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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The writer wants to express her gratitude to:

1. Jesus Christ. Thank You for Your guidance and blessing during the

writing process of this research.

2. My family: Dad, Mom, Aunty, my brother and my sister: thank you for

your support and love. Dad and Mom, you give me strength when I had a

difficult time and always pray for the best for me. Aunty, you make me

become a better person. My brother and sister, thank you for all the

advices and your experiences.

3. Mrs. Paula Miller: thank you for your guidance, mam. I would not be able

to finish this thesis without your help and support. At the beginning of my

thesis, I was struggled but you helped me and motivated me to do it better

and better. Your Narrative and Novel class. It was a great experience for

me and also from that class I knew “To Kill a Mockingbird”. Thank you,

Mam.

4. Mrs. Hanna Suteja : Thank you for your help as my second supervisor,

mam. You are willing to give advices and supported me. Your classes

were meaningful and surely will be useful in the future.

5. Mr. Hananto : Thank you for your help, guidance and understanding as my

academic advisor and also my lecturer.

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6. Mr. Agus Santoso : thank you for the fun yet useful classes I experienced

with you, Sir.

7. Ma’am M.B Rini W : thank you for the Research Methods and Proposal

Writing class ; I could not have written this without your help and

guidance,mam.

8. Mr. I Made Markus: thank you for your classes, Sir. Your kindness and

patience will inspire me to become a better teacher one day.

9. Kelvin Hamdani : thank you for your support and love during these years.

10. My classmates: Dora Chandra, Silviana J.W, Vera Hartono: Thank you for

being my best friends during these four years. All of you had been very

supportive in my weakest and happy days and I will miss the fun classes

with all of you.

11. All of 2007 English Department Batch: thank you so much for the

togetherness I experienced with you guys and girls: Sarah, Eli, Renata,

Michelle, Regina, and others.

12. All HMJ members that I met in my HMJ years.

13. All English Department seniors and juniors that I have met especially

14. My high school mates: Among them Ejeth, Intan, Uni, Vynna, and Poetri.

Thank you for those people above and for the readers who care to read this.

Although this thesis is far from perfection, the writer still hopes that it can

bring benefits and knowledge to people reading it.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ORIGINALITY STATEMENT OF THESIS ............................................................................. ii

APPROVAL BY THESIS SUPERVISOR ............................................................................... iii

THESIS EXAMINATION COMMITTEE ............................................................................... iv

ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................. v

ABSTRAK............................................................................................................................... vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................................................................................... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................................... ix

LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................. xii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1

1.1 Background of the Study ..................................................................................... 1

1.2 Research Questions ............................................................................................. 4

1.3 Purpose of the Study ........................................................................................... 4

1.4 definition of Terms ............................................................................................. 5

1.5 Organizations of the Reports ............................................................................... 6

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 7

2.1 Theoretical Description ....................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Critical Approaches in Literary Analysis .......................................................... 7

2.1.1.1 Psychological Criticism ........................................................................ 7

2.1.1.2 Reader-Response Criticism ................................................................... 8

2.1.1.3 New Historicism Criticism ................................................................... 8

2.1.1.4 Marxist Criticism .................................................................................. 8

2.1.1.5 Sociological Criticism .......................................................................... 9

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2.1.2 Literary Elements ....................................................................................... 9

2.1.2.1 Plot and Structure ................................................................................. 9

2.1.2.2 Character ............................................................................................. 10

2.1.2.3 Point of View ...................................................................................... 10

2.1.2.4 Theme ................................................................................................. 11

2.1.2.5 Setting ................................................................................................. 11

2.1.2.6 Symbolism and Allegory ..................................................................... 11

2.2 The Relationship between Literature and Society ............................................... 11

2.3 Historical Events Related to the Novel ............................................................... 12

2.4 An overview of Twentieth-Century Southern American Society Reflected in To

Kill a Mockingbird .......................................................................................... 14

2.5 Theoretical Framework ..................................................................................... 14

CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................... 16

3.1 Research Methods ............................................................................................ 16

3.2 The Procedures of Conducting the Research ..................................................... 17

3.3 The Setting ...................................................................................................... 18

3.4 Data Collection and Data Analysis ................................................................... 20

CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS ..................................................................................................... 21

4.1 Historical Backgrounds .................................................................................... 21

4.1.1 American Civil War ............................................................................... 21

4.1.2 The Great Depression ............................................................................. 23

4.1.3 Racial Segregation .................................................................................. 24

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4.1.4 Civil Rights Movement .......................................................................... 26

4.2 Twentieth Century Social Conditions Reflected in the Novel To Kill a

Mockingbird ................................................................................................... 28

4.2.1 Class Issues ............................................................................................ 29

4.2.1.1 Social Class Stratification .................................................................... 29

4.2.1.2 Economic Struggles ............................................................................. 31

4.2.1.3 The Outcasts and Contradiction ........................................................... 34

4.2.2 Discrimination ........................................................................................ 38

4.2.3 Racial Segregation .................................................................................. 40

4.2.4 Justice System ........................................................................................ 43

4.2.5 Groups ................................................................................................... 49

4.2.5.1 Groups are Influential .......................................................................... 49

4.2.5.2 Groups Shape Society .......................................................................... 51

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................. 53

5.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 53

5.2 Limitation of Study ............................................................................................... 55

5.3 Recommendation .................................................................................................. 55

WORKS CITED ................................................................................................................... 57

APPENDICES ................................................................................................................... 62

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Theoretical Framework 15

Figure 2.1 Poverty Rates by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1959 to 1999 26