The World That The World That Trade CreatedTrade Created

Grabbing the GlobeGrabbing the Globe

1450 CE-1750 CE1450 CE-1750 CE

Transcontinental RoutesTranscontinental Routes

New inventions in navigation, map New inventions in navigation, map making, and shipbuilding allowed making, and shipbuilding allowed Europeans to trade and travel the world.Europeans to trade and travel the world.

What was traded?What was traded?

In the 300 years between Columbus’ In the 300 years between Columbus’ landing in the Americas in 1492 and landing in the Americas in 1492 and the beginning of the Industrial the beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the late 1800s, three Revolution in the late 1800s, three kinds of kinds of transcontinental (global) transcontinental (global) tradetrade were established: were established: SlaveSlave Gold & silverGold & silver ““Drug foods”Drug foods”

SlaverySlavery Slavery has existed since ancient times in many places Slavery has existed since ancient times in many places

including China, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and including China, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome.Rome.

Slave trade expanded with the growth of empires such Slave trade expanded with the growth of empires such as Rome, Islam, and Ottoman.as Rome, Islam, and Ottoman.

Transcontinental Slave Transcontinental Slave TradeTrade

When Columbus first came into contact When Columbus first came into contact with the Americas the slave trade became with the Americas the slave trade became global. global.

Why did slave trade become Why did slave trade become global?global?

As Europeans began to colonize the Americas As Europeans began to colonize the Americas they brought diseases which killed up to 90% they brought diseases which killed up to 90% of the natives in some places.of the natives in some places.

When Europeans began establishing When Europeans began establishing plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco plantations to grow sugar cane, tobacco and cotton so many of the natives had and cotton so many of the natives had died that they could not find enough died that they could not find enough workers.workers.

So, how did the Europeans So, how did the Europeans find the workers they find the workers they

needed? needed? Since Africans had acquired immunity Since Africans had acquired immunity

to some of European diseases that to some of European diseases that killed so many American natives they killed so many American natives they became the choice of plantation owners became the choice of plantation owners looking for help growing sugarcane, looking for help growing sugarcane, tobacco and cotton. tobacco and cotton.

Although Africans had enslaved each other before Although Africans had enslaved each other before the arrival of the Europeans, the European need for the arrival of the Europeans, the European need for slaves in the Americas led to increased violence and slaves in the Americas led to increased violence and expansion of the slave trade in Africa. expansion of the slave trade in Africa.

The transatlantic slave trade globalized the labor The transatlantic slave trade globalized the labor system of the Americas, and linked Europe, the system of the Americas, and linked Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia in one single network.Americas, Africa, and Asia in one single network.

Transcontinental Gold & Transcontinental Gold & Silver TradeSilver Trade

Before the 16Before the 16thth century, the world’s four century, the world’s four main monetary substances were silver, gold, main monetary substances were silver, gold, copper and various shells.copper and various shells.

China’s demand for silver during the Ming China’s demand for silver during the Ming dynasty, however created a global network dynasty, however created a global network of trade. of trade.

This increased demand for silver began This increased demand for silver began when the Ming dynasty began paying when the Ming dynasty began paying salaries and collecting taxes in silver salaries and collecting taxes in silver creating what some scholars call “the creating what some scholars call “the world’s silver sink.” world’s silver sink.”

China’s demand created a ripple effect China’s demand created a ripple effect on world trade and drove up the value on world trade and drove up the value of silver. Silver was typically traded as of silver. Silver was typically traded as ingots.ingots.

Meanwhile in Europe…Meanwhile in Europe…

New ship designs and navigation techniques allowed New ship designs and navigation techniques allowed Europeans to bypass the old overland routes (Silk Road).Europeans to bypass the old overland routes (Silk Road).

European demand for Chinese goods such as porcelain, tea European demand for Chinese goods such as porcelain, tea and silk was high. However, the Europeans had virtually and silk was high. However, the Europeans had virtually nothing to trade that China wanted.nothing to trade that China wanted.

This created a huge trade deficit (importing more than a This created a huge trade deficit (importing more than a country is exporting) for the Europeans.country is exporting) for the Europeans.

However, this trade However, this trade deficit changed with the deficit changed with the discovery of silver in the discovery of silver in the Americas.Americas.

Fortunately for the Fortunately for the Europeans, the Spanish Europeans, the Spanish controlled the richest controlled the richest silver mine in the silver mine in the history of the world at history of the world at Potosi in Peru. Potosi in Peru.

50,000 Indians were 50,000 Indians were forced to labor in the forced to labor in the silver mines at Potosi.silver mines at Potosi.

In addition, the Spanish had discovered In addition, the Spanish had discovered how to sail from the Americas to China by how to sail from the Americas to China by 1565. 1565.

This began the first continuous and This began the first continuous and substantial trade between the Americas, substantial trade between the Americas, Asia, Europe and Africa.Asia, Europe and Africa.

There was huge profit to There was huge profit to be made in taking silver be made in taking silver from the Americas and from the Americas and trading for Chinese luxury trading for Chinese luxury goods and selling them in goods and selling them in Europe and the Americas.Europe and the Americas.

China’s demand for silver China’s demand for silver remained at the center of remained at the center of the world economic the world economic system until about 1750.system until about 1750.

Finally, silver glutted the Finally, silver glutted the market and the value of market and the value of silver fell.silver fell.

Silver from The Americas

Chinese Luxury Goods

EuropeanMerchandise

Likewise, the profits from the circular Likewise, the profits from the circular movement of slaves, sugar, tobacco and gold movement of slaves, sugar, tobacco and gold across the Atlantic stimulated global economy.across the Atlantic stimulated global economy.

This movement became known as the This movement became known as the “Triangular Trade.”“Triangular Trade.”

Transcontinental Drugs Transcontinental Drugs TradeTrade

Historically goods considered Historically goods considered psychoactive drugs have been an psychoactive drugs have been an important part of trade.important part of trade.

What is a psychoactive drug?What is a psychoactive drug? A drug that affects the mind or behaviorA drug that affects the mind or behavior

What substances would be considered What substances would be considered psychoactive drugs?psychoactive drugs? Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, Alcoholic and caffeinated beverages,

tobacco, opiates, cannabis, and some coca tobacco, opiates, cannabis, and some coca products.products.

What purpose did drugs What purpose did drugs serve?serve?

Psychoactive drugs might first have Psychoactive drugs might first have been used as a substance of been used as a substance of religious celebration, a token of religious celebration, a token of community, or for medicinal community, or for medicinal purposes.purposes.

Over time, they were transformed Over time, they were transformed into a commodity and exploited for into a commodity and exploited for profit.profit.

What is a commodity?What is a commodity?

A commodity is something that is A commodity is something that is produced for the purpose of being produced for the purpose of being exchanged. This is different than exchanged. This is different than something that is being produced for something that is being produced for use or consumption without any use or consumption without any thought of being exchanged. Can thought of being exchanged. Can you think of any other examples?you think of any other examples?

Drugs become part of Drugs become part of global tradeglobal trade

1717thth century-coffee, tea, cocoa, century-coffee, tea, cocoa, tobacco, and sugar became the most tobacco, and sugar became the most valuable agricultural goods in world valuable agricultural goods in world trade.trade. These drugs are often initially These drugs are often initially

outlawed, then taxed.outlawed, then taxed. They formed the basis of colonial They formed the basis of colonial

empires—even today they are a source empires—even today they are a source of revenues (tobacco, alcohol)!of revenues (tobacco, alcohol)!

Where did drugs come from Where did drugs come from and where did they go?and where did they go?

Liquor, wine, and Liquor, wine, and opium originated opium originated in Asia and spread in Asia and spread to the Americas.to the Americas.

Tobacco, coca, Tobacco, coca, and cacao and cacao originated in the originated in the Americas and Americas and spread to Europe spread to Europe and Asia.and Asia.

However…However…

As some food drugs became As some food drugs became popular their meanings, uses, and popular their meanings, uses, and location of production often location of production often changed.changed.

Can you think of any examples?Can you think of any examples?

For example, did you For example, did you know…know…

Tea and coffee were Tea and coffee were popular in China and popular in China and the Middle East the Middle East because their because their caffeine helped one caffeine helped one to stay awake during to stay awake during religious rites?religious rites?

Cacao was combined Cacao was combined with hot chili peppers with hot chili peppers for a drink that could for a drink that could only be drunk by the only be drunk by the Aztec elites in Aztec elites in Mexico?Mexico?

Did you know….Did you know….

Coca was first used by the Incas in Coca was first used by the Incas in religious rites and for medicinal religious rites and for medicinal purposes? It could be chewed to purposes? It could be chewed to alleviate hunger, thirst, and fatigue.alleviate hunger, thirst, and fatigue.

Tobacco was ingested or smoked as Tobacco was ingested or smoked as a religious drug by American a religious drug by American natives?natives?

Then when it was traded in Then when it was traded in Europe that changed…Europe that changed…

Cacao was mixed with Cacao was mixed with cinnamon and sugar cinnamon and sugar and no longer and no longer restricted to just the restricted to just the elites. It became a elites. It became a commodity.commodity.

Tobacco was no longer Tobacco was no longer used only for religious used only for religious purposes. It became a purposes. It became a cash crop and an cash crop and an addictive substance. It addictive substance. It became a commodity.became a commodity.

The impact of the European Atlantic The impact of the European Atlantic voyages became known as the voyages became known as the “Columbian Exchange”, referring to the “Columbian Exchange”, referring to the many connections across the Atlantic many connections across the Atlantic that interconnected the people of Africa, that interconnected the people of Africa, America and Europe. (Do you America and Europe. (Do you remember discussing cultural exchange remember discussing cultural exchange earlier?)earlier?)

This was not just European conquest…This was not just European conquest…but global consequences!but global consequences!

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange

Globalization Globalization What is globalization? Globalization What is globalization? Globalization

is…is… Increasing world wide interconnections Increasing world wide interconnections

and development of the environment, and development of the environment, politics, culture and economy. These politics, culture and economy. These interconnections have been aided by interconnections have been aided by advances in transportation and advances in transportation and communications. communications.

Globalization in HistoryGlobalization in History

Has globalization happened in the Has globalization happened in the past?past?

http://youthink.worldbank.org/multimedia/gallery/globalization/slideshow_globalization2007.php

Globalization of FoodGlobalization of Food

Drugs/foods that were important Drugs/foods that were important commodities during this period include:commodities during this period include: SugarSugar TeaTea CoffeeCoffee TobaccoTobacco ChocolateChocolate OpiumOpium http://www.learner.org/vod_window.html?pid=

2159

SugarSugar Although originating in Although originating in

New Guinea, sugar New Guinea, sugar became popular and also became popular and also very expensive in the Arab very expensive in the Arab world. Sugar sold for high world. Sugar sold for high prices as a rare spice or prices as a rare spice or medicine.medicine.

The growing demand for The growing demand for sugar led Europeans to sugar led Europeans to establish cane sugar establish cane sugar plantations in the plantations in the Americas.Americas.

Sugar cultivation required Sugar cultivation required large investments of large investments of capital and a steady supply capital and a steady supply of labor. of labor.

Plantation slavery became the dominant mode of Plantation slavery became the dominant mode of production in the tropics and was particularly intense in production in the tropics and was particularly intense in Haiti which imported twice as many slaves as the United Haiti which imported twice as many slaves as the United States. States.

The popularity of drinks such as tea and coffee among The popularity of drinks such as tea and coffee among Europeans greatly increased the market for sugar, and Europeans greatly increased the market for sugar, and consequently the need for more slaves.consequently the need for more slaves.

Sugar was also used to make rum and to sweeten Sugar was also used to make rum and to sweeten chewing tobacco and chocolate.chewing tobacco and chocolate.

TeaTea

The cultivation of tea probably started in China and The cultivation of tea probably started in China and became one of China’s most valuable exports by the 18became one of China’s most valuable exports by the 18thth century.century.

Many Chinese considered it a “divine herb” which purified Many Chinese considered it a “divine herb” which purified the spirit.the spirit.

Unlike the other “drug foods”, tea production remained an Unlike the other “drug foods”, tea production remained an Asian crop for 400 years.Asian crop for 400 years.

It became the national drink of It became the national drink of England, an industrial and colonial England, an industrial and colonial superpower at this time.superpower at this time.

CoffeeCoffee Coffea arabicaCoffea arabica, a native , a native

plant in Ethiopia, was plant in Ethiopia, was made into a beverage made into a beverage around 1400 in the around 1400 in the Yemeni city of Mocca.Yemeni city of Mocca.

Muslims adopted it in Muslims adopted it in their worship and their worship and spread the beverage spread the beverage throughout the Islamic throughout the Islamic world.world.

The café, or The café, or coffeehouse, became coffeehouse, became popular secular meeting popular secular meeting places in Muslim lands.places in Muslim lands.

Coffee did not become popular in Coffee did not become popular in Europe until the later part of the 18Europe until the later part of the 18thth century. Why?century. Why? Associated with Islam.Associated with Islam. As consumed by the Turks, it was very As consumed by the Turks, it was very

thick, hot, black and unsweetened.thick, hot, black and unsweetened. Very expensiveVery expensive

When Viennese When Viennese refined Turkish coffee, refined Turkish coffee, adding honey and adding honey and milk, they made it milk, they made it more attractive to more attractive to Europeans.Europeans.

However, the coffee However, the coffee bean was first traded bean was first traded as a medicinal drug as a medicinal drug that could cure sore that could cure sore eyes, dropsy, gout, eyes, dropsy, gout, and scurvy.and scurvy.

As in the Muslim world, coffeehouses also became popular As in the Muslim world, coffeehouses also became popular meeting places in Europe to discuss business and politics, meeting places in Europe to discuss business and politics, catch up on news, and as meeting places for men’s clubs.catch up on news, and as meeting places for men’s clubs.

Many rulers were concerned about the political Many rulers were concerned about the political discussions that took place there and often attempted to discussions that took place there and often attempted to restrict coffeehouses.restrict coffeehouses.

Indian and Arab Indian and Arab merchants controlled the merchants controlled the trade of coffee from trade of coffee from Yemen, but lost control Yemen, but lost control when the coffee tree when the coffee tree diffused to Europe and diffused to Europe and then finally to Latin then finally to Latin America.America.

Coffee was cultivated first Coffee was cultivated first on Haitian plantations on Haitian plantations and, along with sugar, and, along with sugar, became part of the became part of the triangular trade.triangular trade.

After the Haitian After the Haitian Revolution, much coffee Revolution, much coffee production went to Brazil.production went to Brazil.

TobaccoTobacco

Europeans were Europeans were first introduced to first introduced to tobacco when they tobacco when they came in to contact came in to contact with natives with natives smoking it in the smoking it in the Americas.Americas.

Sailors eventually Sailors eventually tried it and took it tried it and took it back to Europe.back to Europe.

At first the nonmedical use of tobacco was At first the nonmedical use of tobacco was controversial. But even public executions of smokers controversial. But even public executions of smokers failed to stop its use. By the end of the 17failed to stop its use. By the end of the 17thth century century prohibition had given way to regulation and taxation. prohibition had given way to regulation and taxation.

The Spanish began supplying tobacco and had a The Spanish began supplying tobacco and had a monopoly on the product until colonists in Virginia monopoly on the product until colonists in Virginia began cultivating the plant. By 1619 Virginia’s tobacco began cultivating the plant. By 1619 Virginia’s tobacco sales equaled Spanish sales in London.sales equaled Spanish sales in London.

ChocolateChocolate

Christopher Columbus was also the first European to Christopher Columbus was also the first European to encounter the cacao bean when he met a Maya trading party encounter the cacao bean when he met a Maya trading party in 1502.in 1502.

The Olmecs first used cacao and in turn passed on the custom The Olmecs first used cacao and in turn passed on the custom to the Maya.to the Maya.

It was prized for its medicinal value as well as its taste.It was prized for its medicinal value as well as its taste. It was considered a stimulant, intoxicant, and hallucinogen as It was considered a stimulant, intoxicant, and hallucinogen as

well as a cure for anxiety, fever, and coughs.well as a cure for anxiety, fever, and coughs.

It was used by warriors It was used by warriors to help prepare them to help prepare them for battle.for battle.

Usually made into a Usually made into a beverage by adding beverage by adding water and chile water and chile peppers and lime peppers and lime water. Maize was used water. Maize was used to thicken it.to thicken it.

It was so valuable it It was so valuable it was used as money and was used as money and even sometimes even sometimes counterfeited!counterfeited!

Spanish priests first Spanish priests first introduced cocoa beans to introduced cocoa beans to Europe as a spiritual drink Europe as a spiritual drink but soon became the but soon became the aristocracy’s drink of aristocracy’s drink of leisure, luxury, and leisure, luxury, and distinction.distinction.

Cacao trees were Cacao trees were introduced to plantation introduced to plantation agriculture in Venezuela agriculture in Venezuela and Central America and and Central America and then transplanted to the then transplanted to the Philippines, Indonesia, Philippines, Indonesia, Brazil, and finally Africa.Brazil, and finally Africa.

In early 16In early 16thth century Spain, chocolate was century Spain, chocolate was mixed with water, sugar, cinnamon, and mixed with water, sugar, cinnamon, and vanilla. Two centuries later it was finally vanilla. Two centuries later it was finally

made with milk and this is the product that made with milk and this is the product that we recognize as chocolate today!we recognize as chocolate today!

OpiumOpium Europe continued to Europe continued to

demand Asian products, demand Asian products, but exported very little to but exported very little to Asia.Asia.

Europe’s conquest of the Europe’s conquest of the New World provided a New World provided a temporary solution as New temporary solution as New World gold and silver were World gold and silver were shipped to Asia.shipped to Asia.

By 1700s Europe’s demand By 1700s Europe’s demand for Asian goods was even for Asian goods was even higher but New World higher but New World mines were yielding less mines were yielding less gold and silver.gold and silver.

So, how was Europe going So, how was Europe going to pay?to pay?

The British East India Company The British East India Company turned to opium which could be turned to opium which could be produced in its Indian colony.produced in its Indian colony.

If they could trade opium to the If they could trade opium to the Chinese then the British could Chinese then the British could reduce their trade deficit.reduce their trade deficit.

Opium had been used in China as a Opium had been used in China as a medicine, but rarely as a narcotic.medicine, but rarely as a narcotic.

Initially a luxury, the use of opium grew Initially a luxury, the use of opium grew twenty-fold between 1729 and 1800. Opium twenty-fold between 1729 and 1800. Opium use was a problem but not catastrophic.use was a problem but not catastrophic.

However, a cheaper, However, a cheaper, more potent blend was more potent blend was developed in 1818 developed in 1818 greatly increasing the greatly increasing the number of opium number of opium addicts in China.addicts in China.

As the number of As the number of addicts grew so addicts grew so did the flow of did the flow of silver out of China. silver out of China. Later in the 1800s Later in the 1800s Great Britain and Great Britain and China fought the China fought the Opium Wars which Opium Wars which we’ll study more we’ll study more about in Unit 6. about in Unit 6.

CocaCoca

Coca has been used Coca has been used in the Andes since in the Andes since before the Inca.before the Inca.

By chewing the leaf By chewing the leaf and adding a bit of and adding a bit of lime paste, the coca lime paste, the coca released alkaloids released alkaloids that had an effect that had an effect similar to caffeine. similar to caffeine. It alleviated hunger, It alleviated hunger, thirst, and fatigue.thirst, and fatigue.

Found in only a few places in the Andes, the coca tree Found in only a few places in the Andes, the coca tree was considered a “divine plant” and used in religious was considered a “divine plant” and used in religious rites and medical applications.rites and medical applications.

It was burnt by wise men to initiate religious It was burnt by wise men to initiate religious ceremonies, offered as a ritual sacrifice. The leaves ceremonies, offered as a ritual sacrifice. The leaves were used to foretell the future and it was used to treat were used to foretell the future and it was used to treat digestive problems or to cleanse woundsdigestive problems or to cleanse wounds..

Coca’s social meaning began to Coca’s social meaning began to change with the Spanish quest for change with the Spanish quest for silver. Silver mining at Potosi silver. Silver mining at Potosi demanded tens of thousands of Indian demanded tens of thousands of Indian laborers to work at 14,000 feet above laborers to work at 14,000 feet above sea level in a frigid, barren landscape. sea level in a frigid, barren landscape.

The miners suffered cold, hunger, and The miners suffered cold, hunger, and fatigue and they found coca chewing fatigue and they found coca chewing helped alleviate their suffering.helped alleviate their suffering.

Modern medicine turned coca into an internationally Modern medicine turned coca into an internationally traded commodity in the later 1800s.traded commodity in the later 1800s. Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and later as a pain killer, Cocaine, used as an anesthetic and later as a pain killer,

was derived from coca.was derived from coca. Coca-Cola, combined cocaine and the kola nut for medicinal Coca-Cola, combined cocaine and the kola nut for medicinal

purposes. (Decocainized coca was used for the drink until purposes. (Decocainized coca was used for the drink until 1948 when coca was omitted altogether.)1948 when coca was omitted altogether.)

Let’s Review…Let’s Review…

What types of trade became global during What types of trade became global during this period?this period?

What was the Columbian Exchange and What was the Columbian Exchange and Triangular Trade?Triangular Trade?

What is a commodity?What is a commodity? What is cultural exchange and globalization?What is cultural exchange and globalization? What food/drug commodities were most What food/drug commodities were most

valuable?valuable? How did the purpose, use and production How did the purpose, use and production

change?change?

Remember…Remember… It wasn’t until It wasn’t until

these drugs came these drugs came to Europe that to Europe that they became they became commodities.commodities. TeaTea CoffeeCoffee TobaccoTobacco ChocolateChocolate OpiumOpium CocaCoca