The Writing The Writing ProcessProcess

Stage 4:Stage 4:

The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process

~ Stage 1: Exploring, ~ Stage 1: Exploring, Gathering Information--Gathering Information-- Using Prewriting Strategies:Using Prewriting Strategies:

-Brainstorming-Brainstorming-Clustering-Clustering-Freewriting-Freewriting

The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process~ Stage 2: Planning the Essay~ Stage 2: Planning the Essay

- Writing the Controlling Idea- Writing the Controlling Idea

- Organizing and Developing Support:- Organizing and Developing Support:

> Listing> Listing

> Outlining > Outlining

The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process~ Stage 3:~ Stage 3:

- - Writing the first draftWriting the first draft

The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process~ Stage 4:~ Stage 4:

The Writing ProcessThe Writing ProcessWhat you do beyond the first draft is:What you do beyond the first draft is:

~~ RevisionRevision

~~ EditingEditing

The Writing ProcessThe Writing Process

REVISION includes checking for REVISION includes checking for organization, content, and organization, content, and language effectiveness.language effectiveness.

EDITING includes checking for EDITING includes checking for spelling, punctuation, spelling, punctuation, capitalization.capitalization.

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-Revising

CC

LL

UU

EE

SS

SS

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-Revising

CCOHERENCEOHERENCE

LLANGUAGEANGUAGE

UUNITYNITY

EEMPHASISMPHASIS

SSUPPORTUPPORT

SSENTENCESENTENCES

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

REVISINGREVISING

1.1. COHERENCE: COHERENCE:

-- Orderly relationships of ideas.Orderly relationships of ideas.

-- Each idea leads smoothly andEach idea leads smoothly and

logically to the next.logically to the next.

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

CoherenceCoherence

-Is there a clear pattern of organization-Is there a clear pattern of organization (time, space or emphasis?)(time, space or emphasis?)-Do you use “Transitions”?-Do you use “Transitions”? Time: Time: now, then, later, finally Space: Space: above, below, up, downabove, below, up, down Emphasis: Emphasis: first, second, lastfirst, second, last

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-Revising

- Is coherence enhanced by the use of - Is coherence enhanced by the use of transitional terms, pronouns, transitional terms, pronouns, repetition, and consistent point of repetition, and consistent point of view?view?

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-Revising

2. LANGUAGE2. LANGUAGE

- Use appropriate language: - Use appropriate language: Academic languageAcademic language

- Tone-attitude toward the material - Tone-attitude toward the material and audience. and audience.

- Word Choice – Are the words precise - Word Choice – Are the words precise in conveying meaning?in conveying meaning?

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

3. UNITY3. UNITY

-- A controlling idea establishes A controlling idea establishes unity in every piece of good writing.unity in every piece of good writing.

-- It is the central point around It is the central point around which the supporting material which the supporting material revolves.revolves.

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

UnityUnity

For an essay, the elements areFor an essay, the elements are~ the thesis~ the thesis~ the supporting developmental ~ the supporting developmental

paragraphsparagraphs

All the supporting material should be All the supporting material should be related to the thesis.related to the thesis.

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevisingUnityUnity

A good check on unity is to ask yourself if A good check on unity is to ask yourself if everything in your essay is subordinate to everything in your essay is subordinate to and derived from the controlling idea.and derived from the controlling idea.

Do not confuse UNITY with COHERENCE:Do not confuse UNITY with COHERENCE:COHERENCECOHERENCE: clear movement of thought : clear movement of thought

from sentence to sentence or paragraph to from sentence to sentence or paragraph to paragraph.paragraph.

UNITYUNITY: Staying on topic: Staying on topic

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-Revising

4. EMPHASIS4. EMPHASIS

- Are ideas properly placed - Are ideas properly placed

(especially near the beginning and (especially near the beginning and end)end)

for emphasis?for emphasis?

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

5. SUPPORT5. SUPPORT

- Is there adequate material: Is there adequate material: examples, details, quotations and examples, details, quotations and explanationsexplanations

to support each topic sentence and to support each topic sentence and thesis?thesis?

- Are the points of support in the best - Are the points of support in the best possible order?possible order?

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

6. SENTENCES:6. SENTENCES:

- Are the sentences varied in length and - Are the sentences varied in length and beginnings?beginnings?

- Are the sentences varied in pattern- Are the sentences varied in pattern(simple, compound, complex, (simple, compound, complex,

comp/compl)?comp/compl)?- Are all problems with sentence structure- Are all problems with sentence structure(FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, RUN ONS)(FRAGMENTS, COMMA SPLICES, RUN ONS)

corrected?corrected?

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

EDITING:EDITING:

spelling, punctuation, spelling, punctuation, capitalizationcapitalization

The Writing Process-RevisingThe Writing Process-RevisingRevise your first draft:Revise your first draft:

1. Read the essay from the beginning to the end for 1. Read the essay from the beginning to the end for an overall assessment. an overall assessment. ~Is it coherent? ~Is it coherent? ~Is it unified?~Is it unified?~Is it well supported?~Is it well supported?

2. Read the essay a second time for “content.” 2. Read the essay a second time for “content.” Read each paragraph and answer the “Content” Read each paragraph and answer the “Content” questions in the peer review form.questions in the peer review form.

3. Read the essay a third time for “form.” Read each 3. Read the essay a third time for “form.” Read each sentence aloud to hear and correct any sentence aloud to hear and correct any grammatical errors or awkward-sounding grammatical errors or awkward-sounding sentences. sentences. Use the “Form” section of the Peer Review Form.Use the “Form” section of the Peer Review Form.

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevising

4. Editing: 4. Editing:

In practice, revising and editing are not In practice, revising and editing are not always separate activities.always separate activities.

It is recommended that you wait until It is recommended that you wait until the next-to-the-last draft to edit the next-to-the-last draft to edit some minor details and other small some minor details and other small points that can be easily overlooked.points that can be easily overlooked.

The Writing Process-The Writing Process-RevisingRevisingWrite your second draft.Write your second draft.

Include the revisions.Include the revisions.

Do not proofread on the computer Do not proofread on the computer screen.screen.

Print your second draft. Print your second draft.

Edit second draft.Edit second draft.

PrintPrint

The EndThe End