.0004
Length of Lining m 644
Nakka Structures (0.51 m dia) number 20 0.52 10.40
Culvert number 2 4.00 8.00
Sign Board number 1 0.50 0.50
Drop Structure number 2 0.25 0.50
Animal Wallows number 0.18 15.00 2.70
22.10
3. Estimated Materials & Cost
Unit Qty Total Cost (Rs.)
PCPL Segments (# 5) Nos. 588 800 /Segment 470,753
Bricks Nos. 11,050 3,600 /1,000 39,780
Cement (including Joints) bag 45 350 /bag 15,810
Sand (including in bed) cu m 19 600 /Cum 11,368
Nakkas Nos. 20 570 /nakka 11,400
549,111
Material Cost per Running Meter (Rs.) 853
4. Cost of Labor & Masons (Farmers' Share)
Items Labor (Rs.) Masons (Rs.) Total (Rs.)
Earthen improvement of 2,730 meters section 245,700 - 245,700
(0.2 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Alternate irrigation channel for constriction of 644 meters lined section 26,062 - 26,062
(0.09 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man-days).
Excavation of section to be lined 644 meters 43,436 - 43,436
(0.15 men-days/meter @ Rs.450/man- days)
PCP Segments laying, jointing and back earthfilling (644 meters) 75,611 75,611 151,223
@ Rs.235/meter.
Installation of 20 nakkas @ Rs.800/- each 8,000 8,000 16,000
Construction of 2 culverts @ Rs.5,000/- each 5,000 5,000 10,000
Construction of 0.18 Animal wallows @ Rs.20,000/- each 1,620 1,980 3,600
Construction of 02 drop structures @ Rs.700/- each 700 700 1,400
Construction, Painting and Writing of Sign Board @ Rs.2,500/- each 1,250 1,250 2,500
Total Labour & Masons 407,379 92,541 499,921
5. Overall Unit Cost of Watercourse Improvement
Items Rupees USD= Rs 85
i Cost of Materials 549,111 6,460
ii Cost of Labour for Earthen Construction 245,700 2,891
iii Cost of Labour for Lining 161,679 1,902
iv Cost of Masons 92,541 1,089
v Total (i+ii+iii+iv) 1,049,031 12,342
vi Administration Cost 104,903 1,234
vii G.Total (v+vi) 1,153,934 13,576
6. Cost Sharing
i. Government Share 549,111 6,460 ii. Labour Cost (Farmers' Share) 499,921 5,881
iii. Administration Cost 104,903 1,234 Total 1,153,934 13,576
48%43%9%
100%
23%
15%
9%
100%
Total Cost of Material
%age
52%
Items
Unit Cost (Rs.)
48
Table 2.13 Detailed cost for Improvement Watercourse in Barani Area –Pipeline1. Basic Parameters
Unit Qty
Area acre 12
Discharge lps 14
Length of Scheme m 450
Pvc pipe 4" m 444
GI pipe 4" m 6
Sluice valves number 6
N.R.V number 1
D. Points number 7
Centrifugal pump number 1
2. Estimated Materials
S.# Items Size Unit QtyUnit Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)1 Pvc pipe 4" m 444 365 162,060
2 GI pipe 4" m 6 1,200 7,200
3 Sluice valves 4" No. 6 4,200 25,200
4 N.R.V 4" No. 1 2,000 2,000
5 Valve socket 4" No. 10 161 1,610
6 T. PVC 4" No. 6 710 4,260
7 Bend PVC 4" No. 25 200 5,000
8 Bend GI 4" No. 12 1,200 14,400
9 M.S flange 4" No. 22 250 5,500
10 Solution 500 gm No. 5 200 1,000
11 Gas kit 4" No. 23 30 690
12 Nut bolt - No. 95 30 2,850
13 Centrifugal pump 5"x 4" No. 1 38,000 38,000
14 Diesel engine No. 1 44,000 44,000
15 V-Belt No. 1 2,000 2,000
16 Pulley No. 2 1,300 2,600
17 Iron template for pumping unit No. 1 1,500 1,500
18 Foundation bolts No. 8 100 800
19 Suction pipe 5" ft 15 300 4,500
20 Foot Valve Brass No. 1 4,500 4,500
329,670
B- Construction Works for Seven (7) Distribution Points
QtyUnit Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)Bricks 1,225 3,700 4,533
Cement 8 360 2,869
Sand 0.79 600 471
Crush 1.19 1,450 1,726
9,598
Total Material Cost (A+B) 339,268
C- Labor+ installation Cost
S.# Items Size Unit QuantityUnit Rate
(Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.)1 Distribution points No. 7 1,000 7,000
2 Fixing of sluice valves and N.R.V No. 7 160 1,120
3 Pumping unit fitting and foundation No. 1 5,000 5,000
4 Excavation of trenches Cum 179 80 14,280
5 Laying and jointing of pvc pipes 4" Meter 320 8 2,624
6 Laying and jointing of GI pipes 4" Meter 4 24 97
7 Back filling 320x90% Cum 161 6 884 31,005
370,273
3. Overall Unit Cost of Installation of Irrigation Scheme
Rupees USD=85
i Cost of Materials 339,268 3,991
ii Cost of Labor 31,005 365
iii Total Cost (i+ii) 370,273 4,356
iv Administration Cost 37,027 436
v G. Total Cost (i+ii+iii) 407,300 4,792
i. Government Share 250,000 2,941
ii. Farmers' Share 120,273 1,415
iii Administration Cost 37,027 436
Total 407,300 4,792
30%
9%
100%
Items %age
92%
8%
100%
61%
Items
A-Pipe line
Total
Unit
No./1,000
Bag
Items
4. Cost Sharing
Cum
Cum
Total:
Total
Total Cost (A+B+C)
49
Table 2.14 Detailed cost for Improvement Watercourses Barani Area –Concrete Canalet 1. Cross Section of a Typical Watercourse
PCPS Size
Maximum Height, D 31 cm
Maximum Width, T 45.7 cm
Designed Flow Depth, d 23 cm
Free Board, FB 8 cm
2. Basic Data of a Typical Watercourse to be Lined
Unit QuantityUnit Volume
(Cum)
Total Volume
(Cum)
Length of Watercourse m 2,000
Design Discharge lps 28
Average Slope m/m 0.0010
Length of Lining m 600
Nakka Structures (0.38 m dia) number 25 0.38 9.50
Culvert number 2 3.00 6.00
Sign Board number 1 0.50 0.50
Drop Structure number 5 0.20 1.00
17.00
3. Estimated Materials & Cost
Unit Quantity Total Cost (Rs.)
PCPL Segments (# 2) Nos. 549 475 /Segment 260,615
Bricks Nos. 8,500 3,600 /1,000 30,600
Cement (including Joints) bag 34 350 /bag 11,841
Sand (including in bed) cu m 28 600 /Cum 17,071
Nakkas Nos. 25 300 /nakka 7,500
327,627
Material Cost per Running Meter (Rs.) 546
4. Cost of Labor & Masons (Farmers' Share)
Labor (Rs.) Masons (Rs.)
Earthen improvement of 1,400 meters section 126,000 - 126,000
(0.2 men-days/meter @ Rs.439/man-days).
Alternate irrigation channel for constriction of 600 meters lined section 24,300 - 24,300
(0.09 men-days/meter @ Rs.439/man-days).
Excavation of section to be lined 600 meters 35,550 - 35,550
(0.15 men-days/meter @ Rs.439/man- days)
PCP Segments laying, jointing and back earthfilling (600 meters) 30,000 30,000 60,000
@ Rs.100/meter.
Installation of 25 nakkas @ Rs.600/- each 7,500 7,500 15,000
Construction of 2 culverts @ Rs.3,000/- each 3,000 3,000 6,000
Construction of 05 drop structures @ Rs.500/- each 1,250 1,250 2,500
Construction, Painting and Writing of Sign Board @ Rs.2,000/- each 1,000 1,000 2,000
Total Labor & Masons 228,600 42,750 271,350
5. Overall Unit Cost of Watercourse Improvement
Rupees USD= Rs 85
i Cost of Materials 327,627 3,854
ii Cost of Labor for Earthen Construction 126,000 1,482
iii Cost of Labor for Lining 102,600 1,207
iv Cost of Masons 42,750 503
v Total (i+ii+iii+iv) 598,977 7,047
vi Administration Cost 59,898 705
vii G.Total (v+vi) 658,874 7,751
6. Cost Sharing
i. Government Share 250,000 2,941 ii. Farmers' Share 348,977 4,106
iii. Administration Cost 59,898 705 Total 658,874 7,751
100%
Total Cost of Material
Items Total (Rs.)
Items
Unit Cost (Rs.)
38%53%9%
100%
Items %age
55%
21%
17%
7%
50
Figure 2.3: Irrigation networks in the watercourse command, community and farm channels
51
Figure 2.4: Unimproved and improved watercourse, unleveled field and laser leveling
process, DRIP Irrigation
52
Annex 3: Implementation Arrangements
Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase-I Project (PIPIPP)
Project Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
161. The Director General Agriculture Water Management (DGAWM) would be responsible for the
implementation of the Project and act as the Project Director of the Project. The Directorate of OFWM
has demonstrated that it has the capacity to implement such programs in Punjab. It has implemented
several World Bank, ADB and JICA financed projects and national programs for watercourse and high
efficiency improvements. Detailed implementation arrangements are described below and presented in
Chart-I.
162. DGAWM reports to Secretary Agriculture of the GoPunjab. DGAWM, as the Project
Director, would be responsible for all aspects of the project, including technical, implementation,
procurement, financial management, and overseeing the technical assistance and training program etc.
DGAWM would be supported by: i) Director Water Management Headquatrs (DWMHQ); (ii) two
Deputy Project Directors at the Headquarters (DPD (HQ)) - one DD (HQ) for implementation and
coordination of work on the HEIS and Precision land leveling and second DD (HQ) for watercourse
improvements; (iii) Deputy Director Finance, and accounting staff; (iv) a highly qualified Procurement
Specialist and supporting procurement staff; and (v) support staff.
163. The on-farm water management function, that is water management below “mogha” (outlet from
the distributary canal and command area of community watercourse that is managed by farmers), has
been devolved to the District Governments under the Devolution Plan of 2001. Under this set-up, an
office of the District Officer (OFWM) has been setup in all 36 districts of the Province for supervision of
water management activities. Tehsil is the lowest tier of the administration where the office of Deputy
District Officer (DDO, OFWM) carries out the execution of works through field staff comprising : (i)
DDO and one Water Management Officer (WMO); (ii) two Water Management Supervisors WMSs); and
support staff. Out of 133 tehsils in the province, offices of DDO (OFWM) have been established at 101
Tehsil Headquarters of which 83 are in irrigated area and 18 are in Barani (un-irrigated areas). The
remaining will be established under the project as needed.
164. Regional Project Coordination Unit (RPCU). Three Regional Project Coordination Units
(RPCU) have been established at Lahore, Multan and Rawalpindi to help coordinate and supervise the
project activities at the district and Tehsil level. The RPCU would be headed by one Regional Project
Director (RPD) who will be supported by one Deputy Director (Technical), one Assistant Director
(Technical) and a Deputy Director (Finance).
165. District Office (OFWM) would be responsible for supervision, coordination and internal
monitoring at the district level. Its capacity would be strengthened by provision of incremental staff for
establishing HEIS Field Teams, comprising two WMOs, one Computer Operator, one Vehicle Driver,
two surveyors and Rodmen. The incremental staff shall be recruited on contract basis for the duration of
the Project. In addition, the incremental staff comprising WMSs and Rodmen will be provided to DDO
(OFWM) offices as per the work load/targets in various Tehsils.
166. Project Supervision and Coordination. Several committees have been established to ensure
provincial oversight and coordination in implementation at various levels:
53
Chart I Institutional Arrangements
District Implementation
Committee
Tehsil Unit (Irrigated Area)
Deputy District Officer Water Management Officer
Supervisors Support Staff
Tehsil Unit (Irrigated Area)
Deputy District Officer Water Management Officer
Supervisors Support Staff
District Unit (Barani Area)
District Officer (OFWM) Support Staff
District Unit (Irrigated Area)
District Officer (OFWM) Support Staff
Monitoring and Evaluation
Consultants (M&ECs)
Technical Assistance and
Training Consultants
(TATCs)
Project Implementation
Supervision Consultants
(PISCs)
Regional Project Coordination Unit (RPCUs)
Regional Project Director (Lahore, Multan, Rawalpindi)
Deputy Director (Technical) Assistant Directors (Technical)
Superintendent Support Staff
Project Implementation
Committee
Project Steering
Committee
Project Policy
Committee
DGA (WM) - Project Director Director (Hqs)
Director (Training) Deputy Project Director (Hqs) (HEIS & LASER)
Deputy Project Director (Hqs) (W/C)
Deputy Director (Accounts) Deputy Director (Hqs)
Assistant Directors (Technical) Procurement Specialist
Secretary Agriculture
GOVERNMENT OF THE
PUNJAB
Chairman P&DD
54
(i) Project Policy Committee. The Project Policy Committee (PPC) would provide planning and
strategic guidance for project implementation as well as facilitate inter-agency coordination at the
highest level. PPC would be chaired by the Chairman, Planning and Development Board, Punjab
with Secretaries of Agriculture, Irrigation and Power (IPD), Local Government (LG) and Finance
Departments (FD) as its members. DGAWM will be the Member-Secretary of PPC which would
initially meet quarterly or as often as required. The PPC would, inter alia: (a) make policy decisions
for smooth project execution; (b) ensure coordination among all stakeholders; (c) arrange bridge
financing for local resources during any financial constraint from donors; (d) constitute committee/s
for resolving any policy related issue; (e) modify implementation mechanism for project
interventions, if needed; (f) approve criterion and mechanism for reappointment of NPIW
contractual staff in proposed project; and (g) resolve issues constraining smooth implementation of
envisaged activities.
(ii) Project Steering Committee (PSC). The Project Steering Committee (PSC) would be chaired by
Secretary Agriculture, GoPunjab with DGAWM, Punjab; Chief (Agriculture) Planning and
Development Department; Additional Secretary (Expenditure), Finance Department; and Additional
Secretary (Tech), Irrigation & Power Department as its members. DGAWM would act as Secretary
of the PSC.
PSC would meet quarterly to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest means
to overcome constraints faced in the field for execution of project activities. The PSC will (a)
approve annual work plan and streamline flow of funds; (b) monitor physical and financial progress;
(c) identify the constraints in achieving targets and devise strategies for their redressal; (d) review
provincial/district monitoring reports and take appropriate actions; (e) constitute committee/s for
approval of equipment specifications/standards, prequalification of supply & services companies for
LASER land leveling units, HEISs etc., preparation of technical pro forma etc.; (f) formulate
committee/s to resolve specific issues relating to civil works, unspent funds, rates of construction
materials, and make recommendations for decision by the PPC; (g) ensure implementation of
decisions of PPC; (h) devise mechanism for transparent monitoring of project activities; and ( i)
Review subsidy slabs/financial assistance level and modify for smooth implementation of project
activities.
(iii) Project Implementation Committee (PIC). The Project Implementation Committee (PIC) would
be chaired by DGAWM with Director (Headquarters), Director (Training), Deputy Project Directors
(Hqs.), Regional Project Directors, Deputy Directors (Hqs.), District Officers (OFWM), and Team
Leaders of Project Implementation Supervision Consultants (PISCs), Monitoring & Evaluation
Consultants (M&ECs) and Technical Assistance & Training Consultants (TATCs) as its members.
Director (Headquarters) would act as the Secretary of the committee.
The PIC would meet every month to review the physical and financial progress as well as to suggest
means to overcome constraints faced in execution of project activities. The major functions of PIC
would, inter alia, be as follows: (a) prepare annual work plan; (b) review physical and financial
progress; (c) coordinate and supervise project activities; (d) ensure implementation of decisions of
PSC; (e) formulate mechanism for transparent external monitoring of project activities; and (f)
review monitoring reports and rectification of the shortfalls.
(v) District Implementation Committee (DIC) The District Implementation Committee (DIC) would
be constituted in each district to implement the project at the district level. It would comprise of (i)
District Coordination Officer who would chair the DIC; and (ii) its members who would be
Executive District Officer (Finance & Planning), Executive District Officer (Agriculture), Regional
Project Director, Representative of the Revenue Department as Members. District Officer (OFWM)
who would be Member/Secretary. The DIC is proposed to meet on a monthly basis to review the
physical and financial progress, ensure effective project implementation, oversee the proper flow of
55
funds to WUAs, arrange transparent internal monitoring of project activities, and make
recommendations to the PIC for improving the pace of implementation.
(vi) District Rate Committee (DRC). The District Rate Committee (DRC) would be constituted under
the DIC to decide the rates of construction materials for improvement of watercourses and would
consist of Executive District Officer (Agriculture) as Chairman and, Field Engineer (PISC), District
Officer (Buildings) as Members and the District officer (OFWM) as the Secretary. The DRC will
periodically review rates of various construction materials and fix price for different materials for
clusters on a geographical basis.
167. Project Implementation Supervision Consultants (PISCs). The Project Implementation
Supevision Consultants (PISCs) would be selected through an international selection process under
Component D2 of the Project. They would report to DG OFWM and check the implementation program,
quality of works, delivery of works, and certify the quantities of work carried out and the payments. They
would also help the DGAWM in project planning and management, quarterly progress reporting,
procurement planning, financial management and overall project management.
168. Monitoring and Evaluation Consultants (M&ECs). The M&ECs (Component C2) would help
in (a) monitoring of physical progress; (b) monitoring and evaluation of Project impact; and (c) review
and supervision of the environmental and social aspects of the Project.
169. Technical Assistance and Training Consultants (TATCs). The TATCs‟ services (under
Component C1) would be required for training of OFWM staff in modern water management
technologies & techniques, capacity building of farmers for adoption of improved water conservation
practices, preparation of technical manuals and guidelines, use of Geographic Information System (GIS)
and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques for database management, identification & recommendation of
modern water management methods from all over the world best suited to the Punjab, strategic studies for
accelerating adoption of improved irrigation etc. The same will facilitate to provide technical support to
OFWM staff at provincial, regional, district, and field level for smooth implementation of the proposed
project interventions.
Financial Management, Disbursements and Procurement
Financial Management
170. Financial Management (FM) assessment of the office of DGAWM was carried out as part of the
preparation of the Program. The implementing agency, DGAWM, has implemented six World Bank-
assisted Programs up to 2002, but has not implemented any World Bank-assisted Program for about 10
years. They have also executed ADB, JICA and National Projects. The financial management systems
(FMS) are designed on the basis of existing systems of DGAWM, giving its 36 district offices an
additional role of funds management for watercourses. Furthermore, considering the new Output Based
Approach disbursement mechanism to be followed by the Program with funds going through Water
Management district offices, additional financial management staff shall be hired for the DGAWM.
171. Risk Analysis and Ratings. The risk analysis and rating is summarized below.
56
Risk
Risk
Rating
Rating
Explanation
Proposed Mitigating
Measures
Condition of
Negotiations,
Board or
Effectiveness
Residual
Risk
Inherent Risk Substantial - M
Country/
Provincial
Level
Substantial Ignoring rules,
policies and
procedures
- Adhering to FM policies
and procedures.
- Integrated use of country
FM systems.
- Substantial
Entity Level Substantial Lack of
experience of
use of fixed
cost based
mechanism.
Efficient use of fixed cost
based disbursement for
defined Components
- Moderate
Program
Level
Substantial Lack of FM
staff,
particularly in
field offices.
Hiring and training of FM
staff.
- Moderate
Control Risk Substantial Moderate
Budgeting Modest - Program budgets prepared
and updated regularly.
- Moderate
Accounting Substantial - - Development of FM
procedures.
- Use of Govt FMIS
(SAP/R3)
- Moderate
Internal
Control
High New
mechanism and
different FM
arrangements
- Training of FM staff.
- Use of supervisory
consultants for milestone
payments/ verification.
Substantial
Funds Flow Substantial ─ Strengthening of FM
capacity at DGAWM and
district offices.
- Moderate
Financial
Reporting
Substantial - Agreement on format of
IFRs.
- Adoption of International
Public Sector Accounting
Standards
- Moderate
Auditing Substantial ─ DG Provincial Audit
Punjab AGP will carry out
audit of the Program.
- Moderate
Overall Risk Substantial Moderate
172. Budgeting. The entire Government contribution shall be financed by the Program. Annual
budget prepared by DGAWM shall be reflected in the Public Sector Development Program of the Federal
Government and Annual Development Program of the Punjab Government. Regular budget utilization
monitoring shall be done by the DGAWM. Programs using the Government FMIS (SAP R/3) shall also
help in automated budget monitoring.
173. Staffing. One dedicated Deputy Director for Finance and Accounts (DDFA) for the Program
shall be hired from the market at DGAWM Office, where existing accounting support staff would provide
support to DDFA. All FM staff would require an orientation on the Program‟s (FM) arrangement.
174. Accounting, Payments, and Internal Controls. The Program will follow a „cash-basis‟
accounting process. Separate books of account will be maintained for the Program activities using the
57
Chart of Accounts under the New Accounting Model. Sufficient subsidiary records will be kept to
facilitate preparation of quarterly reports and annual financial statements providing details of receipts and
expenditures by Program components and disbursement categories. All efforts shall be made to put the
Program on the Government Financial Management Information System (SAP R/3) from the Program‟s
inception.
175. FM Manual for the Project has been prepared. The FM Manual incorporates a robust internal
control framework and ensures adequate segregation of duties. The FM Manual would be revised and
updated from time to time to reflect the experience of project implementation and to continue to improve
the financial management system and internal control. An invoice register will track the payment of
invoices. Separate record of assets procured from Program funds will be maintained. These will be
tagged for identification and subjected to a regular physical verification.
176. Funds Flow and Disbursement Arrangements. The Government related share of the project
cost will be fully financed by IDA Credit, including taxes and duties. A segregated Designated Account in
US Dollars will be opened for the Program by DGAWM. This will be operated by joint signatories
ensuring adequate segregation of duties. Funds will be front-loaded using a report-based system.
DGAWM will submit quarterly Interim Financial Reports (IFRs) providing six monthly cash forecasts.
An initial advance into the Designated Account will be provided by the Bank on the basis of cash forecast
for the first two quarters, which will be replenished quarterly on the basis of actual expenditures incurred
and forecast for the following two quarters.
177. Advances for works in the field would be made from the Designated Account to Account IV of
the District Governments through the Finance Department for expenditures estimated to be paid in three
months. Replenishment to these accounts would be based on expenditures reported on a monthly basis
and cash forecast for subsequent three months. Assurance has been provided that the entire process of
transfer of funds from Designated Account to Account IV shall be completed in less than three weeks.
178. Disbursements for works under Component A and B. The cost of works and goods under
Components A and B would be disbursed on an output basis i.e. according to the agreed unit rate for
watercourse improved, HIES installed per acre, and the laser leveling provided. The unit rates would be
reviewed annually. However, the first review would be undertaken six months after the start of the
project. The unit costs will be compared against actual expenditures incurred. If there is a significant
gap between the forecast and actual expenditures disbursed, adjustments would be made to the unit rates
accordingly. The unit rates to be applied at the start of the project are provided in Table 3.1 below. All
expenditures other than Components A and B would be disbursed based on actual expenditures.
179. Retroactive Financing. To meet the urgent project start-up needs, the Bank Credit could be used
to retroactively finance expenditures incurred during the period between August 1, 2011 and Loan signing
of up to US$20 million, provided that procurement procedures are acceptable to the Bank.
180. Allocations of the Credit proceeds by disbursement category are shown in the Table 3.2. For
Category 1 (works, goods and services under Components A and B), disbursements would be based on
unit rates for IDA disbursements provided in Table 3.1 and updated from time to time.
58
Table 3.1 Unit rates to be used for Disbursements (USD)
Component A1
1. HIES upto 3 acres unit USD/Acre 2,006 1,277
2. HIES upto 5 acres unit USD/Acre 1,574 1,002
3. HIES upto 10 acres unit USD/Acre 1,379 878
4. HIES upto 15 acres unit USD/Acre 1,248 794
Component A2
5. Laser Levelling Unit 18,827 2,647
Component B
6. Brick Lined New W/C 24,155 15,624
7. Concrete pre-cast New W/C 22,256 13,981
8. Partially Completed Brick 14,690 8,695
9. Partially Complete Concrete 13,576 7,694
10. Watercourse in Barani Area
(a) Pipes etc. 4,793 3,377
(b) Concrete Channels 7,752 3,646
Unit Rate
Unit Rate for IDA
DisbusementsItem
Table 3.2 Allocation of Credit Proceeds (US$ million)
Expenditure Categories Credit Amount
Financing
Percentage
1. Works, Goods and Services for Component A and B a/ 200.0 100%
2. Goods Consulting Sevices, Traningg and operating cost 28.0 100%
3. Unallocated 22.0
Total 250.0 a/ For these categories 100% of the expenditure would be disbursed according to unit rates for IDA
disbursements provided in Table 3.1 and updated from time to time.
Part of the IDA credit amount from each category (1 and 2) is in the unallocated category (category 3). Taxes
and duties will also be financed from the credit..
181. Incremental Operating Costs. The incremental operating costs will cover expenditures for
salaries of contractual staff (other than consultants), per diem and allowances, office rental, office
supplies, utilities, conveyance, travel and boarding/lodging allowances, operating and maintenance of
office equipment and vehicles, advertising expenses and bank charges, taxes and duties, stamp papers,
insurance, media promotion, newspaper subscriptions, periodicals, printing and stationery costs in
connection with the management and coordination of Program activities.
182. Financial Reporting. The Program will submit IFRs within 45 days of the end of each calendar
quarter. Format and content of these reports will be agreed during negotiations.
183. Auditing. Annual financial statements for the Program will be prepared in accordance with cash
basis international public sector accounting standards. These will include details of expenditure incurred
both by disbursement category and Program components.
184. An external audit will be conducted by the Supreme Audit Institution, i.e., the Office of the
Auditor General of Pakistan which is acceptable to the Bank. Acceptable audited financial statements for
the Program will be submitted within 6 months of the close of each financial year. DGAWAM currently
59
does not implement any Bank financed project; therefore, there is no outstanding audit report or ineligible
expenditures.
Audit Report Type Due Date Program Financial Statements for Financial Year
ended June 30 each year. December 31 each year.
185. Agreed Actions. The key actions agreed for improving financial management system are: (a)
FM staff would be maintained and continued to be strengthened as project implementation expands to
various districts and sub-projects are undertaken; and (b) FM Manual is updated on a regular basis to
reflect the lessons learned from implementation and experience gained to continue to have robust FM
system in place that is satisfactory to the Association.
186. Supervision Plan. Intensive FM supervision will be required for the first two years, i.e. quarterly
financial management mission, followed by normal supervision i.e. twice a year.
Procurement
187. Procurement under the project would be carried out in accordance with World Bank‟s Guidelines:
Procurement under IBRD Loans and IDA Credits of January 2011, and Guidelines for Selection and
Employment of Consultants by World Bank Borrowers of January 2011. The Bank‟s standard bidding
documents for procurement under International Competitive Bidding (ICB), and sample bidding
documents for procurement under National Competitive Bidding (NCB) which are already being used on
other Bank financed projects in Pakistan, will be used for procurement of Goods and Works under the
Project. The Bank‟s Standard Request for Proposal (RFP) document will be used in the selection of
consulting firms. GoPunjab shall ensure that the Project is carried out in accordance with the provisions
of the Anti-Corruption Guidelines.
188. All expected procurement of goods, works and consultants‟ services have been listed in the
project‟s General Procurement Notice (GPN), and Specific Procurement Notices (SPNs) shall be
published for all ICBs and consulting services contracts costing more than US $300,000.
Procurement of Works
189. Procurement and Contract Management of Component A1 works i.e. Installation of HEIS.
For installation of HIES, several Supply and Service Companies (SSCs) would be pre-qualified in the
province, using appropriate criteria acceptable to the Bank. SSCs would be registered with the Agriculture
Department of Punjab, and this pre-qualification shall be updated periodically (annually or as agreed).
SSCs would install the HEIS on a turnkey basis. SSCs would also be responsible for providing technical
support to farmers for operation and maintenance of HEIS as well as irrigation agronomy and crop
production techniques with HEISs. PISCs will provide technical input during pre-qualification process to
select capable SSCs and standard equipment including cost estimates. The Agriculture Department will
advertise for invitation of applications from farmers for installation of HEISs. The HEIS Field Team will
mobilize farmers for adoption of HEISs and selection of suitable system for the farm. The applications
will be scrutinized vis-a-vis approved criteria and eligible applicants will be advised to approach the pre-
qualified SSCs of their own choice for survey, design, and cost estimation of the selected system. The
HEIS Field Team will support farmers/SSC for survey, design and cost estimation. The SSC will submit
the same to the PISCs for review and approval. After approval of design and cost estimates, the farmer
will be advised by District Officer (OFWM) to deposit his/her entire share in the form of a pay order/bank
draft drawn in favour of selected SSC.
190. On receipt of farmer contribution, concerned SSC will be issued a work order by DGAWM/RPD
to supply the equipment at site, which will be verified by PISCs in terms of quality and quantity vis-a-vis
60
approved standards/specifications. DGAWM will make 50 percent payment of total cost or farmer‟s
share, whichever is higher, to SSC by releasing farmer‟s demand draft and remaining cost from project
funds, if the farmer‟s share is less than 50 percent of the total cost, along with advice to install the system.
Spot checking will be carried out by RPD, HEIS Field Team, and PISCs to ensure installation as per
approved design parameters. The installation completion will be reported by SSC to the concerned DO
(OFWM) who will request PISCs for verification of installed system. On completion of installation and
making the system functional, consultants will verify the final completion as per design, satisfaction
certificate of farmer, irrigation & fertilization schedules, log book, certificate that farmer has been trained
on system operation & maintenance and O&M manual has been provided to the farmers. After
certification/verification by PISCs,, DGAWM will pay the remaining cost retaining 10 percent of total
system cost as performance guarantee which will be released after two years or presentation of a bank
guarantee or performance security (if agreed) of an equal amount to ensure free service during the two
years warranty period. The HEIS team in the district will provide technical support to farmers in the
operation, maintenance and troubleshooting of the installed system as well as provide agronomic support
regarding cropping geometry, fertilization, weed management, disease/pest control etc. under high
efficiency irrigation environment.
191. TATCs would carry out a province-wide program for training of SSCs, i.e. training of trainers
and prepare manuals and kits for use. They would develop training materials for SSCs, farmers and
others involved including staff of Directorate General, Water Management Training Institute (WMTI)
who would be used for carrying out extensive training province-wide to the interested farmers, SSCs,
NGOs and other interested stakeholders.
192. Procurement and contract management under component A2 (laser levelling equipment). The PSC with support from DGAWM would approve specification of the equipment and the list of
qualified firms. Each short-listed firm would be required to submit one complete set of its approved
units to DGAWM, which will be used as reference for monitoring the quality of units being provided to
farmers / service providers. It would be returned to the firm after completion of the project on provision
of a certificate from all districts where the firm has delivered LASER units that there remains no
complaint/ shortfall to be addressed.
193. The Agriculture Department will advertise for invitation of applications from farmers interested
to work as service provider for LASER land levelling rental services. Applications will be received
/collected in the office of DO (OFWM), which will be scrutinized vis-a-vis an approved criteria by the
designated committee. PISCs will assist the committee to carry out scrutiny for short listing of
applications. DO (OFWM) will convey the complete list of eligible applicants to the DGAWM for
allocation of quota as the activity will be demand-driven. Farmers meeting the criteria would be allowed
to purchase the equipment by placing an order with the approved supplier, who would have to supply the
equipment in 90 days. PISCs would inspect and certify the equipment and that it has been supplied based
on which DGAWM would release the Government‟s share of the cost to the supplier.
194. Procurement and Contract Management of Works under component B i.e. Watercourse
Improvement. Watercourses would be improved/constructed under the project through community
participation. The watercourse level WUAs properly formed and registered under WUA Ordinance of
1981 would be qualified to undertake these works. Upon request of WUAs, when qualified, Tehsil Level
field teams would carry out surveys and prepare the design and cost estimates for material along with the
breakdown of each item, labor cost etc. These would be checked and certified by PISCs.
195. WUA will carry out earthen improvement of 50 percent of proposed length under the supervision
of OFWM field staff. This will involve removal of shrubs, bushes, and vegetation as well as other natural
or man-made obstructions from the right of way. This will be followed by demolishing of existing
channel, constructing a well compacted pad, and excavation of new channel as per the design. A sample
61
contract form has been agreed between the Bank and the borrower for such implementation. Requisite
funds will be released to joint account of the respective WUA by DO (OFWM) in three instalments on
certification of the PISCs based on the following criteria:
First Installment, of 40% of the estimated cost would be released on receipt of First
Intermediate Completion Report (ICR-I) from the consultants, certifying the following
requirements: (a) Issuance of Technical Sanction by the competent authority; (b) Deposit
of 50 percent farmers‟ share on account of labor charges for lining and installation of
water control structures; (c) Renovation of at least 50 percent of designed earthen
sections.
Second Installment, of 30% of the estimated cost on receipt of Second Intermediate
Completion Report (ICR-II) from consultants, verifying the following: (a) deposit of
remaining 50 percent labor charges of farmers‟ share on account of lining/installation of
water control structures etc. (b) renovation of entire designed earthen sections; and (c)
completion of at least 30 percent planned lining and other works.
Third Installment, release of remaining 30% of the estimated cost on receipt of Final
Completion Report (FCR) from consultants certifying: (a) completion of all planned
works; and (b) rectification of any pending discrepancy.
196. The WUA will procure construction materials using simple community procurement procedures
and carry out civil works under the technical supervision of OFWM field staff. DO (OFWM) will
perform internal monitoring of improvement works while the RPD will undertake external monitoring to
ensure quality of the works. PISCs will carry out spot checking and third party validation/final
verification of improvement works. As indicated above, Bank funds would be disbursed/settled based on
agreed unit rates per watercourse improved, upon certification by PISCs.
197. Civil Works. Apart from community based works mentioned above, there are no major works
identified as yet, but any works to be undertaken by DGAWM have to adhere to the following
procedures:
(i) Works estimated to cost more than US$4,000,000 equivalent would be procured through ICB
procedures. Pre-qualification would be mandatory for contracts estimated to cost more than
US$10 million equivalent;
(ii) Estimated to cost up to US$4,000,000 would be procured through NCB procedures; and
(iii) For Minor works estimated to cost up to US$50,000 equivalent per contract may be procured
through shopping procedures.
Procurement of Goods
198. Procurement and contract management under component A2 (laser leveling
equipment). Laser Land levelers shall be procured based on community participation.
Agriculture Department will advertise and invite applications from interested farmers.
Applications received / collected in the office of DO (OFWM), will be scrutinized against
approved criteria by the designated committee. PISCs will assist the committee to carry out
scrutiny for short listing of applications. DO (OFWM) will convey the complete list of eligible
applicants to DGAWM for allocation of quota as the activity will be demand-driven. Farmers
meeting the criteria would be allowed to purchase the equipment.
199. In parallel, the DGAWM office shall also pre-qualify firms for supplying the equipment,
based on disseminated criteria, evaluating their performance and technical specifications of the
equipment. The PSC with support from DGAWM would approve specification of the equipment
62
and the list of qualified firms. The farmer would place an order with the approved supplier who
would have to supply the equipment in 90 days. PISCs would inspect and certify the equipment that has been supplied, based on which DGAWM would release the Government‟s share of the cost to the
supplier. Formats of agreements with farmers as well as the supplier have been finalized.
200. Goods procured under this project would include: office equipment, vehicles, furniture, field
equipment and heavy equipment, instruments, hydraulic water measuring equipment and others identified
during the project. Following procedures would apply for procurement of goods:
(i) ICB procedures shall be followed for each Goods contract estimated to cost more than
US$600,000 equivalent. Domestic Preference will be allowed to local manufacturers on ICB
contracts;
(ii) Goods estimated to cost up to US$600,000 per contract may be procured through NCB
procedures acceptable to the Bank;
(iii) All vehicles for project use, and other goods estimated to cost up to US$50,000 equivalent per
contract may be procured following procurement procedures in accordance with the Bank‟s
procurement guidelines;
Improvement of Bidding Procedures under National Competitive Bidding
201. The following improvements in bidding procedures will apply to all procurement of Goods and
Works under National Competitive Bidding, in order to ensure economy, efficiency, transparency and
broad consistency with the provisions of Section 1 of the Guidelines:
i. Invitation to bid shall be advertised in at least one national newspaper with a wide
circulation, at least 30 days prior to the deadline for the submission of bids;
ii. bid documents shall be made available, by mail or in person, to all who are willing to pay
the required fee;
iii. foreign bidders shall not be precluded from bidding and no preference of any kind shall be
given to national bidders in the bidding process;
iv. bidding shall not be restricted to pre-registered firms;
v. qualification criteria shall be stated in the bidding documents;
vi. bids shall be opened in public, immediately after the deadline for submission of bids;
vii. bids shall not be rejected merely on the basis of a comparison with an official estimate
without the prior concurrence of the Bank;
viii. before rejecting all bids and soliciting new bids, Bank‟s prior concurrence shall be
obtained;
ix. bids shall be solicited and works contracts shall be awarded on the basis of unit prices;
x. contracts shall not be awarded on the basis of nationally negotiated rates;
xi. single bid shall also be considered for award;
xii. contracts shall be awarded to the lowest evaluated and qualified bidder;
xiii. post-bidding negotiations shall not be allowed with the lowest evaluated or any other
bidders;
xiv. draft NCB contract would be reviewed by the Bank in accordance with the prior review
procedures;
xv. Government-owned enterprises shall be eligible to bid only if they can establish that they
are legally and financially autonomous, operate under commercial law, and are not a
dependent agency of the Recipient;
xvi. A firm declared ineligible by the Bank, based on a determination by the Bank that the firm
has engaged in corrupt, fraudulent, collusive, coercive or obstructive practices in competing
for or in executing a Bank-financed contract, shall be ineligible to be awarded a Bank-
financed contract during the period of time determined by the Bank.
63
xvii. The Bank shall declare a firm ineligible, either indefinitely or for a stated period, to be
awarded a contract financed by the Bank, if it at any time determines that the firm has,
directly or through an agent, engaged in corrupt, fraudulent, collusive, coercive or
obstructive practices in competing for, or in executing, a contract financed by the Bank;
and
xviii. Each contract financed from the proceeds of a credit shall provide that the suppliers,
contractors and subcontractors shall permit the Bank, at its request, to inspect their accounts
and records relating to the performance of the contract and to have said accounts and
records audited by auditors appointed by the Bank. The deliberate and material violation by
the supplier, contractor or subcontractor of such provision may amount to obstructive
practice.
Recruitment of Consultants
202. Major consulting services under the Project would be required for PISCs, M&ECs and TATCs as
described above. Contracts with consulting firms will be procured in accordance with Quality and Cost
Based Selection procedures or other methods given in Section III of the Consultants‟ Guidelines, such as
quality based (QBS), fixed budget (FBS), least cost selection (LCS),consultants qualification (CQS) or
single source selection (SSS). For contracts with consulting firms estimated to cost less than $500,000
equivalent per contract, the shortlist of consultants may comprise entirely of national consultants in
accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 2.7 of the Consultant Guidelines.
203. Selection of Individual Consultants. World Bank provides guidelines on selection of individual
consultants in Section V of the Consultant Guidelines. Services for assignments that meet the
requirements set forth in the first sentence of paragraph 5.1 of the Consultant Guidelines may be procured
under contracts awarded to individual consultants in accordance with the provisions of paragraphs 5.2
through 5.3 of the Consultant Guidelines. Under the circumstances described in paragraph 5.4 of the
Consultant Guidelines, such contracts may be awarded to individual consultants on a sole-source basis.
204. Single-Source Selection. Specific consultants‟ services through firms, satisfying Consultants
Guidelines (paragraph 3.9 to 3.13), with Bank‟s prior agreement may be procured following single source
selection procedures.
205. Recruitment of an Appropriate NGOs If needed, an appropriate NGO would be recruited
through a competitive process for implementation of some activities of the Project. The NGO would be
given a contract for the services.
Incremental Operating Costs
206. The incremental operating costs for covering incremental staff salaries, rent, office supplies,
utilities, operating and maintenance expenditures of office equipment and vehicle etc. would be disbursed
on the basis of annual budgets to be prepared by implementing agencies and agreed with the Bank.
Assessment of Agency’s Capacity to Implement Procurement
207. DGAWM office is responsible for preparing the procurement plans, procurement of consultant
services, goods and overall project implementation. DGAWM has been the implementation unit for
several Bank Projects in Punjab and has considerable experience of working according to the Bank‟s
procurement rules, though it has not worked in recent years. One Senior Level Officer shall be designated
to act as a procurement focal point, assisted by his/her staff. An assessment of the capacity of the
implementing agency to implement procurement actions for the project was carried out by the
procurement specialist on the team. The assessment reviewed the organizational structure for
implementing the procurement under the project and the interaction between the project‟s staff
64
responsible for procurement. The special measures for dealing with procurement risk proposed above are
based on this review.
208. The project is rated “substantial risk” operation from procurement and contract management point
of view. While the implementing agency‟s performance in carrying out procurement under the ongoing/
previous Bank, ADB and JICA financed projects has been satisfactory, this rating is assessed due to the
sheer size of the operation, numerous packages involved and country environment. In order to minimize
this risk several measures are introduced for procurement in general and for management of consultancy
contracts in particular. These measures include:
(i) Procurement Capacity: DGAWM would have overall responsibility for carrying out the
procurement under the Project including the consulting services, works and goods. The
Bank shall conduct a procurement training session for the project staff. The SOPs covering
internal approval procedures of the borrower have been agreed and documented during
appraisal.
(ii) Community procurement arrangements for goods shall be agreed and disseminated to the
participating communities. The PISCs shall spot check compliance of the agreed
arrangements. Contracts for community based works, as well as goods have also been agreed
and documented during appraisal.
(iii) DGAWM‟s procurement website would be used for providing procurement plan,
procurement notices, invitation to bid, bid documents and RFPs as issued, latest information
on procurement contracts, status of evaluation, complaints and actions taken, contract award
and performance under contracts and other relevant information related to procurement. The
website would be accessible to all bidders and firms free of charge. The website would be
supported by a filing system and a procurement database as explained below. The web-site
should be operational as soon as competitive procurements for the project commence;
(iv) A credible system of handling complaints would be put in place. DGAWM would manage
the complaint handling system with overall oversight by the PPC and PSC of the Punjab
Government. This system would include maintenance of a database, a standard protocol with
appropriate triggers for carrying out investigations, and taking action against involved parties.
DGAWM would develop the system as soon as possible and it would be reviewed by the
Bank. For ICB/international selection of consultants the Bank prescribed complaint redressal
mechanism will apply;
209. With these above arrangements, procurement under the project is likely to be effective and
transparent resulting in smooth implementation of the project leading to achievement of the project
development objectives. At this stage procurement risk rating of the project is kept “substantial”;
however, procurement process and implementation of the contracts would be reviewed every six months
by the PPC and PSC in collaboration with the Bank and adjustment would be made, and corrective
actions would be taken if necessary. Summary of the agreed actions is tabulated below:
Table 1: Procurement Actions
Action Responsibility Date Status
i. Procurement Training Procurement SOPs
Bank Bank/DGAWM
Before any
procurement actions By negotiations
Informal discussion
held. Discussions
commenced ii. Community
procurement
arrangements: i. Goods procedures for
i. DG /PISC
By appraisal
Samples shared with
DGAWM
65
WUAs
ii. Agreed contracts for
WUAs
iii. Agreed contracts for
suppliers
ii. DG iii. DG
iii. Procurement website DGAWM By effectiveness Separate link to be
prepared vii. Complaint handling
system DGAWM By effectiveness Basic mechanism
agreed shall be
agreed in the
manual
Procurement Planning
210. Procurement Plan for key contracts for goods, works and consultants‟ services expected under the
Project is prepared by the DGAWM. Whenever possible, procurement of works, goods and services
would be packaged into large packages to attract good contractors. Procurement under the project will be
carried out in accordance with the procurement plans which will be closely monitored and updated on a
quarterly basis, or as required. No procurement, regardless of the value, will be done by the implementing
agency unless it has been approved under the procurement plan by the Bank. Any change in the estimated
cost of any contract will promptly be conveyed to the Bank for its approval. No changes will be accepted
after bidding documents have been made available to the bidders.
Prior Review
211. Thresholds for prior review are given below. These thresholds would be reviewed in 18 months
and adjustments upwards or downwards would be made based on implementation experience:
(i) All ICB contracts for works and goods;
(ii) All single source selection or direct contracts;
(iii) First NCB contract for works and goods irrespective of value;
(iv) First contract procured through shopping, for goods as well as works, and through community
based contracting procedure;
(v) The first Consultants‟ Services contract with consulting firms, irrespective of value, and
thereafter all contracts with firms estimated to cost US$100,000 equivalent or more;
(vi) First consulting services contract with individual consultants, irrespective of value, and
thereafter all contracts with individuals estimated to cost US$50,000 equivalent or more.
Post Review
212. All other contracts will be subject to Post-Review by the Bank. DGAWM will send to the Bank a
list of all contracts for post-review on a quarterly basis. Post reviews as well as the implementation
reviews would be done quarterly for the first 18 months or till the credit disbursements reach US$30
million and there after bi-annually. Such review of contracts below threshold will constitute a sample of
about 20 percent of the contracts.
Procurement Information and documentation - Filing and database
213. Procurement information will be recorded and reported as follows:
(a) Complete procurement documentation for each contract, including bidding documents,
advertisements, bids received, bid evaluations, letters of acceptance, contract agreements,
66
securities, related correspondence etc., will be maintained by the implementing agencies in an
orderly manner, readily available for audit.
(b) Contract award information will be promptly recorded and contract rosters as agreed will be
maintained by each implementing agency.
(c) Comprehensive quarterly reports by DGAWM, indicating: (i) revised cost estimates, where
applicable, for each contract; (ii) status of on-going procurement, including a comparison of
originally planned and actual dates of the procurement actions, including preparation of bidding
documents, advertising, bidding, evaluation, contract award and completion time for each
contract; and (iii) updated procurement plans, including revised dates, where applicable, for the
procurement actions.
(d) A Procurement Database would be developed supporting the procurement website that would
register relevant information in a database format that would be suitable for analysis. The
database would include above information and in addition other relevant information such as
official estimates (global unit prices based on market rates), all bidders (individual, companies,
joint ventures, owners information, bank guarantee information, etc.), all bids, and relevant
staff offered (technical experts, work supervisors, etc.). The database would be designed and
supervised by the DGAWM in accordance with the format agreed with the Bank.
Frequency of Procurement Supervision
214. Bank supervision would be carried out every six months, however, more frequently in the early
stages of the project. In addition to prior review, Bank supervision missions, including a procurement
specialist, would carry out for post review of procurement actions. The Bank‟s procurement specialist
based in the Country office in Pakistan will be available to discuss procurement issues with the PMO as
and when needed.
Details of the Procurement Arrangements
2. Consulting Services
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Ref.
No. Description of
Assignment Estimat
ed Cost
US$(mil
lion)
Number
of
contracts
Selection
Method Review by
Bank
(Prior/Post)
Expected
Proposals
Submission
Date PBIP-
II-A4 Project
Implementation
Supervision
consultants.
8.5 1 QCBS Prior June 2012
PBIP-
II-C1 Technical
Assistance and
Training
Consultants
(TATCs)
7.00 1 QCBS Prior June 2012
PBIP-
II-C2 M&E
Consultants. 1.8 1 QCBS Prior August
2012
67
Annex 4: Operational Risk Assessment Framework (ORAF)
Pakistan: Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase I Project (P125999)
Implementing Agency (IA) Risks (including Fiduciary Risks)
Capacity Rating Moderate
Description:
The share scale of the operation, spanning the entire province and
dealing with millions of farmers and water users, raise concerns
regarding technical and management capacity to carry out the
program. Efficiency and transparency in procurements could also
pose a risk, particularly given the large number of contracts
(thousands). However, the implementing agency has years of experience
working with the farmers and water users association,
implementing projects of similar nature. In addition, a
procurement assessment has been carried out and found the
institutional capacity to be satisfactory.
Risk Management: Technical assistance would be provided to the implementing agency, OFWM Directorate
under components C1 and D1 of the project. This will enhance its capacity to deal with an
operation spread over such a vast area.
Under component C2, an independent team of consultants would monitor the project
performance, users‟ satisfaction and any issues regarding implementation, and will provide
feedback to the implementing agencies. Should any issues emerge, they would be dealt with
at the management and project steering committee level, which would be chaired by highest
authority in the province.
Procurement training sessions will be held to facilitate efficient procurement and contract
implementation
Resp: Bank and client | Stage: Implementation | Due Date: Throughout Status: Not yet Due
Governance Rating Substantial
Description:
Complex implementation arrangements, involving multiple
committees and several layers of government and spanning
across 36 districts in the province, could lead to weak oversight,
uneven performance, and pose governance challenges
Risk Management:
Project interventions will leverage substantial investments from the beneficiaries which
will mitigate governance risks.
Procurement of materials for watercourses would be carried out by the communities who
will also implement the works. Therefore, there would be internal check and balance and
self interest to carry out procurement properly.
Two consultants would be overseeing the works. PIACs would supervise on regular basis,
and certify the quantity and quality of works, and M&ECs would carry out spot check and
technical audits.
The disbursements would be on unit rate basis for total outputs and would not be made for
works that are not completed properly.
The financial transactions would also be in thousands at a given time. Thus additional
financial staff is added and a good system of financial management would be used.
Resp: Bank | Stage: Prep & Impl | Due Date: Throughout | Status: Not yet Due
Project Risks
68
Design Rating Low
Description:
Farmers may not want to adopt the technologies introduced under
the project and there may also be resistance to the project‟s
introduction of functioning of the water user associations,
training, demonstration activities, and monitoring and evaluation.
However, the project is based on well tested and popular
interventions such as watercourse (W/C) improvements, laser
leveling, high efficiency irrigation systems like drip, bubbler and
sprinkler. All aspects of these systems are in demand by farmers.
Risk Management:
The project design draws on lessons learned from previous projects in Pakistan and similar
projects in parts of the country. Major lessons incorporated in the project design include,
inter alia: a) Beneficiary participation is made central to the project b) Laser levelers and
HEIS are provided to the service providers instead of Government agency HEIS c) Output
based operation with disbursements to be made on unit rates instead of traditional
procurement and contracting of works and materials
The project design also reflects extensive consultations with farmers and users. The
technology would be provided to the farmers based on demand and according to their
needs.
Resp: Bank | Stage: Prep & Impl | Due Date: Throughout | Status: Not yet Due
Social and Environmental Rating Low
Description:
There are no adverse social or environmental impacts anticipated.
The project has positive environmental benefits, including
reduction in water losses, less degradation of land and water
resources, etc.
Risk Management:
N/A
Program and Donor Rating Low
Description:
Program and donor risks are minimal. The project is fully
financed by the Bank and the Government and is not affected by
financing of other projects by donors.
Risk Management:
The Bank has been engaged in the water and agriculture sector for many years and is in
active dialogue with the Government and key stakeholders concerning the development of
these sectors.
Resp: Bank | Stage: Prep & Impl | Due Date : Throughout | Status: Completed
Delivery Monitoring and Sustainability Rating Moderate
Description:
The scale of the project involving installation of irrigation
systems at several thousand sites can pose a risk in terms of
ensuring quality of works. O&M in the irrigation sector in Pakistan is generally challenging.
However, this is mainly related to government-owned upper tier
of the irrigation system - from barrages to the head of
watercourses. Below the watercourses, the system is maintained
Risk Management:
Farmers and users who participate in the project would be provided training to enhance
their capacity and experience in managing project works.
Supervisory consultants would ensure quality of works undertake under the project. The
project management and the Project Steering Committee would ensure that corrective
actions are taken to ensure quality as identified by the farmers, supervisory and M&E
consultants.
The O&M of the works improved under the project would be reduced and more easy thus
69
by farmers themselves and it is comparatively well maintained. improving the sustainability of the works and this would help in improving sustainability
of irrigation system overall.
Resp: Bank | Stage: Prep | Due Date : None | Status: Not yet due
Project Team Proposed Rating Before Review
Preparation Risk Rating: Moderate Implementation Risk Rating: Moderate
Description: Description:
The overall risk ratings at preparation and implementation are Moderate because:
(i) spread of the project areas; (ii) number of users involved; and (iii) number of
transactions involved.
70
Annex 5: Implementation Support Plan
Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase-I Project (PIPIPP)
Strategy and approach for Implementation Support
3
215. The strategy for implementation support (IS) has been developed based on the nature of the
proposed project. It will aim at making the support to the client for implementation more flexible and
efficient and focus on the implementation of the risk mitigation measures as defined in the ORAF.
Procurement: There would be thousands of small contracts procured by participating communities
under this project particularly under Components A and B of the Project. The Bank team have
been providing and continue to provide implementation support by: (a) technical, management
and procurement expertise funded by the ongoing Water Capacity Building Project; (b) training
to members of the procurement committee and related staff in the regional project offices, as well
as the project management consultant; (b) reviewing procurement documents and providing
timely feedback to the procurement committee; (c) providing detailed guidance on the Bank‟s
procurement guidelines to the procurement committee; and (d) monitoring procurement progress
against the detailed procurement plan developed by Directorate of Agriculture Water
Management.
Financial management: Supervision will review the project‟s financial management system,
including but not limited to accounting, reporting and internal controls. Supervision will also
cover sub- projects on a random sample basis. The Bank team will also work with the project
management consultant to assist DGAWM, District Offices and Tehsil level Project offices in
improving coordination among different departments and units for financial management and
reporting.
Environmental and social safeguards: The Bank team will supervise and provide support to
DG AWM and field offices for the implementation of the agreed environmental and the social
issues.
Anti Corruption: the Bank team will supervise the implementation of the agreed Governance
procurement and Governance and Accountability Action Plan.
Technical Aspects/Independent Panel of Experts: The Bank credit would support an
Independent Panel of Experts consisting of internationally renowned experts in the fields of HEIS
expertise, agriculture and irrigation agronomy etc,
Coordination with the Development Partners. The Bank team would help Government with
coordination among Development Partners (DPs), and help in addressing project management,
procurement, disbursement, financial management and safeguard issues.
Implementation Support Plan
216. Some of the Bank team members will be based in the country office, some in Washington and
others in country offices in the region to ensure timely, efficient and effective implementation support to
the client. Timely monitoring and support to DGAWM will be mainly provided by team members in the
country offices of the region, especially for the first 18 months. Formal implementation support
3 This is an indicative and flexible instrument which will be revised during implementation as part of the ISR and
adjusted based on what is happening on the ground. The implementation plan should be consistent with the design
and riskiness of the operation, and should be adequately resourced.
71
missions and field trips will be carried out semi-annually and these would be coordinated with other
DPs such as USAID, ADB who are also involved in the water sector of Pakistan and Punjab.
217. Detailed inputs from the Bank team are outlined below:
Technical inputs. Irrigation, agronomy, water engineering and drip electro-mechanical
equipment expertise are required to review project plans, implementation and specification of
goods etc. The task team would contract individual consultants with these skills. Specialist and
high level procurement skills are required for review of major works contracts as well as the two
consulting services PISCs and M&ECs. During construction and commissioning, technical
supervision is required to ensure that the contractual obligations are met on technical grounds.
Field visits by the team‟s irrigation, agriculturist, and agriculture economist will be conducted on a
semi-annual basis throughout project implementation.
Fiduciary requirements and inputs. Training will be provided by the Bank‟s financial
management specialist and procurement specialist. The team will also help DGAWM identify
capacity building needs to strengthen its financial management capacity and to improve
procurement management efficiency. Both financial management and procurement specialists will
be based in the country office to provide timely support. Formal supervision of financial
management will be carried out semi-annually, while procurement supervision will be carried out
on a timely basis as required by the client. DGAWM would be provided with consulting services
in this area and assistance by PISCs, M&ECs. In addition, under component E of the project,
funds are available to DGAWM for recruitment of consultants with specialized skills as needed.
The Bank can help in identifying consultants needed with these required skills.
Safeguards. Inputs from an environment and a social specialist are required, though the project‟s
social and environmental impacts are limited and the client capacity is generally adequate. Training is
required on environment monitoring and reporting. On the social side, implementation support
missions will focus targeting of project activities to small farmers as agreed under the implementation
plan. Field visits are required on a semi-annual basis. Both social and environmental specialists
are country office based. The M&ECs and TATCs would help in independent monitoring of the
safeguard issues and highlighting to the Bank team any issues, possible alternative solutions in a
timely manner.
Operation. An operations officer based in the country office will provide day to day supervision
of all operational aspects and coordination with the client and among Bank team members.
218. The main focus of implementation support is summarized below:
Time Focus Resource Estimate Partner
Role
First Year
of the
Project
or 18
months
Technical Review,
procurement review,
site review, plan
reviews bidding
documents
Irrigation Engineer (with proc exp.) - 4 SWs
Electro-mechanical Engineer (with Proc ex.) - 1 SW
Procurement Specialist - 5-6 SWs
NA
Procurement and FM
Trainings
Procurement and FM Specialists - 5 SWs NA
Social aspects Social Specialist/RAP Specialist - 2 SWs NA
72
Environmental
supervision
Environmental Specialist - 3 SWs NA
Institutional and
capacity building of DG
AWM, Financial and
strategies issues etc.
Institutional Specialist - 4 SWs
Financial Specialist - 4 Sws
Irrigation, Agronomy
and Horticulture
Irrigation, Agriculture, Horticulture Specialist - 3
SWs each
Team Leader TTL 8 SWs
Year 2-5 of
the Project
Sws per
year
Project construction Irrigation Engineer 4 SWs
Procurement and Contract management 6 SWs
NA
Environmental and
social monitoring
Environmental Specialist 2 SWs
Social/RAP Specialist 2 SWs
NA
Financial Management,
disbursement and
reporting
FM Specialist, Disbursement Specialist 4 SWs
Institutional
arrangements, capacity
building of WAPDA,
financial strategy for
WAPDA
Institutional Specialist 3 SWs NA
Task leadership TTL 8 SWs NA
219. The staff skills mix required is summarized below:
Skills Needed Number of Staff
Weeks
Number of Trips Comments
Irrigation engineer 4 SWs annually Fields trips as required. Inter/National
Agriculturist and Horticulturist 4 SWs Annually Fields trips as required. Inter/National
Electro-mechanical Engineer 1 SW annually Field Trips as required International
Procurement 6 SWs annually Fields trips as required. Country office based
Procurement Specialist 2 SWs Annually International
Social specialist (national) 2 SWs annually Fields trips as required. Country office based
Social Specialists (intern.) 3 SWS Annually Field trips as required International/Regiona
l Environment specialist 2 SWs annually Fields trips as required. Country office based
Environmental Sp. 3 SWs Annually Field trips as required International
Financial management
specialist
3 SWs annually Fields trips as required. Country office based
Institutional Specialist 4 SWs annually Field trips as required International
Task Team leader 6 SWs annually Fields trips as required International/Country based
73
Annex 6: Team Composition
Punjab Irrigated Agriculture Productivity Improvement Program Phase-I Project (PIPIPP)
220. World Bank staff and consultants who worked on the project:
Name Title Unit
Masood Ahmad Lead Water Resources Specialist SASDA
Chaohua Zhang Lead Social Sector Specialist SASDS
Javaid Afzal Senior Environmental Specialist SASDI
Uzma Sadaf Senior Procurement Specialist SARPS
Riaz Mahmood Financial Management Specialist SARFM
Erik Nora Communications Officer SACPA
Sameena Dost Senior Counsel LEGES
Chau-Ching Shen Senior Finance Officer CTRFC
Shabir Ahmad Program Assistant SASDO
Venkatakrishnan Ramachandran Program Assistant SASDO
Peer Reviewers
Guy Alaert Lead Water Resources Specialist ECSS1
Javier Zuleta Sr. Water Resources Specialist LCSEN
Xiaokai Li Sr. Water Resources Specialist EASIN
Manuel Contijoch Sr. Water Resources Spec. LCSEN
Abdulhamid Azad, Sr. Irrigation Engineer MNSWA MNSWA
Satoru Ueda Lead Water Resources Specialist AFTWR
Francois Onimus, Sr. Water
Resources Spec. AFTWR
Sr. Water Resources Spec. AFTWR
74
Annex 7: Economic Analysis
221. The Project would have a transformational impact on Punjab‟s Water Sector, by cutting down the
water losses and introducing technologies which help in water conservation and increased productivity of
water. It is quite challenging to fully quantify and capture the benefits of such intervention in a sector
like agriculture in which many factors are at play. Therefore, a simplified approach is used to estimate
the incremental benefits of the project and cost benefit analysis is carried out by determining a discount
rate which equalizes the costs and benefits i.e. the Economic Rate of Return (ERR). The methodology and
analysis is described below.
Estimation of Project Benefits.
222. The benefits are quantified to the extent possible for major interventions under the project
proposed: Component A; HEIS and laser leveling and Component B; watercourse improvements of the
Project. The benefits of component C, technical assistance are enormous, however, they are not
quantified separately and it is assumed that these services are required for the benefits of components A
and B even though they do extend beyond the scope of these components. Similarly the benefits of
training under component D of the project are not quantified though the cost of all components is
considered in the economic analysis.
Assumptions and Methodology for Estimation of Benefits
223. Component A1: Installation of High Efficiency Irrigation Systems. It is assumed that about
120,000 acres would benefit from the installation of Drip and other HEISs (see Table 2.2 in Annex 2 for
more detailed breakdown). HEIS would be installed in a range of sizes starting from as small as 1 acre to
15 acres. However, costs and benefits estimates are prepared for 3 acres, 5 acres, 10 acres and 15 acres
units as these points are assumed to define appropriately the cost and benefits curves. It is assumed that
DRIP would be installed over 100,000 acres and sprinkler and other forms of HEIS would be installed on
20,000 acres. Further assumptions are made according to the targets that about 40,000 acres would come
under orchards Citrus 37%, Guava 33% and Mango 30%, based on the current Agricultural Statistics.
Also about 40,000 acres each would be under vegetables and row crops. In southern Punjab it would be
mostly cotton as it is a cash crop in that area, and in northern and eastern Punjab (where cotton is not
grown) it would be mostly vegetables as there are major cities with a high demand for vegetables in urban
areas etc.
224. Crop budgets/models were prepared for each crop, orchards, vegetables, cotton and mixed crops
under consideration with and without HEIS. The crop budgets were prepared separately for existing and
new orchard with and without HEIS. It is assumed that about 40% of HEIS would be installed on existing
orchards and about 60% on the new orchards. The development of a new orchard needs additional
investment till fruiting and benefits are considered to flow from 4 to 5 years after their plantation
depending upon the type, Mango taking the longest time. Full development of orchards is assumed after
10 years of plantation.
225. Crop Yields. Data for crop yield under with and without HEIS has been taken from the case
studies entitled: “Assessment of Performance and Yields under Drip Irrigation” carried out in year 2008
by the Planning and Evaluation Cell, GoPunjab, Agriculture Department, Lahore. These were based on
the field observation of a few units of HEIS already installed. Very conservative assumptions are made
for increase in crop yields. It is assumed that with HEIS, yield of orchard and cotton would increase by
20%, sugarcane by 40%, vegetables by 50% and of wheat in canal commanded area by 50% and in Barani
area by 80%. In the analysis major benefits come from orchard, vegetables and cotton. Contribution of
other crops in the overall benefits is not as significant as of these crops. For existing orchards no yield
increase is assumed in the first year of operation and increase is from the second year.
75
226. Area Benefited. Drip irrigation system will be installed in about 100,000 acres and sprinkler and
other HEIS will be provided for about 20,000 acres. Benefited area is estimated as about 40,000 acres for
orchards; about 40,000 acres each for row crops and vegetables. However, installation of HEIS will
enable farmers to double the intensity by cultivating row crops and vegetables in both the seasons (Rabi
and Kharif). Being conservative, the analysis is done considering that only 80% of the area fitted with
HEIS will be cultivated with vegetables after harvesting cotton and similarly the area earmarked for
vegetables and fitted with HEIS will be cultivated 100% in Rabi and 80% in Kharif. It is further assumed
that increase in yields and benefits would be less in first year and full during the second year.
227. Un-quantified Benefits of HEIS. Other benefits of HEIS which are not quantified and
included in the analysis and or cannot be quantified are:
(i) Generally between orchard and row crops like cotton, the farmers also grow other crops when
DRIP is installed such as vegetables. In the case of cotton, it is observed that some farmers also
intercrop vegetables, while cotton is still small in height, vegetables mature and then cotton grow
up and it is harvested. Similarly in the orchard field, they take vegetables while orchard plants are
still young and there is space in between. This is not assumed in the crop budgets mentioned
above, thus the benefits identified and used in the analysis are much less than would otherwise
accrue;
(ii) The farmers would take the water saved from the DRIP and use on the remaining land where
DRIP is not installed and increase the cropped area on their farms using traditional flood
irrigation perhaps and produce crops such as fodders, wheat, etc, This is possible because of
highly efficient of water use on part of their farm. The incremental production from this water is
neither quantified nor included in the analysis – again a very conservative estimate of benefits
from the project;
(iii) Weeds are controlled causing less problems in cropping;
(iv) Bacteria, fungi and other pests and disease that spread on moist environment are reduced as the
above ground part of the plants are normally dry;
(v) Less ponding of water in the fields reducing insect issues;
(vi) The pond for DRIP give continuous supply of water for other purposes, some may also grow fish
in these ponds and such benefits are not quantified and considered.
228. Component A2: Laser Land Levelling. Various studies carried out in past have indicated that
a significant amount of irrigation water is lost during its application due to uneven fields and
inappropriate farm designs. This leads to over-irrigation of low-lying portions and under-irrigation of
higher spots that not only results in colossal water wastage but also causes accumulation of salts in
patches. Furthermore, over-irrigation leaches soluble nutrients from the crop root zone, makes the soil
less productive, and degrades groundwater quality.
229. Several studies undertaken by International Water Management Institute (IWMI) at Punjab, also
demonstrated that about 20% to 25% water is wasted during field application because of undulated and
poorly levelled farms. Besides waste of scarce irrigation water, fertilizer use efficiency and crop yield
suffer due to over and under-irrigation in different parts of the same field. These losses could be avoided
through Precision Land Leveling (PLL) using laser technology. It is now well accepted that land levelling
results in substantial increases in productivity, particularly if carried out with "Laser guided" equipment.
Besides water savings, PLL reduces the time that farmers spend on irrigation, facilitates uniform seed
germination, and increases fertilizer use efficiency. All together these factors increase cropping intensity
and crop yields. Under this component, about 3,000 laser levelling equipment would be provided to
service providers on shared cost basis. These service providers will provide the following land farming
76
services: (i) surveying, farm planning, and layout/designing; (ii) precision land levelling; (iii) introduction
of improved irrigation methods e.g. borders/ furrows, water scheduling etc.
230. The equipment will be operated and maintained by service providers who will provide rental
services for carrying out laser land leveling within the project area. OFWM staff available at Tehsil level
will provide technical assistance to farmers in this regard. Operational cost of the laser along with tractor
is estimated as Rs 950/hour (including tractor and driver). The rental value of the laser services is
estimated as Rs 1,100 per hour. On average, 8 hours are estimated to level one acre of land. Frequency of
land levelling is assumed once in 4 years.
231. The benefited area under this component has been estimated as 2.88 million acres during the
project period. However, the project will develop capacity of laser guided land levelling of about 0.9
million acres per annum, through private service providers. Benefits have been estimated by developing
typical per acre crop budgets under with and without precision land levelling. As a conservative approach,
only 3 percent increase in yield of cotton in Kharif and 4% in yield of wheat in Rabi is quantified for
estimating the benefits of laser land levelling. Following a conservative approach for the analysis, no
other direct indirect benefits like generation of employment, development of market activities etc. are
considered for this analysis.
232. Component B1: Watercourse Improvement in Canal Areas. The estimation of benefits for
watercourses improved in canal command areas is based on actual observation and evaluation of the
impact of watercourse improvements carried out under various program and more recently under the
National Program for Improvement of Watercourses (NPIWC); Sindh On-Farm Water Management and
Third On-Farm Water Management Projects, these were funded by the World Bank. These evaluations
show (and are taken as an assumption in the economic analysis here) about 26% increase in the amount of
water delivered to farms on average. Increased water supplies led to higher cropping intensity and yields,
as well as some shift towards higher value crops. A recently completed report of NPIWC shows increase
in cropping intensity up to 14% and increase in cultivated area as 7.5%. The report also shows a 7.8%
increase in yield of rice; 9% increase in wheat; 12% increase in cotton; 3.5% increase in sugarcane; and
21.8% in maize crop. The ICR of the Third On-Farm Water Management Project estimated that farmers
saved about 50% of the labor originally needed for irrigation and as much as 10 days/ha/year on
maintenance.
233. Approximately 5,500 watercourses (50% each using brick lining and PPCL technology) serving
to about 1.1 million acres in canal command areas shall be improved under the project. Benefits have
been estimated considering increase in yield and intensity by developing per acre crop budgets for an
average cropping pattern with an intensity of 136 percent under without project situation and 147 percent
at full development (i.e. 8% increase). Only one percent increase in the yield of cotton and wheat is
assumed for the present analysis. No change in level of inputs or decrease in yield is assumed under
without project situation. These are quite conservative assumptions.
234. Component B2. Completion of Partially Improved Watercourses. The program will cover
rehabilitation/completion of about 1,500 watercourses which were partially improved earlier, in canal
command areas. The benefited area under this component is estimated as 300,000 acres. Benefits of this
component are estimated by attributing 50% benefits of a newly lined watercourse on an average basis, as
such cropping intensity in this area is estimated to increase from 122% to 127% (i.e. 4% increase) under
without project situation to with project situation respectively. Assumptions about increase in yields and
level of inputs are same as for the watercourse improvement in the canal command area narrated above.
235. Component B3: Improvement of Watercourses in Non-Canal Command Areas. Farmers in
barani/non canal commanded areas of Punjab depend upon very scarce irrigation water available mainly
77
through precipitation. Some water is also supplemented by natural nallahs, small and mini dams, and
from limited pockets of groundwater. Efficient use of such a small quantity of irrigation water is only
possible through installation of appropriately designed irrigation schemes. The same, inter-alia, include
supplying water to the fields of lower or equal elevation by open channels or by providing naccas and
turnouts at water abstraction points.
236. This component would cover watercourse improvement in the rainfed/non-canal command areas,
i.e. which are not in the command of barrage controlled irrigation but have localized irrigation schemes.
These are generally small watercourses and cost of improvement is less. The project would cover
rehabilitation of about 2,000 watercourses/ irrigation conveyance system in non canal command areas.
Benefited area under this component is estimated as 200,000 acres.
237. Data on land utilization statistics has been used to estimate present cropping intensities based on
the average of last 3 years. Based on these estimates, the average pre-project cropping intensity is
estimated at about 90 percent in Barani areas and projected to 99 percent for estimating the project
benefits under this activity. Wheat is the major crop in Barani areas with less average yield as compared
to canal command areas. After providing irrigation services, only 20% increase in wheat yield is assumed
under with project situation, whereas actually it would be much more.
Other Assumptions
238. Without-project situation. The overall low irrigation efficiency will continue and the irrigated
area crop yields may decrease. However, for purposes of this analysis, a conservative approach has been
adopted assuming no decrease in the present level of crop yields, inputs and cropped area.
239. With-project situation. As a result of project implementation, additional area will be brought
under orchard developing HEIS in the irrigated areas. While appraising the component of watercourse
improvement, increase in yield and cropping intensity is estimated based on results achieved in similar
programs implemented during past, as described above.
240. Crop Yields. Data for pre-project crop yields for evaluation of Component A2 and Component-B
has been taken from published statistics (Crop Area and Production by Districts 2009-10, issued by
Ministry of Food and Agriculture Government of Pakistan). A three year average is used to estimate the
baseline yields of various crops.
241. Cropping Intensity. Cropping pattern and cropping intensity is worked separately for the
irrigated and Barani areas using published statistics. Overall intensity in Punjab is estimated as 136% in
irrigated areas and about 90% in the Barani areas.
242. Prices. For the financial and economic analysis, prices of inputs and outputs have been expressed
in June 2011 price levels. Data on open market prices was collected through various sources for
determining the farm-gate financial prices, including price bulletins issued by the Federal Bureau of
Statistics, Government of Pakistan.
243. Economic evaluation has been carried out using economic prices. Import parity prices have been
derived for wheat, sugarcane and fertilizers and export parity prices are derived for rice and cotton crops
using commodity price data issued by World Bank in June 2011. Appropriate adjustments for
transportation, insurance, port handling and storage charges and allied cost have been made while
deriving the import and export parity prices. Dollar conversion rate has been used as 1 US$ = 85 Rupees.
Prices used for the analysis have been shown in Table 7.4.
78
244. A standard conversion factor (SCF) of 0.9 has been used for shadow pricing of all non-tradable
commodities. Possible reduction in operation and maintenance has been ignored4 wherever envisaged.
245. Economic Cost. The economic costs are estimated by adjusting the financial cost, taking out the
duties and taxes, price contingences and adjusting with SCF of 0.9. Cost of all components is included in
the analysis even though only direct benefits of Components A and B are accounted for. Economic cost
has been derived using the total project cost in financial terms as US$ 423.5 million. Economic cost has
been derived by netting out duties and taxes and after application of SCF. The economic analysis is
carried out in local currency.
246. The project life is conservatively assumed to be 25 years including the implementation
period of 6 years though the useful life of civil works and HEIS will be much more than 25 years.
Economic Analysis and Sensitivity Analysis
247. Economic Rate of Return (ERR) has been estimated for various project interventions to establish
the economic viability of different size of agricultural farms and for each different source of irrigation.
For HEIS, the ERR for various crops and farm sizes are summarized in Table 7.1.
Table 7.1: ERR (Percent) of HEIS for various Crops and Farms (Percent)
3 5 10 15
A. Drip Installation
A.1 Existing Orchards
i Citrus 38.9 41.1 50.2 55.6
ii Guava 31.7 33.3 40.6 48.4
iii Mango 40.7 42.8 51.2 58.0
A.2 New Orchards
i Citrus 22.1 23.7 27.9 30.9
ii Guava 21.4 22.0 26.2 31.4
iii Mango 22.1 22.7 25.7 28.6
Citrus+Vegetables 27.5 32.1 37.3 43.7
A.3 Vegetables
- Tomato 18.1 26.8 32.6 36.0
- Potato 21.2 27.3 33.6 37.5
- Chillies 20.9 28.4 34.0 38.3
A.4 Other Crops
i Sugarcane 13.7 18.1 24.9 26.7
ii Cotton 22.0 33.4 35.9 37.4
vi Flower Roses 22.5 31.7 38.0 42.8
B. Sprinkler
i Wheat Canal Command 15.8 19.6 30.5 31.6
ii Wheat Barani Area 17.5 21.7 33.6 34.7
iii Pulses 16.2 21.0 27.4 31.6
vi Tomato 15.8 21.1 32.2 33.4
Sr. CropsFarm Size (acres)
4 The pre-appraisal mission collected data from farmers and FOs on operation and maintenance costs. It is clear from the data
collected that farmers spend considerable resources (time, labor and money) to keep the watercourse functional even at the low
efficiency. After watercourse improvement, the O&M costs will reduce substantially. To be on the conservative side, the
reduction in O&M cost has not been taken into account in the analysis. If the reduction in O&M cost is taken into account the
ERR would be higher.
79
248. It is clear that HEIS returns are high for orchards, vegetables, and crops like cotton. Returns are
not encouraging for sugarcane. Therefore, the project should promote the use of HEIS in priority for
orchards, vegetables, rose flowers and cotton. Returns from new orchards are lower due to a delay in
realization of benefits. This is due to the method used in discounting the future benefits.
249. The project ERR by various subcomponents is given below in Table 7.2. HEIS yields highest
ERR. The overall project ERR is 32.6 and a B/C ratio of 1.9 at 12% discount rate and the estimation is
shown in Table 7.5.
Table 7.2 ERR (%) by Project Major Components
Project Intervention ERR % BC Ratio @
12% Discount
rate High Efficiency Irrigation System (HEIS) 43.2 2.1 Laser Land Leveling 32.7 1.5 Watercourse Improvement in Canal Command Area 28.1 2.3 Watercourse Rehabilitation of Partially Improved WCs 23.1 1.9 Watercourse Improvement in Non-Canal Command Area 19.7 1.6 Overall Project 32.6 1.9
250. Sensitivity Analysis. The ERR is robust and not sensitive to reasonable cost overruns, reduced
benefits and a combination of both. The impact of cost over runs and reduction in benefits is summarized
below:
Table 7.3: Sensitivity Analysis: ERR Response
EIRR %
1 Base Case 32.6
2 Cost Increased by 20% 25.7
3 Benefits Reduced by 20% 24.2
4 Cost Increased by 20% & 18.5
Benefits Reduced by 20%
5 Benefits Delayed by Two Years 19.6
6 Cost increase by 90% and benefits
Decreased by 47% 12.0
Assumptions
251. Switching Values: Analyses for switching values indicate that the ERR for the project would fall
to 12 percent if the costs increased by more than 91 percent or the benefits decreased by more than 47
percent.
252. Employment Impact: The project would create about 12.9 million additional person days per
annum of employment as farm labor. This estimate reflects the additional labor days required for land
preparation, plowing, watering, harvesting, etc. at full development. The employment generated for
handling incremental production, processing and marketing would be substantial. Also the employment
generated during project implementation for construction works, and staffing by HEIS and laser leveling
service providers would be very significant.
80
Table 7.4 Financial and economic Prices of Input and Output
Items Unit Financial Economic
A. OUTPUTS
Mango Ton 18,000 16,200
Citrus Ton 17,000 15,300
Ber
Guava Ton 16,500 14,850
Sugarcane Ton 3,750 3,375
Wheat
Grains Ton 19,000 30,303
Straw Ton 2,000 1,800
Pulses Ton 25,000 22,500
Cotton Ton 213,600 36,157
Potato Ton 6,100 5,490
Chilies Ton 60,000 54,000
Tomato Ton 20,000 18,000
B. INPUTS
Fertilizers
Urea Kg. 25.00 38.51
DAP Kg. 47.20 56.81
TSP Kg. 33.00 47.88
SSP (Rs. 316 per Bag) Kg. 11.00 15.96
-N Kg. 18.30 27.45
-P Kg. 39.70 59.55
-K Kg. 32.36 48.54
-F.Y.M. Tons 450 405
Plant Protection Chemical Liter 650 585
Ground Chemical 200 180
Seeds Treatment 250 225
Seed/Plants
Mango No. 50.0 45.0
Citrus No. 38.0 34.2
Guava No. 28.0 25.2
Sugarcane No. 0.5 0.4
Wheat Kg. 9.5 8.6
Pulses Kg. 60.0 54.0
Cotton Kg. 20.0 18.0
Tomato(Seed) Kg. 400.0 360.0
Tomato(Plants) No. 0.3 0.2
Chilies Kg. 460.0 414.0
Labour
Hired M/Days 150.0 225.0
Others
Tractor Rs./Hours 175.0 157.5
Diesel Rs./Gallon 85.0 76.5
Prod. Material (Sticks) Rs./Stick 0.1 0.1
Land Development Rs./Acre 1,500.0 3,600.0
Gunny Bags Rs./Bag 20.0 18.0
Packing Material (Basket) Rs./Basket 10.0 9.0
Packing Material (Crate) Rs./Crate 20.0 18.0
Source: - Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan 2010
Unit Price (Rupees)
81
Table 7.5 ERR Analysis
(Million Rs.)
HEIS
Agronomic
and Other
Costs
Laser
Leveling
WC
Improvemen
t in Canal
Command
Area
Rehabilitat
ion of
Partially
Improved
WC
WC
Improveme
nt in Barani
Area
HEIS
Agronomic
and Other
Benefits
Laser
Leveling
WC
Improveme
nt in Canal
Command
Area
Rehabilitati
on of
Partially
Improved
WC
WC
Improvem
ent in
Barani
Area
Total
Benefits
1 2,851 209 6 67 11 7 3,150 466 - - - - 466 (2,685)
2 5,701 490 108 143 24 14 6,481 1,168 130 112 15 8 1,433 (5,048)
3 5,701 717 382 160 27 16 7,002 2,129 648 449 60 30 3,317 (3,685)
4 5,701 1,002 656 177 29 18 7,583 3,403 1,556 1,010 136 69 6,173 (1,410)
5 5,701 1,290 912 194 32 19 8,149 4,583 2,723 1,683 226 114 9,329 1,180
6 2,851 1,386 912 144 24 14 5,331 5,429 2,205 2,356 316 160 10,466 5,135
7 - 1,452 912 85 14 8 2,471 5,890 2,205 2,916 392 198 11,601 9,130
8 - 1,560 912 85 14 8 2,580 6,355 2,205 3,253 437 221 12,470 9,890
9 - 1,655 912 85 14 8 2,675 6,771 2,205 3,365 452 228 13,021 10,346
10 - 1,726 912 85 14 8 2,746 7,062 2,205 3,365 452 228 13,312 10,566
11 - 1,916 988 85 14 8 3,012 7,362 2,205 3,365 452 228 13,612 10,600
12 - 2,114 1,140 85 14 8 3,362 7,659 2,205 3,365 452 228 13,909 10,547
13 - 2,184 1,140 85 14 8 3,432 7,900 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,150 10,719
14 - 2,243 1,140 85 14 8 3,491 8,084 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,334 10,842
15 - 2,283 912 85 14 8 3,302 8,182 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,432 11,130
16 2,182 912 85 14 8 3,201 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,287
17 - 2,062 912 85 14 8 3,082 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,406
18 - 2,062 912 85 14 8 3,082 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,406
19 - 2,062 912 85 14 8 3,082 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,406
20 - 2,062 912 85 14 8 3,082 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,406
21 - 2,182 988 85 14 8 3,278 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,211
22 - 2,301 1,140 85 14 8 3,549 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 10,939
23 - 2,301 1,140 85 14 8 3,549 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 10,939
24 - 2,301 1,140 85 14 8 3,549 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 10,939
25 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
26 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
27 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
28 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
29 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
30 - 2,301 912 85 14 8 3,321 8,238 2,205 3,365 452 228 14,488 11,167
NPV @12% ERR 32.6%
Cost 36,989 N/K 2
Benefits 72,027
Year
Project
Capital
Costs
Component-Wise Operational Costs
Total
Cost
Component-Wise Net Incremental Benefits
Net
Incremental
Benefits
82
Annex 8: Environment and Social Assessment Summary
Background
253. Irrigated agriculture is central to Pakistan‟s economy; because of its arid climate, the annual
evaporation far exceeds the rainfall, making irrigation essential for growing crops. Pakistan relies on the
largest contiguous irrigation system in the world, namely the Indus Basin Water System (IBWS) to
provide basic food security (90 percent of food production and 25 percent of the Gross Domestic
Product). Agriculture is the single most important source of employment and exports (two thirds of
employment and 80 percent of exports) and irrigation represents more than 95 percent of the total
consumptive use of water. However, this massive infrastructure is deteriorating and is in need of
modernization along with reforms to improve the allocation of water as well as the efficiency of its use.
Moreover, competition for water is growing among the provinces and across the increasing needs for
irrigation, industrial and domestic use, and the environment. Yet there remains a need for significant new
investment, not only in irrigation but in other uses of water as well, including power generation and
urban-industrial and domestic supplies (50 percent of the population is not served by a formal supply
system and sanitation and water treatment reaches less than ten percent of the population). At the same
time, there is uncontrolled pollution of surface and groundwater from agriculture, industry and rapidly
growing cities.
Legislative, Regulatory, and Policy Framework
National Legislation and Regulations
254. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool
empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment. The requirement
for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project
involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an
Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is conducted,
and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. The requirement of conducting an
environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act.
255. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the „Regulations‟), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide
the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the IEE and the EIA. Categorization of
projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified
on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are
designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having
potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are
not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.
256. The proposed project falls under Schedule II (Section D) of the Regulations. Hence an EIA has
to be conducted for it.5
257. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997,
specify the following standards:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,
5 The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been named as the ESA,
however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.
83
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents
discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).
Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.
Ambient air quality standards.
Drinking water standards
Noise standards.
258. The other environmental laws relevant to the project are listed below:
Land Acquisition Act, 1894
Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation and Management) Act, 1974
Forest Act, 1927
Canal and Drainage Act, 1873
Punjab Irrigation and Drainage Authority Act, 1997
Punjab On-Farm Water Management and Water Users‟ Associations Ordinance, 1981
Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001
Antiquity Act, 1975
Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948
Factories Act, 1934
Employment of Child Act, 1991
Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
The World Bank Operational Policies
259. OP 4.01. The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank
financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve
decision making.6 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.
260. The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences,
including:
Damage to assets (such as crops),
Loss of land,
Deterioration of air quality,
Water contamination and consumption,
Damage to top soil, land erosion,
Safety hazard.
261. Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented
and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP 4.01.
Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and
consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation.
262. Other OPs. Applicability of the other WB safeguard policies with respect to the environmental
and social issues associated with the proposed project is tabulated below
6 Excerpts from WB OP 4.01. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.
84
Operational Policy Triggered
Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) No
Forestry (OP 4.36) No
Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) No
Pest Management (OP 4.09) No
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No
Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No
Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No
Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No
Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No
Project Components (see Annex 2)
Project Alternatives
No-project Alternative
262. The „no-project‟ alternative is not acceptable since in that scenario, a considerable amount of
irrigation water will continue to be wasted. As described above, the irrigation sector in the country
suffers from among others factors low surface water delivery efficiency as well as wasteful on-farm water
use, and only 35-40 percent of irrigation water reaches from the canal head to the crop root zone.
Pakistan relies upon its irrigation network for 90 percent of its food production and 25 percent of its GDP.
In addition, the country‟s agriculture sector provides two-third of employment and 80 percent of exports.
With rising population and the associated increasing pressure on food and other commodities, and
decreasing water availability in the rivers, improving water delivery efficiency is vitally important to
enhance the irrigation productivity that will in turn increase the productivity of agriculture sector.
Alternative Irrigation Methods
263. Flood irrigation has been the traditional method in the country for ages. In this method, the entire
cultivation field is flooded with irrigation water. This method is time-consuming and hence labor
intensive, highly inefficient in terms of water usage, and also results in other problems such as increased
vulnerability to pest attacks and proliferation of weeds, in turn resulting in the increased need of
pesticides and weedicides. The high efficiency irrigation methods proposed under the Project address all
of these problems, in addition to achieving enhanced yields and productivity of the farms. As already
mentioned above, these HEISs typically reduce input costs by 20-35 percent, increase yields by 20-100
percent, lower irrigation labor up to 30 percent, diversify cropping patterns and save up to 75 percent
water.
264. It is clear from the above comparison that high efficiency irrigation methods are the preferred
options for irrigating the cultivation fields in the country.
Environmental and Social Aspects
265. High efficiency irrigation methods generally result in the reduced need of farm inputs such as
fertilizers, pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides, as mentioned above. The controlled irrigation generally
results in reduced vulnerability of crops to pest attacks and reduced proliferation of weeds, in turn
85
resulting in reduced need of pesticides and herbicides. In addition, fertigation (i.e., application of
fertilizers or other soil additives through the irrigation system) is possible for HEISs, such as drip and
sprinkler, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of fertilizers and hence their reduced quantities needed.
Similarly, for these HEISs, chemigation (i.e., application of pesticides, fungicides, and herbicides through
the irrigation system) is possible, resulting in enhanced effectiveness of these chemicals and hence their
reduced quantities needed. The overall result of the HEIS is therefore a much reduced usage of chemical
inputs.
266. The above mentioned reduced usage of chemical inputs affects the environment and communities
in a positive manner. The excessive usage of these chemicals causes contamination of soil and water that
may pose health hazards for nearby communities and may also harm natural flora and fauna including
beneficial insects that are important for functions such as pollination. With the adoption of high
efficiency irrigation methods, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on
communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.
Alternative Land Leveling Methods
267. Conventional leveling with the help of tractors or graders is the major alternate to laser land
leveling, which is included in the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Aspects
268. No major environmental and social aspects are associated directly with the leveling activity. The
indirect aspects of the conventional leveling methods include increased water consumption, increased
need of pesticides, weedicides and other chemical inputs. This excessive usage of chemical inputs can
potentially contaminate soil and water, which may pose health hazards for nearby communities and may
also harm the natural flora and fauna, as described above as well. It can therefore be concluded that with
the help of laser leveling, contamination of soil and water and the associated negative impacts on
communities and natural flora/fauna is likely to be reduced.
Alternative Methods of On-farm Water Conservation
269. The alternatives available for on-farm water conservation include: (i) piped conveyance system; (ii)
re-alignment and brick-lining the entire length of the water course; and (iii) re-aligning and improving the
water course, but keeping it earthen (i.e., without brick-lining). The cost of the first alternative would be
prohibitive with marginal benefits compared to the second alternative, and the reduction of water losses
will not be substantial in case of the third option. Therefore, the benefit-cost ratio is best for the second
alternative, which has been selected for the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Aspects
270. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of the environmental and social
consequences, except that the third option would not fully achieve the objective of water conservation and
associated benefits.
Alternative Methods of Implementing the Proposed Initiatives
271. The beneficiaries of high efficiency irrigation/laser land leveling/water course improvement
schemes under the proposed project would be required to share the cost of establishing the schemes.
Once established, these schemes will be operated and maintained by the beneficiaries themselves. This
arrangement will ensure „ownership‟ of these schemes by the beneficiaries, and thus the sustainability of
the initiative.
86
272. Other options include: i) full cost of the scheme to be covered by the Project; and ii) full cost of
the scheme to be covered by the beneficiary. The disadvantages of these alternatives are quite obvious;
the first option would result in lack of ownership of the schemes by the beneficiaries, while the second
option may fail to attract the farmers to adopt new initiatives included under the proposed project.
273. No major difference exists among the above options in terms of environmental and social
consequences, except that the selected option will ensure beneficiary and community participation.
Environmental and Socioeconomic Profile
Location 274. Punjab Province is located south of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province, the Islamabad
Capital Territory; west of the Indian States of Punjab and Rajasthan; north-northeast of the Sindh
Province; and east-northeast of the Balochistan Province (see Figure 1 for the map of the Province).
Physical Environment
275. Geography. Punjab is Pakistan's second largest province having an area of 205,344 km
2 (79,284
sq miles) after Balochistan and is located at the north-western edge of the geologic Indian plate in South
Asia. The capital and largest city is Lahore which was the historical capital of the wider Punjab region.
Other important cities include Multan, Faisalabad, Sheikhupura, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Jhelum and
Rawalpindi. Undivided Punjab is home to six rivers, of which five flow through Pakistani Punjab. From
west to east, these are: the Indus, Jhelum, Beas, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej. Nearly 60 percent of Pakistan's
population lives in Punjab. It is the nation's only province that touches every other province; it also
surrounds the federal enclave of the national capital city at Islamabad. This geographical position and a
large multi-ethnic population strongly influence Punjab's outlook on national affairs and induces in
Punjab a keen awareness of the problems of Pakistan's other important provinces and territories. 7
276. The province is a mainly a fertile region along the river valleys, while sparse deserts can be found
near the border with Rajasthan and the Sulaiman Range. The region contains the Thal and Cholistan
deserts. The Indus River and its many tributaries traverse the Punjab from north to south.
277. The landscape is amongst the most heavily irrigated on earth and canals can be found throughout
the province. Weather extremes are notable from the hot and barren south to the cool hills of the north.
The foothills of the Himalayas are found in the extreme north as well.
278. Soil Morphology. The texture, morphology, and moisture holding capacities of the soils in the
province vary from region to region. The surface crust soils are composed of alluvial deposits consisting
of silt, clay, sand, and loam. Clay and silt formations occur in discontinuous layers with limited lateral
extent. Their thickness is generally less than five meters8. Due to rich surface irrigation in central Punjab,
the fertile soils of the floodplains give a good per unit yield9.
279. Air Quality. A joint air quality study of Lahore, Rawalpindi, and Islamabad by the Pak-EPA and
the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), showed that the average suspended particulate matter
(SPM) in the study districts was 6.4 times higher than WHO Guideline Values. The levels of sulfur
dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen also exceeded the acceptable standards in some areas,
but the average levels were below the Guideline Values10
. Another similar study of Gujranwala and
7 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011. 8 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 9 Ibid 10 3-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2001
87
Faisalabad also revealed higher concentrations of SPM in the ambient air11
. However, barring congested
urban centers, air quality in rest of the province generally conforms to WHO Guideline Values12
.
However, the project sites will essentially be located in rural areas where the ambient air quality is likely
to be free from most of the criteria pollutants such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and oxides of
nitrogen.
280. Surface Water Resources. The Indus River and its tributaries are the main source of surface
water in the Punjab Province (and in the country). The Indus rises in Tibet, at an altitude of about
5,486 m (18,000 feet) above mean sea level (amsl), and has a total catchment area of 654,329 km2.
Length of the Indus River in the country is about 2,750 km. Five main rivers that join the Indus from the
eastern side are Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej. Besides these, two minor rivers - Soan and
Harrow also drain into the Indus. On the western side, a number of small rivers join Indus, the biggest of
which is River Kabul with its main tributaries i.e. Swat, Panjkora and Kunar. Several small streams such
as Kurram, Gomal, Kohat, Tai, and Tank also join the Indus on the right side.
281. The Indus River exhibits great seasonal variations, with more than 80 percent of the total annual
flow occurring during the summer months, peaking in June, July and August.
282. Rivers Water Quality: The water quality of Indus River and its tributaries is generally
considered excellent for irrigation purposes. The Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) range from 60 mg/l in the
upper reaches to 375 mg/l in the lower reaches of the Indus, which are reasonable levels for irrigated
agriculture and also as raw water for domestic use. The disposal of saline drainage from various irrigation
projects has been a major factor in the increased TDS in the lower reaches of the rivers in Punjab. There
is progressive deterioration downstream and the salinity is at its maximum at the confluence of the
Chenab and Ravi rivers, where the TDS ranges from 207 to 907 mg/l. A slight improvement in water
quality is noted further downstream at Panjnad due to dilution from the inflow from Sutlej River. The
quality of the Indus water at Guddu, however, is within acceptable limits for agriculture; TDS being in the
range of 164-270 mg/l.
283. In the upper reaches of the Indus River, the Dissolved Oxygen (DO) content remains above 8.5
mg/l which is well above the acceptable levels of 4 mg/l. The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
downstream of Attock has been recorded as 2.9 mg/l. Indus River water quality has been studied at the
Dadu Moro Bridge and Kotri Barrage, with nitrate levels at 1.1 and 7.5 mg/l, phosphate at 0.02 and 0.3
mg/l, BOD at 2.4 and 4.1 mg/l, faecal coliforms at 50 and 400 per ml, and aluminum at 1.8 and 0.2 mg/l
respectively. Due to industrial waste discharges from Punjab and Sindh, a high content of heavy metals
such as nickel, lead, zinc and cadmium have also been found in Indus water.
284. Groundwater. The Punjab Province can be divided in four hydro-geological zones: Potohar
plateau and Salt Range, piedmont areas, alluvial plains, and Cholistan desert. The total groundwater
potential in the province (52.7 bcm or 42.75 MAF) is based upon rainfall recharge (12.2 bcm or 9.90
MAF), groundwater recharge (8.7 bcm or 7.08 MAF), recharge from rivers (4.3 bcm or 3.5 MAF), and
recharge from the irrigation system (26.7 bcm or 21.70 MAF).13
285. In the last 25-30 years, ground water has become a major supplement to canal supplies, especially
in the Upper Indus Plain, where ground water quality is good. Large scale tube-well pumpage for
irrigation started in the early sixties. There are presently more than 500,000 tube-wells in the Indus Basin
Water System (IBWS). According to a study, the total groundwater potential in Pakistan is of the order of
67.8 bcm (55 MAF).
11 2-Cities Investigation of Air and Water Quality (Gujranwala and Faisalabad), JICA/Pak-EPA, 2003 12 Air Quality Monitoring in Six Districts of Punjab using Physico-Chemical Techniques, Environment Protection
Department, Government of the Punjab, 2005 13 Source: Pakistan‟s Groundwater Reservoir and its Sustainability. Muhammad Amin, Member Water, WAPDA.
88
286. Major part of the groundwater abstraction for irrigation is within the canal commands or in the
flood plains of the rivers. However, the amount of abstraction varies throughout the area, reflecting
inadequacy/unreliability of surface water supplies and groundwater quality distribution.
287. The quality of groundwater ranges from fresh (salinity less than 1000 mg/l TDS) near the major
rivers to highly saline farther away, with salinity more than 3000 mg/l TDS. The general distribution of
fresh and saline groundwater in the country is well known and mapped, as it influences the options for
irrigation and drinking water supplies.
288. Availability and quality of groundwater, the depth of water table, and the aquifer recharge rates
considerably differ from area to area depending on a number of variables such as amount of precipitation,
proximity to surface water channels, and other meteorological factors14
. About 79 percent area of the
province has fresh groundwater15
. High fluoride content is found in groundwater of the Salt Range16
.
Water table varies from as low as 1 meter in the waterlogged areas to as deep as 90 meters in desert
areas17
. The groundwater is drawn through hand pumps, tube-wells, springs, and public water supply
schemes.
Wildlife Protected Areas
289. There exists one national park, nineteen wildlife sanctuaries and five game reserves in the project
area. A list of these protected areas is provided in Table 1.
Socioeconomic Environment
290. Demographic Profile.
18 The population of the province is estimated to be more than 81 million
in 2010 and is home to over half the population of Pakistan. The major language spoken in Punjab is
Punjabi and Punjabis comprise the largest ethnic group in the country. The language is not given any
official recognition in the Constitution of Pakistan at National level. Punjabis themselves are a
heterogeneous group comprising different tribes, clans and communities (qaum in Urdu). In Pakistani
Punjab these clans and communities have more to do with traditional occupations such as blacksmiths or
artisans as opposed to rigid social stratifications.
291. In addition to the Punjabis, the province is also home to other smaller ethnic groups which
include the Siraiki, Hindkowan, Sindhis, and Muhajirs. The Muhajirs are Urdu speaking Muslim migrants
from India and settled in Pakistan after independence in 1947. Three decades of bloodshed in neighboring
Afghanistan have also brought a large number of Afghan refugees to the province.
292. As per the Pakistan census of 1998, linguistic distribution of Punjab province is: Punjabi (75.23
percent), Saraiki (17.36 percent), Urdu (4.51 percent), Pashto (1.16 percent), Balochi (0.66 percent),
Sindhi (0.13 percent) others (0.95 percent). The population of Punjab (Pakistan) is estimated to be
between 97.21 percent Muslim with a Sunni Hanafi majority and Shia Ithna 'ashariyah minority. The
largest non-Muslim minority is Christians and make up 2.31 percent of the population. Other minorities
include Ahmedi, Hindus, Sikhs, Parsis, and Bahá'í.
293. The dialects spoken in different regions of the land have a common vocabulary and a shared
heritage. The people of Punjab also have a shared spiritual experience, which has been disseminated by
Tasawwaf and can be witnessed on the occasion of the remembrance-fairs held on the Urs of Sufi Saints.
14 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 15 Water Quality Status in Pakistan, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad, 2003 16 Ibid 17 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment Department, Punjab, 2008 18 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
89
294. Economy. 19
Punjab has always contributed the most to the national economy of Pakistan.
Punjab's economy has quadrupled since 1972. Its share of Pakistan's GDP was 54.7 percent in 2000 and
59 percent as of 2010. It is especially dominant in the service and agriculture sectors of Pakistan
economy, with their contributions ranging from 52.1 to 64.5 percent and 56.1 to 61.5 percent,
respectively. It is also a major manpower contributor because it has largest pool of professionals and
highly skilled (technically trained) manpower in Pakistan. It is also dominant in the manufacturing sector,
though the dominance is not as huge, with historical contributions raging from a low of 44 percent to a
high of 52.6 percent. In 2007, Punjab achieved a growth rate of 7.8 percent and during the period 2002-
03 to 2007-08, its economy grew at a rate of about 7 percent to 8 percent per year, and during 2008-09
grew at 6 percent against the total GDP growth of Pakistan at 4 percent.
295. Despite lack of a coastline, Punjab is the most industrialized province of Pakistan; its
manufacturing industries produce textiles, sports goods, heavy machinery, electrical appliances, surgical
instruments, cement, vehicles, auto parts, metals, sugar mill plants, cement plants, agriculture machinery,
bicycles and rickshaws, floor coverings, and processed foods. In 2003, the province manufactured 90
percent of paper and paper boards, 71 percent of fertilizers, 69 percent of sugar and 40 percent of cement
of Pakistan.
296. Despite its dry climate, extensive irrigation makes it a rich agricultural region. Its canal-irrigation
system established by the British is the largest in the world. Wheat and cotton are the largest crops. Other
crops include rice, sugarcane, millet, corn, oilseeds, pulses, vegetables, and fruits such as kinoo.
Livestock and poultry production are also important. Despite past animosities, the rural masses in
Punjab's farms continue to use the Hindu calendar for planting and harvesting.
297. Punjab contributes about 76 percent to annual food grain production in the country. 51 million
acres (210,000 km2) is cultivated and another 9.05 million acres (36,600 km
2) are lying as cultivable
waste in different parts of the province. Cotton and rice are important crops. They are the cash crops that
contribute substantially to the national exchequer. Attaining self-sufficiency in agriculture has shifted the
focus of the strategies towards small and medium farming, stress on barani areas, farms-to-market roads,
electrification for tube-wells and control of water logging and salinity.
298. Punjab has also more than 68 thousand industrial units. The small and cottage industries are in
abundance. There are 39,033 small and cottage industrial units. The number of textile units is 14,820. The
ginning industries are 6,778. There are 7,355 units for processing of agricultural raw materials including
food and feed industries. Lahore and Gujranwala Divisions have the largest concentration of small light
engineering units. The district of Sialkot excels in sports goods, surgical instruments and cutlery goods.
299. Punjab is also a mineral rich province with extensive mineral deposits of coal, gas, petrol, rock
salt (with the second largest salt mine in the world), dolomite, gypsum, and silica-sand. The Punjab
Mineral Development Corporation is running over a hundred economically viable projects.
Manufacturing includes machine products, cement, plastics, and various other goods.
300. Land Use / Agricultural Profile. Agriculture is the mainstay of Pakistan's economy. It accounts
for 21 percent of the GDP and together with agro-based products fetches 80 percent of the country‟s total
export earnings. More than 48 percent of the labor force is engaged in this sector.
301. Punjab province has about 29 percent of the total reported 57 percent of the total cultivated and
69 percent of the total cropped area of Pakistan. It contributes a major share in the agricultural economy
of the country by providing about 83 percent of cotton, 80 percent of wheat, 97 percent fine aromatic rice,
63 percent of sugarcane and 51 percent of maize to the national food production. Among fruits, mango
19 Source: Wikipedia (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan), accessed on 27 April 2011.
90
accounts for 66 percent, citrus more than 95 percent, guava 82 percent and dates 34 percent of total
national production of these fruits.
302. Agriculture is still the predominant economic activity of 64 percent population of rural Punjab.
About 50 percent of total labor force is employed in agriculture. More than 70 percent of cropped area of
Indus Basin is located in Punjab. The principal sources of irrigation are the surface channels
supplemented by tube-wells. Rainfall accounts only for a small proportion of the irrigation sources.
Sericulture, horticulture, and aviculture are also gaining popularity. Investments in honeybee, sheep, goat,
fish, poultry, and dairy farming are also increasing. The major seasonal crops include wheat, rice, maize,
and vegetables. Other agricultural products include fodder, fresh vegetables, and lattice20
. The reported
area of Punjab is 17.62 million hectares, out of which 71 percent is cultivated and the remaining is
uncultivated21
.
303. Cultural Heritage. A large number of sites exist in the Province having archeological, historical,
cultural, and religious significance, and the ones that have been officially notified and protected under the
Antiquity Act, 1975 are listed in Table 2.
304. Environmental Hotspots. The environmental hotspots in the Province are essentially the wildlife
protected sites listed in Table 1 and the cultural heritage sites listed in Table 2. In addition, heavily
forested areas particularly in Murree tehsil are also included in the environmental hotspots in the
Province. No project interventions will be carried out inside or at these hotspots.
Figure 1: Punjab Province
20 Punjab Sustainable Development Strategy, Environment protection Department, Go Pb, Final Report, 2008 21 Punjab Development Statistics, Bureau of Statistics, Government of the Punjab, 2007
91
Table 1: Protected Areas in Punjab
Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates
Abbasia Reserve Forest 2,731 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bahawalpur R. F. Plantation 547 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/23 N. 71/39 E.
Bajwat 5,795 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Bhagat Reserve Forest 251 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bhakkar Forest Plantation 2,124 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/37 N. 71/03 E.
Bheni 2,068 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Bhon Fazil 1,062 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Chak katora Reserve Forest 535 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Chak Reserve Forest 2,158 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Changa manga Plantation 5,063 Wildlife Sanctuary 31/05 N. 73/59 E.
Chashma Barrage 33,082 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/19 E.
Chashma Lake Not
Recorded
Unclassified 32/27 N. 71/19 E.
Chaupalia 9,857 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Chichawatni Forest Plantation 4,666 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/32 N. 72/42 E.
Chinji 6,070 National Park 32/42 N. 72/22 E.
Cholistan 660,921 Wildlife Sanctuary 29/59 N. 73/16 E.
Cholistan 2,032,6 Game Reserve 29/23 N. 71/39 E.
Chumbi-Surla 55,943 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/50 N. 72/46 E.
Daluana 2,314 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Daman Reserve Forest 2,270 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Daphar Reserve Forest 2,897 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/24 N. 73/08 E.
Depalpur Plantation 2,928 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/40 N. 73/39 E.
Diljabba-Domeli 118,101 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Fateh Major Forest Plantation 1,255 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Gatwala 5,883 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Hamot Reserve Forest 889 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Head Islam/Chak Kotora 3,132 Game Reserve 29/49 N. 72/33 E.
Head Qadirabad 2,850 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.
Inayat Reserve Forest 4,211 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Indo/Pak Border Belt Not
Recorded
Game Reserve Not Recorded
Jalalpur Lake 42 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/32 N. 72/14 E.
Jalalpur Sharif Forest 2,263 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/41 N. 73/32 E.
Jauharabad Reserve Forest 399 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/17 N. 72/21 E.
Kala Chitta 132,605 Game Reserve N. 72/20 E.
Kalabagh Game Reserve 1,550 Unclassified 34/04 N. 71/36 E.
Kamalia Plantation 4,396 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/43 N. 72/43 E.
Kathar 1,141 Game Reserve 33/45 N. 73/07 E.
Khabbeke Lake 285 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/37 N. 72/14 E.
Khanewal Plantation 7,217 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/18 N. 71/56 E.
Kharar lake 235 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/52 N. 73/13 E.
Kheri Murat 5,616 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Kot Zabzal 10,117 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Kotla issan Reserve Forest 2,178 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Kundal Rakh 2,999 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Kundian plantation 7,800 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/27 N. 71/29 E.
Lal Suhanra 51,588 National Park (WHS) 29/21 N. 71/58 E.
Lohi Bher Forest 887 Wildlife Sanctuary 33/43 N. 73/05 E.
92
Description Area (ha) Type Coordinates
Machu Plantation 4,109 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Miranpur Reserve Forest 768 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Mitha Tiwana Plantation 1,116 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Namal lake 482 Game Reserve 32/40 N. 71/49 E.
Pirawala kikarwala 506 Game Reserve 30/21 N. 72/02 E.
Qadirabad Head Works 2,849 Game Reserve 32/18 N. 73/29 E.
Rahri Bungalow 5,463 Game Reserve Not Recorded
Rajan Shah Plantation 2,110 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Rakh Ghulaman 4,356 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Rasool Barrage 1,138 Game Reserve 32/42 N. 73/33 E.
Shorkot Forest Plantation 4,079 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/50 N. 72/04 E.
Sodhi I 5,817 Wildlife Sanctuary 32/35 N. 72/17 E.
Taunsa Barrage 6,566 Wildlife Sanctuary 30/42 N. 70/46 E.
Tehra Plantation 339 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Thal 71,275 Game Reserve 33/22 N. 70/33 E.
Ucchali lake 942 Game Reserve 32/36 N. 72/13 E.
Wathar Reserve Forest 1,874 Wildlife Sanctuary Not Recorded
Table 2: Cultural Heritage Sites in Punjab
Attock District
1. Lala Rukh‟s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
2. Begum ki Sarai, on left bank of Indus River near Attock fort, Attock.
3. Saidan Baoli, Hatti, Attock.
4. Hakim‟s tomb, Hasan Abdal, Attock.
5. Chitti Baoli, Pindi Suleman Makhan, Attock.
6. Attock Fort, Attock.
7. Attock tomb, on G. T. Road near Ziarat Hazrat Baba Sahib, Attock.
8. Behram ki Baraddari, Attock.
9. Tope and Mnastery (Buddhist remains), 5 miles east of Hasan Abal Baoli Pind, Attock.
10. Kallar (temple) or Sassi da Kallara, village Shah Muhammad Wali, Tesil Talagang, Attock.
11. Site at Garhi, village Malak Mala, 6 miles east of hasan Abal, Attock.
12. Inderkot mosque, Fateh Jang, Inderkot, Attock.
13. Buddhist site (Behari Colony) Hasan Abddal Town, Behari Colony, Attock.
Bahawalpur District
14. Tomb of Abu Hanifa, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
15. Tomb of Bibi Jawidi, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
16. Tomb of Nuria, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
17. Tomb of Bhawal Halee, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
18. Tomb of Musa Pak Shaheed, Uchh Sharif, Bahawalpur.
Dera Ghazi Khan District
19. Ghazi Khan‟s Tomb, Mohalla Zaminaran, Village Chirotta, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
20. Ther Dallu Roy, Dajal, Ddera Ghazi Khan.
Fasialabad District
21. Wangar Wala Tibba, Chak No. 742, Tehsil Taoba Tek Singh, Faisalabad.
Gujranwala District
22. Baraari in Sherawala garen, Gujranwala city.
23. Tomb of Abdul Nabi Kotli Maqbara, Gujranwala.
Gujrat District
24. Akbari Baoli in fort Gujrat city.
25. Bahar Wali, Baoli Kharian Town, Gujrat.
26. Tomb of Shaikh Ali Baig, locally calle Hanjeera, Village Hailan, Tehsil Phalia, Gujrat.
Jhang District
93
27. Shahi Masi, Chiniot, Jahng.
28. Tomb of Shah Burhan, Chiniot, Jhang.
Jhelum District
29. Rohtas Fort, 5 miles from Dina Railway Station, Jhelum.
30. Ruined Temple with gateway, Melot, Jhelum.
31. Raja Mansigh‟s Haveli Rohtas, Jhelum.
32. Hill measuring 25 ft. long and 190 ft. broad, Murti in Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
33. Two ancient teples, Bhagan Wala, 11 miles from Haranpur Railway Station, Jhelum.
34. Ruins of Nandana, For Bhagan Wala, Jhelum.
35. Sardar of Hari Singh‟s Haveli, Katas, Jhelum.
36. Ruined Buddhist Stupa area around it, Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
37. Satghara temple Village Katas, Tehsil Pind Dadan Khan, Jhelum.
Khanewal District
38. Tomb of Khali Walid, village Kabirwala, Khanewal.
Lahore District
39. Tomb of Ali Mardan Khan and Gateway, Lahore.
40. Buddo‟s tomb, Lahore.
41. Sarvwala Maqbara, Lahore.
42. Huzuri Bagh Baradari, Lahore.
43. Dai Anga‟s tomb, Lahore.
44. Shalamar Garden, including baradari, gateway, kiosks, pavilions, well, Naqqar Khana, asmani well and garden,
Lahore.
45. Old Fort, Lahore.
46. Buddho ka Awa, Lahore.
47. One kos minar, Lahore.
48. Roshani gate, Lahore.
49. Mirza Kamran‟s baradari, Lahore.
50. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, Lahroe.
51. Tomb of Dr. Muhammad Iqbal, 34-A, Mcleod Road, Lahore.
52. Chauburji, Mazang, Lahore.
53. Gulabi Bagh gatweay, Begumpura, Lahore.
54. Qutbudddin Aibak‟s tomb, Anar kali street, Lahore.
55. Tiledd gatweay and two bastions, Nawankot, Lahore.
56. Two kos minars, Minola, 6 miles from Jullo, Lahore.
57. Tomb of Shaikh Mosa, Ahangar, mosque and house, Mcleod Road, 35, Chiraghan Street, Lahore.
58. Tomb of (erroneously called) Zebun-Nisa, Nawankot, Lahore.
59. Naddira Begum‟s tomb and tank, Mian Mir, Lahore Cantonment, Lahore.
60. Hujra Mir Mehdi (Janazegah), Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
61. Tomb of Prince Parwaiz, Kot Khawaja Saeed, Lahore.
62. Tomb of Nawab Bahadur Khan, Mughalpura near Railway crossing, B-II, South of railway carriage shop,
Lahore.
63. Javedd Manzil, Allama Iqbal Road, Lahore.
64. Jahangir‟s tomb and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
65. Akbari Sarai an mosque, Shahdara, Lahore.
66. Tomb of Asif Khan and compound, Shahdara, Lahore.
67. Tomb of nur Jeha, Shahdara, Lahore,
68. Tomb of Mahabat Khan and boundary wall, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
69. Samadh of Rajit Singh, Karakh Singh and Nau Nihal Singh, Lahore.
70. Tomb of Anarkali, Lahore.
71. Baradari and Samadh of Maharaja Sher Singh, Lahore.
72. Badshahi mosque, Lahore.
73. Wazir Khan‟s mosque, Lahore.
74. Chitta gate, Chowk Wazir Khan inside elhi Gate, Lahore.
75. Another gate to northeast of Wazir Khan‟s mosque, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
76. Well of Raja Dina Nath, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
77. Masti gate, Lahore.
94
78. Bhati gate, Lahore.
79. Sheranwala gate, Lahore.
80. Kashmiri gate, Lahore.
81. Lahori known as Lahori gate, Lahore.
82. Delhi gate, Lahore.
83. Wazir Khan‟s hammams inside Delhi gate, Chowk Wazir Khan, Lahore.
84. Haveli Nau Nihal Singh including garden, quarters, latrine etc. inside Bhati gate, Kucha Nau Nihal Singh,
Lahore.
85. Tomb of Khawaja Sabir (Nawab Nusrat Khan) inside Railway Mechanical Workshop, Mughalpura, Lahore.
86. Tomb of French Officer‟s ddaughter, Kuri Bagh, Lahroe.
87. Wazir Khan‟s baradari, oldd Anarkali, Behind Lahore Museum, Lahore.
88. Samadh of Jhingar Shah Suthra (Suthron ka Asthan) Suthron, Teshl Lahore, Lahore.
89. Samadh of Bhai Wasti Ram Tixali gate near Shahi Qila, Lahore.
90. A Mughal period tomb, Tehsil Lahore Singhapura, oppsite Police Post, Lahore.
91. Jani Khan‟s tomb, Baghbanpura, Lahore.
92. Dai Anga‟s mosque, Naulakha, Lahore.
93. Mosque with glazed tiles work, Bagumpura, Lahore.
94. Mosque of Nawab Zakariya Khan, Bagumpura, Lahore.
95. Inayat Bagh, opposite Shalamar Garden, Bagumpuura, Lahore.
96. Angori bagh, opposite Shalamaer Garen Bagumpura, Lahore.
97. Mariam Zammani mosque, insie Masti gate, Lahore.
Mianwali District
98. Shershah‟s baoli, Wah Buchhran, Mianwali.
99. A buddhist Stupa with a surrounding area on River Inddus to the north of Village Rokhari, Mianwali.
Multan District
100. Sawi Masjid an graves, Kotla Tole Khan, Multan.
101. Tombs of Petrick Alexander Vana, Andrew & William Anderson, Old Fort, Multan.
102. Shrine of Rukne Alam, Old For, Multan.
103. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar‟s mother, Sura Miana, Multan.
104. Tomb of Shams Tabriz, Sura Miana, Multan.
105. Tomb of Shah Ali Akbar, Sura Miana, Multan.
106. Tomb of Shah Yousuf Gardezi, Multan.
107. Mound Ratti Khari, Head Bust 133 village Bhatianwala, Teshil Kaberwala, Multan.
108. Tobm of Shah Hussain Soozai, near Abdal Road, Multan.
109. Tomb of Mai Mehraban, Mohallah Kirialoghana, Multan.
110 Ruined mosque Village Sargana, Multan.
111. Maryala Moun, Chak No. 267/IOR, Multan.
Muzaffargarh District
112. Tomb of Thar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Musaffargarh.
113. Mosque of Tahar Khan Nahar, Sitpur, Muzaffargarh.
114. Tomb of Sheikh Sadan Shaheedd, Village Sadan, Muzaffargarh.
Rawalpini District
115. Tope or stupa (Buddhist), Mankiyala, Rawalpindi.
116. Top or stupa (Buddhist) Bhallar, Rawalpindi.
117. Pharwala fort Pharwala, Rawalpindi.
118. Losar baoli, Wah Cantonment, Rawalpindi.
119. Bhir Moun,Taxila, Mauza Majawer, Rawalpindi.
120. The area or Track known as Babar Khan, Taxila, Babar Khan, Rawalpindi.
121. Kalawansite, Mauza Karawal, Rawalpindi.
122. Chirtope site, Taxila, Chirtope, Rawalpindi.
123. Sirkap site, Mauza Gangu Bahaddur, Rawalpindi.
124. Giri remains, Mauza Khuram Gujjar, Rawalpindi.
125. Mohra Maradu site, Taxila, Rawalpindi.
126. Rewat fort, Village Rewat, Rawalpindi.
127. Nicholson Column, Margala Pass, Rawalpindi.
128. Kos minar, Milestone 102, G.T. Road, Rawalpindi.
95
129. Kos Minar, near Golara Railway Station, Rawalpindi.
130. Farudgh-e-Shahan-e-Mughalia, tank and garden Wah, Rawalpindi.
131. Ratta Pind, Village Gangu Bahadur, Rawalpindi.
Sahiwal District
132. Mounds, Harappa, Saiwal.
133. Mir Chakar‟s tomb, Satghara, Sahiwal.
134. Tomb of Syyed Daud Kirmani, Shergah, Sahiwal.
Sargodha District
135. Three temple inside fort, Amb Sargodha.
136. Site of ancient city, Bhera, Sargodha.
137. Site of ancient city, Vijjhi, 2 milles southwest of Miani known as Sabzal Pind, Sargodha.
138. A red sandstone teple, Sodhi Zerin, Sargodha.
Sheikhupura District
139. Sheikhupura fort, east of Sheikhupura town, Sheikhupura.
140. Baoli and mosque, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
141. Tank and tower, Sheikhupura.
142. Tomb of Abdullah Shah, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
143. Mound Mian Ali Sahib, Mian Ali Faqiran, Sheikhupura.
144. Tibba (Mound), Kala Shah Kaku, Sheikhupura.
145. Tomb of Noor Muhammad, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
146. Tomb of Hafiz Barkhurdar, Jandiala Sher Khan, Sheikhupura.
Sialkot District
147. Tibba Jolian, Sialkot.
Stakeholder Consultations
Objectives
305. Stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessment for a project
such as PIPIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders and the
project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of stakeholder consultation conducted as part of
the ESA were to:
develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and stakeholders,
provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the project and its
potential or perceived impacts, and
ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project design and
implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits
of the proposed project.
Consultation Process 306. Consultations with project stakeholders were carried out while conducting the ESA. A participatory
and consultative approach was employed for information gathering and data collection.
307. Meetings and consultations were held with a range of key informants as well as government and civil
society stakeholders at different levels. The focus group discussions with smaller groups of grassroots
stakeholders were held, whereas discussions with the institutional stakeholders were arranged in
consultation workshops. These discussions were held with project affected people, project beneficiaries
and other local communities in Attock, Rawalpindi, Chakwal, Lahore, Okara, Sahiwal, Multan, Bhakkar,
and Layyah districts. An attempt was made to consult stakeholders from all of the distinct regions of the
province with respect to the cultivation and water availability – Potwar, Central Punjab, Sothern Punjab,
and Thal desert. This process of stakeholder consultation was conceived to interact meaningfully with
96
affected communities and other stakeholders. The consultations also helped better understand local
knowledge with respect to the various sets of issues and concerns, and integrate these into the project
design and EMP.
Consultations with Institutional Stakeholders
308. The institutional stakeholder consultations were held during the workshops organized in Rawalpindi
and Multan. Representatives of the following organizations were invited for these workshops:
Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Punjab EPA and EPD
Planning Commission
P&DD, Punjab
Ministry of Environment
Ministry of Food and Agriculture
Ministry of Water and Power
Officials from the Agriculture Department, Punjab
NARC
The Pakistan Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA)
Pakistan Council for Research on Water Resources (PCRWR)
Irrigation Department
Barani Agriculture University, Rawalpindi
Agriculture University, Faisalabad
National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
International Islamic University
World Bank
Asian Development Bank
United Nations Development Program (UNDP)
Barani Agriculture Research Institute (BARI)
Punjab Economic Research Institute (PERI)
Cotton Research Center, Multan
Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI)
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)
WWF.
309. Concerns Raised and Suggestion Forwarded by Institutional Stakeholders. The institutional
stakeholders raised several concerns and provided useful suggestions/recommendations. These are
provided below.
The capacity building and awareness raising of farmers should also address the water-borne diseases caused by
over irrigation.
The use of FM radio should be promoted for the awareness raising and capacity building of farmers for the
improved irrigation techniques.
The research institutions should also play their role in capacity building of farmers and the Department staff.
The research institutes should arrange farmers‟ gatherings and workshops.
More effective investment is needed for the bed-furrowing with the help of laser leveling.
97
Trees and livestock are important elements of the rural agricultural economy. The tree cutting caused by the
water course improvement should be compensated through plantation of appropriate tree species at appropriate
locations.
Tree plantation can be used for nitrogen fixing of soil, as wind breaker particularly in areas that experience
sand/wind storms.
Drip irrigation should be promoted in areas having undulating terrain.
The national water policy needs to be devised addressing judicious use of the available water for irrigation.
Sustainability of modern irrigation techniques needs to be studied through research.
The laser land leveling equipment should be provided to the rental services.
Demonstration systems should be arranged at regional level to showcase the modern irrigation techniques.
The Project interventions can employ the rural unemployed youth.
The private sector should be motivated to participate in promoting the modern irrigation techniques.
Drip irrigation system is ideal for locations where water is scarce.
The private sector needs to be supported and encouraged to develop simple machinery for bed-furrowing and
other similar tasks.
The water course improvement can potentially cause tree cutting and loss of natural vegetation. Tree cuttings
should be restricted to only those trees causing restriction in water flow or hindrance in civil works.
Existing provision for improvement of entire earthen section may be reconsidered to relax the same for a certain
portion located at tail end of watercourse where water flows only for a few hours.
The hydrological data needs to be collected and analyzed to fully understand the impact of water course lining
on the groundwater recharge.
Laser land leveling is now becoming economically viable and sustainable. Other interventions such as water
course lining are not yet sustainable and government‟s support is needed to undertake these improvements.
Environmental impacts of brick kilns, which would provide bricks for the Project, needs to be highlighted.
Local manufacturing of drip irrigation systems and their parts should be encouraged.
The traditional flood irrigation system is no more viable in view of the water shortage, hence high efficiency
irrigation methods should be promoted through the Project.
Tube-wells should be installed giving due consideration to their location and inter-tube-well distance.
The lining of the water courses should be carried out beyond the current limit of 30 percent. The quality of
water course lining needs to be improved, and the Department team should regularly monitor this aspect.
The soil and water pollution caused by the left over plastic tubing and other parts for the drip/sprinkler irrigation
system needs to be addressed.
The drip irrigation system is currently suitable for large farmers having more resources available to them and
having more know-how/awareness. The barriers for its adaptation by the small farmers need to me removed.
Pest management component needs to be included in the Project, addressing the use of pesticides (and other
chemical inputs) in the high efficiency irrigation techniques. Awareness raising and capacity building
components should also be included in the Project in this regard. Additionally, this aspect needs further field
research.
The contaminated water in the canals is causing diseases, since it is used for drinking purposes in many areas.
The use of solar energy should also be explored for pumping groundwater.
Trees are sometimes cut down for improving the water courses. The compensatory tree plantation should be
included in the Project (and Water User Associations‟ contracts with the Department).
The Department should also encourage the farmers to build water ponds to store irrigation water.
Laser leveling is highly beneficial for water conservation.
The tube-wells are being misused, and there is no law to control the installation of new tube-wells.
The Department should promote small dams and sprinkler/drip irrigation in the Potohar region of the Province.
98
Grass Root Stakeholders Consultations
310. The grass root consultations were carried out to inform the communities about the project and to
obtain their views and concerns. These consultations were carried out at the following locations:
Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock
Farm of Ahsan Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock
Farm of Mohammad Arshad Khan and others, Tehsil Hazro, District Attock
Farm of Moazzam Javed and others, Tehsil and District Attock
Farm of Malik Ghulam Hussain and others, Tehsil Jand, District Attock
Farm of Khursheed Ahmed Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh Jang, District Attock
Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed and others, Tehsil and District Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
Farm of Iqtedar Amir and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal
Farm of Mohammad Hayat and others, Tehsil and District Chakwal
WUA # 7828 (Khwaja Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.
WUA # 4412/R (Taqi Pur), Lahore Cantonment
Farm (Countryside Natural Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil Ferozwala, District Sheikhupura
Farm of Shabir Hussain and others, Tehsil Muridke, District Sheikhupura
Water course # 79430-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara
Water course # 40477-L, Renala Khurd, District Okara
Farm of A. Ashiq Babar and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
Water course # 6072-TR, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
Farm of Malik Hammad Hyder and others, Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
Water course # 13528-TF, Chichawatni, District Sahiw al
Water course # 16575-L, Shakh-e-Madina, District Multan
Water course # 37810-L, Gagra, District Multan
Farm near Karor, District Layyah
Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and others, Karor, District Layyah
Farm of Asad Imran and others, District Layyah
Farm of Bashir A. Khan and others, District Bhakkar
Farm of Rana Munawar and others; Chaubara, District Layyah
Farm of Mohammad Husnain and others, Chaubara District Layyah
Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas Magsi and others, Chaub ara, District Layyah
311. Table 3 presents list of the discussants and the key issues raised during the consultations.
99
Table 3: Key Issues Discussed during Grass Root Consultations
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
Farm of Qamar-ul-Zaman and
others, Tehsil Hazro, District
Attock
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; District
Officer (DO),
Deputy District
Officer (DDO),
Assistant
Agriculture
Engineer (AAE)
Very positive impact on productivity; water
consumption after scheme completion reduced
to one-third; area under cultivation increased;
price of land increased.
Extension of scheme is needed; the farmers
showed keenness to participate in any future
scheme of same or similar nature.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farm of Ahsan Khan and
others, Tehsil Hazro, District
Attock
9;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farmers very happy with increased
productivity; water consumption after scheme
completion reduced to one-third; area under
cultivation increased; price of land increased.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed keenness to participate in
any future scheme of same or similar nature.
Farm of Mohammad Arshad
Khan, and others Tehsil
Hazro, District Attock
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased output; water
consumption after scheme completion
reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
Farm of Moazzam Javed and
others, Tehsil and District
Attock
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO
Farmers satisfied with increased output; water
consumption after scheme completion
reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farm of Malik Ghulam
Hussain and others, Tehsil
Jand, District Attock
12;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased wheat output;
water consumption and cost of irrigation after
scheme completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
100
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
Farm of Khursheed Ahmed
Khan and others, Tehsil Fateh
Jang, District Attock
15;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
DDO; Supply and
Service Company
(SSC)
Farmers satisfied with increased orchard
output; water consumption and cost of
irrigation after scheme completion reduced.
Quantities of fertilizers and pesticides needed
reduced.
Farmers showed satisfaction with the SSC
support.
The farmers showed willingness to participate
in any future scheme of same or similar
nature.
Farm of Chaudhry Mushtaq
and others, Tehsil and District
Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
9;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farmers showed satisfaction on the success of
scheme. They have applied for drip irrigation
scheme for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of pesticides
and fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to more than
20 workers.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farm of Mian Abdul Majeed
and others, Tehsil and District
Rawalpindi (near Chakri)
12;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farmers reported increased output from the
farm after the completion of the scheme. In
addition to the increased income to the
owners, the farm has provided employment to
about 50 workers.
The farmers enquired about any future
schemes offered by the Department.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farm of Iqtedar Amir and
others, Tehsil and District
Chakwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO and
AE
Farmers satisfied on the success of scheme.
They have applied for drip irrigation scheme
for the farm.
The farmers reported limited use of pesticides
but increased use of fertilizers.
The farm provides employment to more than 6
workers.
The farmers willing to adopt high efficiency
irrigation techniques.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about high efficiency irrigation techniques and
the forthcoming project.
Farm of Mohammad Hayat
and others, Tehsil and District
Chakwal
11;
Farmers;
Directorate General
(WM) officers; DO
and DDO
Farmers reported increased output from the
farm after the completion of the scheme.
The farmers have applied for the
Government‟s scheme for the high efficiency
irrigation system.
Water course # 7828 (Khwaja
Faqir), Lahore Cantonment.
21;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
Farmers showed their satisfaction about the
water course improvement and reported water
conservation after the completion of scheme.
They expected the Department to provide
further assistance.
The community mobilization was found to be
101
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
AAE, WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be proper.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the earlier payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Water course # 4412/R (Taqi
Pur), Lahore Cantonment
17;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, WMO, Sub
Engineers (SEs)
Farmers reported water conservation after the
completion of scheme. They expected the
Department to provide more assistance for
further improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the earlier payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Farm (Countryside Natural
Products (Pvt.) Ltd.), Tehsil
Ferozwala, District
Sheikhupura
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, SSC
The farmers reported achieving very high
yield from the farm using of the drip irrigation
system.
The quantities of pesticides and fertilizers
need were reduced.
Water consumption was significantly reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the
service provided by the SSC.
Farm of Shabir Hussain,
Tehsil Muridke, District
Sheikhupura
11;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DDO,
AAE, SSC
The farmers reported achieving high yield
from the farm using of the sprinkler irrigation
system for wheat crop.
The quantities of herbicides and fertilizers
need were reduced.
Water consumption was significantly reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction regarding the
102
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
service provided by the SSC.
Water course # 79430-L,
Renala Khurd, District Okara
25;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
The farmers reported the reduction in time
required to irrigate the fields after the
improvement of the water courses. They
expected the Department to provide more
assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The farmers now moving to further
improvements such as laser land leveling.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods and laser land
leveling.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Water course # 40477-L,
Renala Khurd, District Okara
22;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officers; DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
The farmers reported the reduction in time
required to irrigate the fields and increase in
the irrigated area after the improvement of the
water courses. They expected the Department
to provide more assistance for further
improvement in the water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Farm of M. Ashiq Babar,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
The farmer reported about 30% saving in
water requirements after laser land leveling.
Use of herbicides, fertilizer, and pesticides
103
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
reduced.
The farmers showed satisfaction about the
equipment and after-sales service provided by
the SSC.
Water course # 6072-TR,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
12;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable with some need for
improvement.
The community showed interest in high
efficiency irrigation methods.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Farm of Malik Hammad
Hyder and others,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
5;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE, Supervisor
Farmers reported 30% saving in water use and
30% increase in yield after laser land leveling.
Decreased use of fertilizer and weedicides.
The farmer informed that without subsidy,
they and other farmers would not be able to
afford the laser land leveling.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Water course # 13528-TF,
Chichawatni, District Sahiwal
18;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials, DO, DDO,
AE; Consultant
The WUA members reported reduction in
water losses, labor required for irrigating the
fields, and water pilferage - because of the
water course improvement.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments from the Government and
difficulty in getting farmers‟ contributions.
The farmers usually have money only after the
harvest. The delays in payments also affect
the material purchase, since the material rates
keep on increasing. The WUA members also
complained about tough criteria used by the
consultants for approving the works,
increasing labor expenses, and requested that
the Government‟s share should be increased.
Trees need to be cut for water course
104
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about water course improvement, laser land
leveling and high efficiency irrigation
techniques in the forthcoming project.
Water course # 16575-L,
Shakh-e-Madina, District
Multan
29;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, AE, WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
They informed that collecting farmers‟ share
was a very difficult task. They requested the
Department to eliminate the farmers‟ share
altogether.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course improvement.
Water course # 37810-L,
Gagra, District Multan
27;
WUA members and
other farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, AE, WMO,
Supervisors,
Rodmen
The farmers reported increased availability of
water and hence increase in the irrigated area
after the improvement of the water courses.
They expected the Department to provide
more assistance for further improvement in the
water courses.
The community mobilization was found to be
effective. The WUA documentation was
found to be acceptable.
The WUA members complained about
delayed payments, and also requested the
Department to increase the initial payment
installments and decrease the last installment.
They informed that collecting farmers‟ share
was a very difficult task.
Trees need to be cut for water course
improvement works. Compensatory tree
plantation should be carried out. The
community showed its willingness to
undertake this compensatory plantation.
The Department officials informed the farmers
about the forthcoming project involving laser
land leveling, high efficiency irrigation
105
Location/Farmers Number and Type
of Participants
Key Issue Discussed
techniques, and water course improvement.
Government‟s Demonstration
Farm near Karor, District
Layyah
6;
The farm‟s
supervisors and
attendants;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO.
Drip irrigation has resulted in decreased water
needs, as well as reduced pesticides,
weedicides and fertilizer usage.
Farm of Ahmed Mujtaba and
others, Karor, District Layyah
10;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption by 30%, increased yield, and
effective utilization of fertilizers by adopting
drip irrigation technique.
Farm of Asad Imran and
others, District Layyah
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
Farm of Bashir A. Khan,
District Bhakkar
7;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
Farm of Rana Munawar;
Chaubara, District Layyah
8;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler
irrigation technique.
Farm of Mohammad Husnain,
Chaubara District Layyah
6;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting sprinkler
irrigation technique.
Farm of Sardar Nasir Abbas
Magsi, Chaubara, District
Layyah
7;
Farmers;
Directorate General
Agriculture (WM)
officials; DO,
DDO, WMO
The farmers reported reduced water
consumption, increased yield, reduced need of
fertilizers and pesticides by adopting drip
irrigation technique.
Impact Assessment
Positive Impacts
312. The positive environmental and social impacts of the project include increased water conservation,
enhanced social mobilization (i.e., establishment of WUAs) and employment opportunities for skilled
106
people. In addition, the project interventions such as high efficiency irrigation techniques will help
discontinue usage of sewage water to irrigate crops particularly vegetables in the peri-urban areas – a
practice that poses health risks to the population consuming these vegetables.
Environmental Screening
313. The potentially negative impacts of the project interventions have been screened using the ADB‟s
Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist for the irrigation projects as given in Table 4 below.
Table 4: Environmental Screening
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
A. Project Siting Is the Project area adjacent to or within
any of the following
environmentally sensitive areas?
Protected Area
Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
Wetland
Unlikely No subprojects to be located inside
any protected wetland.
Mangrove
- ✔ No mangroves exist in the Province.
Estuarine
✔ No estuaries exist in the Project Area.
Buffer zone of protected area Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
Special area for protecting
biodiversity
Unlikely - No subprojects to be located inside
any protected area.
B. Potential Environmental Impacts Will the Project cause…
loss of precious ecological values
(e.g. result of encroachment into
forests/swamplands or
historical/cultural buildings/areas,
disruption of hydrology of natural
waterways, regional flooding, and
drainage hazards)?
Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be located
in cultivation fields. Only some
interventions could be located in
uncultivated areas. No subprojects
will be located at any protected
archeological, cultural, or religious
sites.
conflicts in water supply rights and
related social conflicts?
Unlikely - The project interventions will not
change the existing water rights.
Formulation of Water User
Associations (WUAs) will address any
possible conflicts.
impediments to movements of people
and animals?
Unlikely - Most of the subprojects will be located
in cultivation fields. The water course
improvements include construction of
culverts at appropriate locations.
potential ecological problems due to
increased soil erosion and siltation,
leading to decreased stream capacity?
Unlikely
/ possibly
- The water course improvement works
will decrease soil erosion.
Appropriate mitigation measures have
been included in project interventions.
Insufficient drainage leading to
salinity intrusion?
Unlikely - The project interventions are unlikely
to affect the drainage pattern.
over pumping of groundwater,
leading to salinization and ground
subsidence?
Unlikely - The project interventions will promote
judicious use and hence conservation
of irrigation water, thus reducing the
107
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
need of ground water pumping. The
water course lining may reduce
groundwater recharge, but this lining
will be minimized in the saline
groundwater zone.
impairment of downstream water
quality and therefore, impairment of
downstream beneficial uses of water?
Unlikely
/
possibly.
- The high efficiency irrigation schemes
under the project will generally result
in reduced and judicious use of
chemical inputs. However, irrigation
water conservation achieved with the
help of project interventions may
result in increased cropping intensity,
and hence increased use of chemical
inputs, which can potentially
contaminate soil and water.
Appropriate mitigation measures have
been included in the project to address
t
dislocation or involuntary
resettlement of people?
Unlikely - Most of the project interventions will
be located in cultivation fields. Only
in rare cases, uncultivated land will be
brought under cultivation.
Appropriate control measures have
been included to ensure that no
resettlement of people takes place.
disproportionate impacts on the poor,
women and children, Indigenous
Peoples or other vulnerable groups?
Unlikely - The project will generally benefit the
land owners and growers, however,
these interventions are unlikely to
negatively affect vulnerable groups
such as poor, women and children.
No indigenous people are known to
exist in the Province.
potential social conflicts arising from
land tenure and land use issues?
Unlikely - The project benefits are unlikely to
change the existing land tenure or land
use rights. Formulation of WUAs is
likely to address any possible
conflicts.
soil erosion before compaction and
lining of canals?
Unlikely
/ possibly
- Lining of water courses will generally
reduce the soil erosion. Most of the
interventions will be located in plain
areas, thus minimizing the possibility
of soil erosion. Appropriate
mitigation measures have been
included in the water course
improvement and other components to
control any soil erosion.
noise from construction equipment? Unlikely - The noise during the project
interventions will primarily be
generated by tractors (laser land
leveling), and small trucks (material
hauling). These vehicles will
essentially operate in cultivation
fields, during the day time, where such
machinery is routinely used. Hence
108
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
the noise generation from the project
intervention is unlikely to cause any
significant impact.
dust during construction? Possibly - Some minor dust emissions are likely
to be caused by the construction
activities, however these will take
place within the cultivation fields
where such dust emissions are quite
routine.
Water logging and soil salinization
due to inadequate drainage and farm
management?
Unlikely - The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation. Hence
water logging and salinization are not
likely to take place.
Soil slinization cuased by high
efficiency irrigation may be controlled
by flood irrigating the field on
occasional basis.
leaching of soil nutrients and changes
in soil characteristics due to
excessive application of irrigation
water?
Unlikely - The project aims to conserve water
and discourage over-irrigation. Hence
leaching of soil nutrients and soil
degradation are not likely to take
place.
reduction of downstream water
supply during peak seasons?
Unlikely - The project interventions aim to
conserve irrigation water and
discourage over-irrigation. Hence the
project is unlikely to negatively affect
other water users (other water users
are likely to benefit from the project
with increased water availability).
soil pollution, polluted farm runoff
and groundwater, and public health
risks due to excessive application of
fertilizers and pesticides?
Possibly - The high efficiency irrigation
techniques under the project need
smaller quantities of chemical inputs,
thus reducing the resultant soil and
runoff contamination. However, the
project interventions may also result
in higher cropping intensity, thus
requiring more chemicals inputs to be
used, and hence greater risk of soil
and run off contamination.
Appropriate awareness raising and
capacity building initiatives have been
included in the project design to
address these potential impacts.
soil erosion (furrow, surface)? Unlikely - The project interventions (land
leveling, high efficiency irrigation
techniques, and water course
improvement) will reduce and
forestall soil erosion, usually
associated with over-irrigation.
scouring of canals? Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest any
previous scouring.
109
Screening Questions Yes No Remarks
clogging of canals by sediments? Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will arrest sedimentation
in the water courses.
clogging of canals by weeds? Unlikely - The water course improvement
component will in fact arrest any
clogging of the water courses.
seawater intrusion into downstream
freshwater systems?
- ✔ No sea front exists in the Province.
introduction of increase in incidence
of waterborne or water related
diseases?
Unlikely
to
possibly
- The project interventions aim to
conserve water and discourage over-
irrigation. Therefore these
interventions are likely to decrease
waterborne or water-related diseases.
The capacity building component of
the project will address this aspect as
well.
dangers to a safe and healthy working
environment due to physical,
chemical and biological hazards
during project construction and
operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly
- The physical hazards associated with
the project are same as the other
cultivation activities. The biological
and chemical hazards are associated
with the injudicious and unsafe
use/handling of chemical inputs. The
project interventions are likely to
reduce the need of these inputs. The
capacity building component of the
project will nonetheless address these
aspects.
large population influx during project
construction and operation that
causes increased burden on social
infrastructure and services (such as
water supply and sanitation systems)?
Unlikely - The individual subprojects are quite
small and localized, with no
possibility or need of any population
influx during construction or
operation.
social conflicts if workers from other
regions or countries are hired?
Unlikely - The individual subprojects are quite
small and localized, with little
possibility or need of workers from
other regions. The contractors will be
selected by WUAs.
risks to community health and safety
due to the transport, storage, and use
and/or disposal of materials such as
explosives, fuel and other chemicals
during construction and operation?
Unlikely
to
possibly
The risk to community‟s health and
safety is associated with the handling
of chemical inputs (pesticides and
fertilizers) mentioned earlier as well.
The capacity building component of
the project will address these aspects.
community safety risks due to both
accidental and natural hazards,
especially where the structural
elements or components of the
project (e.g., irrigation dams) are
accessible to members of the affected
community or where their failure
could result in injury to the
community throughout project
construction, operation and
decommissioning?
Unlikely - The project interventions do not
include any structures (such as dams
and dikes) which could pose hazard to
the local community through accidents
or natural disasters.
110
Environmental and Social Management Plan
ESMP Objectives
The ESMP aims to provide the implementation mechanism for the mitigation and control
measures for the potential impacts of the project on environment and people discussed in
Section 7. The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following:
To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified during the
present ESA.
To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation and control
measures
To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation of the
mitigation and control measures.
To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social aspects of the
project.
To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP implementation.
Institutional Setup and Responsibilities
314. DGAWM will be overall responsible for environmental and social performance of the project in
accordance with the national and WB requirements.
315. The DGAWM will designate an appropriate officer of the Directorate General to be the
Environmental and Social Coordinator (ESC) for the proposed project at the provincial level. The ESC
will ensure the effective implementation of ESMP throughout the project implementation. S/he will also
maintain liaison and coordination with the WMOs at the district level, who will be designated as the
district environmental and social coordinators (DESCs) in their respective districts. The DESCs will in
turn supervise and coordinate with the WUAs and farmers for the actual implementation of the
environmental and social guidelines (discussed in the next section) and other ESMP requirements during
the project implementation.
Environmental and Social Guidelines
316. Four sets of guidelines have been prepared, one each for the four types of interventions included in
the proposed project. These guidelines, presented in Tables 5 to 8, have essentially been prepared on the
basis of the mitigation measures discussed. These guidelines will be made part of the agreements to be
signed for each scheme under the proposed project.
Environmental and Social Monitoring
317. The monitoring will be carried out at three tiers. At the first tier, the WUA/farmers will fill simple
checklists prepared on the basis of the environmental and social guidelines. At the second tier, the
DESCs (WMOs) will carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual
observations, review of the checklists filled by WUAs/farmers, and discussions with them. At the third
tier, the ESC and/or the Supervision Consultants (where engaged) will provide top supervision of the
monitoring carried out by the WUAs/farmers and DESCs, with the help of spot checks during their field
visits.
318. Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, the Department will also
engage an appropriate firm/consultant to carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation –
111
TPV) on an annual basis. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP
implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by
the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to improve ESMP and its various
components.
Environmental and Social Trainings and Awareness Raising
319. The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic knowledge and
information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the
key project personnel including the ESC and DESCs. The awareness raising initiatives on the other hand
are essentially meant for the WUA members and farmers participating in the schemes under the proposed
project. The training plan is presented in Table 9. The ESC will be responsible for the implementation
of this plan.
Documentation and Reporting
320. Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation process, and the
ESC will be overall responsible for this. The documentation will include the following:
environmental and social checklists filled by the WUAs/farmers,
environmental and social checklists filled by DESCs,
visit reports with photographs prepared by the Supervision Consultants and ESC,
annual third party monitoring reports,
training reports to be prepared by ESC with the help of DESCs,
district quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each DESC in his/her
respective district,
quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by the ESC on the basis of
the district quarterly reports described above, and
project completion report on overall ESMP implementation during the entire duration of the
project – to be prepared by ESC.
ESMP Implementation Budget
321. The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of six years has been estimated to be Rs.
19.2 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost. The breakdown of this estimate is
provided below.
ESMP Implementation Budget
Description Cost (Pak Rs.) Notes/basis
Personnel cost ESC, DESCs) - No additional manpower is
needed.
Third party monitoring 9.0 million 1.5 m per year
Trainings 7.2 million 300,000 per training; 24
trainings
Miscellaneous expenses 3.0 million 0.5 m per year
Total (for 6 years) 19.2 million
112
Table 5: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Drip Irrigation
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
Land use, land form, and/or land
take (particularly when the
schemes are to be implemented
in previously vacant areas)
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to
be established under the scheme should be owned
by the beneficiary.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving
expansion of cultivation area will be established
ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water
users.
Soil erosion and topography The water ponds under the schemes will be
appropriately located and designed, addressing all
aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
The scheme design involving excavation of water
pond should include proper disposal of the surplus
soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond
itself).
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas
where groundwater is used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if
salt built up is identified.
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously
vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will
carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate
indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be
at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such
areas)
Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
113
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water related
diseases.
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or
shrine.
The „chance find‟22
procures will be included in the
scheme agreements.
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred
to carry out the construction and operation
activities.
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
Table 6: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Sprinkler Irrigation
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
Land use, land form, and/or land
take (particularly when the
schemes are to be implemented
in previously vacant areas)
The vacant area where orchard/cultivation farm is to
be established under the scheme should be owned
by the beneficiary.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
Downstream water availability The project schemes particularly those involving
expansion of cultivation area will be established
ensuring no negative impacts on downstream water
users.
Soil erosion and topography The water ponds under the schemes will be
appropriately located and designed, addressing all
aspects including soil erosion, soil subsidence, and
seepage.
The scheme design involving excavation of water
pond should include proper disposal of the surplus
soil (eg, for the embankment for the water pond
itself).
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
22 „Chance find‟ procedure: In case any artifact or site of archeological, cultural, historical, or religious significance are
discovered during activities such as excavation of water ponds, the works will be stopped, and the Archeological
Department will be informed.
114
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Salt built up in soil Soil testing will be carried out particularly in areas
where groundwater is used for irrigation.
Occasional flood irrigation should be considered if
salt built up is identified.
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
If any trees are to be cut for scheme in a previously
vacant area, the farmer/scheme beneficiary will
carry out compensatory plantation of appropriate
indigenous tree species. Trees thus planted will be
at least three times the number of trees cut for
establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such
areas)
Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water related
diseases.
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or
shrine.
The „chance find‟ procures will be included in the
scheme agreements.
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred
to carry out the construction and operation
activities.
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
Table 7: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Laser Land Leveling
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
Soil and water contamination Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
115
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
Air quality deterioration Tractors will be properly maintained and tuned to
minimize exhaust emissions, and proper fuel will
be used.
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such
areas)
Damage to cultural heritage
(particularly when the schemes
are to be implemented in
previously vacant areas)
It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards
or shrine.
The „chance find‟ procures will be included in the
scheme agreements.
Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying
pesticides and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water
related diseases.
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred
to carry out the leveling activities.
Sustainability of schemes After-sales service will be ensured through
contractual clauses.
116
Table 8: Environmental and Social Guidelines – Watercourse Improvement
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
Land use, land form, and/or land
take
Land for the realigned water course should be
voluntarily donated by its owner, and proper
documentation should be completed for this
donation.
The donation should be appropriately recorded in
the WUA register.
No involuntary resettlement will be allowed during
the project.
It should be ensured that the local routes are not
blocked by such schemes.
Soil and water contamination Waste disposal guidelines will be included in the
design of the schemes. It will be ensured that no
waste or left over construction material is left
behind in the cultivation fields.
Judicious use of the chemical inputs and use of
alternate techniques (such as integrated pest
management, using disease-resistant seeds, and
mulching) will be promoted through awareness
raising and capacity building initiatives.
Soil erosion Earthen portion of the water course will not be left
un-compacted for long durations.
Surplus soil and silt will be disposed appropriately,
without having any impacts on water courses, local
routes, cultivation fields, or drains.
Conflicts Social mobilization and capacity building will
address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address conflict
avoidance and resolution.
Impacts on natural flora and
fauna
Cutting of trees would be restricted to only those
trees which cause restriction/hindrance in water
flow or civil works. If any trees are to be cut, the
WUA will carry out compensatory plantation of
appropriate indigenous tree species. Trees thus
planted should be at least three times the number of
trees cut for establishing the scheme.
No schemes will be located inside any wildlife
protected areas (see Table 1) for the list of such
areas)
Damage to cultural heritage It should be ensured that no schemes are approved
inside or in the immediate vicinity of any cultural
heritage sites listed in Table 2.
The schemes should not be located in graveyards or
shrine.
The „chance find‟ procures will be included in the
scheme agreements.
Safety hazards/public health The awareness raising and capacity building
117
Environmental and Social
Aspect
Mitigation Measures Notes
initiatives will also address the safe practices to
transport, store, handle, and apply the pesticides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.
The farm owners will provide necessary protective
gear to the workers handling and applying pesticides
and herbicides in the field.
The capacity building component will address
avoidance and cure of water borne and water related
diseases.
Employment/contracting
opportunities
Local labor and local contractors will be preferred to
carry out the construction and operation activities.
Clogging of water courses Social mobilization and capacity building will
address formulation and sustainability of WUAs.
The capacity building will address proper
maintenance and care of water courses.
Sustainability of scheme Social mobilization will address the sustainability of
WUAs, which in turn will ensure proper operation
and maintenance of water courses.
Table 9: Environmental and Social Training Plan
Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency
Environmental and social
trainings
Environmental and social
awareness;
Key environmental and
social issues associated with
project
ESA findings;
ESMP and its components;
ESMP implementation.
ESC, DESCs,
Supervision
Consultants; others
At the start of the project;
Afterwards as required
Awareness raising Judicious use of fertilizers,
pesticides and herbicides;
Use of alternate techniques
(such as IPM, using better
seeds) to reduce the
application of chemical
inputs;
Safe handling and
application of pesticides and
herbicides and use of
protective gear;
Waste disposal;
Community mobilization
(for WUA members)
WUA members,
farmers
On-going
SrinagarSrinagarKargilKargil
HyderabadHyderabad
FaisalabadFaisalabad
RawalpindiRawalpindi
SaiduSaidu
ChitralChitral
D.I. KhanD.I. Khan
GujratGujrat
KahatKahat
BannuBannu
GujranwalaGujranwala
D.G. KhanD.G. Khan MultanMultan
SahlwalSahlwal
BahawalpurBahawalpurNok KundiNok Kundi
ChamanChaman
SurabSurab
ZhobZhob
BadinBadinThattaThatta
PanjgurPanjgur
RanipurRanipur
TurbatTurbat
PasniPasni
MoroMoro
BelaBela
GwadarGwadar
KarachiKarachi
QuettaQuetta
LahoreLahore
PeshawarPeshawar
MuzaffarabadMuzaffarabad
ISLAMABADISLAMABAD
B A L O C H I S T A NB A L O C H I S T A N
S I N D HS I N D H
P U N J A BP U N J A B
KHYBERKHYBERPAKHTUNKHWAPAKHTUNKHWA
NORTHERNNORTHERNAREASAREAS
A F G H A N I S T A NA F G H A N I S T A N
I N D I AI N D I A
ISLAMICISLAMICREPUBLICREPUBLIC
OFOFIRANIRAN
CH INACH INATAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN
JammuJammuand Kashmirand Kashmir
SrinagarKargil
Hyderabad
Faisalabad
Rawalpindi
Saidu
Chitral
D.I. Khan
Gujrat
Kahat
Bannu
Gujranwala
D.G. Khan Multan
Sahlwal
BahawalpurNok Kundi
Chaman
Surab
Zhob
BadinThatta
Panjgur
Ranipur
Turbat
Pasni
Moro
Bela
Gwadar
Karachi
Quetta
Lahore
Peshawar
Muzaffarabad
ISLAMABAD
B A L O C H I S T A N
S I N D H
P U N J A B
KHYBERPAKHTUNKHWA
A F G H A N I S T A N
I N D I A
ISLAMICREPUBLIC
OFIRAN
CH INATAJIKISTAN
Jammuand Kashmir
ApproximateLine of Control
Indu
s
Ravi
Sutlej
Chenab
Jhelum
Zhob
Ind us
Mas
hkai
Indu
s
A r a b i a n S e a
Rann of Kutch
To Kandahar
To Kerman
To Kerman
To Khash
To Jodhpur
To Mandi
To Kabul
To LudhianaTo
Bhatinda
35N
30N
25N
30N
25N
65E 70E 75E
65E 70E 75E
PAKISTAN
0 50 100 150
0 50 100 150 Miles
200 Kilometers
IBRD 38945
NOVEMBER 2011
Th i s map was p r oduced by t he Map De s i g n Un i t o f T h e Wo r l d B a n k . T h e b o u n d a r i e s , c o l o r s , d e n o m i n a t i o n s a n d a n y o t h e r in format ion shown on th is map do not imply, on the par t o f The Wor ld Bank Group, any judgment o n t h e l e g a l s t a t u s o f a n y te r r i to ry , o r any endorsement or acceptance of such boundar ies .
MAIN ROADS
RAILROADS
PROVINCE BOUNDARIES
INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES
MAIN CITIES AND TOWNS
PROVINCE CAPITALS
NATIONAL CAPITAL
PAKISTAN
PUNJAB IRRIGATED AGRICULTUREPRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM PROJECT
IBRD 37352
NOVEMBER 2009
PAKISTAN
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF PAKISTANINDUS BASIN WATER SYSTEM
Th is map was produced by the Map Des ign Uni t o f The Wor ld Bank.The boundar ies , co lo rs , denominat ions and any other in format ion
shown on th is map do not imply, on the par t o f The Wor ld BankGroup, any judgment on the lega l s ta tus of any te r r i to r y, o r any
endorsement or acceptance of such boundar ies .
