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THE WORLD OF ISLAM
600-1500
The Arabs
Nomadic, organized into tribes, lived in the Arabian Peninsula
Ruled by a sheik Farmers,
sheepherders Ruled the caravan
trade, carried goods along Silk Road
The Arabs
Polytheistic, religious center Mecca
Mecca- sacred black stone called Kaaba
Supreme god Allah
Life of Muhammad
Born in Mecca, became caravan merchant Received revelations from God and angel
Gabriel Revelations became the Quran (635) Muhammad was God’s prophet, religion
became Islam Gained followers, moved to Medina Journey called Hijrah, year 622, year 1 on
Muslim calendar
Life of Muhammad
Muslims saw no separation between political and religious authority
Muhammad political, religious leader
630 return to Mecca, conquer city, convert all to Islam
Kaaba becomes sacred shrine of Islam
Teachings of Muhammad
Islam monotheistic Salvation, afterlife, submit to will of Allah Muhammad not divine Acts of worship Five Pillars of Islam Law Code- shari’ah, applies Quran to
daily life Regulates all parts of life- religion,
government, civic life
Five Pillars of Islam
Islam means “to submit to the will of God”
Belief Prayer Charity Fasting Pilgrimage
Arab Empire and Successors
632 death of Muhammad , left no successor
Abu Bakr named caliph, capital Medina
Islamic movement began to grow Quran permitted fair, defensive
warfare- jihad 636 Arabs defeat Byzantines 640 take over Syria 642 Egypt and North Africa 650 Persian Empire
Arab Rule
Reasons for successA. Arab rulers tolerantB. Conquered people not required to convert to Islam, just
pay taxes and be loyal to Muslim ruleC. Weakness of Byzantine, Persian Empires- Arabs seen
as liberators.D. Simple direct message of Islam (no religious hierarchy)
Abu Bakr no successor, fight over who would be caliph Muhammad’s son-in-law Ali ruler for five years
Umayyads
661 Muawiyah becomes caliph, established Umayyad Dynasty
Center of power- Damascus, Syria.
Conquered rest of North Africa, 710- 732 conquered Iberian Peninsula (major Islamic city Cordoba)
732 Muslim army defeated at Battle of Tours, halted expansion in Western Europe
Umayyads 732 Muslim army
defeated at Battle of Tours, halted expansion in Western Europe
717 Muslim navy defeated Constantinople
Arab advance ended Empire southern
Mediterranean, Spain, Southwest Asia, Central Asia
Split in Islam
Internal struggles, succession, Arabs vs. non Arabs
680 revolt against Umayyad rule Led by grandson of Muhammad Two groups emerge Shiite, Sunni Shiite- accepted descendants of Ali as
true rulers Sunni accept Umayyad rulers
Abbasid Dynasty Umayyad rule declined from corruption,
resentment by non- Arabs 750 Abu- Abbas overthrew Umayyad,
established Abbasid Dynasty Abbasid capital Baghdad New cultural outlook- not warriors but judges,
merchants, government officials
Abbasid Dynasty
Period of tolerance for non- Arab Muslims
Support for learning and the arts
Growing prosperity because they controlled the trade routes between Asia and Europe
Abbasid Dynasty
A. Fights over succession of caliphateB. Financial corruptionC. Caliphs recruited Persians and Turks for
positions in military and civil serviceD. Rulers of provinces break away from
central authority, establish independent dynasties (Spain, Morocco, Egypt)
Seljuk Turks
Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt and Abbasid’s used Turks for soldiers
1055 Turks capture Baghdad Abbasid Caliph was the religious leader.
Seljuk's held political, military power 1071 Seljuk’s defeat Byzantines and take
over Anatolian Peninsula
Crusades
Byzantine Emperor asks Christian Europe for help, began a series of Crusades 1066
Saladin defeated Christian invaders in Jerusalem (1187)
Beginning of mistrust between Muslims and Christians
Mongols
Mongols early 13th century came from Central Asia controlled most of Eurasia
Goal was to create terror so people would not fight back
1258 attacked Baghdad burned schools, libraries, mosques. Ended Abbasid Dynasty
Mongols eventually intermarried with locals, converted to Islam
Result of Mongol invasions new center of Islamic culture Cairo ,Egypt
Islamic Civilization
Period of 700-1500 Arab Empire prosperous
Trade with Asia, Africa, Europe Trade led to rise of cities (Baghdad,
Cairo, Damascus, Cordoba) Cities better than European cities
at the time Cities administrative, cultural,
economic and trade centers Vast majority made their living
herding, farming
Cities of the Islamic Empires
Cities had distinctive physical appearance
Palaces, mosques, fountains, secluded courtyards, marketplace (bazaar)
Art and Architecture Mosques dominated
cities, symbolic of Muslim architecture
Dome, arch adopted from Byzantines (Romans)
Walls and ceilings decorated with mosaics, abstract and geometric patterns, no human representation in religious art
Grand palaces
Muslim Manufactured Goods
Artisans produced leather (Spain), steel tools, swords (Damascus), cotton textiles (Egypt), carpets (Persia)
Trade led to new business practices, bought and sold on credit, sophisticated accounting
Islamic Society
Muslims live life according to Allah’s teaching in the Quran- politics, economics, social life followed Islamic teachings
Society more open than in Medieval Europe Social mobility possible All people were equal (except slaves, but they
were treated fairly) Women – inherit property, ask for divorce Women and men social and spiritual equals
Men could have more than one wife, had to pay a dowry
Culture of Islam
Muslim civilization influenced by traditions of diverse cultures Greeks, Romans, Persians, India
Arabs translated Greek works of Plato, Aristotle, math texts from India
Europeans discovered works of Greek philosophers from Arabic translations
Paper brought from China led to booksellers, libraries
Philosophy, Science, History
Pioneered study of algebra Developed medicine as a scientific field
of study, advances in public health Wrote medical text became standard in
Europe for 500 years (Muhammad al- Razi)
Europeans attended medical schools in Spain
Scientific study of history Studied astronomy (observatory in
Baghdad) Perfected astrolabe, used for ocean
navigation
Muslim Literature
Tradition of oral poetry
Omar Khayyam’s Rubaiyat
Collection of oral tales of adventure, romance, anecdotes set in Baghdad- 1001 Nights