THE YEAE 5663 - AJC Archives...THE YEAR 17 THE YEAE 5663 BY RABBI MAXMILLIAN HELLER, B. Lv M. A. As 1881 was made memorable in Jewish annals by the Elizavetgrad pogrom, 1891 by the

THE YEAR 17

THE YEAE

5663

BY RABBI MAXMILLIAN HELLER, B. L v M. A.

As 1881 was made memorable in Jewish annals by theElizavetgrad pogrom, 1891 by the Moscow oblava, that mid-night raid upon the unsuspecting, so 1903 will be known asthe year of Kishineff. In the intervening years, Germany,Austria, France, Algeria, Eoumania, have, each in turn, heldthe centre of the Jewish stage by some fitful outburst of pre-judice or hatred; Russia, the great anachronism, stepfather-land of one-half of the world's Jews, has easily distanced,in these three successive times, all the accumulated horrorsof every other paroxysm.

At the opening of 5663, Jewish pulpits resounded withexultation over Secretary Hay's Note to Roumania. Therewas, at once, a feeling of uncertainty as to the probable effectsof that bold act of intercession, even some criticism of thestatements and implications put forward. Hardly any one ex-pected united action on the part of the Powers appealed to;whatever hope of ultimate benefit there was rested upon themoral weight of the measure and upon the financial exigenciesof the turbulent Danubian Kingdom. Efforts were made, inthe course of the year, to bring the matter to a head; Eng-land addressed a Note to Germany, proposing action; Dr.Bernstein appealed in the German Reichstag, Count d'Aunayin the French Senate, for some condemnation of Roumania'sbreach of agreement. Neither appeal met with any response,

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while an interpellation in the Austrian Keichsrath received asympathetic reply from Minister Korber who had, however,to avow his helplessness in the premises. A previous petitionof the Alliance Israelite Universelle, addressed to the Frenchand Italian Governments, had been equally ineffective.

There seems to be little, if any, change in the desperatesituation of the Eoumanian Jews. The awful misery whichprevails in the Jewish quarters of Bucharest surpasses, accord-ing to the testimony of Koumanian journalists, the worstscenes that can be witnessed in the slums of Paris or London.A ray of hope sprang up suddenly in consequence of a sen-sational cable dispatch, which announced that the EoumanianSenate had concluded to grant naturalization to the Jews.The fact proved to be that one Jew had been given the covetedprivilege. The only effect of Minister Kbrber's words wasto incense Eoumanian politicians against the unpatrioticaliens who, they maintained, were making war abroad uponthe country which harbored them. The massacre in adjacentKishineff only whetted the apftetite of Eoumanian anti-Sem-itism for similar high carnivals. The situation is one ofunrelieved gloom, with little prospect of abatement in thenear future.

One turns naturally from Eoumania, which sprang, in 1902,into sudden notoriety, to that hotbed of Jewish misery whichpresents the centre of gravity for the most serious of Jewishproblems. That Eussia is the land of whims and contradic-tions, we can realize when we remember that Kishineff wasushered in, in the very month preceding it, by the famoussphinx-ukase which wa? labelled the Czar's edict of toleration.The liberties of Finland were expiring under the heel of mil-itary rule, and there was considerable skepticism in the glad

THE YEAR 19

welcome with which the promise of religious toleration undera Holy Synod was greeted. That the Jews had no reasonto hope for any betterment became apparent soon enough; yetno one could have anticipated the spasm of fury by whichRussia was to exhibit to the world how far she is as yet fromany actual reign of tolerance.

We can see now that the Kishineff atrocity was not anunpremeditated outburst; the air was laden with storm, andthere were those who busied themselves with accumulatingthe fuel for a conflagration. When the boy Ribalenko wasfound murdered in Dubossary, the Jews of Kishineff under-stood their danger; but their deputations to the capital metwith evasive, soothing replies, their appeal to the Metropol-itan was answered with an open avowal of his belief in ritualmurder. Whether Von Plehve sent the famous note to theGovernor forbidding a vigorous suppression of anti-Jewishriots, or whether the dispatch emanated from some journal-istic brain, it is certain that the infamous Krushevan wasafforded every facility to inflame the populace. Leaflets weredistributed on the eve of the massacre, calling upon the peopleto rise; protection was asked by the Jews at the hands of thecivil and military authorities who pretended to see no danger.The mounting horrors upon horrors of those three days (April19-21), which will leave a lasting stain upon the history ofthe Russian people, we must pass over; suffice it to rememberthat within the present generation no instance can be re-called in which the press reports teemed with such shockingdetails, or when the united voice of civilization rang out witha protest of such intense horror.

The news filtered very slowly through the usual channels;the Russian Government seemed to stand aghast at its own

20 AMEEICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK

harvest and to make awkward efforts at minimizing the up-heaval. Its official mouth-pieces stammered, contradictedthemselves and one another, brought forward explanations, in-dictments, apologies which had every appearance of untruth-fulness and insincerity. By their own official admissions 45Jews had been killed, 74 severely and some 300 less seriouslywounded;* it is attested by trustworthy witnesses that mem-bers of the upper class led organized bands of rioters, thatthe bishop passed, unprotesting, through the crowd, that policeand military, with some few honorable exceptions, aided andabetted the rioters in their murderous excesses.

In the storm of indignation which arose over the fiendishbarbarism of this outburst, we discern a very hopeful sign:the overwhelming power of public sentiment, before whicheven a truculent autocracy like Russia cowers into recrimin-ation and apology. I t was asserted on excellent authoritythat the Czar was heartbroken over the disgrace of Russia;the seriousness of the blot was openly and deeply deploredby such men as Tolstoi and Gorki; Governor and Chief ofPolice were promptly deposed, an extension of credit wasreadily granted to the embarrassed Jewish merchants of Kish-ineff, promises of protection were given to those alarmed, andstern commands issued for the prompt suppression of threat-ening disorder. A trifling alleviation in the restrictions ofresidence was thrown oat as an evident sop; the feelingof unrest was, no doubt, proving injurious to other than Jew-ish interests.

* The official figures furnished by the Kishineff Relief Com-mittee give the number of families that suffered from the riotsat about 2750. The dead numbered 47, the severely wounded 92,the slightly wounded 345.

THE YEAE 21

Meanwhile, the storm-tide of indignation and pity had beensteadily rising. The New York Journal, with commendableenterprise, had sent the great Irish patriot, Michael Davitt,to the scene of the disaster; he brought back graphic accountsof the extent of the massacre, disproving the charge of Eussianofficials that a Jew had provoked the riot, and that Jewishassailants had caused it to be renewed the second day. Whilemoney was being collected, and indignation meetings werebei,ng held all over the world, the Eussian Government ventedits impotent anger upon the St. Petersburg correspondent ofthe London Times, who was summarily expelled.

Almost from the first, the world's indignation centred inthe United States. Served ,by a vigorous press, whose liberalspirit voices the prevailing attitude; animated by a humani-tarianism which lies at the foundation of all our public insti-tutions ; realizing also that America was the chief refuge ofall victims of persecution; the people of the United Statesbecame, again, the world's logical leaders in a campaign ofhumanity. Such specious defense as the Eussian Governmentput forward through Ambassador Cassini, Chief of the PoliceLopoukhine, Arnold White, and others, did not improve itscase at the bar of American common sense. Secretary Haysent his contribution to the relief fund in the face of the Eus-sian claim that there was no need of help; even the Chinese ofISTew York were stirred to active sympathy. Great meetingsof protest were held all over the country, notably at CarnegieHall, New York, where ex-President Cleveland, Professor J.G. Schurman, and others voiced the popular feeling withstern, but temperate eloquence. Large sums of money werecollected by journals, churches, committees, until, on June 15,the eagerness for some public expression of popular feeling

2

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culminated in a petition, presented by officers of the Inde-pendent Order of B'nai B'rith to Secretary Hay and PresidentRoosevelt, for transmission, along diplomatic channels, to theEussian Government. The President, having, in a cordial andsincere address, made known his strong personal feelings ofsympathy, seemed inclined to doubt the practicability of sucha step. Shortly after the reception, however, he notified theB'nai B'rith Committee that he would transmit the petition, ifsuch transmission appeared likely to benefit the Jews of Rus-sia. The Russian Government gave out unofficial warning thatno such petition would be received. By direction of the Presi-dent the petition was prepared, signatures were quickly gath-ered all over the country, and the Secretary in charge of ourSt. Petersburg Embassy was instructed to notify the RussianGovernment of the terms of the petition and its impendingtransmission. Upon the official refusal of that Governmenteither to receive or consider the petition, it was concludedto file the document and regard the incident as closed.Kept on record in the archives of the United States, endorsedby an imposing array of the most resplendent names in Amer-ican public life, this remarkable document will always con-stitute historic evidence of the humanitarian temper of theAmerican people at the opening of the twentieth century.

The drama of Kishineff closes with the usual Russian con-tradiction; in Kishineff itself an apparently vigorous prose-cution of the rioters has been set on foot; meanwhile a spiritof petty retaliation appears in the recent restriction upon theissuing of Russian passports in this country. Of an inter-national Jewish conference in Berlin, called to consider theneeds of Kishineff, only meagre reports have become public,according to which wholesale emigration was thought inad-

THE YEAR 33

visable. On the other hand our immigration for June doesnot show any perceptible increase as an effect of the greatmassacre.

Little more remains to be said as to the Jewish status inEussia. Misfortune lent a new impetus to Palestinian im-migration against which, as a rash step, the Zionists them-selves issued warning. A Socialist demonstration of Jews inLodz, Eussian Poland, was savagely attacked by Cossacks withdrawn swords; but this treatment is meted out impartially,in Eussia, to the orthodox striker as well as to the Jewishsocialist. Latterly the bureaucracy has taken to the issuing ofdark threats against the Jewish socialist. That there is asurprising reverse to the whole dismal story has become mani-fest in the celebration of the seventieth birthday anniversaryof Baron Horace de Giinzburg, which enlisted the enthusiasmof Eussian Jews all over the world. Even in Eussia, it seems,there is considerable scope left for the exercise of Jewishgenius and the triumph of Jewish character.

Involuntarily the Jew associates with Eussia every othersemi-civilized country in which the Jew languishes in moreor less intermittent darkness. Of the Balkan Peninsula thereis little to relate; the Servian and Bulgarian Jews are livingunder favorable auspices, despite political upheavals; the in-significant riot which broke up a Kishineff protest meeting inSofia expressed the Eussian sympathies, rather than any anti-Jewish prejudice, of the Macedonian rioters. A certain un-rest agitated Jewish communities wherever the Macedonianmovement was stirring the popular pulse to a menacing fever-ishness.

There was little change in Palestine from the ordinarydiscouraging conditions. The cholera caused some distress in

24 AMEKICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

autumn, stimulating the usual campaign of shrill-toned beg-gary; in the spring the epidemic had spread to Syria. Astrange paradox, in the light of history, was the visit of theSamaritan second-priest to London, where he met with a kindreception on the part of representative Jews; it is one of thequaint ironies of Providence that the bitter enemies of oldshould come, in their hour of need, to their former brothersrather than to the Christian stranger whose gospel has madeSamaritan a household word for charity.

There is a vast distance, geographically, between Persia andMorocco; in the degree of their civilization and in the con-dition of their Jews there is little perceptible difference. Inboth countries fanaticism and lawlessness are a constant sourceof danger to the lives and property of the Jews; in bothcountries the sovereigns are favorably inclined, but cannotalways interfere in time on behalf of the victims of Moham-medan prejudice and misrule. In Morocco the situation, ordi-narily dismal enough, was complicated, additionally, by therevolt on behalf of the Pretender, which did not fail to raiseits due portion of anti-Jewish slander.

There was peace in neighboring Algeria. Here anti-Semit-ism may be said to have sustained its most crushing and com-plete defeat. With Max Kegis silenced, the Anti-Juif goneout of existence, the loud anti-Semitic chorus of other daysis subdued, almost to the point of harmlessness. The visitof President Loubet, it is hoped, has given a permanent quietusto the bitter prejudice which had threatened the livelihood,sometimes the lives of Algerian Jews. His open disapprovalof all racial persecution, his calmly, but firmly expressed hopefor peace and concord will, no doubt, go far towards discred-iting and checking all further anti-Semitic agitation amongthe mixed population of the French colony.

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The Argentine experiment seems to bear close resemblanceto a failure, if we are to credit recent accounts, though theauthorities of the IKA report progress. In Shanghai theefforts for the " rescue •" ox the Kaifungfu Jews are beingbravely pushed on, while more and more information is com-ing to the surface concerning that strangest of Jewish sur-vivals. Meanwhile Judaism is finding new homes in Manilaand on the Yukon, trying to awake in Hawaii, and slumberinguneasily in Mexico and Brazil. The Diaspora is becomingever wider and more multiform.

As we return to the large centres of Judaism we find littlein Austria from which we may draw fresh hope for thefuture. In the fall election for the Diet of Lower Austria,the anti-Semites carried Vienna by an overwhelming vote, theDiet being again virtually in their hands; the redoubtableKarl Lueger was elected Mayor of Vienna for the third time.Conversions to Christianity, many of them from the • bestcircles, are now said to average six hundred a year in Viennaalone. A critical point seems to have been reached in Galicia,where the wretched social condition of the Jews gives rise tothe gravest anxieties. It is here that the infamous traffic ingirls finds its most promising field: the new movement to re-lieve the worst of want by the creation of domestic industrieshas as yet scarcely touched the hem of the perplexing problem.It is said that of the 900,000 Jews in Galicia seventy per-cent, having no assured livelihood, are forced to resort to beg-gary. The Governor of Galicia, Count Potocky, admitted to acommittee of the Lemberg community that the situation of theGalician Jews, especially in the small towns, is one of incred-ible misery. Galicia has never had a Kishineff to awaken theworld to the extremity of its need; perhaps the novelist Gor-

26 AMEKICAN JEWISH YEAK BOOK

don may bring back some rousing message from his visit. Sofar the Jewish world has failed to take the energetic andunited measures for which the world-scandal of the inter-national girl-traffic would seem to call. Of a wider than localinterest among Austrian Jewish events is the building of alarge. Jewish hospital in Karlsbad, due to the tactful energyof Rabbi Dr. Ziegler, and the condemnation, despite protest,of a portion of the historic cemetery at Prague.

I t is not easy to characterize, in a few words, the positionin which German Jewry finds itself as it reviews the variedhappenings of 5663. The decline of anti-Semitism as a pol-itical factor was made clear by the elections for the Reichstag,which cut down the strength of the anti-Semitic representa-tion in almost every quarter. The very fact that Jews, at thereballoting, chose in several districts to give their vote to ananti-Semite, rather than to his Socialist or Polish rival, speaksvolumes for the comparative impotence of anti-Semitism asa political power. The noisiest swashbucklers of the party,the Count Piicklers, the Bocklers, and Bruhns, are not onlycontinuing the absurd antics which have made their partyridiculous, but are meeting, on the whole, with condign punish-ment on the part of the courts. The attitude of the Emperorcontinues as puzzling as ever; with one hand he lavishes dis-tinctions on the great promoters of German commerce, suchas Albert Ballin and Consul Goldberger, wishing it to be un-derstood that patriotic merit will be rewarded regardless ofrace or faith; with the other he lightens the penalties of anti-Semites. Possibly the personal feeling beneath his imperialpolicy appears involuntarily, in his letter to Admiral von Holl-mann on Professor Friedrich Delitzsch's Babel-Bible lecture,when he expresses the opinion that it would not " matter that

THE YEAK 27

much of the nimbus of the chosen people would thereby dis-appear." The most serious feature in the life of the Jew inGermany is not the raving of the political anti-Semite who ren-ders the valuable service of caricaturing the grimace of hatred,but rather the deep-seated dislike, jealousy, and fear which cantreat with indifference or even palliation all the countless actsof administrative injustice by which the career of the uncon-verted Jew is constantly crippled in the German army, uni-versity, and judiciary, in the diplomatic and other public ser-vice. A comparatively new feature of uncertain menace is the"Judenreines Haus," a move in the line of ostracism ofwhich it is difficult to foretell the future.

Perhaps Judaism's greatest loss of the year was the deathof Professor Moritz Lazarus at Meran, on April 13.

A disorder of only slight importance occurred in the neigh-borhood of Strasburg where Catholic electors rioted againstProtestants and Jews; the disorder was quelled at once, andthere was little damage, but it was followed by threats ofcommercial boycott.

Upon the eve of 5663, France lost, in the tragic death ofZola, one of its immortal champions of justice and freedom.Perhaps the passing away of the man who had forced therevision of the Dreyfus trial had much to do with the activecampaign which is being pushed by such men as Jaures and dePressense, for the reopening of that greatest of causes celebres.Captain Dreyfus appealed to General Andre to open inquiryinto new facts which, he maintaiued, had come into his posses-sion; an energetic agitation is being set on foot to force thehands of the ministry, while the great work of Eeinach on theDreyfus case is moving steadily towards completion. The anti-Semites, meantime, have neglected no opportunity for slander

28 AMEKICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

and vilification. The Humbert swindle, the negotiations forthe Panama cana], the fabricated Saitaphernes crown, allseemed good enough pretexts for far-fetched aspersions uponthe patriotism and the honesty of the Jews. When a com-mittee was formed for defense against anti-Semitism, the factwas triumphantly pointed to as proving the existence of themythical Jewish syndicate. There seems to be a depraved needfor a literature of trumped-up scandal. Such scenes as that atthe conversion of Gaston Pollonais prove the degeneracy andshamelessness of French anti-Semitism. The present strainedrelationship between church and state in France, the bitternesscreated by the enforcement of the laws against religious asso-ciations can only have the effect of still further increasingthe existing prejudice, as it widens political chasms. Asagainst these deplorable circumstances there is evidence ofrevived religious activity in the appointment, by the Consis-toire, of a travelling rabbi, and in the institution of popularlectures on Jewish subjects.

As we cross the channel we are soon made aware that we areturning homeward. There is something of Anglo-Saxon man-hood in the self-assertion with which we meet alike in theJew of England and in the Jew of America. There are thesame problems, too, of " alien " immigration and Ghetto over-crowding, and the ferment of religious earnestness in Englandagain and again avails itself of American precedent. TheRoyal Alien Immigration Commission concluded its hearingof testimony on May 21, having examined 184 witnesses in thecourse of sessions which occupied 49 days; the q\iestion of thebenefits or injuries from alien immigration was gone over withthe utmost thoroughness; the greatest practicable freedomwas afforded those who wished to testify on both sides; not the

THE YEAK 29

faintest token of partiality could be charged to the methods ofthe commissioners. A good deal of animosity was exhibited bythose who considered their interests injured by immigration,the word " alien" proving, in most cases, a thin disguise forJew; but also much impartial praise was freely yielded to thevirtues of the Jewish immigrant by Gentiles who had come inclose contact with him. The Commission handed in its reporton August 11, embodying distinct recommendations to excludecertain undesirable classes of immigrants. So far as the de-tails of the report have become known, the restrictive meas-ures proposed seem to be clearly modelled upon Americanpatterns, though they are thought to be somewhat severer.There are able and loyal Jews in Parliament who will offerstrong opposition to any measure which might work unjust orneedless hardship. The alarms that have been sounded, evenby such influential publications as Blaekwood's Magazine, arenot likely to upset the sober balance of English statesmanship.

Another matter now before Parliament which is of vital in-terest to Anglo-Judaism, and may exercise paramount influ-ence on important aspects of the communal life is the pro-posed Education Bill, which has been the subject of heatedcontroversy. From such discussion of it as has been had incompetent Jewish circles it would appear that its adoption islikely to inure to financial and educational benefits, whichmight be counterbalanced by some loss of control. The JewishColonization Association (the so-called IKA), petitioned Par-liament for permission to alter the objects of its foundationso as to include certain new lines of work, mostly educational.The petition, which was strongly combated by Israel Zangwill,was acquiesced in.

A very conspicuous place in the Anglo-Jewish public life of

30 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

the past year is occupied by Sir Marcus Samuel, the fifthamong the Jewish Lord Mayors of London. The contrastwhich the city of London presents, in absolute freedom fromprejudice, to almost all the other capitals of the world, attachesperennial novelty to the recurring election of Jewish LordMayors; and the marked personality and frank Jewish loyaltyof Sir Marcus Samuel tend to lift his mayoralty still furtherout of the common. He struck the keynote of his policy bydirecting that the old-time Lord Mayor's Show should take itsway through the Jewish quarters. To the Guildhall ban-quet, with the consent of his Sheriffs, he openly declined toinvite the Eoumanian Minister. In the support he gave tothe building of synagogues, in his attendance at service infull state, at his reception of President Loubet, on all theseoccasions he combined the most perfect tact with outspokenJewish manhood. A notable event of the year which wassimilarly fitted to foster legitimate Jewish pride was thesolemn military Hanukah service in which Lord Eoberts,Chief-in-Command of the English army, participated.

The Kishineff disaster found the Anglo-Jewish communitydivided as to the proper public policy to be pursued. Theprevailing attitude of the leaders was one deprecative of publicmeetings of protest as futile and liable to arouse the anger ofthe Eussian Government, which might fall the more heavilyupon our co-religionists; moreover, Sir Marcus Samuel hadunofficial assurances from Eussian diplomacy to the effect thatalleviations would be granted if the English Jews abstainedfrom public agitation. The masses clamored for some openexpression of indignation, and were supported by those whodistrusted Eussian promises, and preferred to arouse andsummon public sentiment. The favorable moment for en-

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listing the aid of the heads of English culture in united pro-test was passed in controversy; the leadership had been takenby American Jewry.

In- the religious life of Anglo-Judaism 5663 records anumber of important advances. The Jewish Religious Unioncompleted its critical first year amid signs of health and pro-gress; it had weathered furious attacks in the Jewish press,the condemnation of the Chief Eabbi, excited debates of theUnited Synagogue, the withdrawal of some of its own found-ers; it had declined the invitation of the Reform Synagogue(Professor Marks's congregation, Berkeley Street) to worship,under certain restrictions, in its building; it had consistentlyadhered to its first purpose of creating forms and facilitiesof worship which might bring back to allegiance those who hadbeen estranged by the antiquated methods of the English Syn-agogue. I t has not succeeded in allaying the fears of manywho acknowledge the sincere spirituality of these Reformers,but apprehend a disruption, and scent departure from Jewishways; it has proved its earnestness and vitality in the numberof able workers it has enlisted, in the religious enthusiasm ithas called forth. A society which can place eighteen mem-bers upon its pulpit, of whom all except three are laymen, hasproved itself possessed of abounding vitality and enthusiasm.It is natural that American Jews should follow with a livelyinterest this effort in the direction of modern Reform whichwould hardly have been possible without the previous exampleof similar struggles and achievements here.

Another token of awakening earnestness presents itself inthe flourishing condition and the useful work of the JewishLiterary Societies, in the conference of their Union, and inthe publication of their valuable Annual. The election, as


President of this Union, of so eminent a literary man asIsrael Gollancz, Secretary of the British Academy, speaks wellfor the active participation of the highest Anglo-Jewish cul-ture in distinctly Jewish work. The Union of Jewish LiterarySocieties inaugurated at Eamsgate a summer meeting some-what in emulation of our own Jewish Chautauqua, whoseChancellor, Eev. Dr. Henry Berkowitz, brought greetings fromthe elder society. We have thus another link added to thechain of parallel work, in publication, historical investigation,woman's organization, which is bringing English and Amer-ican Judaism into ever closer friendship and co-operation. Tnconnection with this we should not fail to give due importanceto the final determination of the Council of Jews' College toaccord a Kabbinical diploma (ntoin mnn ) to those who shallhave passed a certain official examination. There was a timewhen the Chief Rabbi stood in solitary grandeur among ahierarchy of mere ministers, when graduates of Jews' Collegewent into Poland for the coveted authorization as full-fledgedrabbis; insignificant as this measure may seem, despite thewrangling which preceded it, it means a breach in the inner-most citadel of the rigidity of the Anglo-Jewish " church."

Of the English colonies, South Africa and Canada attractedthe attention of the Jewish student at various times during theyear. In obedience to certain regulations which demand thatimmigrants must be able to write in characters of some Euro-pean language, the authorities at Cape Town refused to permitthe landing of a shipload of Russian Jews; later on, the At-torney-General of the colony decided that Yiddish was tobe recognized as a European language. The Dominion ofCanada, while offering to desirable immigrants allotments ofland and even the facilities for reaching it, at the same time

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re-echoed the cry against the dangerous " alien." A perplex-ing situation arose in the province of Quebec through thedecision of Justice Davidson of the Superior Court that " Jew-ish children have no legal right to be educated in the publicschools " of the province. The difficulty which had been cre-ated by a complicated system of denominational panels wastemporarily solved by a measure of compromise.

In our own country, 5663 carried over three inheritancesfrom its predecessor: the Eoumanian Note of SecretaryHay was to be tested as to its efficiency, the Committeeof citizens was to report on the " Chief Eabbi" funeral riot,the anthracite strike proceeded on its menacing way. Whilethe exaltation of the holiday-mood was stimulated by thenoble humanitarianism of American diplomacy, while thereport of the citizens' committee satisfied every righteousexpectation, the atmosphere, through one of the greatest ofmodern strikes, was laden with excitement and apprehension,which, after some keen suffering on the part of the poor,found grateful relief in the final arbitration.

Perhaps in no previous year has the welfare and progressof our seminaries dominated the interest of the Jewish publicto an equal degree. In the Hebrew Union College the increas-ing feebleness of the temporary President, Professor Dr. M.Mielziner, rendered the difficult problem of selecting a perma-nent successor of Dr. Wise the more acute; it was solved bythe unanimous election of Kev. Dr. Kaufmann Kohler, aboutthe very time of Dr. Mielziner's demise. The eulogy of cordialesteem which followed the cortege of the gentle scholar coin-cided with the chorus of approval which greeted the appoint-ment of the learned radical. It was universally felt that Dr.Kohler was the logical choice for the delicate task of pre-


siding over the Keform Seminary. While his selection tendedto unite all ranks of Eeform, while the two seminaries arenow under the guidance of two great scholars, united in per-sonal friendship and learned co-operation, there has yet beena stronger accentuation of Eeform principles, due to the out-spoken Eeform proclivities of Dr. Kohler. A new impetuswas given to the completion of the Isaac M. Wise MemorialFund by the appointment of Eev. Dr. Jos. Krauskopf asDirector-General. Under his energetic lead the fundmounted rapidly towards the sum needed, until the needs ofKishineff and the approach of summer dictated a temporarysuspension of the propaganda.

At the commencement, on June 27, nine graduates weresent forth, of whom some have gone abroad for further studies,others have entered upon the work of their profession.

In the history of the Jewish Theological Seminary, also,5663 will ever he accounted a notable year. I t saw the in-auguration of Professor Solomon Schechter, made memorableby an elaborate address; it completed the endowment as con-templated at the reorganization; the edifice donated by JacobH. Schiff was dedicated with appropriate ceremonies; brancheswere organized in Philadelphia, Baltimore, and New Yorkto provide a needed increase of revenue. A helpful step wastaken by a sister institution, the Gratz College, when it madespecial provision for the preparation of students wishingto enter the Jewish Theological Seminary; a broad policywas initiated by the latter in the invitation of lecturers andthe selection of theses for competitive treatment.

In connection with this another of Jacob H. SchifPs en-lightened acts of liberality calls for mention: the HarvardSemitic Museum, which was dedicated in February, was madepossible almost solely through his munificence.

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That problems of Jewish scholarship and religious edu-cation should engage so much of our attention and liberalityis a cheering proof of intellectual advancement, while theserious perplexities created by the tidal wave of immigrationare still clamoring for our utmost exertions. More perhapsthan ever before have the eyes of the country been centeredupon the New York community and its gigantic struggle withthe evils of Ghetto cramping. Here the B'nai B'rith and theKemoval Committee have done yeoman's work, assisted by themore or less active sympathy of lodges and communities allover the country. I t is a work of incalculable difficulty, whichwill be systematized only after long experience. Meanwhile,under the process of Americanization and with closer mutualacquaintance, East Side and West Side are drawing evernearer to appreciation of and co-operation with each other.The East Side is emboldened to criticise the methods by whichit is to be elevated, and yet recognizes its duty of helping inthe work. The West Side is entering more sympatheticallyinto the individuality of the recent immigrant; it seeks tounderstand him from his point of view;' it accords him ameasure of recognition in his independent charities. Worthypride is cultivated in the immigrant by such united actionas was taken in honor of Baron de Giinzburg, by the promptand active collection for the relief of Kishineff. That aYiddish actor, like J. P. Adler, should have been thoughtworthy of starring on the American stage cannot but encour-age his brothers of Eussian parentage in a legitimate con-sciousness of their worth and possibilities.

One great aspect of the whole vast immigration problemis thus nearing solution: the bringing together, under theauspices of American culture, of the diverse elements that


make up American Jewdom. With what unexpected dangersthis problem is fraught becomes startlingly clear in the im-perative need which has arisen in New York (as it did inLondon) for a Jewish protectory. However indifferent wemight be to other distinctions in which the Jew once gloried,we cannot afford, without a determined effort, to allow to passfrom us the splendid record for the lowest rate of criminalitywhich has so long been the Jew's rightful boast among allnationalities. I t is a most cheering sign that an American ofthe younger generation, Mr. Louis Marshall, should haveindicated (at the Chautauqua Summer Assembly) the waytowards redemption: that there is need of religious educationfor the children of the immigrant, to steady the unformedcharacter against the dangerous shock of a radical revolutionin environment.

The problem of religious education seemed to push to theforefront in the public discussions of the year. Woman'sCouncil, Sabbath School Union, Zionists, Eabbinical Con-ference, Chautauqua all vied with one another in earnest de-liberation on methods and aims of religious teaching. Thatthere is a full realization of the imperfections of our presentSabbath School there can be no manner of doubt. Whetherreports, debates, and papers will bring about the necessaryyielding of unbridled individualism, a practical uniting offorces, remains to be seen.

There is, however, an undeniable current setting in towardswider and closer organization. Whatever the proximate causemay be, it is no mere coincidence that the demand for anAmerican Jewish Congress, for a Jewish Synod, for inter-national Jewish conferences, should be repeatedly heard onoccasions when men are impatient for permanent solutions.

THE YEAR 37

The call for an American Jewish Congress which was pro-posed at the Triennial Convention of the Council of JewishWomen at Baltimore, which was favored by the Council ofthe Union of American Hebrew Congregations at St. Louis,was finally rejected as untimely by the Executive Board ofthat Union after a number of important bodies had signifiedtheir willingness to attend such a congress. A conference ofSouthern Rabbis met and organized in Vicksburg, Miss., withan attendance of seventeen rabbis.

At the Convention of the Central Conference of AmericanRabbis in Detroit the formation of an American synod waschampioned from several quarters. A far-reaching measurein the direction of organization was the appropriation, by theExecutive Board of the Union of American Hebrew Congre-gations, of the sum of $5000, for circuit work among countrycommunities, Rabbi Geo. Zepin, of Kalamazoo, Mich., beingappointed circuit director. Further symptoms of an earnestspirit of co-operation were exhibited in a movement to enlistyoung men for congregational participation which appealed tothe congregational union for guidance, also in a noteworthyprevalence of solemn Union Thanksgiving services in variousparts of the country. The Sabbath discussion of the CentralConference culminated in strong resolutions for the main-tenance of the historic Sabbath.

There remains to be mentioned an incident from the North-west, which is instructive, in its province, as to the drift ofthe day: the Supreme Court of the State of Nebraska decided,on the question of reading the Bible in public schools, that" there cannot be religious exercises in a public school whichare not sectarian."

In passing in review the striking and significant happenings3

38 AMEKICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK

of 5663 in country after country, we have left out of accountthe one Jewish movement in which members of all Jewishcommunities are bound together, Zionism. There having beenno international Zionist convention in 1902, there was held,in its stead, a conference of the Greater Actions Committeein Vienna (October 29). The principal features of thismeeting consisted in the reports which indicated much expan-sion of membership and resources during the preceding year;it was proposed to form a statistical bureau and to establisha Jewish High School in Palestine. In this country a ShekelDay was instituted successfully, an active propaganda wascarried on, accompanied by public controversies, which, nowand then, attracted wide attention; the convention of theFederatiqn of American Zionists in Pittsburg was well at-tended, and though disappointed of the promised participationof some eminent speakers, was lifted upon a wave of enthusi-asm. The Eussian Government was at various times rumoredto be hostile to the movement. The Eastern despotism hasnot yet taken a definite attitude towards a factor which hasfinancial, political, and social aspects, the one or the otherof which may not fit into the Russian policy.

I t is not easy to sum up in a few words the place whicha particular year is likely to occupy in the checkered andunending career of Judaism. 5663 brought its stunning shockin the barbarism of Kishineff; it evoked, through the veryoutburst, the indignant protest of civilization, and demon-strated, in the sensitive sulking of Russia, the growing powerof public opinion. I t gave to American Jewry the hegemonyof the world's Judaism by proving that American Jews havethe courage and the public spirit openly to espouse the causeof their brothers, as they stand ready to make the sacrifice

THE YEAE 39

involved in keeping open to the Jewish refugee this last asylumof the oppressed; they not only showed themselves possessedof the statesmanship which is equal to a great emergency,but they demonstrated that they have a Government back ofthem for which the resentment of the greatest of autocracieshas no terrors, that they are equally sure of the active sym-pathy of their best fellow-citizens whenever they turn to themin a humanitarian cause. Like every other great sorrowKishineff has brought the Jews of the world nearer to one an-other ; perhaps it has brought the urgency of the Jewish prob-lem to the attention of the entire world as has no previousevent in modern history.

In the meantime Western Judaism progresses in thorough-ness and aimfulness of organization, advances in the realiza-tion of its duty towards the Eastern brother in his medievaldarkness, considers religious and social problems in a spirit ofearnestness and calm deliberation, and looks out with hope andwith a proud consciousness of Jewish identity to that finalascendancy of humane ideals for which our prophets havelaid the foundation, and to the consummation of which Jew-ish martyrdom and Jewish heroism are certain to contribute inconspicuous measure.

August 12, 1903


BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF RABBIS AND CAN-TORS OFFICIATING IN THE UNITED STATES

The following list, which, except as noted below, is com-piled from information furnished by the subjects of thesketches, contains the names of Rabbis Emeritus and of Rabbisand Cantors at present officially connected with congregationsin the United States. In May, 1903, circulars with blankforms enclosed were addressed to 694 persons. In July, asecond circular was sent to such of them as had not respondedto the first. Among the replies to these requests for biograph-ical data, 26 were received from persons no longer connectedwith congregations in an official capacity and from personswhose services are on occasions voluntarily given. These twoclasses of persons do not come within the scope of the presentlist. The Post Office authorities reported that 68 of thepersons addressed could riot be located. A few were reporteddeceased, some had left the country, etc., and 247 of those ad-dressed were not heard from, directly or indirectly.

A few insertions have been made by the editor in the caseof Rabbis and Cantors who made no reply to the request forinformation, but whose name, address, position, etc., wereknown to him definitely. Such insertions are indicated byan asterisk (*).

The Hebrew word Yeshibah has been rendered by " Tal-mudical College."

The replies under the heading " Degree" were availablefor the purposes of this list only when the institution con-ferring the degree was mentioned.

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES 41

It should be noted that although Jews' College, London,England, has existed since 1856, until the present year thedegree of Eabbi, or the Eabbinical authorization, has not beenconferred upon its graduates by the English Eabbinate.

Aaron, Israel. Rabbi of Temple Beth Zion, Buffalo, N. Y. BornNovember 20, 1859, at Lancaster, Pa. Son of Moses Aaron. Edu-cated at public schools of Lancaster; University of Cincinnati(B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi and D. D.). WasRabbi at Fort Wayne, Ind. Baccalaureate Orator Hebrew UnionCollege and also Buffalo High Schools, 1902. Member of Councilof University Club, Buffalo. Publications: Translation of De-litzsch's "Colors in the Talmud; " of Stern's "Woman in theTalmud;" and of portions of Bachya's " Choboth Haleboboth."Articles in the Jewish and the secular press. Address: 748 Au-burn Av., Buffalo, N. Y.

*Abelson, Alter. Rabbi of Congregation Bnai Sholaum, Brook-lyn, N. Y. Holds Rabbinical diploma of the Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America.

Abramowitz, Jacob. Cantor of Congregation Sons of Halber-stamm, Philadelphia, Pa. Born March 15, 1867, in Russia. Sonof Jacob Baruch Abramowitz. Educated at Odessa, Russia. Heldpositions in Chicago, 111., and Buffalo, N. Y. Address: 958 NorthMarshall, Philadelphia, Pa.

Agat, Isaiah. Rabbi (since 1890) of Congregation Moses Monte-flore, Chicago, 111. Born May 25, 1859, in Candau, Courland, Rus-sia. Son of Moses Agat. Educated at Talmudical Colleges ofSager, Government Kovno, and Bielostok, Government Minsk,Russia; under Dr. I. Hildesheimer, Berlin; at Gymnasium inLibau, Courland; and Northwestern University, Evanston, 111.(B. Ph., 1898). Government teacher in Riga, Russia, 1879-1884;and Rabbi in New Haven, Conn., 1886-1888, and in San Francisco,Cal., 1888-1890. Address: 554 North Robey, Chicago, 111.

Alexander, David. Rabbi of Temple Israel, Paducah, Ky.Born December 7, 1878, at Brooklyn, N. Y. Son of Harris Alex-ander. B. H. L. and Rabbi, Hebrew Union College; B. A., Univer-sity of Cincinnati. Address: 810 Jefferson, Paducah, Ky.

AmduT, Bernard I*. Rabbi and Cantor (since 1893) of Con-gregation Ahavath Sholom Beth Aron, Buffalo, N. Y. Born July15, 1869, in Russia. Son of Rabbi Israel Amdur. Educated in


Russia, Germany, and America. Rabbinical diplomas granted byRabbi P. Rabinowitz and Rabbi Dr. Solomon, Dvinsk, Russia.Held positions in Riga, Dvinsk, and Kovno, Russia. Address:23 Beck, Buffalo, N. Y.

Anspacher, Abraham Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation AnscheChesed, Scranton, Pa. Born June 28, 1877, New York City. Sonof Samuel Anspacher. Educated at high school, Cincinnati, Ohio;University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College(B. H. L. and Rabbi). Was Rabbi in Binghamton, N. Y. Address:845 Monroe Av., Scranton, Pa.

Armhold, William. Cantor (since 1865) of the Reform Con-gregation Keneseth Israel, Philadelphia, Pa. Born June 17, 1829,at Schluchtern, Baden, Germany. Son of Rabbi Joseph Armhold.Educated at Eppingen and Karlsruhe, Baden. Graduate of theTeachers' Seminary, Karlsruhe, 1850. Held positions in Phillipps-burg, Baden, 1850-1853; and in Pittsburg, Pa., 1854-1865. Founderof the Reform Congregation Rodeph Shalom, Pittsburg, Pa.; andfounder and first President of Jericho Lodge, Independent OrderB'nai B'rith. Honorary Member Msennerchor Singing Society,Philadelphia, Pa. Address: 1723 North 16th, Philadelphia, Pa.

Aronin, ~L. Rabbi of Congregation Adath Israel, Sheboygan,Wis. Born July 20, 1849, in Russia, and educated there. Son of^Chayim Ydel Aronin. Rabbinical diploma conferred by the"Rabbi of Kovno. Occupied a position as Rabbi in Russia. Ad-dress: 1322 North 12th, Sheboygan, Wis.

Asher, Joseph Mayor. Rabbi and Preacher of CongregationB'nai Jeshurun, New York City. Born September 23, 1872, atManchester, England. Son of Rabbi Aaron Asher and BetseyJacobs. Educated at the Jews' Schools, grammar school, techni-cal school, and Owens College (Victoria University, B. A., M. A.),Manchester; Trinity College, Cambridge University; Bonn Univer-sity, Germany; and Talmudical College, Kovno, Russia. Univer-sity Scholar, Victoria University, and Langton Fellow, Owens Col-lege, Victoria University. Rabbinical diploma granted by RabbiDavid Tevel Katzenellenbogen, Suvalki, Russia. Professor ofHomiletics at Jewish Theological Seminary of America, and incharge of the Department of Philosophy and Ethics at the sameinstitution. For four years Judicial Assessor for all Jewish casesin the Manchester courts. Organized the Manchester TalmudTorah Schools. Publications: Reviews in the International Jour-nal of Ethics and the Critical Review. Address: 136 East 65th,New York City.


Ashinsky, Aaron Mordecai. Rabbi of Congregations BethHamedrash Hagodol and Beth Jacob, Pittsburg, Pa. Born Febru-ary, 1866, at Reygrod, Poland. Son of Nachman Ashinsky. Edu-cated at Kovno and Stavisk. Rabbinical diplomas conferred byRabbi Hayim Leb Rottenberg, Stavisk, and Rabbi Eliezer SimchahRabinowitch, Kalwarya, Poland. Held positions in Syracuse,N. Y.; Detroit, Mich.; and Montreal, Can. Appointed JewishChaplain by the Canadian Government. Address: 1204 Colwell,Pittsburg, Pa.

Bachrach, David H. Chief Rabbi of Congregation Sons ofZion and all the orthodox congregations, Providence, R. I. BornTishri 21, 5624, in Russia. Son of Wolf Elia Bachrach. Edu-cated under the Rabbi of Kutno, Poland, and at the TalmudicalColleges of Volosin and Kovno, Russia. Rabbinical diplomas con-ferred by the Rabbis of Kovno, Brisk, and Vilna, in Russia. Heldpositions in Cechanovez, Russia, and Trenton, N. J. Address: 17Smith, Providence, R. I.

Barnstein, Henry. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Hous-ton, Texas. Born August 23, 1S68, at Dover, England. Son ofRabbi Isidore Barnstein (Rabbi in Germany, Belgium, andEngland). Educated at Jews' College, London; University College,London; University of London; Monteflore College, Ramsgate;and University of Heidelberg (Ph.D.). Rabbinical diploma con-ferred by Haham Moses Gaster, London. Was Hebrew instruc-tor at St. Augustine's Church School, Kilburn; German instruc-tor London School Board. Represents the third generation ofRabbis. Publications: " The Targum of Onkelos according tothe Yemen MSS." Collaborated with Professor Gustaf A. Dalmanon his Aramaisch Neu-Hebraisches Worterbuch. Contributor tothe Jewish Quarterly Review, Menorah, Jewish Chronicle, Ameri-can Hebrew, Israel, and Reform Advocate. Address: 1801 RuskAv., Houston, Tex.

Baron, Wolff. Cantor of Congregation B'nai Israel, Paterson,N. J. Born in 1859 in Russia, and educated there. Held posi-tions in London, Eng.; Boston, Mass.; and New York City. Ad-dress: Bridge Street, Paterson, N. J.

Bauer, Sol. H. Rabbi of Congregation Anshe Emeth, Chicago,111. Born January 1, 1863, in Poland. Son of Abraham JacobBauer. Educated in Stettin, Germany. Rabbinical diplomagranted by Rabbi I. Trunk, Kutno, Poland. Was Rabbi at Jacobs-hagen and Wronke, Germany; Hamilton, Ohio; Schenectady,N. Y.; and of Moses Monteflore Congregation and First HungarianCongregation, Chicago, 111. Address: 568 N. Lincoln, Chicago, 111.


Bamn, Solomon. Cantor (since 1894) of Congregation BethIsrael Bikur Cholim, New York City. Born September 13, 1868,at Sebes, Hungary. Son of Lazar Baum. Educated at Budapest,Hungary. Cantor's diploma conferred by Professor Moritz Fried-man, of the Budapest Conservatory. Officiated as Cantor inEurope, and as Rabbi and Cantor in Congregation Beth Jacob,Brooklyn, N. Y. Address: 214 East 79th, New York City.

Becker, Ferdinand. Minister of Congregation Zion, Phila-delphia, Pa. Born July 9, 1851, in Bavaria, Germany. Son ofLeopold Becker. Graduate of the Seminary of Kaiserslautern,Rhenish Palatinate, Germany. Was.Rabbi of Congregation BeneJsrael, Keokuk, la., for five years; Rodef Sholom, Wabash, Ind.,for five years; Anshai Emeth, Peoria, 111., for five years; andAnshai Emeth, Pine Bluff, Ark., for twelve years. Address: 2440North Garnet, Philadelphia, Pa.

Benjamin, Raphael. Associate Rabbi (since 1902) of TempleBeth Elohim, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born June 19, 1846, in London,Eng. Son of Elias Benjamin and Mary Lazarus. Educated atJews' Free School, London; University of London (B. A.); andUniversity of Melbourne, Australia (M. A.). Rabbinical diplomasconferred by Dr. Nathan M. Adler, London; Rabbi Samson Rau-suk; and Rev. A. L. Green. Doctor of Jewish Law for Australia(1874). Rabbi of Melbourne Hebrew Congregation, 1874; MoundStreet Temple, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1882; Fifteenth Street Temple,New York City, 1889. Rothschild Scholar, 1860. Associate-EditorJournal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History; Governorand Examiner Hebrew Union College; Fellow American Associa-tion for the Advancement of Science; Secretary Ninth Districtof the Charity Organization Society, New York; Secretary NewYork Board of Jewish Ministers. Address: 662 Bedford Av.,Brooklyn, N. Y.

Benmoscne, Herman. Rabbi of Congregation Beth-El, Nor-folk, Va. Born Shebat 3, 5618 (1858), at Cairo, Egypt. Edu-cated at KSnigsberg, Germany, and London, Eng. Was Rabbi ofSpital Square Synagogue, London. Address: Norfolk, Va.

•Bergman, Moise. Rabbi of Congregation Emanuel, GrandRapids, Mich. Rabbi, 1901, Hebrew Union College.

Berkowitz, Henry. Rabbi (since 1892) of Congregation Ro-deph Shalom, Philadelphia, Pa. Born March 18, 1857, at Pitts-burg, Pa. Son of Louis Berkowitz. Educated at the congrega-tional and public schools of Pittsburg; Cornell University, 1872-1873; at University of Cincinnati (B. L., 1881); and Hebrew Union


College (B. H. L., Rabbi, 1883, and D. D.); studied law, 1873-1876.Rabbi of Congregations Shaarai Shamayim, Mobile, Ala., 1883-1888, and B'nai Jehudah, Kansas City, Mo., 1888-1892. PounderPublic Bureau of Charities, Kansas City, Mo.; founder and Chan-cellor Jewish Chautauqua Society; first Secretary Central Con-ference of American Rabbis; Alumni representative upon theBoard of Governors Hebrew Union College; first President AlumniAssociation Hebrew Union College. Publications: "Judaism andthe Social Question;" "Union Hebrew Reader" (I and I I ) ;" Kiddush or Sabbath Sentiment in the Home;" "'The OpenBible" (I and I I ) ; "Bible Ethics." Address: 1539 North 33rd,Philadelphia, Pa.

Bernstein, Bernard. Rabbi of Congregation Anshai Kanes-seth Israel, Chicago, 111. Born September 12, 1836, in Russia, andeducated there. Son of David Bernstein. Address: 178 Maxwell,Chicago, 111.

Bernstein, Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Benai Israel, An-sonia, Conn. Born July 25, 1861, in Russia. Son of AbrahamBernstein. Was Rabbi at Pottsville, Pa. Address: 4 Colburn,Ansonia, Conn.

Blatt, Joseph. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel, Columbus,Ga. Born December 16, 1878, in Hungary. Son of Max Blatt.B. H. L. and Rabbi, Hebrew Union College; B. A. University ofCincinnati. Address: Columbus, Ga.

Bloch, Jacob. Rabbi (since 1900) of Congregation Emanu-El,Spokane, Wash. Born August 26, 1846, in Bohemia. Son ofMoses Bloch. Educated at Pilsen and University of Prague(M. A.). Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Dr. Saul IsaacKaempf; Rabbi M. Bloch; and Rabbi Dr. M. Deutsch. LL. D., Ore-gon University. Held positions in Pine Bluff, Ark. (to 1872);Little Rock, Ark. (to 1880); Sacramento, Cal. (to 1884); andPortland, Ore. (to 1900). Address: 1718 Pacific Av., Spokane,Wash.

Bogen, Joseph, LL. D. Rabbi of Mount Sinai Congregation,Texarkana, Ark. Born in Prussia a little over sixty years ago.Secular education at different schools in Silesia. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbis Jacob Landsberg and Hyam Cohen.Was Rabbi in the Congregations of Keokuk, Iowa, and Green-ville, Miss. Author of " Meditations for the New Year and Atone-ment Days." Published (in conjunction with Rabbi George Solo-mon) "Essays on the Origin of Christianity." Address: Tex-arkana, Ark.


Bottigheimer, Seymour G. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Is-rael, Natchez, Miss. Born at Fredericks Hall, Louisa Co., Va.Son of Elias Bottigheimer. B. H. L. and Rabbi, Hebrew Union Col-lege; B. A., University of Cincinnati. Was Rabbi of CongregationB'nai Yeshurun, Des Moines, Iowa. Married Emma Fruhauf,Cincinnati, August 11, 1896. Address: 211 South Commerce,Natchez, Miss.

Braude, Abraham Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Ohave Sho-lem Mariampol, Chicago, 111. Born August 9, 1851, at Mitau,Courland, Russia. Son of Selig Braude. Educated at the Tal-mudical College of Mitau. Rabbinical diploma granted by RabbiHirsch Rabinowitz, Kovno, Russia. Was Rabbi at Mitau. Cameto America in 1891. Publication: " Beth Abraham," commentaryon Talmud and Midrash. Address: 146 Johnson, Chicago, 111.

Braunfeld, Julius. Cantor of Temple Sinai, New Orleans, La.Born July 17, 1863, at Sajo Szt. Peter, Hungary. Son of IgnaczBraunfeld. Educated at Budapest and Vienna. Was Cantor ofTemple Beth Elohim, Brooklyn, N. Y., and of Temple B'ne Jeshu-run, Milwaukee, Wis. Address: 1432 Octavia, New Orleans, La.

Breuner, Nathan. Rabbi of Congregation Bnei Israel, Phila-delphia, Pa. Born July, 1860, in Russia. Son of Solomon Breu-ner. Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rabbinical diploma conferredby Rabbi Abraham M. Rabinowitz. Held a position in Russia.Came to America in 1893. Publication: "Hopes of Israel" (He-brew). Address: 2853 Weikel, Philadelphia, Pa.

Brill, Abram. Rabbi of Hebrew Union Congregation, Green-ville, Miss. Born May 18, 1876, at Ogdensburg, N. Y. Son ofMordecai Joseph Brill and Lottie Tumim. Educated at Syracusegrammar schools; Rochester and Cincinnati high schools; Uni-versity of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (B. H.L. and Rabbi). Was Rabbi of Congregation Beth El, Helena, Ark.Address: 519 Washington Av., Greenville, Miss.

Brodsky, Hyman. Rabbi (since 1899) of Congregation AnsheRussia, Newark, N. J. Born August 11, 1852, in Bielostok, Rus-sia. Son of Noah Brodsky. Educated at Talmudical Colleges ofSlonim and Volosin, Russia. Rabbinical diplomas conferred byRabbi Hirsch Leb Berlin, Volosin; Rabbi Jacob Widrewitz, Mos-cow; Rabbi B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, Pa.; and Rabbi SamuelWein, New York. Held positions in New York City (1889);Philadelphia, Pa. (1893); and Cleveland, Ohio (1897). Was in-strumental in establishing Sheltering Homes, Talmud TorahSchools, Free Schools, Free Libraries, Building Associations,

BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES 47

Loan Associations, Chevra Kadisha, and Zionist Societies in NewYork City, Philadelphia, Pa., Cleveland, Ohio, Newark, N. J.,Providence, R. I., and Troy, N. Y. Pounder and editor of theStadtzeitung, Philadelphia, and contributor to the press. Ad-dress: 91 Broome, Newark, N. J.

Bromson, Abraham. Rabbi (since 1882) of Beth HamedrashHagodol, Omaha, Neb. Born and educated in Russia. Son ofHeyman Bromson. Rabbinical diploma received from Rabbi Hy-man. Address: 1110 South 13th, Omaha, Neb.

Brown, A. B. J. Rabbi of Congregation Shaarey Zedek, SanFrancisco, Cal. Born June 12, 1854, at Posen, Prussia. Son ofJoseph Brown. Rabbinical diploma awarded by Rabbis N. Strei-sand, Elkan Cohen, and Henry Vidaver. Held positions in Seat-tle, Wash., and San Jose and Oakland, Cal. Address: 1483 O'Far-rell, San Francisco, Cal.

Brown, Wolf. Cantor (since 1888) of Congregation MountZion, New York City. Born December 14, 1858, at Lomzha, Rus-sia. Son of Boruch Meyer Brown and Sarah Brzoza. Educatedat Warsaw, Poland. Address: 26 East 106th, New York City.

*Cahan, Morris. Rabbi of Congregation Children of Israel,Augusta, Ga. Rabbi, 1903, Hebrew Union College.

Cah.11, David. Cantor of Temple Rodeph Sholom, New YorkCity. Born in 1852, at Cracow, Austria. Son of Moses JacobCahn. Educated at Cracow and Vienna. Diploma conferred byRabbi Simon Schreiber, Cracow. Came to America in 1871. WasCantor of Congregation Adath Israel, New York City. Has com-posed several Jewish services. Address: 72 East 82d, New YorkCity.

Calisch., Edward IT. Rabbi (since 1891) of Congregation BethAhaba, Richmond, Va. Born June 23, 1865, at Toledo, Ohio. Sonof Henry Calisch and Rebecca Van Norden. Educated at highschool, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); HebrewUnion College (B. H. L. and Rabbi); and University of Virginia(M. A.). Rabbi at Peoria, 111., 1887-1891. Publications: "AChild's Bible" (a school history); "A Book of Prayer; " essays,poems, etc. Address: 1036 West Grace, Richmond, Va.

Caiman, Adolf. Minister of Congregation Ez Chaim of York-ville, New York City. Born February 22, 1839, at Hamburg, Ger-many. Son of Kalmar Caiman and Betty Friedburg. Educatedat Hamburg, Berlin, and Frankfort on the Main. Was Rabbi of


Congregations Agudath Jesharim, Atereth Israel, and Beth IsraelBikur Cholim, New York City. Address: 1240 Lexington Av.,New York City.

Cantor, I . Minister of Congregation Anshe Sholem, Canton,Ohio. Born and educated in Poland. Son of Nathan Cantor.Diploma granted by Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New York City. Ad-dress: 1014 South Cherry, Canton, Ohio.

Caro, Avigdor. Rabbi of Congregation B'ne Jeshurun, Mil-waukee, Wis. Born September 19, 1856, at Budapest, Hungary.Son of Mordechai Caro. Educated at Gutstadt, Prussia; Tal-mudical College in Poland; and the Hildesheimer Seminary, Ber-lin. Rabbinical diplomas conferred by Rabbi Is. Caro, Zempel-burg, Germany; Rabbi Dr. I. Hildesheimer, Berlin; and RabbiStreisand, Bromberg. Was Rabbi at Quincy, 111., and Philadel-phia, Pa. Descended from a family of Rabbis. Address: Mil-waukee, Wis.

Chapman, Edward Maurice. Rabbi and Preacher (since 1900)of Congregation Shaarai Shamayim, Schenectady, N. Y. BornFebruary 20, 1854, at London, Eng. Son of Maurice Chapman.Educated at Jews' College, London. Rabbi of Congregation BethIsrael, Hartford, Conn., 1878-1880; Temple Israel, Brooklyn, N. Y.,1880-1885; Temple Emanu-El, Dallas, Texas, 1885-1897; andAnsche Chesed, Scranton, Pa., 1897-1900. Address: 1226 State,Schenectady, N. Y.

Cohen, Henry. Rabbi (since 1888) of Congregation B'nai Is-rael, Galveston, Texas. Born April 7, 1863. Son of DavidCohen. Educated at London, Eng., in the Jews' Hospital, underthe Rev. John Chapman; Jews' College Evening Classes, underDr. Friedlander; and the Beth Hamedrash, under Dayan Spiers.Rabbi of the Amalgamated Congregation of Israelites, Kingston,Jamaica, W. I., 1884-1885; Congregation Beth Israel, Woodville,Miss., 1885-1888. Librarian of Texas Historical Society; andmember Executive Boards Jewish Publication Society of Americaand American Jewish Historical Society, since their establish-ment. Was member of Central Relief Committee of the GalvestonStorm Sufferers. Publications: " Talmudic Sayings;" "Prayerin Bible and Talmud " (translated from the German by NahidaRemy); "Hygiene and Medicine of the Talmud;" "Evolutionof Jewish Disability; " " National Loyalty; " contributions to theAmerican Jewish Historical Society; articles in magazines, ori-ginal and translations from French, German, and Spanish. Ad-dress: Galveston, Texas.


Cohen, Julius. Minister of Congregation Benai Israel, Sha-mokin, Pa. Born in 1870, in Russia. Son of Isaac Cohen. Edu-cated at Vilna, Russia. Held a position in Plymouth, Pa. Ad-dress: Shamokin, Pa.

. Cohen, Montague N. A. Rabbi (since 1903) of Temple BethIsrael, Tacoma, Wash. Born May 19, 1877, at London, Eng. Sonof Eugene Cohen. Educated at Manchester (Eng.) Jews' School;higher grades Board School; Jews' College, London (graduate);and University College, London (graduate). Rabbi of TempleEmanuel, Victoria, B. C, 1901-1903. Was Assistant ChaplainWormwood Scrubbs Prison, London. Now Associate Editor of Jew-ish Tribune. Contributor to English, Canadian, and Americanpress. Address: Tacoma, Wash.

Cohen, Simon Raymond. Rabbi (since 1899) of CongregationObef Sholom, Norfolk, Va. Born June 10, 1872, at Detroit, Mich.Son of Solomon Cohen. Educated at Saginaw and Montreal pub-lic schools; Port Wayne and Cincinnati high schools; Universityof Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L. andRabbi). Studied mechanical and civil engineering, and workedat practical mechanics for three years. Chaplain during theSpanish-American War. Publication: " Comparative Study ofAristotle and Maimonides." Address: Granby Hotel.

Cohn, Abraham. Rabbi (since 1902) of Congregation AnscheIsrael, Newark, N. J. Born May 25, 1858, in Radin, GovernmentVilna, Russia. Son of Louis M. Cohn. Educated at Eiseshok andVilna, Russia. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi ChaimWidrewitz, Moscow, Russia, and Rabbi Samuel Wein, New YorkCity. Occupied positions in Congregations Ansche Valoisin,New York City, for one year, and Ansche Warsaw, Newark, N. J.,for four years. Address: 25 Boyd, Newark, N. J.

Cohn, Frederick. Rabbi (since 1896) of Congregation AchduthVesholom, Fort Wayne, Ind. Born August 24, 1873, at East Attle-boro, Mass. Son of Joseph Cohn. Educated at public schools ofProvidence, R. I.; University of Cincinnati (B. A. and M. A.);and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi, Valedictorian).Winner of Phi Beta Kappa Key. Publications: Articles andpoems in the Jewish press. Address: 444 Old Fort Place, FortWayne, Ind.

Currick, Max C. Rabbi (since 1901) of Congregation AnsheChesed, Erie, Pa. Born September 1, 1877, at Boston, Mass. Sonof Fishel Currick (Cohen). Educated at public schools of NewYork City; College of the City of New York; Hebrew Orphan Asy-


lum, New York City; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and He-brew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi). Rabbi at Fort Smith,Ark., 1898-1901. Address: 18 East 8th, Erie, Pa.

*Davidson, D. Rabbi of Congregation Agudath Jesharim, NewYork City. Address: 134 East 87th, New York City.

Deinard, Samuel N. Rabbi of Congregation Shaarei Tov,Minneapolis, Minn. Born January 25, 1872, at Rossein, Russia.Son of David Mendel Deinard. Educated at the Von LaemmelSchool, Jerusalem; Jiidisches Lehrer Seminar, Cologne, Germany;University of Pennsylvania (B. A.); De Pauw University (M. A.);and University of Chicago. Was Rabbi in Terre Haute, Ind., andChicago, 111. Head of the Semitic Department, University of Min-nesota. Contributor to the Hatt'hia, Reform Advocate, and Jour-nal of Semitic Languages and Literatures. Address: 331 Frank-lin Av., Minneapolis, Minn.

Diamond, Ignatz. Rabbi and Cantor (sicce 1900) of Congre-gation Bikur Cholim, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born May 8, 1862. Son ofMoritz Diamond. Educated in Hungary. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by Rabbis in Pressburg, Hungary. Officiated as Rabbiin Hungary for fifteen years. Address: 63 Alabama Av., Brook-lyn, N. Y.

Distillator, Samuel E. Cantor of Congregation Beth Tefillah,New York City. Born May 21, 1848, at Vilna, Russia, and edu-cated there. Son of Joshua Distillator. Surgeon Mohel. Posi-tions held in Germany, England, and America. Address: 1835Lexington Av., New York City.

Drachman, Bernard. Rabbi (since 1889) of CongregationZichron Ephraim, New York City. Born June 27, 1861, at NewYork City. Son of Benjamin Drachman and Mathilde Stein.Educated at high school, Jersey City, N. J.; Columbia College(B. A. and M. A.); by Emanu-El Theological Seminary Associa-tion; at University of Breslau (Ph.D.) ; and Jewish TheologicalSeminary at Breslau. Rabbinical diploma granted by the last andRabbi Dr. M. Joel, Breslau. Rabbi of Congregation Oheb Sholom,Newark, N. J., 1886-1887; and of Congregation Beth Israel BikurCholim, New York City, 1887-1889. Preceptor and Dean of JewishTheological Seminary of America, 1887-1902; Instructor of Bibleand Hebrew Grammar, and Reader in the Codes in the JewishTheological Seminary of America since 1902. Founder of JewishEndeavor Society, and Director of Union of Orthodox Jewish Con-gregations of the United States and Canada. Publications: " DieStellung und Bedeutung des Jehuda Hajjug in der Geschichte der


hebraischen Grammatik; " " The Rabbi as Communal Worker "(in "Activities of the Rabbi") ; " Neo-Hebraic Literature inAmerica " (in Seventh Biennial Report of the Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America); translation of " The Nineteen Letters ofBen Uziel." Contributor to the English and German Jewish, andthe Hebrew press. Address: 36 East 75th, New York City.

Drechsler, Sigmund. Rabbi (since 1886) of the HungarianCongregation Bne Jeschurun, Cleveland, Ohio. Born April 23,1843, at Brezova, Hungary. Son of Isaac Drechsler. Educatedunder Dr. I. Hildesheimer, at Eisenstadt, Hungary. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Dr. I. Hildesheimer, and Rabbi Mannheimer,Ungvar. Was Rabbi at Kovago Eors for three years; Nagy Va-szony for three years, and Peczel, for fourteen years; all in Hun-gary. Address: 221 Woodland Av., Cleveland, Ohio.

Dubov, Marcus H. Rabbi of Congregation Bnei Moshe, Evans-ville, Ind. Born October 12, 1852, in the Government of Minsk.Son of Joseph Dubov. Educated at Slutsk and Volosin, Russia.Received Rabbinical diplomas from Rabbi Hurevitz, Pinsk, Rus-sia; Rabbi Solavaitzik; and Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New York City.Held positions in Grodno, Russia; Graudenz, Prussia; Sioux City,Iowa; and Canton, Ohio. Publication: " Tachbulo Lehisasher."Address: 608 Upper 9th, Evansville, Ind.

Ehrenreich, Bernard Calonimus. Rabbi of CongregationAdath Jeshurun, Philadelphia, Pa. Born June 11, 1875, at KisSzeben, Hungary. Son of Henry Reuben Ehrenreich. Educatedat the University of the City of New York (B. Ph.), and JewishTheological Seminary of America (1888-1898). Rabbi in AtlanticCity, N. J., 1900-1901. Address: 2249 North 17th, Philadelphia,Pa.

Eichler, Menahem M. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel,Philadelphia, Pa. Born in 1870, at Zemplen-Butka, Hungary. Sonof Phineas Eichler. Educated at Talmudical Colleges in Hun-gary; Teachers' Seminary, Budapest; College of the City of NewYork (B. A., 1899); University of Pennsylvania (B. A., 1902);Jewish Theological Seminary of America (Rabbi, 1899). Ad-dress: 1931 North 8th, Philadelphia, Pa.

Elkin, Meyer. Rabbi (since 1887) of Congregation Beth Israel,Hartford, Conn. Born May 5, 1839, at Breslau, Germany. Son ofRabbi H. A. Elkin. Educated at Breslau under Rabbi A. Tiktin,and in Kempen, under Rabbi Meir Lebush, the Malbim. Rabbini-cal diploma granted by the latter. Was Rabbi at Liverpool, Eng-land, for seven years; of Congregation Beth Israel, Philadelphia,


Pa., for ten years; at Denver, Colo., for two years, and at Evaris-ville, Ind., for four years. Address: 16 Shultas Place, Hartford,Conn.

Ellinger, Emil. Rabbi of Congregation Gemilas Hasodim,Alexandria, La. Born May 2, 1861, at Papa, Hungary. Son ofCarl Ellinger and Marie Deutsch. Hebrew education at Nikols-burg, Moravia; secular education at University of Vienna. Rab-binical diploma received from Rabbi Judah Ossart, Hungary.Was Rabbi at Devecser, Hungary; Mount Vernon, Ind.; and SiouxCity, Iowa. Address: 330 Fisk, Alexandria, La.

Elmaleh, Leon H. Minister of Congregation Mikveh Israel,Philadelphia, Pa. Born June 9, 1874, at Gibraltar, Spain. Son ofJacob Elmaleh and Gunol Aflalo. Educated at Gibraltar and theJewish Theological Seminary of America (Hazan). Was teacherin Shearith Israel Congregational School and in Mission School,Tremont Street, New York City. Address: 117 North 7th, Phila-delphia, Pa.

Elzas, Barnett A. Rabbi of K. K. Beth Elohim, Charleston,S. C. Born December 7, 1867, at Eydkuhnen, Germany. Son ofAbraham Elzas. Educated at Jews' College, and University Col-lege (B. A.), London, Eng., and University of Toronto (B. A.),Can. M. D., Medical College of the State of South Carolina.Held positions in Toronto, Can., and Sacramento, Cal. MarriedAnnie Samuel, London. Publications: "Sabbath School Com-panion; " "Jews of South Carolina; " "Judaism, an Exposition."Address: Charleston, S. C.

Enelow, H. Gr. Rabbi (since 1902) of Congregation Adath Is-rael, Louisville, Ky. Born October 26, 1876, in Russia. Son ofLeopold Enelow. Educated at the Universities of Chicago andCincinnati, and the Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, D. D.). Rabbiof Temple Israel, Paducah, Ky., 1898-1901; Junior Rabbi TempleAdath Israel, Louisville, 1901-1902. Contributor to the Jewishpress and the Year Book of the Central Conference of AmericanRabbis. Editor of " Yahvism and other Discourses by AdolphMoses." Address: 1115 Hepburn Av., Louisville, Ky.

Englander, Henry. Rabbi (since 1901) of Congregation Aha-vath Sholem, Ligonier, Ind. Born at Eperies, Hungary. Son ofMarcus Englander. Educated in public schools of Cincinnati,Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union Col-lege (Rabbi, 1901). Address: Ligonier, Ind.

Englander, Simon J. Rabbi of Emunath Israel Oheb Sholem,Philadelphia, Pa. Born in 1855, in Hungary, and educated there.

BIOGKAPHTCAL SKETCHES 53

Son of Emanuel Englander. Was Rabbi of the Hungarian Con-gregation, Cleveland, Ohio. Address: 323 Catharine, Philadel-phia, Pa.

Eppstein, Elias. Rabbi of Congregation Bnai Shalom, Quincy,111. Born October 15, 1831, at Saarwelling, Alsace-Lorraine. Sonof Rabbi Mayer L. Eppstein. Educated at Bonn. Rabbinicaldiploma granted by Rabbi Moshe Mertzig. Held positions in Jack-son, Mich.; Detroit, Mich.; Milwaukee, Wis.; Kansas City, Mo.;and Philadelphia, Pa. Publications: " Conflrmant's Guide; "" Bible Events." Address: 202 South 12th, Quincy, 111.

*Ettleson, Harry W. Rabbi (since 1903) of the Reform JewishCongregation at Marion, Ind. Born at Mobile, Ala.

Taber, Maurice. Rabbi of Congregation Beth-El, Tyler, Texas.Born December 30, 1S54, at Siroka, Hungary. Son of Leon Faber.Educated in Hungarian schools and Talmudical Colleges. Rab-binical diploma conferred by Rabbi Wolf Tannenbaum, Verpelet,Hungary. Was Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Zion, Titusville, Pa.,for ten years, and of Congregation B'nai Israel, Keokuk, Iowa, fortwo years. Was Professor of German Language and Literatureat Titusville High School for nine years. Address: 320 SouthCollege, Tyler, Texas.

Feinberg, Moses. Cantor of Congregation Adath Yeshurun,Syracuse, N. Y. Born September 1, 1848, at Suvalki, Poland, andeducated there. Son of Abraham Feinberg. Came to America in1868. Diploma granted by Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New YorkCity. Held positions in the Congregations New Beth Israel anaPoale Zedek, Syracuse, N. Y. Address: 511 East Jefferson, Syra-cuse, N. Y.

Pelsenthal, Bernhard. Rabbi Emeritus of Zion Congregation,Chicago, 111. Born January 2, 1822, at Miinchweiler, near Kaisers-lautern, Rhenish Palatinate. Son of Simon Felsenthal. Edu-cated at Kaiserslautern and University of Munich (Ph. D.). Rab-binical diploma granted by Dr. Samuel Adler and Dr. David Ein-horn. Rabbi in Madison, Ind., 1856-1858; of Sinai Congregation,Chicago, 111., 1861-64; and of Zion Congregation, Chicago, 111.,1864-1887. Publications: " Kol Kore Bamidbar; iiber jiidischeReform; " "A Practical Hebrew Grammar; " " Second HebrewReader;" " Jiidisches Schulwesen in Amerika;" " Kritik des Mis-sionswesens; " " Zur Proselytenfrage im Judenthum; " " The Be-ginnings of Sinai Congregation; " "Jiidische Fragen." Address:4809 Prairie Av., Chicago, 111.

4


Feuerlicht, Morris Marcus. Rabbi of Congregation AhawasAchim, Lafayette, Ind. Born January 15, 1879, at Tokay, Hun-gary. Son of Jacob Feuerlicht and Kate Deutsch. Educated atpublic schools of Boston, Mass.; University of Cincinnati (B. A.);and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L., and Rabbi, 1901). Address:Lafayette, Ind.

*Fineschriber, "William H. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel,Davenport, Iowa. Rabbi, 1900, Hebrew Union College.

Fink&lstein, Simon I. Rabbi (since 1892) of CongregationOhave Sholom, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born May 25, 1863, at Kovno,Russia. Son of Jehuda Zwie Finkelstein. Educated at the Tal-mudical College of Kovno. Rabbinical diplomas conferred byRabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno; Rabbi Isaac Meir; RabbiM. Kohen; and Rabbi Jacob Joseph, Vilna (later New York).Rabbi of Congregation • Bikur Cholim, Baltimore, Md., 1886-1890;Beth T'flla, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1890-1897; and Poale Zedek, Syra-cuse, N. Y., 1897-1902. Publications: " Reshis Bickurae" (atreatise on the Talmud); "Bickurae Anavim and Pirche Hage-fen " (explanation of the parables of Rabba bar bar Chana andthe debates of Rabbi Jehoshua ben Chananya with the wise menof Athens). Address: 1728 Pitkin Av., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Fisher, Henry M. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, AtlanticCity, N. J. Born July 24, 1876, at New Haven Conn. Son ofMark Fisher. Educated at Yale University (B. A., 1897), andHebrew Union College (B. H. L., and Rabbi, 1903). Address: HotelCecil, Atlantic City, N. J.

Fleischer, Charles. Rabbi of Temple Adath Israel, Boston,Mass.; Born December 23, 1871, at Breslau, Germany. Son ofNathan Oscar Fleischer. Educated at public schools of New YorkCity; Emanu-El Theological Seminary Association, New YorkCity; high school; University of Cincinnati (B. L., 1893); andHebrew Union College (B. H. L., 1887; Rabbi, 1893). Publica-tions: Literary, political, and sociological addresses in variouspublications. Address: 40 Concord Av., Cambridge, Mass.

Foster, Solomon. Associate Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Jeshu-run, Newark, N. J. Born February 15, 1878, at Americus, Ga.Son of Meyer Benjamin Foster and Henrietta Cohen. Educatedat the School of the Lackawanna, Scranton, Pa; University ofCincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Address:135 Washington, Newark, N. J,


Frank, Julius. Rabbi of Reform Congregation Oheb Sholom,Reading, Pa. Born December 26, 1866, at Vegesack, Bremen,Germany. Educated at the Gymnasium in Bremen; Teachers'Seminary, Hanover; and University of Gottingen. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Dr. Sam. E. Meyer, Hanover, andthe Board of Governors of the Hanover Seminary. Held posi-tions in Detmold and Liibbecke, Westphalia, Germany. Ad-dress: Reading, Pa.

Franklin, Leo M. Rabbi (since 1899) of Temple Beth El,Detroit, Mich. Born March 5, 1870, at Cambridge City, Ind.Son of Michael H. Franklin. Educated in public schools of Cin-cinnati; University of Cincinnati (B. L.); and Hebrew UnionCollege (Rabbi, 1892). Rabbi of Temple Israel, Omaha, Neb.,1892-1899. Member of Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. Editor otthe Jewish American. Organizer of congregations at Lincoln,Neb., Port Huron, Saginaw, and Lansing, Mich. Publication:" A Ritual for Children's Sabbath Services and Religious SchoolDevotions." Address: 71 Brainard, Detroit, Mich.

Freedman, Samuel Aaron. Cantor of Congregation B'naiAmoona, St. Louis, Mo. Born September 26, 1863, at Minsk, Rus-sia. Son of Israel Freedman. Educated at Minsk, Vilna, andthe Warsaw Conservatory of Music. Held positions in Pone-viezh, Russia, and Cleveland, Ohio. Publications: " Manual ofHarmony; " articles on music. Address: 932 North 14th, St.Louis, Mo.

Freedman, Wolf. Minister of Congregation B'nei Israel Sa-lanter, Anshe Samut, New York City. Born in Riga, Russia. Ad-dress: 99 Monroe, New York City.

Freund, Charles Joseph. Rabbi (since 1900) of CongregationShomer Emoonim, Toledo, Ohio. Born August 12, 1875, in NewYork City. Son of Abraham Freund. Educated at the Collegeof the City of New York (B. S., 1894); University of Cincinnati(B. L., 1898); and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi).Rabbi at Charleston, W. Va., 1899-1900. Address: 2346 Putnam,Toledo, Ohio.

Frey, Sigmund. Born in Neu Raussnitz, Moravia, Austria.Son of Hayim Frey. Educated at Gymnasium, Bruenn, Moravia.Rabbinical diploma granted by Dr. Samuel Gruen. Held posi-tions in Philadelphia, Pa.; Chicago, 111.; Springfield, 111.;Wabash, Ind.; and Altoona, Pa. Publications: " Homer and theBible;" "Comparisons of the World's Literature and RabbinicLore;" " Caveant Consules," etc. Address: 7524 Union Av.,Chicago, 111.

56 AMEKICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK

Fridlander, Hamen. Minister of Congregation Beth Joseph,Tupper Lake, N. Y. Born in the Government Kovno, Russia.Diploma conferred by Rabbi Solomon Tropp. Address: TupperLake, Franklin Co., N. Y.

Fried, Michael. Minister (since 1898) of Congregation Treeof Life, Pittsburg, Pa. Born May 30, 1875, in Hungary. Edu-cated at public schools, New York City; University of the Cityof New York; and Columbia University. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by the Jewish Theological Seminary of America. Min-ister of Congregation Ahavath Scholom Beth Aron, Brooklyn,N. Y., 1896-1897. Chaplain of the J. M. Gusky Orphanage ofWestern Pennsylvania. Address: 3432 Forbes, Pittsburg, Pa.

Friederman, Solomon Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation ShaareiJerusalem, Zitomir, and Ein Jacob, Boston, Mass. Born May 10,1866, at Vilna, Russia. Son of Boruch M. Friederman. Rab-binical diploma received from Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector,Kovno. Was Rabbi in Congregation Kol Israel, New York City.Publications: " Emeth Weemuno;" " Minchos Jacob." Address:116 Salem, Boston, Mass.

Friedlander, Jeremiah. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Hamed-rosh Hagodol of Agudath Achim, Baltimore, Md. Born Janu-ary 29, 1867, at Brisk, Government Kovno, Russia. Son of Nehe-miah Friedlander. Educated at Vilna and Miro, Russia. Rab-binical diploma received from Rabbi Levinson, Baltimore.Teacher at Hebrew School, Baltimore. Address: 908 Granby,Baltimore, Md.

Friedlander, Joseph. Rabbi of Congregation Emanuel, Beau-mont, Texas. Born in 1855, at Edinburgh, Scotland. Son ofMyer Friedlander. Educated at Newcastle on Tyne and Mid-dlesborough and at Jews' College, London, Eng. Was Assist-ant Minister of St. Kilda Hebrew Congregation, Victoria, Aus-tralia; Minister of North West London Synagogue; for fouryears private secretary to the Chief Rabbi of the British Empire;and Secretary to the English Zionist Federation. Contributor tothe Jewish press of England and America. Address: 970 Lib-erty, Beaumont, Texas.

*Friedlander, M. Rabbi of First Hebrew Congregation, Oak-land, Cal. Address: 1109 Castro, Oakland, Cal.

*Friedman, Aaron. Rabbi at Minneapolis, Minn. Rabbi, 1893,Hebrew Union College.


Friedman, Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Ohev SholomHarrisburg, Pa. Born January 21, 1865, at Shaky, Russia. Sonof Solomon Friedman and Esther Berkmann. Educated at Dr.Kirschstein's Institute, Berlin; Teacher's Seminary, Hanover; andJews' College, London, Eng. Rabbinical diplomas conferred byRabbi Dr. Groneman, Hanover, and Kirchenrat Dr. Th. Kronen,Stuttgart. Was Rabbi of North West London Synagogue; and ofTemple Israel, Amsterdam, N. Y. Address: 1515 Penn, Harris-burg, Pa.

Friedman, "William S. Rabbi (since 1890) of CongregationEmanuel, Denver, Colo. Born October 24, 1868, at Chicago, 111.Son of Nathan Friedman. B. H. L. and Rabbi, Hebrew Union Col-lege; B. L., University of Cincinnati. Married Juliet Freyhan,New Orleans, La., April 29, 1903. Address: Hotel Metropole,Denver, Colo.

Frommer, Jacob abn, the Levite. Rabbi of CongregationBikur Cholim Bnay Abraham, New Haven, Conn. Born Shebat1, 5614, in Riga, Russia. Son of Eleazar abn Frommer. Edu-cated at Riga, Plotsk, Vilna, and Kovno, in Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma granted by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno; RabbiJacob Joseph, Sager; Rabbi Hirsch Rabinowitz, Mitau; RabbiMoses Shapira, Riga; Rabbi Eliezer Gordon, Kelem; and RabbiYechiel Michael, Janishak; all in Russia. Was Rabbi at Krash-nudvin and Pernau, in Russia, and at Cleveland, Ohio. Address:72 York, New Haven, Conn.

Gerechter, Emanuel. Rabbi (since 1892) of Temple Zion, Ap-pleton, Wis. Born November 15, 1842, at Borek, Prussia. Sonof Louis Gerechter. Educated by father, teacher at Lissa, Posen,Prussia; at Talmudical College and Gymnasium of Lissa, and atBreslau, Germany. Came to America in 1866. Held positions inNew York City, 1866-1871; Detroit, Mich., 1871-1874; GrandRapids, Mich., 1874-]880; Milwaukee, Wis., 1880-1892. Professorof German at Central High School and Ladies' Bacon Seminary,Grand Rapids, Mich., 1874-1880. Since 1894 Professor of Hebrewand German Literature (head of German Department), Law-rence University, Appleton, Wis. Address: Appleton, Wis.

Ginsburg, David. Rabbi of Congregations Beth Israel andBeth Hakneses Hachodesh, Rochester, N. Y. Born March 3,1869 at Widz, Russia. Son of Isaac Ginsburg. Educated inRussia, at Vilna, Kovno, Eiseshok, and St. Petersburg. Rabbini-cal diplomas conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno,and Rabbi Samuel Mohilever, Bielostok. Publication: " Giloion


Maharil" (on the Mishna). Address: 21 Harrison, Rochester,N. Y.

Gittelsohn, Benjamin. Rabbi of Congregation Shaare Torah,Cleveland, Ohio. Born in 1853, in Russia. Son of Jehuda Gittel-sohn. Educated at Kovno, Russia, and received a Rabbinicaldiploma from the Rabbi of Kovno and others. Held two posi-tions in Russia. Publication: " Ha-Poteah Ve-ha-hotem (a col-lection of Halachic and Hagadic discourses in Hebrew). Ad-dress: 313 Orange, Cleveland, 0.

Glass, Herman. Cantor (since 1878) of Congregation ChizzukEmoonah, Baltimore, Md. Born January 24, 1852, in Sorau, Up-per Silesia, Germany. Son of Abram Glass. Educated in Gym-nasiums of Gleiwitz and Beuthen, Upper Silesia, and by CantorDeutsch, Breslau, Germany. Came to America in 1878. Heldpositions in "Westphalia and the Rhineland, Germany. Address:1717 McCulloh, Baltimore, Md.

Glazer, Simon. Rabbi (since 1903) of Congregation B'naiIsrael, Des Moines, Iowa. Born January 21, 1878, at Erzwelig,Government Kovno, Russia. Son of Abraham Elijah Glazer.Educated at various Talmudical Colleges in Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma received from Rabbi Solomon D. Sprintz, Paris (now atMontreal;, 1897. Was Rabbi at Altoona, Pa. (1897); Bradford,Pa. (1899); Houston, Texas (1900); Dallas, Texas (1902); andNew Orleans, La. (1902). Came to America in 1896. Contribu-tor to the Yiddish, English-Jewish, and Hebrew press. Address:901 East 6th, Des Moines, Iowa.

*Grhick, B. Rabbi of Congregation Oheb Sholom, Newark, N. J.Address: 274 Littleton Av.,- Newark, N. J.

Goldberg', Michael. Minister of Congregation Dorshei Tove,Philadelphia, Pa. Born December 20, 1857, in Russia, and edu-cated there. Son of Benjamin Goldberg. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by Rabbi Teumime. Address: 207 Vine, Philadel-phia, Pa.

Goldberg, Samuel I.ouis. Cantor of Congregation AnscheNejen Nussach Ho-Ari, Baltimore, Md. Born May 7, 1863, inGovernment Kovno, Russia. Son of Abraham Goldberg. Edu-cated at Eiseshok, Russia. Musical education under privateteachers. Was teacher in Russia, 1883-1888. Address: 1103 Or-leans, Baltimore. Md.

Goldfarb, Israel. Cantor of Congregation B'nai Jeshurun,Tompkinsville, Staten Island, N. Y. Born January 1, 1881, at


Lieniava, Galicia. Son of David Goldfarb. Educated at Lieniava(Talmud and music); high school, New York City; and JewishTheological Seminary of America (Diploma). Address: Tomp-kinsville, S. I., New York City.

Goldfarb, Jacob. Minister of Congregation Beth Israel, Wash-ington, Pa. Born March 7, 1871, in Russia, and educated there.Son of Samuel Goldfarb. Address: Washington, Pa.

Goldstein, Morris. Cantor (since 1880) of K. K. Bene Israel,Cincinnati, Ohio. Born April 7, 1840, at Kecskemet, Hungary.Son of Samuel Goldstein. Educated at Vienna, Austria. Cantorfor twelve years of Congregations Ansche Chesed and ShaarHashomayim, New York City. Publications: " Zimrath Yah"(in collaboration with A. Kaiser and S. Welsh); " Kol Zimroh,"and "The Temple Service" (both in collaboration with others).Address: Mound Str. Temple, 8th and Mound, Cincinnati, Ohio.

Gordon, Max. Cantor (since 1901) of the Society AhwatChesed, New London, Conn. Born June, 1875, in Vilna, Russia.Sou of Morris Gordon. Rabbinical diploma granted by RabbiSolomon, Vilna, Rabbi Cantor, and Rabbi Berenstein. Came toAmerica in 1899. Rabbi at Meriden, Conn., 1899-1901. Address:54 Bradley, New London, Conn.

Gorovitz, Aaron, Rabbi of Congregation Bnay Israel, Woon-socket, R. I. Born March 15, 1870, in Russia. Son of MosesSolomon Soloweitzik. Educated at Vilna, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Solomon Katz. Held positions in St.John, New Brunswick, and Newburgh, N. Y. Chaplain Mattea-wan State Hospital, N. Y. Address: 400 Diamond Hill R., Woon-socket, R. I.

Grafman, It. Cantor of Congregation Oheb Sholem, Washing-ton, D. C. Born in Russia. Son of Leib Grafman. Educated atVilna. Held positions in Bradford, Pa., Richmond, Va., and Bal-timore, Md. Address: Washington, D. C.

Grafman, Saul. Cantor of Beth Hamedrash Hagodol, Pitts-burg, Pa. Born October, 1872, in Vilna, Russia, and educatedthere. Son of Louis Grafman. Rabbinical diplomas conferredby Rabbis in Russia. Address: 24 Logan, Pittsburg, Pa.

Greenburg, 'William H. Rabbi of Temple Emanu-El, Dallas,Texas. Born April 27, 1868, at London, Eng. Son of HenryGreenburg. Educated at University College and Jews' College,London, and Monteflore College, Ramsgate, Eng. M. A. and Ph. D.,


Heidelberg University. Rabbinical diploma granted by HahamDr. Moses Gaster, London. Was Rabbi at Albuquerque, N. M.,and Sacramento, Cal. Publication: " The Haggadah according tothe Rite of Yemen, with Arabic-Hebrew Commentary." Address:108 Browden, Dallas, Texas.

Greenfield, Samuel. Rabbi (since 1899) of Mount Zion Con-gregation, New York City. Born April 6, 1870, at Kaschau, Aus-tria-Hungary. Son of Solomon Greenfield and Bertha Friedman.Educated at Kaschau, New York City, and Cincinnati, Ohio.Rabbi, Hebrew Union College; B. L. University of Cincinnati.Rabbi at Peoria, 111., 1891-1893; Rodeph Shalom Congregation,Pittsburg, Pa., 1893-1896; and Temple Beth Elohim, Brooklyn,N. Y., 1896-1899. Editor of the Jewish Criterion, 1895-1898. Ad-dress: 22 East 114th, New York City.

Gries, Moses J. Rabbi (since 1892) of Congregation TiferethIsrael, Cleveland, Ohio. Born January 25, 1868, at Newark, N. J.Educated at University of Cincinnati (B. L., 1889), and HebrewUnion College (Rabbi, 1889). Rabbi at Chattanooga, Tenn.,1889-1892. President Educational League; organizer of first"Open Temple; " President Alumni Association Hebrew UnionCollege. Address: 45 Oakdale, Cleveland, Ohio.

Gross, Alexander. Minister (since 1890) of CongregationAdath Jeshurun, Philadelphia, Pa. Born December 4, 1884, atTauber Bischofsheim, Germany. Son of Abraham Gross. Edu-cated at Tauber Bischofsheim and Karlsruhe. Diplomas awardedby Dr. I. Geismar and Dr. Altman. Held positions at Petersburg,Va., for eleven years; and at Easton, Pa., for eight years. Ad-dress: 1924 North Franklin, Philadelphia, Pa.

Grossmann, Louis. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Yeshurun,Cincinnati, Ohio. Born February 24, 1863. Son of Rabbi IgnatzGrossmann (author of " Mikraoth Ketanoth"). Educated atUniversity of Cincinnati (B. A.) and Hebrew Union College(Rabbi and D. D.). Rabbi of Temple Beth El, Detroit, Mich.,1884-1898. Professor of Theology at Hebrew Union College. WasSecretary Central Conference of American Rabbis and MemberExecutive Board. Publications: " Judaism and the Science ofReligion; " " Maimonides; " "Responses, Psalms, and Hymns; ""Life and Writings of Isaac M. Wise" (edited in conjunctionwith David Philipson). Address: 2212 Park Av., Walnut Hills,Cincinnati, Ohio.

Grossman, Rudolph. Rabbi of Temple Rodeph Sholom,New York City. Born July 24, 1867, at Vienna, Austria. Son of


Rabbi Ignatz Grossman. Educated at University of Cincinnati(B. L.) and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi and D. D.). Address:1347 Lexington Av., New York City.

Guinsburg-, Theodore. Cantor of Congregation AhawathChesed Shaar Hashomayim, New York City. Born October 29,1847, in Kalwarya, Poland. Son of Moses Guinsburg. Educatedin Russia and Berlin. Was Cantor in Hartford, Conn. Address:258 West 113th, New York City.

Guranowsky, Abraham. Rabbi (since 1878) of CongregationEmunath Israel, New York City. Born December 21, 1848, atWloclawek, Poland. Son of Israel Guranowsky and Gitel Zloto.Educated at the Talmudical Colleges of Brisk, Plotsk, Konin, andKutno, in Russia. Rabbinical diplomas conferred by RabbiJoseph N. Caro, Rabbi Baer Mattrich, Libronietz; and the Rabbiof Isbitz. Address: 311 West 27th, New York City.

Guttmacher, Adolf. Rabbi of the Baltimore (Md.) HebrewCongregation. Born January 7, 1861, in Germany. Son of Man-heim Guttmacher. Educated at the Jiidisches Lehrer Seminar,Berlin; University of Cincinnati (B. L.); Hebrew Union College(Rabbi); and Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D.). Was Rabbiat Fort Wayne, Ind. Publication: "Optimism and Pessimismin the Old and New Testaments." Address: 2239 Bolton Ave.,Baltimore, Md.

Guttman, Adolph. Rabbi (since 1883) of the Society of Con-cord, Syracuse, N. Y. Born August, 1854, in Austria. Son ofHirsch Guttman. Educated at Leipnik, Austria, Pressburg, Hun-gary, and Universities of Berlin, Vienna, and Zurich (Ph. D.).Rabbinical diplomas conferred by Rabbi H. Dembitzer, Cracow,Galicia; Dr. Leopold Stein, Frankfort on the Main; and theHochschule, Beth Hamidrash, Vienna. Until recently Professorof Semitics in Syracuse University. Was Rabbi at Hohenems,Tyrol. Address: 102 Walnut Park, Syracuse, N. Y.

Hailperin, Baer. Rabbi (since 1888) of Congregation Mish-nayes, Newark, N. J. Born in Russia, in 1859. Son of MordecaiHailperin and Feige Schapira. Educated at Minsk, Russia, thechief rabbis of which conferred the Rabbinical diploma upon him.Held Rabbinical positions in Russia (1885) and Albany, N. Y.(1887). Founder of the Kosher Meat System and the PassoverRelief Fund in Newark. Address: 229 Court, Newark, N. J.

Harris, Maurice H. Rabbi of Temple Israel of Harlem, NewYork City. Born November 9, 1859, in London, Eng. Son of


Henry L. Harris. Educated in London and at Columbia Univer-sity (M. A. and Ph. D.). Rabbinical diploma conferred byEmanu-El Theological Seminary Association, New York City.Publication: " The People of the Book "(Biblical History, 3 vols.).Address: 10 East 129th, New York City.

Harrison, Leon.. Rabbi of Temple Israel, St. Louis, Mo. BornAugust 13, 1866, at Liverpool, Eng. Son of Gustave Harrison.Educated at public schools of New York City; College of the Cityof New York; and Columbia University. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by Emanu-El Theological Seminary Association, NewYork City. Was Rabbi of Temple Israel, Brooklyn, N. Y. Ad-dress: Temple Israel, St. Louis, Mo.

Heclit, Sigmund. Rabbi (since 1899) of Congregation B'naiB'rith, Los Angeles, Cal. Born August 1, 1849, at Hlinik, Hun-gary. Son of Moritz Hecht. Educated privately by his father;at Zsolna, Hungary; and at the High School, Seminary, and Uni-versity at Vienna. Additional instruction in New York. Rab-binical diploma granted by the Rabbi of Bistritz, Hungary. D. D.,1886, University of Alabama. Rabbi at Montgomery, Ala., 1876-1888; of Temple Emanu-El, Milwaukee, W.is., 1888-1899. Publica-tion: " Post-Biblical History." Address: 817 Beaver, Los An-geles, Cal.

Heinberg, Tsrael. Rabbi (since 1889) of Congregation B'naiIsrael, Monroe, La. Born March, 1858, at Padberg, Westphalia,Germany. Son of Bendix Heinberg. Educated at Jewish Sem-inary, Miinster, Westphalia, and University of Bonn. Rabbinicaldiploma received from the Curatorium of the Mark-HaindorfSeminary. Was Rabbi at Pensacola, Fla., for one year, and atAlexandria, La., for two years. Address: 112 Jackson, Mon-roe, La.

Heller, H. Rabbi of Congregation Poale Zedek, Chicago, 111.Born in Bakau, Roumania. Address: 19 O'Brien, Chicago, 111.

Heller, Maxmillian. Rabbi (since 1887) of Temple Sinai,New Orleans, La. Born January 1, 1860, at Prague, Bohemia.Son of Seligmann Heller and Mathilde Kassowitz. Educated atthe Neustadter Gymnasium, Prague; Hebrew Union College(Rabbi); and University of Cincinnati (B. L. and M. L.). Rabbi,1884-1886, of Zion Congregation, Chicago, 111.; 1886-1887, of Con-gregation Beth-El, Houston, Texas. Address: 1828 Marengo, NewOrleans, La.

Hershman, Joel. Cantor of Congregation Bnei Abraham, Ha-gerstown, Md. Born January 1, 1883, at Minsk, Russia. Son of


David Hershman. Educated at Dvinsk and Vilna, Russia. Heldpositions at Lintop, Russia, and Waterbury, Conn. Address: 252Frederick, Hagerstown, Md.

Hess, Emanuel L. Born August 12, 1845, at Meerholz, Kurhes-sen, Germany. Son of David Hess. Educated at Gymnasium ofHanau, at Marburg, and Frankfort on the Main (under RabbisS. R. Hirsch and Leopold Stein). Was Rabbi at Kansas City,Mo., 1871-1876; Shreveport, La., 1876-1888; and St. Paul, Minn.,1888-1899. Publications: "Treatise on the Shulchan Aruch; ""Guide for Confirmation;" "Catechism;" "Ritual for Children'sServices." Address: 52 Tilton, St. Paul, Minn.

*Hirscli, Emil G. Rabbi (since 1880) of Chicago (111.) SinaiCongregation. Born May 22, 1852, at Luxemburg. Son of RabbiSamuel Hirsch and Louise Nickolls. B. A. (1872), M. A. (1875),University of Pennsylvania; Ph. D. (1876), University of Leipzig;LL. D., Austin College; and L. H. D., Western University. Studiedat the Berlin Hochschule fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums(Rabbi, 1877). Rabbi of Har Sinai Congregation, Baltimore, Md.,in 1877; of Congregation Adath Israel, Louisville, Ky., 1878-1880.Professor of Rabbinical Literature and Philosophy at Universityof Chicago since 1888. Editor of the Reform Advocate. EditorJewish Encyclopedia Department of the Bible. Address: 3612Grand Boulevard, Chicago, 111.

Hirschberg, Abram. Rabbi (since 1898) of North Chicago He-brew Congregation, Chicago, 111. Born August 10, 1876, at Cin-cinnati, Ohio. Son of Maurice A. Hirschberg. Educated at Uni-versity of Cincinnati (B. A.); University of Chicago; and He-brew Union College (B. H. L., B. D., and Rabbi, 1898). Address:294 La Salle Av., Chicago, 111.

Hirschowitz, Abraham Eber. Rabbi (since 1898) of Congre-gation Sons of Israel, New York City. Born in 1845, in Shilel,Russia. Son of Samuel Hirschowitz and Hannah Kirschstein.Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rabbinical diploma conferred byRabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno; Rabbi Jacob Saul Eliashar,Jerusalem; Dr. Nathan Adler and Rabbi Jacob Rheinowitz, Lon-don, Eng. Held positions as Superintendent of the Poor Jews'Shelter, London, for five years; as teacher in the Jews' FreeSchool, London; as Rabbi of Congregation Beth Hamedrash Chev-rah Torah, Melbourne, Australia; and as Rabbi in San Francisco,Cal., for one year; and in New York City, for seven years. Sent,in 1884, by German Rabbis, to the Anglo-Jewish ColonizationSociety of London concerning the colonization of Palestine.Called to Japan in 1895 to decide a religious question. Publica-


tions: " Minchat Marchesas " (dedicated to Sir Moses Monteflore);Memorial Address on Mr. Lawrence Oliphant; "Religious Dutiesof the Daughters of Israel." Address: 61 East Broadway, NewYork City.

Hirsdansky, Samuel Z'vi. Rabbi of B'nai Pithche Teshubah,New York City. Born Ab 7, 5608, at Kovno, Russia. Son ofAbraham Isaac Hirsdansky and Rachel Miriam Iviensky. Edu-cated at Talmudical Colleges of Kovno and Volosin, Russia.Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector,Kovno. Was Rabbi in Congregations Anshei Emeth, AgudathAchim Chesed Shel Emeth, Anshei Makowa, and Anshei Kroz, allin New York City. Founder of an Old People's Home; a Societyfor the Aid of the Sick; a Kosher Food House for Jewish Soldiers;a Free Transportation Society, etc.; all in Kovno. Was Gabai ofthe Kovno Talmudical College. Address: 10 East 103rd, NewYork City.

Hirshberg1, Samuel. Rabbi (since 1895) of CongregationOhabei Shalom, Boston, Mass. Born December 14, 1869, at Cin-cinnati, Ohio. Son of Maurice A. Hirshberg and Sarah Samuels.Educated at Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1891); University ofCincinnati (B. L., 1891); and Harvard University (M. A., 1902).Was Rabbi of Congregation Achduth Vesholom, Fort Wayne, Ind.,1891-1895. Married, October 24, 1899, Jeannette Rosalie Hirsh-berg. Address: 30 Coolidge, Brookline, Mass.

Hochheimer, Henry. Born October 3, 1818, at Ansbach, Mid-dle Franconia. Son of Rabbi Isaac Hochheimer. Rabbinical ed-ucation under his grandfather, Rabbi Moses Hochheimer, Ans-bach; Rabbi Guggenheimer, Kriegshaber; and Rabbi Hirsch Aub,Munich, from the last of whom he received the Rabbinical author-ization (1845). Secular education at the Lateinschule, Ansbach;Gymnasium, Augsburg; and University of Munich (Ph. D.). As-sistant Rabbi to his father in Ichenhausen, 1844-1849; Rabbi ofthe Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, 1849-1859; Rabbi of Congre-gation Oheb Israel, Baltimore, 1859-1892. Made Rabbi Emeritusin 1892. Contributor to the Jewish press, especially in Germany,since 1841. Forced to leave Germany on account of seditiousaddresses and articles published in 1848 in Der Grenzbote, and DieZeitung fur die elegante Welt. Address: Hebrew Hospital andAsylum, Baltimore, Md.

Hummel, Benno "W. Assistant Cantor (since 1903) of Congre-gation Chizzuk Emoonah, Baltimore, Md. Born March 10, 1866,at Fischach, Bavaria. Son of Heinrich Hummel and Fanni Ellin-ger. Educated at the Talmud Torah of Schwabach and Burg-


preppaci, Bavaria. Holds a teacher's diploma (1884) of theSchwabach Imperial Seminary. Was Cantor at Harburg, Bava-ria, 1884-1886: Kirchberg, Prussia, 1886-1888; Hoffenheim, Baden,1888-1892; and of Congregation Shearith Israel, Baltimore, Md.,1892-1903. Came to America in 1892. Address: 2106 Callow Av.,Baltimore, Md.

Hurwitz, Isaac S. Rabbi of Congregation Shaare Torah andAgudath Achim, Hartford, Conn. Born October, 1868, at Nowo-prudok, Government Minsk, Russia. Son of Joseph B. Hurwitz.Educated at Talmudical College of Volosin, Russia. Rabbinicaldiplomas received from Rabbis Naftali Hirsch Berlin and IsaacElchanan Spector. Address: 76 Pleasant, Hartford, Conn.

Hurwitz, Reuben. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Abraham,Terre Haute, Ind. Born Shebat 14, 5625, at Kalwarya, Poland.Son of Hyman Isaac Hurwitz. Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rab-binical diploma received trom Rabbi Alexander Moses Lapidos,and others. Address: 327 South 12th, Terre Haute, Ind.

Isaacs, Abram S. Rabbi of Congregation Bnai Jeshurun (Na-than Barnert Memorial Temple), Paterson, N. J. Born August30, 1853, in New York City. Son of Rabbi Samuel Myer Isaacsand Jane Symmons. Educated at a collegiate school, New YorkCity; University of the City of New York (B. A., 1871; M. A.,1873; Ph. D., 1878); Breslau University (1874-1877); and BreslauJewish Theological Seminary (certificate three years' study). Pro-fessor of Hebrew, University of the City of New York, 1885-1894;Professor of German, University of the City of New York, 1889-1895; Professor of German Literature (post-graduate seminary),University of the City of New York, since 1895. Editor of theJewish Messenger, 1878-1903; of Hebraica, 1879. Consulting editorof Standard Dictionary. Founder of Children's Synagogues, 1878-1881. Publications: "Moses Chaim Luzzatto; " "Jewish FutureLife " (chapter in " That Unknown Country " ) ; " Stories fromRabbis; " " The Jews of New York " (chapter in Vol. IV Wilson's"Memorial History of New York") ; reviews and essays in peri-odical publications. Address: Paterson, N. J.

•Israeli, Phineas. Rabbi of Congregation Beth El Jacob, DesMoines, Iowa. Holds Rabbinical diploma of the Jewish Theo-logical Seminary of America.

Jacobs, Pizer W. Rabbi (since 1902) of Congregation B'naiSholom, Huntsville, Ala. Born December 31, 1876. Son of WolfeJacobs. B. D. and Rabbi, Hebrew Union College; B. A., Univer-sity of Cincinnati (Jones Prize); Rabbi at Albuquerque, N. M.,1900-1902. Address: P. O. Box 115, Huntsville, Ala.


Jaoobson, Jacob S. Minister of Zion Congregation of "WestChicago, 111. Born October 4, 1840, at Rendsburg, Holstein. Sonof Samuel Jacobson. Educated at Rendsburg, Hamburg-Altona,and London, Eng. Was teacher at Realgymnasium, Flensborg,Germany, 1862-1863, and teacher of the Jewish Congregation there.Rabbi of Washington Hebrew Congregation, Washington, D. C,1866-1870; B'nai Jeshurun Congregation, Paterson, N. J., 1870-1872; Congregation Berith Sholom, Easton, Pa., 1873-1881; He-brew Benevolent Congregation, Atlanta, Ga., 1881-1888; and Con-gregation B'nai Israel, Natchez, Miss., 1888-1896. Principal ofEnglewood Hebrew Education Society, Chicago, 111., 1898-1900.Address: 144 Warren Av., Chicago, 111.

Jacobson, Moses Perez. Rabbi of Hebrew Zion Congregation,Shreveport, La. Born August 25, 1864, at Fort Wayne, Ind. Sonof Elkan Jacobson and Fanny Rosenstein. Educated at HebrewUnion College (Rabbi, 1886); and University of Cincinnati (B. A.).Was Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Macon, Ga., for threeyears; Congregation Beth El, San Antonio, Texas, for two years;Congregation B'nai Israel, Salt Lake City, Utah, for three years;Congregation Rodef Sholem, Youngstown, Ohio, for two years;and Kehillath Anshe Maarabh, Chicago, 111., for three years. Ed-itor of the Jewish Chronicle, Mobile, Ala. Address: 750 Hope,Shreveport, La.

Jacobson, Simon. Cantor of Kehilath Jeshurun, New YorkCity. Born May 10, 1857, at Warsaw, Poland. Son of Isaac JacobJacobson. Educated at Warsaw, and Konigsberg, Prussia. Pre-ceptor in Ritual and Liturgy in Jewish Theological Seminary ofAmerica. Address: 123 East 82d, New York City.

Jastrow, Marcus. Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation RodephShalom, Philadelphia, Pa. Born June 5, 1829, at Rogasen, Prov-ince of Posen, Prussia. Son of Abraham Jastrow. Educated atRogasen; Gymnasium at Posen; and University of Berlin. Ph. D.,Halle; Litt. D., University of Pennsylvania. Rabbinical diplomasconferred by Rabbi Moses Feilchenfeld, Rogasen, and Rabbi Dr.Wolf Landau, Dresden. Held positions as preacher of the Ger-man Congregation of Warsaw, Poland; Rabbi at Worms, Ger-many; and Rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Shalom. Imprisonedin Warsaw; expelled for political reasons; recalled in 1862. Pub-lications: " Vier Jahrhunderte aus der Geschichte der Juden; "" Kazania" (collection of sermons in Polish); "Die Lage derJuden in Polen" (anonymous); "Die Vorliiufer der polnischenRevolution " (anonymous); " Dictionary of the Targumim, theTalmud Babli and Yerushalmi, and the Midrashic Literature; "contributions to Frankel's Monatsschrift, Revue des Etudes juives,Hebraica, etc. Address: 139 West Upsal, Germantown, Pa,

BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES 67

Joseph, Theodore F. Rabbi (since 1899) of Temple uts Hirsch,Seattle, Wash. Born October 2, 1875, at Neuviller, Alsace, Ger-many. Son of Joseph S. Joseph. Educated at public scnools ofLancaster, Pa.; Cornell University (B. A., 1896); Hebrew UnionCollege (Rabbi, 1899). Address: 607 Sixth Av., Seattle, Wash.

Kahn, Emanuel. Rabbi of United Hebrew Congregation, FortSmith, Ark. Born May 20, 1879, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Son ofMayer Kahn. Educated at public schools of Cincinnati. Rabbi,Hebrew Union College (1902); B. A. University of Cincinnati.Address: Fort Smith, Ark.

Kaiser, Alois. Cantor (since 1866) of Congregation OhebShalom, Baltimore, Md. Born November 10, 1840, at Szobotist,Hungary. Son of David Loeb Kaiser. Educated at Realschule,Vienna; Teacher's Seminary and Conservatory of Music, Vienna;Conservatory of Music, Prague; and Johns Hopkins University,Baltimore, Md. Was Cantor at Fiinfhaus, Vienna, and at theNeusynagoge, Prague. President Society of American Cantors;Honorary Member Central Conference of American Rabbis; Presi-dent Hebrew Education Society, Baltimore. Publications: " Zim-rath Yah" (musical service for the whole Jewish year); Psalms1, 29, 112, and 125 set to music;' Requiem for the Day of Atone-ment; Cantata for Simchath Torah; Confirmation and Consola-tion Hymns; (with Win. Sparger) Souvenir of the Jewish Wo-men's Congress at the World's Columbian Exposition; DedicationAnthem; compiler of the music of the Union Hymnal. Address:1713 Linden Av., Baltimore, Md.

Kamenetzky, Heiman M. Rabbi of Congregation NachlathZwie, New York City. Born October 15, 1840, in Lida, Russia.Son of Solomon Kamenetzky. Educated at the Talmudical Collegeof Volosin, Russia. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi IsaacElchanan Spector, Kovno. Address: 1837 Madison Av., New YorkCity.

Kaplan, Bernard Michael. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Is-rael, Sacramento, Cal. Born June 15, 1874, at Linkovo, Lithuania,Russia. Son of Michael Sheftel Kaplan. Educated at publicschools, New York City; Columbia University (B. A. and M. A.),and Jewish Theological Seminary of America (Rabbi). Principalof Mendes' Mission School, New York City, 1897; lecturer on Po-litical Economy at Young Men's Christian Association, New YorkCity; 1897-1898; Rabbi McGill College Avenue Synagogue, Mont-real, Can., 1897-1902. Publication: "Origin and Goal of Zionism,"published by the Canadian Federation of Zionists. Contributor tothe Jewish Criterion, Hebrew Watchword and Instructor, Open

68 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK

Court, and other papers. Address: 1017 Eighteenth, Sacramento,Cal.

Kaplan, Elias M. Cantor of Congregation Shomro Habrith,Reading, Pa. Born in Derevno, Government Vilna, Russia. Sonof Moses Kaplan. Educated at Vilna. Held a position in Shen-andoah, Pa. Address: 419 Cedar, Reading, Pa.

KartschmarofE, Edward. Cantor (since 1876) of CongregationB'nai Jeshurun, New York City. Born January 1, 1843, at Kher-son, Russia. Son of Lazar Kartschmaroff. Educated at Vienna,Austria. Was Cantor at Miskolcz and Szegedin, Hungary; in theNeusynagoge, Prague, Bohemia; and of Congregation ShaareRachamim (1873-187C), New York City. Address: 1143 LexingtonAv., New York City.

Kauvar, Charles Eliezer. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Med-rash Hagodol, Denver, Colo. Born Ab 14, 1879, at Vilna, Russia.Son of Solomon Zalkind Kauvar. Educated at Vilna and in NewYork City. Rabbi, 1902, Jewish Theological Seminary of America(Valedictorian); B. A., 1900, College of the City of New York(Ward Medal); M. A., Columbia University, New York. Address:2546 Champa, Denver, Colo.

Kleeberg, Levi. Rabbi of Congregation Berith Sholom, Easton,Pa. Born July 14, 1832, at Hofgeismar, Germany. Educated atHalberstadt and Gottingen (Ph. D.). Rabbinical diploma con-ferred by Dr. I. Hildesheimer. Held positions in Elberfeld, Ger-many; Louisville, Ky.; and New Haven, Conn. Address: 6thStreet Temple, Easton, Pa., or 211 East 85th, New York City.

Klein, David. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel, Columbus,Ohio. Born in 1868 at Hethars, Hungary. Son of Rabbi JoelKlein. Educated at a Talmudical College, a Gymnasium, theOhio State University (B. Ph., M. A.), and privately by his father.Rabbi of Congregation Rodef Shalom, Reading, Pa., 1890-1892;and of Akron (Ohio) Hebrew Congregation, 1893-1896. Publica-tions: "The Philosophy of Spinoza, with Reference to theSources; " ' 'The Influence of Spinoza on Modern Thought; ""Stoicism and Hassidism." Address: 526 East Main, Columbus,Ohio.

Klein, Henry. Rabbi (since 1896) of the Altoona (Pa.) He-brew Reform Congregation. Born June 25, 1859, at Hethars, Hun-gary. Son of Rabbi Joel Klein. Educated at the Gymnasium ofMiskolcz and Talmudical College of Beregsas, Hungary. Rabbini-cal diploma granted by Rabbi Moses Margarethen. Was Rabbi at


Amsterdam, N. Y., for three years, and Canton, Ohio, one year.Publication: " The Relation of Avicebron and Maimonides to Aris-totle." Address: 1123 Sixteenth Av., Altoor.a, Pa.

Klein, Israel. Rabbi of Congregation Bnai Israel, EvansvilleInd. Born July 19, 1877, at Zanesville, Ohio. Son of LeopoldKlein. Educated at public schools of Zanesville, Chicago, andCleveland; Jewish Orphan Asylum, Cleveland; high school, Cin-cinnati; University of Cincinnnati (B. A.); and Hebrew UnionCollege (B. H. L., and Rabbi, 1899, Valedictorian). Address: 514Upper 7th Street, Evansville, Ind.

Klein, Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation Emanuel, Statesville,N. C. Born May 12, 1870, at Nagy-Ida, Hungary. Son of Max Klein.Educated at Kaschau, Hungary. Attended several TalmudicalColleges, and was graduated at a teachers' seminary. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Billitzer, Nagy-Ida. Was Su-perintendent of Chicago Home for the Jewish Friendless; andRabbi of Congregations Agudath Achim and Ohave Zedek, Chi-cago, 111. Contributed articles and poems to Die Deborah. Ad-dress: 710 Kelly, Statesville, N. C.

Klein, Philip. Rabbi of the First Hungarian CongregationOhab Zedek, New York City. Born May 22, 1849, at Baracska,Hungary. Son of Hermann Klein. Educated at Talmudical Col-leges in Hungary, Gymnasium in Pressburg, and Universities ofVienna and Berlin (Ph. D.). Rabbinical diploma conferred byDr. H. B. Auerbach, Halberstadt. Was Rabbi in Libau, Russia.Address: 57 East 7th, New York City.

Koch, Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Beth-El, Pensacola, Fla.Born at Denver, Colo. Son of Daniel Koch. B. L., 1899, andM. A., 1901, University of Cincinnati; Rabbi, 1902, Hebrew UnionCollege. Address: 17 N. Pelafox, Pensacola, Fla.

Kohler, Kaufmann. Honorary Minister of Temple Beth El, NewYork City. Born May 10, 1843, at Furth, Bavaria. Son of MoritzKohler and Babette Loewemayer. Educated at Talmudical Col-leges of Hassfurt, Hoechburg near Wiirzburg, Mayence, Altona,Frankfort on the Main under Samson Raphael Hirsch, and at theUniversities of Munich, Berlin, Leipzig, and Erlangen (Ph. D.).Rabbinical diplomas granted by Dr. Joseph Aub, Berlin, and Dr.M. Loewemayer, Frankfort on the Oder. Rabbi of CongregationBeth El, Detroit, Mich., 1869-1870; Sinai Temple, Chicago, 111.,1871-1879; and Temple Beth El, New York City, 1879-1903. Presi-dent-elect of the Hebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio. Editorof the Department Theology and Philosophy, Jewish Encyclo-


pedia. For many years President New York Board of JewishMinisters. Convened the Pittsburg Conference of Reform Rabbis,1885. Publications: " Der Segen Jakobs; " "On Capital Punish-ment; " " Song of Songs; " "A Guide to Instruction in Judaism; "" Ethical Basis of Judaism; " " Testament of Job; " "Church andSynagogue in their Mutual Relations; " " Backwards or For-wards, Lectures on Reform Judaism;" " Pre-Talmudic Hagada."Editor " Collected Writings of Rev. Dr. David Einhorn." Ad-dress: 3016 Stanton Av., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kopfstein, Mayer. Born June 15, 1866, at Pressburg, Hun-gary. Son of Samuel Kopfstein. Rabbinical education at Press-burg, Mattersdorf, and Seret; secular education in Vienna, underthe guidance of Dr. A. Jellinek. Rabbinical diploma granted byRabbi Samuel Ehrenfeld. Held positions at Elmira, N. Y., fortwo years; in Congregation Ansche Chesed, New York City, forsix years; in Congregation Hand in Hand, New York City, fortwo years; and at Perth Amboy, N. J., for less than a year. Wasco-editor of Der Jude. Address: 162 East 108th, New York City.

Kornfeld, Joseph Saul. Rabbi of Congregation Anshe Emeth,Pine Bluff, Ark. Born February 12, 1876, at Aranyos Marot, Hun-gary. Son of Hermann Kornfeld. Educated at the schools ofNagy Topolcsany, Hungary; high school, Cincinnati; Universityof Cincinnati (B. A., 1898); University of Chicago; and HebrewUnion College (B. H. L. and Rabbi). Address: 715 W. 5th Av.,Pine Bluff, Ark.

Kory, Solomon Lysander. Rabbi of Congregation AnsheChesed, Vicksburg, Miss. Born November 21, 1879. Son of Abra-ham Kory. Educated at public schools of New Orleans, La., andCincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A., 1902); and He-brew Union College (B. H. L., B. D., and Rabbi). Address: Vicks-burg, Miss.

KouTcik, Leon. Cantor of Congregation Beth Elohim, Brook-lyn, N. Y. Born September 20, 1878, at Moscow, Russia. Son ofJacob Kourcik. Educated in Russia. Address: 143 Avenue B,New York City.

Krasnowetz, Nathan. Rabbi (since 1903) of CongregationAdath Israel, Owensboro, Ky. Born August 1, 1879, at Odessa,Russia. Son of Paul-Henry Krasnowetz. Educated at publicschools of Milwaukee, Wis.; University of Cincinnati (B. L., 1899;M. A., 1903); and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L., 1899, andRabbi, 1903). Acting Rabbi of Congregation Bethel, Muncie, Ind.,J901-1903, Address; Qwensboro, Ky,


Krauskopf, Joseph. Rabbi of Congregation Keneseth Israel,Philadelphia, Pa. Born January 21, 1858. Son of Hirsch Kraus-kopf. Rabbi and D. D., Hebrew Union College; B. A., Universityof Cincinnati. Was Rabbi at Kansas City, Mo. One of the organ-izers of the Jewish Publication Society of America; founder andPresident National Farm School; Special Relief Commissioner toCuba, 1898. Publications: "Jews and Moors in Spain;" "Evolu-tion and Judaism;" "A Rabbi's Impression of the OberammergauPassion Play." Address: 122 West Manheim, Germantown, Pa.

Krauskopf, Marcus. Rabbi (since 1893) of CongregationAtereth Israel, New York City. Born January 20, 1848, at Merk-lin, Bohemia. Son of Joseph Krauskopf. Educated at Pilsen,Bohemia. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Angelus Kafka,Pilsen. Rabbi of Congregation Shearith B'nai Israel, New YorkCity, 1883-1893. Past Grand Master Independent Order Free Sonsof Israel. Address: 236 East 79th, New York City.

Kulberg, Osias. Minister of Congregation Sons of Abraham,Minneapolis, Minn. Born August 15, 1834, in Austria. Son ofSimon Kulberg. Address: 1709 East 19th, Minneapolis, Minn.

Landau, Edmund A. Rabbi (since 1898) of CongregationB'nai Yisroel, Albany, Ga. Born December 17, 1875, at Hamilton,Ont., Can. Son of Rabbi Wolf Landau and Emma Alder-man. Educated at public schools, Bay City, Mich.; University ofCincinnati; and Hebrew Union College. Editor of the H. U. C.Journal, 1897-1898. Address: Albany, Ga.

Landau, Wolf. Rabbi (since 1877) of the Hebrew Reform Con-gregation, Bay City, Mich. Born April 3, 1841, near Konigsberg,Prussia. Son of Eliezer Landau, and descended from a long lineof Rabbis and teachers. Educated in Germany and Sweden.Rabbi at Schenectady, N. Y., 1864; Honesdale, Pa., 1865-1871;Titusville, Pa., 1872; Zanesville, Ohio, 1873; and Hamilton, Ont.,1874-1876. Address: 417 Adams, Bay City, Mich. (Deceased.)

Landsberg1, Max. Rabbi (since 1871) of Congregation BerithKodesh, Rochester, N. Y. Born February 26, 1845, at Berlin,Germany. Son of Rabbi Meyer LarTdsberg (Rabbi at Hildesheim,1846-1870). Educated privately by his father, and at the Gym-nasium Josephinum at Hildesheim, the Universities of Gottingen,Breslau, and Berlin, and the Jewish Theological Seminary, Bres-lau. Ph. D., University of Halle. Rabbinical diplomas conferredby Dr. L. Adler, Cassel; Dr. Sam. E. Meyer, Hanover; and Dr.Abraham Geiger. Was assistant to his father, and taught at theTeachers' Seminary, Hanover, Publications; "Hymns for


Jewish Worship; " "Ritual for Jewish Worship." Address: 420Main St., E., Rochester, N. Y.

Lasker, Hyman Max. Rabbi of Congregation Sharah Tephi-lah, Troy, N. Y. Born Adar 7, 5626, at Lomzha, Poland. Son ofWolf Lasker. Educated at Talmudical College at Kovno, Russia.Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector,Kovno. Was Rabbi at Bludne, Russia; Portland, Maine; and Buf-falo, N. Y. (Congregation B'nai Jacob). Came to America in the"eighties." Address: 7 Division, Troy, N. Y.

Lasker, Raphael. Rabbi Emeritus of Congregation OhabeiShalom, Boston, Mass. Born February 19, 1838, at Zirke, Prussia.Educated by his father, Rabbi Caro, Pinne; Rabbi Hirsch Schnei-demiihl, Obornick; and Rabbis Moses Feilchenfeld and Mendel,Rogasen, all in Posen; and at the Gymnasium of Gleiwitz and theUniversity of Giessen. Was Rabbi and founder of CongregationBnai Abraham, Portsmouth, Ohio, 1858; Rabbi of CongregationShaar Hashomayim, New York City, for nine years; of TempleIsrael, Brooklyn, N. Y., 1871-1876. Member of the Boston PublicSchool Board for six years. Editor of the New Era Jewish Maga-zine. Address: 31 Doane, Boston, Mass.

Lefkovits, Maurice. Rabbi of Congregation Monteflore, LasVegas, N. M. Born February 15, 1875, at Sator-Alja Ujhely, Hun-gary. Son of Hyam Lefkovits. Educated at Gymnasium of Press-burg, Hungary, and the Universities of Bern (Ph. D.), Marburg,and Berlin, and the Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1902). Pub-lications: " Die Staatslehre auf kantischer Grundlage; " " TheBook of Koheleth." Address: P. O. Box 482, Las Vegas, N. M.

Lefkowitz, David. Rabbi (since 1900) of K. K. B'nai Yeshu-run, Dayton, Ohio. Born April 11, 1875, at Eperies, Hungary.Son of Benjamin Lefkowitz. Educated at public schools of NewYork City; College of the City of New York (B. S.); University ofCincinnati (B. L.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1900).Address: 18 South Boulevard, Dayton, Ohio.

Leipziger, Emil William. Rabbi of Temple Israel, TerreHaute, Ind. Born December 18, 1877, at Stockholm, Sweden. Sonof Herman Leipziger. University of Cincinnati (B. A.), and He-brew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi). Address: 706 South5th, Terre Haute, Ind.

Leiser, Joseph. Rabbi of Temple Emanuel, Rondout, N. Y.Born in 1873, at Canandaigua, N. Y. Son of F. M. Leiser andHannah Stargradt. Educated at Rochester, N. Y., and University


of Chicago (B. A.)- Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Dr.E. G. Hirsch. Was Rabbi in Sioux City, Iowa, and Lafayette,Ind. Member of Summer Brook Colony, and of Arts and CraftsLeague. Publications: "Before the Dawn" (poems); "FromGeneration to Generation" (novel); and short stories publishedin the American Israelite, Menorah, and Jewish Gazette. Articlesin the Reform Advocate. Address: Kingston, N. Y.

*Leucht, Isaac L. Rabbi of Congregation Gates of Mercy of theDispersed of Judah, New Orleans, La. Son of Nahum ZeviLeucht. Member Executive Committee National Conference ofJewish Charities. Address: 844 Carondelet, New Orleans, La.

Leucht, Joseph. Rabbi (since 1868) of Temple B'nai Jeshu-run, Newark, N. J. Born March 15, 1840, in Darmstadt, Hessen.Son of Nahum Zevi Leucht. Educated in the Realschule of Darm-stadt. Rabbinical studies at Zell, near Wiirzburg, Bavaria.Rabbi and Cantor of the Baltimore Hebrew Congregation, 1859-1868. Address: 49 James, Newark, N. J.

Levi, Charles S. Rabbi (since 1898) of Anshai Emeth Con-gregation, Peoria, 111. Born May 20, 1868, at London, Eng. Sonof Sampson Levi. Educated in New York City; at grammar andhigh school, Cincinnati; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); andHebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1889). Associate Rabbi of TempleB'nai Yeshurun, Cincinnati, 1889-1898; Assistant Professor inRabbinica at Hebrew Union College, 1889-1898; Secretary CentralConference of American Rabbis, 1889-1898; Treasurer Central Con-ference of American Rabbis, 1899 to date; compiler and editor ofYear Book of the Conference, 1890-1898. Address: National Hotel,Peoria, 111.

Levi, Harry. Rabbi (since 1897) of Congregation Leshem Sha-mayim, Wheeling, W. Va. Born August 7, 1875, at Cincinnati,Ohio. Son of Isaac Levi and Belle Engelstein. Educated at pub-lic schools of Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati; and He-brew Union College (Rabbi, 1897). Publications: "A History ofCongregation Leshem Shamayim; " " Jewish Characters in Eng-lish Fiction." Address: Eoff St. Temple, Wheeling, W. Va.

Levin, J. M. Rabbi of Congregation Holche Yosher, WilkesBarre, Pa. Born July 15, 1870, at Konwalishka, Russia. Son ofDavid Levin. Educated in Russia at Volosin, Eiseshok, Oshmene,Smargon, and Luptz. Rabbinical diplomas conferred by RabbiIsaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno; Rabbi Solomon, Vilna; and RabbiJacob Joseph, New York City. Held positions at Fall River, Mass.;Bayonne, N. J., and Jersey City, N. J. Publication: " Leket


Yosher on Yore Deah." Address: 116 South Lincoln, WilkesBarre, Pa.

Levin, Judah L. Rabbi of United Orthodox Congregations,Detroit, Mich. Born Nisan 6, 5623, at Trab, Government Vilna,Russia. Son of Nahum P. Levin and Liba Abromovitz. Edu-cated at Volosin and Kovno, Russia. Rabbinical diplomas re-ceived from Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno, and RabbiHirsch Leb Berlin, Volosin. Was Rabbi in Liskeveh, Govern-ment Suvalki, Russia; Rochester, N. Y.; and New Haven, Conn.Address: 151 Division, Detroit, Mich.

Levin, Max. Cantor of Congregation Talmud Torah, Portland,Ore. Born in Minsk, Russia. Son of Louis Levin. Educated atMinsk and Kovno, Russia. Diploma conferred by I. Minsker.Held positions in New York City; Montreal, Can.; and Winnipeg,Manitoba. Address: 602 First, Portland, Ore.

Levinson, Meyer Abraham. Cantor of Congregation B'naiIsrael, New York City. Born January 4, 1870, at Kovno, Russia,and educated there. Son of William Levinson. Address: 427East 79th, New York City.

Levinthal, Bernhard Louis. Rabbi of Congregations BnaiAbraham, Poale Zedek, Bnai Reuben, Shaare Zedek, Tifereth Is-rael, and Orsi Chayim, Philadelphia, Pa. Born May 12, 1864, atKovno, Russia. Son of Rabbi Abraham Levinthal. Educated atKovno, Vilna, and Bielostok, Russia. Rabbinical diplomasawarded by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno, and Rabbi Sam-uel Mohilever. Honorary Vice-President Federation of AmericanZionists, and Vice-President Union of Orthodox Rabbis of Amer-ica. Founder of communal institutions in Philadelphia. Contri-butor to the press. Address: 716 Pine, Philadelphia, Pa.

Levy, Abraham B,. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Abraham,Chicago, 111. Born October 24, 1858, in Germany. Son of LeonardLevy and Stella Bach. Educated under Dr. M. Lehmann, at May-ence; at Frankfort on the Main; at the Berlin Lehrer Seminar;and the University of Georgia (B. Ph., 1884). Was Rabbi atFrankisch Crumbach, Germany; Erie, Pa.; and Waco, Tex. Foun-der (1880) and Corresponding Secretary Jewish Agriculturists'Aid Society of America. Address: 1180 Douglas Bldg., Chicago,111.

*Levy, David. Rabbi of Congregation Mishkan Israel, NewHaven, Conn. Address: 169 Audubon, New Haven, Conn.


I*evy, Joseph Leonard. Rabbi of Congregation Rodeph Sha-lom, Pittsburg, Pa. Born November, 18G5, in London, Eng. Sonof Rabbi Solomon Levy. Educated at Jews' College, and Univer-sity College (B. A.), London. Was Rabbi in the Bristol(Eng.) Hebrew Congregation; Congregation B'nai Israel, Sacra-mento, Cal.; and Congregation Keneseth Israel, Philadelphia, Pa.Founder of Philadelphia Sterilized Milk, Ice, and Coal Society,and of the Home of Delight, Philadelphia. Publications: Trans-lation of " Tractate Rosh Hashana of the Babylonian Talmud; ""Home Service for the Passover; " "The Children's Service; ""A Book of Prayer; " "The Jews' Belief; " Sunday Lectures (tenvols.). Address: 1526 Denniston Av. E. E., Pittsburg, Pa.

Levy, Meyer S. Rabbi (since 1891) of Congregation BethIsrael, San Francisco, Cal. Born January 16, 1852, at London,Eng. Son of Rabbi Solomon Levy (Minister of the Boro' Syna-gogue, London). Educated at the Jews' Free School, London.M. A. (Hon., 1880), University of the Pacific. Rabbi of BikourCholim Congregation, San Jose, Cal., 1872-1881; and of First He-brew Congregation, Oakland, Cal., 1881-1891. Released thirty-seven Galicians from penal servitude at Honolulu, and performedfirst Jewish marriage there. Consecrated first Jewish cemetery atTacoma, Wash. Address: 1230 Ellis, San Francisco, Cal.

Iiewlnthal, Isidore. Rabbi of Congregation Ohavai Sholom,Nashville, Tenn. Born October 17, 1849, at Seelow, Germany. Sonof Solomon Lewinthal and Dinah Elcus. Educated in Germany.Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Jas. K. Gutheim. Heldpositions in Baton Rouge, La., and San Antonio, Texas. Publica-tion: "Scripture Questions." Address: 1912 West End Av., Nash-ville, Tenn.

Xieberman, Max. Cantor (since 1903) of Congregation Shea-rith Israel, Baltimore, Md. Born September 14, 1867, at Brest-Litovsk, Russia. Son of Simcha David Lieberman. Musical, Tal-mudical (under Rabbi Joseph Beer Solavaitzik) and secular edu-cation in the schools of Brest-Litovsk. Came to America in 1891.Held positions, in various capacities, in Congregation Tree ofLife, Pittsburg, Pa.; Congregation Gemiluth Chesed, Titusville,Pa.; First Hebrew Orthodox Congregation, Bradford, Pa.; Congre-gation Bnei Moshe, Evansville, Ind.; Congregation Adath Israel,Nashville, Tenn.; and Congregation Beth Israel, Milwaukee, Wis.Address: Baltimore, Md.

Lifshitz, Sander. Rabbi (since 1894) of Congregations AhaveSholem and Yad Haruzim, Cincinnati, Ohio. Born in 5006 atMinsk, Russia. Son of Eliezer Haim Lifshitz. Educated in Rus-

N C W YORK U N I V E R S I T YWAStil«£T3S SOLiARE COLLEGE• L I B R A R Y •


sia at Minsk, Stavisk, Volosin, and Lomzha. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by Rabbi Misel, Lodz, and Rabbi Levin, Vilna. Address:566 Carlisle Av., Cincinnati, Ohio.

Light, Fabian. Rabbi of Congregation Ateris Zvie. Born inPudewitz, Germany. Son of Israel Light. Educated at Posen.Rabbinical diploma granted by Rabbi Moses Ungar. Was Rabbiin Congregation Darech Amuno, New York City. Address: 178East 108th, New York City.

•Liknaitz, David. Rabbi at Syracuse, N. Y. Studied at theJewish Theological Seminary of America. Address: 607 East La-fayette, Syracuse, N. Y.

Loewenberg, William. Cantor of Congregation Rodeph Sha-lom, Philadelphia, Pa. Born in 1854, at Frankfort on the Main.Son of Ferdinand Loewenberg. Educated at the Realschule derisraelitischen Religions Gesellschaft, Frankfort, and HebrewUnion College. Held positions in John Street Temple, Cincin-nati, Ohio; Congregation Shaar Hashomayim, New York City;and Ansche Chesed, Scranton, Pa. Publication: "UnionHymnal" (in collaboration with others). Address: 1842 North13th, Philadelphia, Pa.

Lubin, Jacob. Minister (since 1898) of Congregation BethIsrael, Plattsburg, N. Y. Born January 13, 1859, in Germany.Son of Hyman Lubin. Educated in Germany. Diplomas con-ferred by Dr. Oppenheim, Thorn, and Dr. Rosenstein, Graudenz.Held positions in Rathenow, Brandenburg, Prussia; Regen-walde, Pommerania, Prussia; Pottsville, Pa., for four years;Trenton, N. J., for two years; Orange, N. J., for live years; andNew York City, for one year. Address: 57 Cornelia, Plattsburg,N. Y.

Lublinsky, Morris. Cantor of Temple Zichron Ephraim, NewYork City. Born September 6, 1855, at Wloclawek, Poland. Sonof Heyman Lublinsky. Educated at Konigsberg, Prussia. Diplo-mas conferred by Royal Music Director Weintraub, L. Lewan-dowski, C. Berneker, M. Landien, and others. Held positions inSchneidemlihl and Thorn, Prussia. Address: 242 East 71st,New York City

Xuebke, 3VC. J. Cantor and Lecturer in Congregation ShaareZedek, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born February 22, 1843, at Hamburg,Germany. Son of Joseph Luebke. Educated at Altona. Rab-binical diploma conferred by Jacob Aaron Ettlinger. Was Rabliiof Congregations Bikur Cholim and Gates of Hope, New York


City, and of Congregation Sheerith Yisroel and Temple Beth El,Brooklyn, N. Y. Address: 174 Eckford, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Lyons, Alexander. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Elohim,Brooklyn, N. Y. Born June 19, 1867, at Mobile, Ala. Son ofSamuel Lyons. Educated at public schools of Mobile; Univer-sity of Cincinnati (B. L.); Columbia University; and HebrewUnion College (Rabbi). Was Rabbi at Terre Haute, Ind., andAlbany, N. Y. Married IdaEisendrath, Chicago, June 15, 1902.Publications: " Bible Talks; " " Story of Passover; " " Storyof Purim." Address: 224 Carroll, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Machol, M. Rabbi (since 1S76) of Anshe Chesed Congrega-tion, Cleveland, Ohio. Born November 13, 1845, at Kolmar-in-Posen. Son of Zadik Machol. Educated at Gymnasium ofSchneidemuhl, Germany; University of Breslau (Ph. D.); andTheological Seminary of Breslau (Rabbi). Rabbi m Leaven-worth, Kan., 1869-1872;' and Chicago, 111. (Congregation AnsheMaarabh), 1872-1876. Address: 216 Kennard, Cleveland, Ohio.

Magil, Julius M. Rabbi (since 1900) of Temple' Beth El,Corsicana, Texas. Born December 29, 1870, at Mitau, Courland,Russia. Son of Mendel Magil. Educated at Realgymnasiumand University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Talmudical Collegeof Grobin, Courland (Rabbi). Studied medicine at Fort WayneMedical College. Ph. D., Rogers College, 1898. Rabbi at Allen-town, Pa., 1892-1894; Reading, Pa., 1894-1896; and Ligonier, Ind.,1896-1900. Editor of the Jewish Home Journal, 1896-1900. Pub-lications: "From Pulpit and Platform;" "Biblical History;""Medicine in Bible, Talmud, and Ancient History; " " Fiihrerder Rathlosen." Address: Corsicana, Texas.

Maisner, Moses. Minister of Congregation Adath Israel, NewYork City. Born October 19, 1838, at Deva Wanya, Hungary.Son of Jehudah Maisner and Hannah Schlesinger. Educated atthe University of Pest (Ph. D.), and at Pressburg. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi A. S. B. Sofer, Pressburg. Was Rabbiof the Gomor District, Hungary; and of Congregations ShaareZedek, Shaaray Teflllah, and Adath Israel, New York City. Pub-lications: " Mateh Mosheh" (for religious schools); " SeferChasokoh" (a Talmudical discussion). Address: 10 West 115th,New York City.

Mandel, Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation Ansche Chesed, NewYork City. Born December 27, 1857, at Ungvar, Hungary. Sonof Ignatz Mandel. Educated in Hungary, Berlin, and Univer-sity of the City of New York (M. A. and Ph. D.). Rabbinical


Diplomas granted by Rabbis in Hungary. Address: 62 West118th, New York City.

*Mandel, Morris. Rabbi at Allentown, Pa. Holds Rabbinicaldiploma of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America.

Mandelberg, Joseph. Cantor of Congregation Ansche Chesed,New York City. Born September 25, 1875, in Austria, and edu-cated there. Son of Pinkas Mandelberg. Address: 17 West114th, New York City.

Mannheimer, Eugene. Rabbi of Mount Sinai Congregation,Sioux City, Iowa. Born November 3, 1880, at Rochester, N. Y.Son of Rabbi Sigmund Mannheimer. Educated at public schoolsof Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and He-brew Union College (Rabbi). Address: 412 Twelfth, Sioux City,Iowa.

Mannheimer, Leo. Rabbi (since 1902) of Mizpah Congrega-tion, Chattanooga, Tenn. Born June 11, 1878, at Rochester, N. Y.Son of Rabbi Sigmund Mannheimer. Educated at Univer-sity of Cincinnati (B. A.); Hebrew Union College (Rabbi); andUniversity of Berlin. Address: 306 High, Chattanooga, Tenn.

*Marcus, Jacob. Rabbi of Temple Children of Israel, Elmira,N. Y. Address: 108 High, Elmira, N. Y.

Marmor, Jacob David. Cantor (since 1889) of the Baltimore(Md.) Hebrew Congregation. Born May 23, 1855, at Poliavo,Government Kamenetz-Podolsk, Russia. Son of Solomon Mar-mor (Rabbi of Liveranten Schule, Berdichev). Talmudic educa-tion received from father; musical education from YerochomBlindman and at the St. Petersburg Imperial Conservatory;higher collegiate education at the same Conservatory and at theJohns Hopkins University. Holds diploma of the St. PetersburgImperial Conservatory of Music, to which he was admitted as astudent by the personal intervention of the Minister of the In-terior, who set aside the Governor's veto based upon the law per-mitting only a three days' sojourn to Jews in St. Petersburg.Was Cantor of Polonnoe and the surrounding district, 1873; andof Radomysl, 1875. Member American Association for the Ad-vancement of Science. Publications: Articles in the Hamelitz,Baltimore Sun, Baltimore American, New York Evening Post,the Omega, and Jewish Comment. Address: 1812 McCulloh, Bal-timore, Md.

Margolies, Moses Z. Rabbi of Congregations Beth Israel,Beth Jacob, and Anshei Libavitz, Boston, Mass. Born April,


1851, at Kroz, Russia. Son of Solomon Margolies. Rabbinicaldiploma received from Rabbi Heilpern, Bielostok, Russia, andothers. Held Rabbinical positions in Russia for thirteen years.Address: 3 Baldwin PL, Boston, Mass.

Margolis, Elias. Rabbi (since 1903) of Temple Bmanu-Bl,Pueblo, Colo. Born July 15, 1879, at Merecz, Government Vilna,Russia. Son of Rabbi Isaac Margolis and Hinda Zirilstein. Ed-ucated at public schools of New York City; Professor Felix Ad-ler's Ethical Culture School; high school, Cincinnati, Ohio;University of Cincinnati (B. A., 1900); University of California;and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1901). Rabbi of Congrega-tion Re'im Ahuvim, Stockton, Cal., 1901-1903. Address: Pueblo,Colo.

Marx, David. Rabbi of Hebrew Benevolent Congregation, At-lanta, Ga. Born April 29, 1872, at New Orleans, La. Son ofSolomon Marx. B. L., University of Cincinnati; B. H. L. andRabbi, Hebrew Union College. Was Rabbi at Birmingham, Ala.Publication: "Children's Service." Address: 270 Whitehall, At-lanta, Ga.

Mayer, Adolph. Rabbi of Congregation B'ne Zion, Danville,Pa. Born April 4, 1843, at Mayence, Germany. Son of RabbiAbraham Levi Mayer. Educated at Southern College, Rich-mond, Va. Rabbinical diploma conferred by his father. Heldpositions in Richmond, Va., and Baltimore, Md. Address: Dan-ville, Pa.

Mayer, Eli. Rabbi of Congregation Beth El, Helena, Ark.Born January 27, 1880, at Baltimore, Md. Son of Rabbi AdolphMayer. B. A., University of Cincinnati; Rabbi, Hebrew UnionCollege. Address: Helena, Ark.

Mayer, Harry H. Rabbi (since 1899) of Congregation B'naiJehudah, Kansas City, Mo. Born January 24, 1874, at Allegheny,Pa. Son of Rabbi Lippman Mayer and Elise Hecht. Educated atpublic schools of Allegheny; Piersol's Academy, Beaver, Pa.; Uni-versity of Cincinnati (B. A.); University of Berlin; University ofStrassburg; and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L., and Rabbi).Rabbi at Little Rock, Ark., 1897-1899. Contributor to Jewish andsecular press. Address: Kansas City, Mo.

Mayer, Lippman. Rabbi Emeritus (since 1901) of Congrega-tion Rodeph Shalom, Pittsburg, Pa. Born August 3, 1841. Sonof Marx Mayer. Educated at Universities of Wiirzburg and Ber-lin; M. A. and Ph. D., Heidelberg. Rabbinical diploma conferred


by Rabbis Fiirst, Geismar, and Schott, the Consistory of the Jewsof Baderi. Was teacher in Plato Seminary at Karlsruhe, Baden;Rabbi at Gailingen, Baden; Rabbi of French Congregation, NewYork City, 1869; of Congregation Mishkan Israel, Selma, Ala.,1870, and of Congregation Rodeph Shalom, Pittsburg, Pa.,1870-1901. Contributor to Jewish press. Address: 3116 Perry-ville Av., Allegheny, Pa.

Mayerowitz, Berachya. Rabbi of Congregation AhavathAchim, Atlanta, Ga. Born December, 1865, in Wegger, Govern-ment Kovno, Russia. Son of Rabbi David Mayerowitz. Edu-cated in Riga and Tukum, Russia. Rabbinical diploma grantedby the Kovno Talmudical College. Held positions in KansasCity, Mo., and Toledo, Ohio. Publication: "The Shield of theFathers," a commentary in Hebrew and English on the Ethicsof the Fathers. Address: 83 Gilmer, Atlanta, Ga.

Medvidovsky, Israel. Minister of Congregation Neve Zedek-Talmud Torah, Portland, Ore. Born in 1865, in Russia, andeducated there. Son of Jacob Medvidovsky. Rabbinical diplomaconferred by Rabbi Levin, Rostov, Russia. Address: 200 Car-ruther, Portland, Ore.

Mendelsohn, G. Minister of Congregation Rodof Sholom,Homestead, Pa. Born December 25, 1867, at Bausk, Courland,Russia. Son of Mendel Mendelsohn and Hannah Gdaliewitz.Educated at Vilna and Kovno, Russia. Diplomas conferred byRabbis of these two towns. Held positions in Sakinova, Russia;Uniontown, Greensburg, and Punxutawney, Pa. Address: 538Ammon, Homestead, Pa.

Mendelsohn, Samuel. Rabbi (since 1876) of Temple of Israel,Wilmington, N. C. Born March 31, 1850, in Russia. Son of Fei-wel Mendelsohn. Educated at Vilna, Russia; Berlin, Germany;and Philadelphia, Pa. Rabbinical diploma conferred by the Fac-ulty of Maimonides College, Philadelphia, Pa. LL. D., Universityof North Carolina. Rabbi of Congregation Beth-El, Norfolk, Va.,1873-1S7G. Publication: "The Criminal Jurisprudence of theAncient Hebrews." Address: Wilmington, N. C.

Mendes, Trederick de Sola. Rabbi (since 1874) of Congrega-tion Shaaray Tefilla, New York City. Born July 8, 1850, in Ja-maica, W. I. Son of Rabbi Abraham Pereira Mendes and Elizade Sola. Educated at London, Eng., and Breslau, Germans'.B. A., 1869, University of London; Ph. D., 1871, University ofJena; Rabbi, 1873, Haham Benjamin Artom, London. Publica-tions: " Child's First Bible; " " Outlines of Bible History; " " De-


fence, not Defiance" (anti-missionary). Address: 154 West 82d,New York City.

•Mendes, H. Pereira. Minister (since 1877) of K. K. ShearithIsrael, New York City. Son of Rabbi Abraham Pereira Mendesand Eliza de Sola. President Union of Orthodox Jewish Con-gregations of the United States and Canada; President New YorkBoard of Jewish Ministers; Honorary Vice-President Federationof American Zionists. Address: 99 Central Park, West, New YorkCity.

Mendes, Isaac P. Rabbi Emeritus (since 1903) of Congrega-tion Mickva Israel, Savannah, Ga. Born January 13, 1853, atKingston, Jamaica, W. I. Son of Joseph Mendes. Educated pri-vately and at Northwick College, London, Eng. M. A and D. D.,University of Georgia. Rabbi in Richmond, Va., 1873-1877; inSavannah, Ga. (Mickva Israel Congregation), 1877-1903. Pub-lications: " Pure Words," a collection of special prayers; and" First Lessons in Hebrew." Address: 210 Gwinnett, W., Sa-vannah, Ga.

Messing, Aaron J. Rabbi (since 1885) of Congregation B'naiSholom, Chicago, 111. Born June 18, 1840, at Argenau, nearBromberg, Germany. Son of Rabbi Joseph Messing (author of anumber of Hebrew books). Educated at Breslau and Graetz,Prussia, and Rostock, Mecklenburg. Rabbinical diplomas grantedby Rabbis E. Gutmacher, M. Feilchenfeld, and N. Caro. Ph. D.,University of Rostock. Rabbi in Militsch, Silesia; Mecklenburg-Schwerin; New York City (1866); and San Francisco (1867-1885). Publications: " S'fath Eiver" (Hebrew Primer), and" Torath Emeth" (Catechism). Address: 4337 Vincennes Av.,Chicago, 111.

Messing, Abraham Joseph.. Rabbi (since 1897) of TempleBeth-Or, Montgomery, Ala. Born August 4, 1873, at Chicago, 111.Son of Rabbi Aaron J. Messing. B. H. L. and Rabbi, HebrewUnion College; B. A., University of Cincinnati. Rabbi of TempleAnshai Emeth, Peoria, 111., 1896-1897. New synagogues built atPeoria and at Montgomery during his incumbency. Address: 28Clayton, Montgomery, Ala.

Messing, Henry J. Rabbi (since 1878) of United HebrewCongregation, St. Louis, Mo. Born March 10, 1848, at Gostyn,Posen, Prussia. Son of Rabbi Joseph Messing. Educated inGermany. Rabbinical diploma awarded by Rabbi Gedalya Tik-tin, Breslau, Germany. Rabbi at Dubuque, Iowa, 1869; Wil-liamsport, Pa., 1870-1877; and Peoria, 111., 1877-1878. Founder


of Hebrew Free and Industrial School Society, St. Louis, 1880.Address: 4439 Delmar Boul., St. Louis, Mo.

Messing, Mayer. Rabbi (since 1867) of the Indianapolis(Ind.) Hebrew Congregation. Born December 10, 1843, at Geniv-kowo, Prussia. Son of Rabbi Joseph Messing. Educated at Graetz,Prussia. Rabbinical diplomas received from Rabbi E. Gut-macher; Dr. Poper, Charnikow; and Dr. Cohen, Schwerin. WasRabbi in Neubuckow, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and Asken on theElbe, Germany. Address: 523 North Delaware, Indianapolis, Ind.

Meyer, Heyman. Cantor of the People's Synagogue at theEducational Alliance, New York City. Born July, 1863, at Ku-char, near Plotzk, Poland. Son of Judah Meyer. Educated atWarsaw, Poland, and London, Eng. Held positions in London,Eng., and Buffalo, N. Y. Address: 254 Henry, New York City.

Meyer, Julius Henry. Rabbi (since 1900) of CongregationEmanu-El, Milwaukee, Wis. Born July 18, 1874, at Thibodeaux,La. Son of Lehman Meyer and Henrietta Levy. Educated atpublic schools of New Orleans, La., and St. Louis, Mo.; highschool, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); andHebrew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi). Rabbi at Toledo,Ohio, 1897-1900. Married Mabel Bloch, Toledo, June 26, 1900. Ad-dress: 276 Lyon, Milwaukee, Wis.

Meyer, Martin A. Rabbi (since 1902) of Congregation BethEmeth, Albany, N. Y. Born January 15, 1879, at San Francisco,Cal. Son of Charles Meyer and Louisa Silberstein. Educatedat public schools, San Francisco; University of Cincinnati(B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Fellow AmericanSchool in Palestine, 1901-1902. Officiated as Rabbi at Charles-ton, W. Va., 1900-1901. Publications: Articles on Jews of Pales-tine in Jewish Comment, the Reform Advocate, and Emanuel.Address: 149 Lancaster, Albany, N. Y.

Michnik, Nathan. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Wood-ville, Miss. Born September 20, 1863, at Bielitz, Austria. Son ofJoseph Michnik. Educated at Vienna and Pressburg. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Simon Schreiber, Cracow, Galicia.Was Rabbi at Springfield, 111.; Helena, Mont.; Huntsville, Ala.;Jonesboro, Ark., and Port Gibson, Miss.

Mielziner, Jacob. Rabbi (since 1900) of Congregation Emanu-El, Helena, Mont. Born September 19, 1877. Son of RabbiMoses Mielziner and Rosetta Levald. Educated at public schoolsof Cincinnati; University of Cincinnati (B. A., 1900); and He-

BIOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES

brew Union College (Rabbi, 1900). Address: 415 Eighth Av.,Helena, Mont.

Miller, Kassel. Cantor of Congregation Bass Jacob, Lewiston,Me. Born July 4, 1866, at Skidel, Poland. Son of Eyzer Miller.Was Cantor at Pottsville and Philipsburg, Pa.; Steubenville andBellaire, Ohio; and Evansville, Ind. Address: 155 Pierce, Lewis-ton, Me.

Moll, Max S. Assistant Minister (since 1886) of Congrega-tion Berith Kodesh, Rochester, N. Y. Born August 27, 1846, atGraetz, Prussia. Son of Rabbi Simon Moll. Educated in Ger-many. Was Rabbi of Congregation Adereth El, New York City,for four years; B'nai Jeshurun, Paterson, N. J., for two years;Aitz Raanan, Rochester, N. Y., for seven years. Publications:"Condensed German Grammar;" "Companion for PracticalWork." Address: 125 University Av., Rochester, N. Y.

*Morais, Henry S. Rabbi of Congregation Adath Yeshurun,Syracuse, N. Y. Son of Dr. Sabato Morais. Was Rabbi of Con-gregation Jeshuat Israel, Newport, R. I. Address: 719 Almond,Syracuse, N. Y.

Morris, Benjamin. Cantor of Congregation Beth Miriam,Long Branch, N. J. Born December 17, 1844, in Poland. Son ofAbraham Jacob Morris. Educated in Poland, and in Berlin. Rab-binical diploma conferred by Dr. I. Hildesheimer, Berlin. Helda position in London, Eng. Address: 83 Second Av., Long Branch,N. J.

Moses, Alfred G. Rabbi of Congregation Shaarai Shomayim,Mobile, Ala. Born at Livingston, Ala. Son of Rabbi AdolphMoses and Emma Isaacs. Educated at public schools of Louis-ville, Ky.; privately by Dr. Abraham Flexner; at University ofCincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L. andRabbi). Represents third generation of Rabbis. Occupies posi-tion once held by his father. Address: 407 Conti, Mobile, Ala.

Moses, Isaac S. Rabbi of Congregation Ahawath ChesedShaar Hashomayim, New York City. Born December 8, 1847, atSantomichel, Posen. Son of Israel Baruch Moses. Educated atSantomichel, Gleiwitz, and Breslau. Rabbinical diplomas con-ferred by Rabbi Solomon Rosenthal, Jarozin; and Dr. BernardFelsenthal, Chicago, 111. Was Rabbi at Quincy, 111.; Milwaukee,Wis.; and Chicago, HI. Editor of Der Zeitgeist, 1880-1882. Pub-lications: "The Pentateuch;" "The Historical Books of theBible; " "The Ethics of the Hebrew Scriptures; " "SabbathSchool Hymnals; " Prayer Books. Address: 118 East 55th, N§wYork City,


Mosinter, E. M. Rabbi of Congregation Chased Schel Emeth,Springfield, Ohio. Born in Russia in 1865. Son of Ralph Mosin-ter. Educated in Kovno. Rabbinical diploma conferred byRabbi M. Ziew, and Rabbi L. S. Schapiere. Was Rabbi at Poca-hontas, Va., and Marietta, Ohio. Address: 137 East Main, Spring-field, Ohio.

Mow'sonitz, Abraham H. Minister of Congregation ChoiOdom, Burlington, Vt. Born and educated in Russia. Diplomaconferred by Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New York. Address: 327 NorthWinooski Av., Burlington, Vt.

Mueller, Ignatius. Rabbi of Congregation B'rith Shalom,Louisville, Ky. Born June 10, 1857, at Eperies, Hungary. Sonof Marcus Mueller. Educated at Roman Catholic Gymnasium,Kecskemet, Hungary; Berlin University (Ph. D.); and Hoch-schule fiir die Wissenschaft des Judenthums, Berlin. Rabbinicaldiploma received from the Faculty of the Hebrew Union College.Was Rabbi at Kalamazoo, Mich., and Des Moines, Iowa; teacherof religion at the Realgymnasium, Leipzig; teacher at theHebrew Union College, Cincinnati, Ohio; Professor of Germanand Hebrew at the Kalamazoo College, and Professor of Ger-man at Highland Park Normal College. Publications: " DasLeben und Wirken des Dr. Isaac M. Wise; " "The Gymnasium,an Educational Institution of Germany and Austria-Hungary; "and "Communism, an Essay." Address: 1131 Floyd, Louisville,Ky.

Myers, Isidore. Rabbi (since 1897) of Congregation OhabaiShalome, San Francisco, Cal. Born February 15, 1856, at Su-valki, Poland. Son of Morris Myers. Educated at Suvalki andKalwarya, Poland; Melbourne (Australia) Hebrew School;Scotch College; and Melbourne University (B. A). Rabbi atBendigo, Australia, 1880-1885; of East Melbourne Hebrew Con-gregation, 1885-1890; and of Shaar Hashamayim Congregation,Montreal, Canada, 1896-1897. Taught University subjects inschools at Melbourne. Organized public meetings in Victoria in1886, and raised $5000 in aid of Russian Jews. Visited Pales-tine in 1890, and in three months rescued sixty Jewish souls fromthe missionaries. Delivered two hundred public lectures, 1890-1895, on the Talmud and on Zionism in sixty cities in GreatBritain; lectured in New York City, 1895-1896. Publication:"Gems from the Talmud." Address: 1836 Sutter, San Fran-cisco, Cal.

Nelson, Leon M. Rabbi (since 1898) of Temple Israel, Brook-lyn, N, Y. Born January 22, 1876, at Richmond, Va, Son of N.


W. Nelson and Regina Stern. Educated at public schools ofRichmond, Va.; high school, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cin-cinnati (B. A.); Columbia University; and Hebrew Union Col-lege (Rabbi, Valedictorian). Address: 308 McDonough, Brook-lyn, N. Y.

Newfield, Morris. Rabbi of Congregation Emanu-El, Birming-ham, Ala. Born January 31, 1869, at Homonna, Hungary. Sonof Sabbatai Newfield. Educated at Royal Gymnasium (gradu-ate); University and Rabbinical Seminary, Budapest; Univer-sity of Cincinnati (B. A); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi).Studied medicine at University of Budapest. Was instructor atHebrew Union College. Received 33rd degree of Freemasonry(1903). Publication: "Studies in Ecclesiastes." Address: 715North 18th, Birmingham, Ala.

Newman, Julius. Born December 16, 1851, in Hungary. Sonof Joseph Newman. Educated at Budapest, Eisenstadt, and Press-burg, in Hungary. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Schrei-ber (Sofer), Pressburg, and Dr. I. Hildesheimer, Eisenstadt.Was Rabbi of Congregation Emanuel, for five years; of Congrega-tion New Light, for two years; and of the Hungarian Congrega-tion, for six years; all in Chicago, 111. Served in the Austrianarmy, 1871-1873; as postmaster in Hungary, for two years; ascorrespondent for a Vienna newspaper, for three years. Address:508 44th Place, Chicago, 111.

Newman, Morris. Cantor of First Hungarian CongregationAgudath Achim, Chicago, 111. Born May 25, 1870, in Hungary.Son of Ma*yer Newman. Educated at Topolcsany and Szatmar,Hungary. Held positions in McKeesport and Scranton, Pa. Ad-dress: 412 West 14th, Chicago, 111.

Newmarfe, Hyman. Cantor (since 1880) of Temple Israel ofHarlem, New York City. Born October, 1857, at Warsaw, Poland.Son of Moses Newmark. Educated at Warsaw, and Breslau, Ger-many. Diplomas conferred by Obercantor Professor F. Weiss-hoff, Warsaw, and Obercantor Deutsch, Breslau. Held positionsin Reichthal, Upper Silesia, for one year, and Rondout, N. Y.,for two years. Address: 240 West 121st, New York City.

Nieto, Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation Sherith Israel, San Fran-cisco, Cal. Born December 22, 1863, at London, Eng. Son ofAbraham Haim Nieto. Educated at Jews' College, London, Eng.(graduate); College of the City of New York; by Emanu-ElTheological Seminary Association; and at Collegiate School,Kingston, Jamaica. Was Minister of Sheffield (Eng.) Hebrew

6


Congregation; and teacher at Jews' Hospital and Orphan Asylum,London, Eng. Editor of the New Occident. Publication: "TheRomance of Poverty" (collection of Jewish character sketches).Address: 1719 Bush, San Francisco, Cal.

Noot, Isaac C. Minister (since 1873) of Congregation B'naiIsrael, New York City. Born in 1840, at Amsterdam, Holland.Son of Simon Noot. Educated in New York City. Was AssistantMinister of Congregation B'nai Israel, Philadelphia, Pa.; of Con-gregation Ohabei Shalom, Boston, Mass.; Minister of Congrega-tion Darech Amuna, New York City; and instructor in theHebrew Education Society, Philadelphia, Pa. Has been connectedwith Hebrew Free School Association as principal and instructorfor thirty-eight years. Address: 111 East 88th, New York City.

Norden, Aaron. Rabbi Emeritus of North Chicago HebrewCongregation. Born June 8, 1844, at Lissa, Posen, Prussia. Son ofSaul Norden. Educated at Lissa and Berlin. Rabbinical diplomagranted by Rabbi E. Gutmacher, Graetz, Prussia. Rabbinicalpositions held in Baltimore, Md.; Natchez, Miss.; and Chicago, 111.Address: 4639 Vincennes Av., Chicago, 111.

Philipson, Bavid. Rabbi (since 1888) of Congregation BeneIsrael, Cincinnati, Ohio. Born August 9, 1862, at Wabash, Ind.Son of Joseph Philipson. Educated at high school, Cincinnati,Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); Johns Hopkins Univer-sity; and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi, 1883, and D. D.). Pro-fessor of Homiletics, Hebrew Union College; President HebrewSabbath School Union. Member Board of Governors HebrewUnion College, Publication Committee Jewish Publication So-ciety of America, and Council American Jewish Historical Society.Rabbi of Har Sinai Congregation, Baltimore, Md., 1884-1888.Publications: "The Jew in English Fiction; " "Old EuropeanJewries; " "The Oldest Jewish Congregation in the West; " "AHoliday Sheaf; " " Selected Writings of Isaac M. Wise " (editedin conjunction with L. Grossmann); "Reminiscences by Isa«c M.Wise " (translation); " Tendencies of Thought in Modern Juda-ism " (New World); " The Progress of the Jewish Reform Move-ment in the United States" (Jewish Quarterly Review); "TheBeginnings of the Reform Movement in Judaism " (Jewish Quar-terly Review).

Philo, Isador E. Rabbi (since 1896) of the Akron (Ohio) He-brew Congregation. Born July 24, 1873, at Cardiff, Wales. Sonof Rabbi Solomon S. Philo. B. A., College of the City of NewYork; Ph. D., University of Illinois. Rabbinical diploma con-ferred by Rev. Dr. Falk Vidaver, San Francisco, Cal, Represents


the sixth generation of Rabbis. Address: 133 Bast Market, Akron,Ohio.

Philo, Solomon S. Rabbi of Congregation Ahavath Sholom,Fort Worth, Texas. Born December 29, 1850, at Breslau, Ger-many. Son of Rabbi Moses Philo. Educated at Breslau, andWarsaw, Poland. Rabbinical diploma conferred by the Rabbiof Warsaw. Held positions at Breslau; Ostrowo, Prussia; inHungary; at Newark, N. J.; Atlantic City, N. J.; and Gainesville,Texas. Address: Fort Worth, Texas.

Rabinovitz, Joseph. Rabbi of Congregation Adas Jeshuren,Sioux City, Iowa. Born September 15, 1868, at Kovno, Russia,and educated there. Son of Solomon Rabinovitz. Rabbinicaldiploma received from Rabbi Mendelzive, Tauroggen, Russia.Was Rabbi of Congregation Bnei Jacob, Rock Island, 111. Ad-dress: 617 Bluff, Sioux City, Iowa.

Radin, Adolph. M. Rabbi of the People's Synagogue at theEducational Alliance, New York City. Born August 5, 1848, atNeustadt Schirwindt, Poland. Son of Marcus Radin and HindeRitow. Educated at Talmudical Colleges of Volosin and Eise-shok, and at Universities of Berlin, Konigsberg, and Greifswald(Ph. D.). Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi BezaJel Ashand Rabbi Ab. Samuel Rossein, Eiseshok. Was Rabbi at Meweand Kempen, Prussia; Kalisz and Lodz, Poland; Elmira, N. Y.,and New York City (Congregation Gates of Hope). Chap-lain of Society for the Aid of Jewish Prisoners. Editor, forthree years, of Der Jiidische Grenzbote, Konigsberg, Prussia.Contributor to Hebrew (Hamagid, Hamelitz, Hakarmel, Ibri Ano-chi, Hatsofeh), German (Allgemeine Zeitung des Judenthums,ajnd Die Neuzeit), Polish (Israelita), and American Jewishpapers. Publications: " Offener Brief eines polnischen Judenan Treitschke;" "Report of Visiting Chaplain" (English andHebrew). Address: 844 Teasdale Place, or Hebrew CharitiesBuilding, New York City.

Radnitz, Samuel. Cantor of Congregation Beth Elohim,Brooklyn, N. Y. Born August 10, 1863, at Mohilev, Russia. Sonof Selman Radnitz. Educated at Elizavetgrad, Russia. Offici-ated as Cantor in various Russian cities. For three years solosinger at the Metropolitan Opera House, under Anton Seidl. Ad-dress: 31 St. Marks PL, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Rafalovitz, Simon. Rabbi of Congregation Agudas Achim,Allentown, Pa. Born March 8, 1870, in Russia. Son of Abra-ham Rafalovitz. Educated at Kovno and Eiseshok, Russia.

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Rabbinical diplomas conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spectorand Rabbi Majofls, Kovno, and Rabbi Salkind, New York. WasRabbi in Leipon, Government Vilna, Russia. Address: 623 North2nd, Allentown, Pa.

Raisin, Jacob S. Rabbi of Congregation Gemiluth Chesed,Port Gibson, Miss. Born November 15. 1876, at Nesvizh, Gov-ernment Minsk, Russia. Son of Aaron S. Raisin. Educated pri-vately and in Talmudical College of Miro; public schools of NewYork City; College of the City of New York; University of Cin-cinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Publica-tions: " Life and Work of George Eliot" (Hebrew); "Beginningof the Renaissance among Russian Jews; " "A Glimpse intoJewish Science; " " The Maskilim in America." Address: P. O.Box 77, Port Gibson, Miss.

Baisin, Max. Rabbi (since 1901) of K. K. Bene Abraham,Portsmouth, Ohio. Born July 15, 1879, at Nesvizh, GovernmentMinsk, Russia. Son of Aaron S. Raisin. Educated in elemen-tary schools in Russia; public schools, New York City; Univer-sity of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi).Publications: "A History of the Jews in America" (Hebrew);Contributor to Hebrew periodicals in Russia and Germany. Ad-dress: 72 East 7th, Portsmouth, Ohio.

Rapoport, Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Spring-field, Mass. Born at Keidany, Government Kovno, Russia. Sonof Nison Rapoport. Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma received from Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno.Was Rabbi at Eivagoly, Russia. Address: 34 Grays Av., Spring-field, Mass.

Rappaport, Julius. Rabbi (since 1891) of Congregation Beth-El, Chicago, 111. Born January 10, 1863, at Debreczin. Hungary.Son of Isaac Rappaport. Educated at Talmudical Colleges ofPressburg and Losoncz, Hungary. Rabbinical diplomas grantedby Rabbi A. S. B. Sofer, Pressburg, and Rabbi Maier Perls, NagyKaroly. Address: 87 Potomac Av., Chicago, 111.

Rappaport, Solomon. Cantor of Congregation Shaaray Tefilla,New York City. Born January 20, 1862, at Lemberg, Austria. Sonof Rabbi Chaim ha-Kohen Rappaport, his teacher of Bible, Tal-mud, Midrash, and Hazanut. Musical studies pursued at Prague;Peabody Institute, Baltimore, Md.; and the National Conserva-tory of America, New York City. For nine years Cantor andPreacher in Oheb Sholom Congregation, Newark, N. J. Studiedfor two years at New York Law School. Publications: Articles


in the American Hebrew. Address: 256 West 98th, New YorkCity.

Rapport, .N". Rabbi of Congregation Kneseth Israel, Read-ing, Pa. Born March 5, 1849, in Government Vitebsk. Son ofLevy Rapport. Educated at Vitebsk. Address: 544 South 7th,Reading, Pa.

Reich., Siegmund Moses. Rabbi of Temple Beth Zion, Brad-ford, Pa. Born February 7, 1873, in Bohemia. Son of Isaac Reich.Educated at College of the City of New York (B. A., 1895);Columbia University (M. A., 1900); and Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America. Rabbinical diploma conferred by RabbiSiegmund Richter, Neuhausl, Hungary. Instructor in Bible andHebrew Grammar in Jewish Theological Seminary of America,1897-1899. Teacher in New York public schools, 1895-1897. Pub-lication: " Edition of a Yemen Text Book for the Instruction ofthe Jewish Child." Address: 86 Pleasant, Bradford, Pa.

Reichert, Isidor. Rabbi (since 1896) of Temple Beth-El,Brooklyn, N. Y. Born December 29, 1869, at Konin, Poland.Son of Isaac Reichert. Educated at Gymnasium in Kalisz, Po-land, and at University of Berlin. Rabbinical diploma conferredby Rabbi Hirsch Auerbach, Lissa. Was Rabbi of Congrega-tion Bnai Sholaum, Brooklyn, for two years. Address: 177Caliger, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Reichler, Moses. Rabbi of Congregation House of Jacob,Utica, N. Y. Born Nisan 24, 5617, in Austria. Son of BaruchReichler. Educated at Rawa-ruska and Drohobycz, Austria.Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Horshowsky, Drohobycz,and Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New York City. Was Rabbi of Con-gregation Yshrei Leb, Drohobycz; Anshei Polen and AnsheiBreinsk, New York City. Address: 76 Liberty, Utica, N. Y.

Reiter, Naftali. Rabbi of First Galician Congregation Duck-ler Mugan Abraham, New York City. Born January 1, 1848,in Hungary. Son of Moses Reiter and C. Pearl. Educated inHungary. Rabbinical diplomas conferred by Rabbi D. Deutsch,Rabbi D. Schick, and Rabbi L. Yohns. Was Assistant Rabbito the late Chief Rabbi Jacob Joseph. Address: 65 Pitt, NewYork City.

Reynolds, Louis G-. Rabbi of Congregation Bnai-Israel, SaltLake City, Utah. Born March 17, 1870, in Poland. Son ofAbram Jacob Reynolds. Educated at the Talmudical College ofKovno; and completed a course at the Universities of Ziirich


and Paris. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elcha-nan Spector, Kovno. Was Rabbi of Congregation Oheb Sho-lom, Newark, N. J., and Beth-Zion, Bradford, Pa. Address: 905East 5th South, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Rezits, Heyman. Cantor (since 1887) of Congregation AdasKadosh, Wilmington, Del. Born May 5, 1862, in Russia. Sonof Abraham Rezits. Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma granted by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno.Founded the Congregation Adas Kadosh. Address: 211 OrangeWilmington, Del.

Rhine, Abraham Benedict. Rabbi of Congregation House ofIsrael, Hot Springs, Ark. Born September 17, 1876, at Shavli,Government Kovno, Russia. Son of Meyer Rhine. Educatedin public schools of New York City; by Emanu-El TheologicalSeminary Association, New York City; at high school, Cincinnati,Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union Col-lege (B. H. L., and Rabbi, 1902). Was editor of H. U. C. Journal.Address: 14 Parker, Hot Springs, Ark.

Rogoff, Moses R. Cantor of Congregation Shaarey Zedek,Detroit, Mich. Born March 25, 1852, in Russia. Son of EliasRogoff. Talmudic education received at Miro, Russia; musicaleducation at Odessa, Russia, and Konigsberg, Germany. Cantor'sdiploma granted by Imperial Music Director H. Weintraub. Heldpositions in Riga, Russia; New York City; Cleveland, Ohio; andPittsburg, Pa. Address: 330 Hastings, Detroit, Mich.

Rosenau, 2fathan. Rabbi of Congregation Har Sinai, Trenton,N. J. Born at Wollstein, Germany. Son of William Rosenau.Educated at Gross Glogau and Breslau. Rabbinical diplomasconferred by Dr. Joel and Rabbi Mendelson, Krotoschin; RabbiEttinger, Pleschen; Dr. Kline, Gross Glcgau; and Dr. SolomonCohen, Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Address: 19 Carroll, Trenton,N. J.

Rosenau, William. Rabbi (since 1892) of Congregation OhebShalom, Baltimore, Md. Born May 30, 1865, at Wollstein, Ger-many. Son of Rabbi Nathan Rosenau and Johanna Braun.Educated at public schools and Gymnasium, Hirschberg,Germany; public schools, Philadelphia, Pa.; high school, Cin-cinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A., 1888); HebrewUnion College (Rabbi, 1889); Post-graduate course in Semitics,Johns Hopkins University (Ph.D., 1900). Rabbi of TempleIsrael, Omaha, Neb., 1889-1892. Instructor in Rabbinica, JohnsHopkins University, 1898-1903. Associate in Rabbinica, since


1903. Member Baltimore Board of Education since 1899. Publi-cations: " Semitic Studies in American Colleges; " " Hebraismsin the Authorized Version of the Bible; " " Jewish CeremonialInstitutions and Customs." Address: 825 Newington Av., Balti-more, Md.

Rosenbaum, Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation Agudath Achim,Woodbine, N. J. Born January 13, 1864, in Russia, and educatedthere. Son of Abraham Rosenbaum. Rabbinical diploma con-ferred by L. Maskalashan. Held positions in Konigsberg, Prussia,and Brooklyn, N. Y. Address: Woodbine, N. J.

Rosenberg, Armin. Minister of Congregation Beth Israel,Brooklyn, N. Y. Born March 8, 1S66, in Hungary. Son of JosephRosenberg. Educated at Budapest. Address: 306 Union, Brook-lyn. (Elected Cantor of Congregation Beth Israel, Philadelphia,Pa.)

Rosenberg, Israel. Rabbi of Congregation Shomre Adath.Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Born in 1874, at Lomzha, Poland. Son ofGershon Rosenberg. Educated at Kovno, Slobodko, and Navaro-dok, in Russia. Rabbinical diplomas conferred by Rabbi Epstein,Navarodok; Rabbi Sternfeld, Brisk; Rabbi Isaac Shloma Yeel,Kovno; and others. Address: Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Rosenberg, Solomon. Rabbi and Cantor of Temple Beth-El,Jersey City, N. J. Born July 21, 1857, at Bielev Zerkov, Russia.Son of Samuel Rosenberg. Studied at Talmudical College ofPressburg, Hungary (Rabbinical diploma), and in Berlin andLondon. Held positions at Marshall, Tyler, and Gainesville,Texas; Jacksonville and Pensacola, Fla.; and Paterson, N. J.Address: 561 Summit Av., Jersey City, N. J.

Rosenblum, Joseph Nathan. Rabbi of Congregation B'naiIsrael. Born in Russia. Son of Chatzkel Rosenblum. Address:114 Milton Av., Chicago, 111.

Rosenfield, Zachariah J. Rabbi of Congregations TefairathIsrael and Shaireth Sphard, St. Louis, Mo. Born and educatedin Russia, and held positions there, and in New York City, andBaltimore, Md. Publication: " Tikvath Zachariah." Address:1007 North Tenth, St. Louis, Mo.

Rosenthal, Adolf. Rabbi of Congregation Shearith B'naiIsrael, New York City. Born February 21, 1860, at Wongrowitz,Germany. Son of Louis Rosenthal and Rosa Abraham. Edu-cated at Gymnasium in Wongrowitz, and the University andJewish Theological Seminary (Rabbinical diploma) in Berlin.

92 AMEEICAN JEWISH YEAE BOOK

Held positions at Emden, Germany; in the Hebrew Orphan Asy-lum, Brooklyn, N. Y., and at Braddock, Pa. Publications: " Dievier Charaktere; " " Das jiidische Weib als Erzieherin." Address:1644 Park Av., New York City.

Hosenthal, Frank L. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel,Baton Rouge, La., and Temple Sinai, St. Francisville, La. BornMay 7, 1865, in New York City. Son of Rubin Rosenthal, whoconducted his Hebrew education. Secular education at publicschools of New York City; and the College of the City of NewYork. Was Rabbi, for five years, of the Congregation Houseof Israel, Hot Springs, Ark. Address: Baton Rouge, La.

Rosenthal, Isidore. Rabbi of Congregation Shaarai Shomayim,Lancaster, Pa. Born May 10, 1872, at Greenport, L. I. Son ofBernhard Rosenthal. Educated at public schools of New YorkCity; high school, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati(B. A.); by Emanu-El Theological Seminary Association; and atHebrew Union College (Rabbi). Also studied law in Lancaster.Married Florence Rosenstein, Lancaster, February 28, 1900. Ad-dress: 138 East Clay, Lancaster, Pa.

Rosentreter, Adolf. Rabbi (since 1884) of Congregation BneiAmoona, St. Louis, Mo. Born December 27, 1858, at Gollantsch,Germany. Son of Meyer Rosentreter. Educated at Berlin. Rab-binical diploma granted by Dr. I. Hildesheimer. Held posi-tions at Roebel, for three years; Meseritz, for two years; andKettwig, for one year. Address: 1012 Atchinson PL, St. Louis,Mo.

Rosenzweig, Emanuel. Cantor and Rabbi of CongregationAdath Israel of the Bronx, New York City. Born December, 1844,in Russia. Son of Abraham Rosenzweig. Educated in Talmud-ical College of Berdichev, which conferred the title Rabbi. Heldpositions in Bielostok, Russia; in Posen, Prussia; in Boston,Mass., for four years; in the Henry Street Synagogue, New YorkCity, for fourteen years; and in Washington, D. C, for fouryears. Address: 1240 Fulton Av., Bronx.

Roubin, Solomon. Rabbi of Congregation Agudath Achim,Woodbine, N. J. Born August 24, 1854, at Suvalki, Poland.Son of Moses Breschinski and Mary Sinai. Educated atTalmudical Colleges of Suvalki, Pofland, and. Grosswardeinand Pressburg, Hungary. Rabbinical diploma conferred byRabbi A. S. B. Sofer, Pressburg. Was Rabbi at MezieTes,French Lorraine, for eight years; Wittersheim, Alsace, forthree years; Assistant to Grand Rabbin Aristide Astruc at


Bayonne, France, 1887-1892; Rabbi at Tyler, Texas, 1894; Butte,Mont, 1897; and San Antonio, Texas, 1900-1901. Librarian ofSutro Library, San Francisco, Cal., 1895. At present principalof Hebrew School, and instructor in religion at Baron de HirschAgricultural School, Woodbine. Sent, in 1887, by the ConsistoireCentral of France, to establish a synagogue in Madrid (unsuc-cessful for lack of funds). Came to America in 1893. Publica-tion: "A Scroll of the Law by Maimonides." Address: Wood-bine, N. J.

Rubenstein, Charles A. Rabbi (since 1898) of Har Sinai Con-gregation, Baltimore, Md. Born in Riga, 1870. Son of IsaacRubenstein and Frieda Bliden. Educated at public schools ofCincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. L.); ColumbiaUniversity (M. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Rabbiat Little Rock, Ark., 1892-1897. Address: Har Sinai Temple,Baltimore, Md.

Rubin, Barnet. Minister of Congregation Brith Shalom,Charleston, S. C. Born January, 1834, at Radoskowitz, Govern-ment Vilna, Russia. Son of Moses Rubin. Educated at Minsk.Officiated as Cantor in congregations in New York City, before1872. Address: 12 Warren, Charleston, S. C.

Rubinson, Jacob. Rabbi of Congregation Kneseth Israel,Reading, Pa. Born August 20, 1862, in Russia, and educatedthere. Son of Charles Rubinson. Rabbinical diploma conferredby Rabbi B. L. Levinthal, Philadelphia, Pa. Address: 240Cedar, Reading, Pa.

Rubinstein, Isaac Aaron. Cantor (since 1895) of Khal Ko-desh Bnei-Jisroile, Athens, Ga. Born January 15, 1866, at Shav-ian, Russia. Son of Israel Judah Rubinstein. Educated inTalmudical Colleges of Suvalki and Kovno, Russia; secular edu-cation in London, Eng. Held positions in Cardiff, Wales; Shef-field, England; and Kimberley, South Africa. Chaplain ofMount Vernon Lodge, A. F. and A. M. Honorary member of theAthenaeum. Address: Athens, Ga.

Rypins, Isaac I*. Rabbi (since 1899) of Mount Zion HebrewCongregation, St. Paul, Minn. Born June 24, 1862, in Poland.Son of Israel Rypins. Educated in Poland, Berlin, New YorkCity; high school of Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati(B. L.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Was Rabbi atEvansville, Ind., 1889-1899. Address: 763 Holly Av., St. Paul,Minn.

Sachnowitz, Benjamin. Minister of Congregation Brothers ofJoseph, Norwich, Conn. Born in Rossein, Russia. Son of Isaac

AMERICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Sachnowitz. Educated at Vilna. Rabbinical diploma conferredby Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno; and Rabbi JacobJoseph, New York City. Address: 18 North Thames, Norwich,Conn.

Sacks, Harr is W. Rabbi of Congregation Ohavei Zedek, Bur-lington, Vt. Born December 12, 1860, in Russia. Son of IsaacSacks. Educated at Kovno, Russia. Rabbinical diplomas con-ferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno, and Rabbi A. M.Lapidos, Rossein, Government Kovno. Address: 42 First, Bur-lington, Vt.

Sadler, Bernard. Rabbi of Monteflore Congregation, Cairo,111. Born September 15, 1854, at Kirchenbirk, Bohemia. Son ofWolfgang Sadler and Nannie Berman. Educated at Realschuleof Elbogen, Bohemia. Officiated, during the holidays, at SouthBend, Ind., 1894-1895; and Owensboro, Ky., 1897. OrganizedMontefiore Congregation in 1894. Address: 813 Commercial Av.,Cairo, 111.

*Sale, Samuel. Rabbi of Congregation Shaare Emeth, St. Louis,Mo. Born October 29, 1854, at Louisville, Ky. Son of Isaac Sale.Educated at public schools of Louisville, and University of Berlin.Rabbinical diploma conferred in Berlin. Was Rabbi of HarSinai Congregation, Baltimore, Md., and Anshe Maarabh Congre-gation, Chicago, 111. Occupies chair of Hebrew at WashingtonUniversity, St. Louis, Mo. Address: St. Louis, Mo.

Salinger, Simon 3?. Rabbi and Cantor (since 1895) of Congre-gation Adas Jeshurun, Louisville, Ky. Porn September 29, 1860,in Poland. Son of Joseph Salinger. M. D., Western Universityof Pennsylvania, 1897. Was Rabbi in Mehlsack, Germany, forone year; London, Eng., for one year; Wilkes Barre, Pa.; Cleve-land, Ohio; and Pittsburg, Pa., for six years. Address: 420 EastChestnut, Louisville, Ky.

Salzman, Marcus. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai B'rith, WilkesBarre, Pa. Born December 11, 1871, at Baltimore, Md. Son ofTobias Salzman and Fredericka Rosenheim. Educated at publicschools of Baltimore; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); andHebrew Union College (Rabbi). Was Rabbi at Charleston,W. Va. Address: 62 North Main, Wilkes Barre, Pa.

Samfield, M. Rabbi (since 1871) of Congregation Children ofIsrael, Memphis, Tenn. Born at Marksteft, Bavaria, in 1846. Ed-ucated by his father; at the Talmudical College of Rabbi LazarusOttensosser, at Hoechberg; at the Realgymnasium and under Dr.

BIOGRAPHICAL .SKETCHES 95

J. Puerst, Baireuth; University of Wurzburg (Ph. D.); and RabbiSeligman Baer Bamberger, from whom he received the degree ofRabbi. Came to America in 1867. Rabbi of Congregation B'naiZion, Shreveport, La., until 1871. Pounder Tennessee Society forthe Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and Children; founder ofUnited Charities of Memphis; founder of Young Men's HebrewAssociation, Memphis; President Bebrew Relief Association, Mem-phis; Governor Hebrew Union College; Trustee Cleveland JewishOrphan Asylum; President of Southern Rabbinical Association.Pounder and editor of the Jewish Spectator. Address: 104 Adams,Memphis, Tenn.

Samuelson, Hyman. Cantor of Congregation Kneseth Israel,San Francisco, Cal. Born in Russia, in 186S. Son of CantorS. Z. Samuelson. Educated at Vienna. Has held positionsabroad and in New York City. Address: 107 Russ, San Fran-cisco, Cal.

*Schaffer, S. Rabbi (since 1893) of Congregation Shearith Is-rael, Baltimore, Md. Honorary Vice-President Federation ofAmerican Zionists. Publication: "Das Recht und seine Stellungzur Moral nach talmudischer Sitten-und Rechtslehre." Address:2566 McCulloh, Baltimore, Md.

Schanfarber, Tobias. Rabbi of Congregation Anshe Maarabh,Chicago, 111. Born December 20, 1862, at Cleveland, Ohio. Sonof Aaron Schanfarber and Sara Newman. Educated at publicschools of Cleveland, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.);Johns Hopkins University; and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi).Was Rabbi at Toledo, Ohio; Fort Wayne, Ind.; Baltimore, Md.;and Mobile, Ala. Was editor of Jewish Comment, Baltimore,Md.; Jewish Chronicle, Mobile. Ala.; and Reform Advocate,Chicago, 111. At present, editor of Chicago Israelite. Address:4049 Grand Boulevard, Chicago, 111.

Schaumberg', Sol. Rabbi of Congregation Moses Monteflore,Marshall, Texas. Born November 24, 1865, at Schweinsberg,Hessen, Germany. Son of Isaac Schaumberg. Educated at Mar-burg and Hanover, Germany. Diploma conferred by the Teachers'Seminary, Hanover. Held positions in Easton, Pa., and Schenec-tady, N. Y. Address: Marshall, Texas.

Schlesinger, Max. Rabbi Emeritus (since 1903) of Congrega-tion Beth-Emeth, Albany, N. Y. Born February IS, 1837, atVitschen, Silesia. Son of Joseph Schlesinger. Educated atGymnasium of Oppeln, Prussia; Theological Seminary of Breslau;and University of Prague (M. A. and Ph. D.). Rabbinical


diploma conferred by Professor Dr. Saul Isaac Kaempf, Prague.Only position as Rabbi of Congregation Beth-Emeth, Albany,N. Y. Publication: " The Historical Jesus of Nazareth." Ad-dress: 334 Hudson Av., Albany, N. Y.

Schneeberger, Henry William. Rabbi (since 1876) of Congre-gation Chizzuk Emoonah, Baltimore, Md. Born September, 1848,in New York City. Son of Sigmund Schneeberger. Educated atprivate schools of Mr. Sachs and Dr. Anthon, New York City;Columbia College (B. A., M. A., and Ph.D.); under Dr. M. Leh-mann, in Mayence, Germany; and Dr. I. Hildesheimer in Eisen-stadt, Hungary, and Berlin. Rabbinical diploma received fromDr. I. Hildesheimer, Berlin. Was Rabbi of Congregation PoelZedek, New York City, 1872-1876. Married Sarah Nussbaum,New York City, April 19, 1882. Publication: " Life and Worksof Rabbi Yehuda Ha-Nasi." Address: 1628 Druid Hill Av.,Baltimore, Md.

Sclioenbrun, Emanuel. Rabbi of Congregation Kneset Israel,Cleveland, Ohio. Born July 20, 1859, at Nagy-Kapos, Hungary.Son of Abraham Schoenbrun. Educated at Waitzen and Deutsch-Kreutz, Hungary. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Sil-berstein and Rabbi E. Prossnitz. Address: 304 Scovil Av.,Cleveland, Ohio.

Schorr, Israel. Cantor of Temple Israel, Brooklyn, N. Y.Born August 20, 1870, at Lemberg, Austria. Son of BaruchSchorr. Educated at Vienna. Held a position in the Congre-gation Oheb Sholom, Newark, N. J. Address: 214 Hooper,Brooklyn, N. Y.

Schreiber, Emanuel. Rabbi of Congregation Emanuel, Chi-cago, 111. Born December 13, 1852, at Leipnik, Moravia. Son ofHerrmann Schreiber. Educated at Gymnasium of Kremsier,Austria; University of Berlin; Talmudical College of Rabbi MosesBloch, Leipnik; Rabbinical Seminary of Dr. I. Hildesheimer inEisenstadt, Hungary, and in Berlin; and by Dr. A. Geiger, at theBerlin Hochschule fur die Wissenschaft des Judenthums. Ph. D.,University of Heidelberg. Rabbinical 'diplomas granted byDr. Abraham Geiger, Berlin; Lazarus Adler, Cassel; Elias Griine-baum, Landau; Leopold Stein, Frankfort on the Main. WasRabbi at Elbing, Prussia; Bonn, Germany; Mobile, Ala.; Denver,Colo.; Los Angeles, Cal.; Little Rock, Ark.; Spokane, Wash.;Toledo, Ohio; and Youngstown, Ohio. Member of the Deutsche-Morgenlandische Gesellschaft; professor of languages (1874-1875)at the Samson Schule, Wolfenbiittel; professor in college at Los


Angeles; and professor at University of Little Rock. Editor,1876-1881, of Die jiidische Geraeinde und Familien-Zeitung(later Die Reform), and, 1893-1896, of the Chicago Occident.Frequent contributor to the American-Jewish press on subjectsconnected with iJewish theology and history. Publications:" The Future of Judaism; " " The Social Position of the Jews; ""The Principles of Judaism; " " Progressive Rabbinism; " "TheJewish Congregation of Bonn;" "Abraham Geiger, a Biog-raphy; " "Self-Criticism of the Jews; " 'Criticism of Graetz'sHistory;" "Moses Mendelssohn's Labors in the Cause ofJudaism; " " Moses Mendelssohn's Labors in the Cause of Ger-many; " " Biblical and Post-Biblical History; " " A Word on theCondition of Judaism in Germany; '' " The Talmud " (also treatedin a series of English lectures); " Reformed Judaism and itsPioneers; " "Historians of Judaism; " "Moses Bloch; " "TheLiterature of Jewish Catechisms; " "The Bible in the Light ofModern Jewish Theology; " "Die Juden in Illinois; " " The Jewsin Medicine; " etc. Address: 260 Seminary Av., Chicago, 111.

Schreiber, Moses A. Minister of West End Hebrew Congrega-tion, Knesseth Israel, Baltimore, Md. Born Iyar 18, 5601, atKovno, Russia. Son of Chaykel Schreiber. Educated privatelyby Abraham Mapou and others. Teacher's diploma receivedfrom Abraham Mapou; authorization as Hazan from Rev. Dr.N. Adler, London, Eng. Occupied positions with the RabbinicalSynagogue, Kovno; the congregation of Sunderland, Eng.; Con-gregations Darech Amuno, Shaaray Tefllla, and Adereth El,New York City; and Congregation Shearith Israel, Baltimore,Md. Founder and first Principal of the Talmud Torah, NewYork City. At present, Principal of the Talmud Torah, Balti-more. Publications: Essays in the " Meassef " of the ShocharaySephath Eber, New York; " Judah's Offering, Centennial Ode,"and other poems (Hebrew); and translations of English poemsinto Hebrew. Address: 881 West Fayette, Baltimore, Md.

Schulman, Samuel. Rabbi of Temple Beth-El, New York City.Born February 14, 1865, in Russia. Son of Tanhum Schulman.Educated at public schools of New York City, and College of Cityof New York. Hebrew and Talmudic studies under private teach-ers, and at the Hochschule fiir die Wissenschaft des Judenthums,Berlin (certificate). Came to America in 1865. Sent to Berlinby Emanu-El Theological Seminary Association. Held positionsin Helena, Mont., and Kansas City, Mo. Address: 1144 Park Av.,New York City.

Schuman, Jacob. Cantor of Congregation Bnai Sholaum,Brooklyn, N. Y. Born February 13, 1870, in Courland, Russia.

98 AMERICAN JEWISH YEAH BOOK

Son of Abraham Schuman. Educated at Riga, Russia. Held aposition in Congregation Beth Jacob, Brooklyn, N. Y. Address:574 Tenth, Brooklyn, N. Y.

Schwab, Isaac. Rabbi (since 1879) of Congregation AdathJoseph, St. Joseph, Mo. Born November 1, 1840, at Kleinsteinach,Bavaria. Educated at Mainbirnheim, Bavaria; Pressburg, Hun-gary; Rabbinical Seminary at Breslau; and Universities of Wiirz-burg, Munich, and Leipzig. Ph. D., Jena, 1864; Rabbinical diplo-mas conferred by Rabbi A. S. B. Sofer, Pressburg; Dr. Aub,Munich; and Dr. Wolf Landau, Dresden. Holder of BavarianRabbinical certificate. Rabbi at Portland, Ore., 1866-1872; Evans-ville, Ind., 1873-1876; and Williamsburg, N. Y., 1876-1878. Publi-cations: "Can Jews be Patriots?" "The Sabbath in History; "" Contributions to the History and Reform of the Jewish Ritual "(2 vols.); " The Christmas Motto and the Old Prophetic Passagesof a Coming Golden Era of Peace." Address: 6th and Jule, St.Joseph, Mo.

Schwartz, Tobias H. Minister of Congregation Adath Yeshu-run, Newport News, Va. Born in 1863, at Kovno, Russia. Sonof Jacob Schwartz. Educated at Kovno and Vilna. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Ifaac Elchanan Sp'ector, Kovno.Held positions at Kibarten, Poland, and Pocahontas, Va. Ad-dress: 232 28th, Newport News, Va.

Seidel, Jacob M. Rabbi of Congregation Jeshuat Israel, New-port, R. I. Born August 12, 1874, at Warsaw, Poland. Son ofRabbi Saul Seidel. Educated at Warsaw, Piontka, and Kalisz,Poland. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbis Alexander Zis-kind, Israel Landow, and Zalzman. Held positions in Bellaire,Ohio, for three years: in Wilkes Barre, Pa., for four years; andin Woonsocket, R. I., for one year. Address: 29% Newport Av.,Newport, R. I.

Shane, David. Rabbi of Congregation Sons of Israel, Camden,N. J. Born April 7, 1846, Government of Kovno, Russia. Son ofJoseph Shane. Educated at Talmudical College of Volosin, Rus-sia. Rabbinical diploma granted by Rabbi Joseph Scharia, Shavli,Russia. Was Rabbi in Namunt, Russia. Address: 1118 Broad-way, Camden, N. J.

Shapiro, Joseph. Rabbi (since 1892) of Congregation Tife-reth Israel, Duluth. Minn. Born September 1, 1860, in Russia.Son of Moses Shapiro. Educated in Odessa, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by the Rabbi of Odessa. Address: 716 WestSuperior, Duluth, Minn.


Shoher, Hyman S. Rabbi of Congregation Mishkan Tefilah,Boston, Mass. Born in 1847, at Kovno, Russia. Son of JechielShoher. Educated at Kovno and Minsk, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma granted by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, of Kovno.Expelled from Memel, East Prussia, in 1885. Address: 1016 Tre-mont, Boston, Mass.

Shugam, William. Minister of Congregation Bickor Cholem,S. Chicago, 111. Born November 10, 1865, at Plumgian, Russia, andeducated there. Son of Meyer Shugam. Diplomas granted byRabbis Z. Barith, Russia, and Jacob Joseph, New York City. WasRabbi in Congregation Zichron Jacob, Baltimore, Md. Address:8828 Commercial, S. Chicago, 111.

Silberfeld, Julius. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Abraham,Newark, N. J. Born March 5, 1876, at Oswiecim, Austria. Sonof Cantor Joseph Silberfeld. Educated in Russia; at publicschools of New York City; College of the City of New York: andprivately under Dr. Adolph M. Radin. Compelled to leave Russiaon account of foreign birth. Held positions in CongregationTree of Life, Pittsburg, Pa., for one year; Temple Beth El, Jer-sey City, N. J., for three years; and Temple B'nai Jeshurun,Newark, N. J. (as Associate Rabbi). Address: 210 Hunterdon,Newark, N. J.

Silberman, Barnet. Rabbi (since 1889) of Congregation Tife-reth Israel, New York City. Born in 1852, in Poland. Son ofCharles Silberman. Educated at Suvalki, Poland. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Lando, Volkovicz. Rabbi for eightyears in Volkovicz, and for eight years in Congregation Sha-reth Torah, New York City. Interested in civic work in the EastSide of the city. Address: 95 Henry, New York City.

Silberman, Hyman. Rabbi of Congregation Agudas Israel,Waterbury, Conn. Born October 1, 1855, in Grodno, Russia. Sonof Alexander Silberman. Educated at Mariampol, GovernmentSuvalki, Russia. Rabbinical diploma granted by Rabbi Isaac El-chanan Spector, Kovno. Was Rabbi for four years in Cincinnati,Ohio. Address: 72 Canal, Waterbury, Conn.

Silver, Benjamin. Cantor of the Chambersburg (Pa.) HebrewCongregation. Born in 1853, in the Government Kovno, Russia.Son of Lewis Silver. Held positions in Russia. Address: 16East Washington, Chambersburg, Pa.

Silverman, Joseph. Rabbi (since 1888) of Temple Emanu-El,New York City. Born August 25, 1860, Cincinnati, Ohio. Son of


M. H. Silverman. Educated at University of Cincinnati (B. A.),and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi and D. D.). Rabbi of TempleEmanu-El, Dallas, Texas, 1884-1885; and Congregation B'naiIsrael, Galveston, Texas, 1885-1888. President Central Confer-ence American Rabbis, 1900-1903; Secretary Emanu-El TheologicalSeminary Association; Member Council World's Fair ReligiousParliament: Member National Council of Actors' Church Alli-ance; Vice-President New York Board of Jewish Ministers. Publi-cation: "The Essence of Judaism" (manual for confirmation).Address: 9 West 90th, New York City.

Simon, Abram. Rabbi of Temple Israel, Omaha, Neb., andCongregation B'nai Jeshurun, Lincoln, Neb. Born July 14, 1872.B. L.., University of Cincinnati; Rabbi, Hebrew Union College.Rabbi of Sacramento, Cal., for five years. Secretary, for fiveyears, of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children.Publications: "The Sabbath School Problem;" "The SabbathSchool Curriculum." Address: 1117 South 30th Av., Omaha, Neb.

Singer, Herschel. Cantor and Preacher in Congregation BrithSholem, Buffalo. N. Y. Born April, 1847, at Poneviezh, Russia.Son of Julius Singer. Educated in Russia. Officiated as Cantorin Kreutzburg, Russia, and in Congregation Beth Jacob, Buffalo,N. Y. Publication: " Zichoren Bashofer" (Talmudical and Bib-lical treatise). Address: 241 William.

Sivitz, Moses Simon. Rabbi of Congregations Shaare Torah,Ohel Jacob, and Anshe Emunah, Pittsburg, Pa. Born November15, 1855, in Russia. Son of Chatzkel Sivitz. Educated at Kovno,Russia. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac ElchananSpector, Kovno. Occupied positions in Baltimore, Md.; Cleve-land, Ohio; and Toledo, Ohio. Publications: " Choker Daas; ""Beth Pago." Address: 1223 Franklin, Pittsburg, Pa.

Solomon, George. Rabbi (since 1903) of Congregation MicKvaIsrael, Savannah, Ga. Born October 12, 1873, in New York City.Son of Joseph Solomon and Sarah Solomon. Educated in publicschools of New York City; Hebrew Orphan Asylum, New YorkCity; high, school, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati(B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (Rabbi). Was AssistantSuperintendent Hebrew Orphan Asylum, New York City. Rabbi ofCongregation Anshe Chesed, Vicksburg, Miss., 1895-1903. Publi-cation: "Essays on the Origin of Christianity" (in conjunctionwith Rabbi Joseph Bogen). Address: 22 Jones, W., Savannah,Ga.

Solomon, Xalman. Cantor of Congregation Ahavath ScholomBeth Aron, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born May '2, 1859, in Russia. Sou


of Abraham I. Solomon. Educated in Germany. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Dr. Cohen, Germany. Address: 61 GrahamAv., Brooklyn, N. Y.

Sonneschein, Solomon H. Rabbi of Temple Bnei Yeshurun,Des Moines, Iowa. Born June 24, 1839, at St. Martin Turoz, Hun-gary. Son of Moses Sonneschein and Charlotte Jassniger. Edu-cated at Teschen, Austria, Neusatz, Boskowitz, Moravia, and Ham-burg. Ph. D., Jena, 1864. Rabbinical diploma received from theChief Rabbi of Boskowitz, Moravia, 1863. Was Rabbi in Varas-din, Prague, New York, and St. Louis. Vice-president, 1886-1888,of National Conference of Charities and Corrections. Connectedwith the German and English Jewish press for forty years aseditor and contributor. Address: 810 Pleasant, Des Moines, Iowa.

Sparger, William. Cantor of Temple Emanu-El, New YorkCity. Born April 3, 1860, at Tallya, Hungary. Son of KolomanSparger. Educated at Rabbinical Seminary of Budapest andRoyal Conservatory of Music, Vienna. Held positions at Dort-mund and Worms, Germany, and in Brooklyn, N. Y. Publica-tions: Anthems: "O Lord, what is Man; " "Remember, Lord; ""Behold and See; " and "Out of the Depths; " (with Spicker)"Emanu-El" (Sabbath eve and morning service, 2 vols.); (withAlois Kaiser) "Songs of Zion." Address: 73 East 90th, NewYork City.

Spiegel, Adolph. Rabbi of Congregation Shaari Zedek, NewYork City. Born February 10, 1869, at Buczacz, Galicia. Son ofMathias Spiegel. Educated in Talmudical Colleges at Buczacz,Czernowitz, Bukowina; Stanislau and Tarnopol, Galicia. Rab-binical diploma conferred by Rabbi Samuel Stark, Buczacz. WasRabbi of Congregation Gemilath Chesed, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Aha-vath Scholom Beth Aron, Brooklyn, N. Y.; Adereth El, New YorkCity; and First Jewish Congregation of Ponce, Porto Rico. Presi-dent of Austrian Hebrew Charities Association. Address: 166Henry, New York City.

Spitz, Moritz. Rabbi (since 1878) of Congregation B'nai El,St. Louis, Mo. Born October 4, 1848, at Csaba, Hungary. Sonof Rabbi Jacob Spitz. Educated at Talmudical College ofCsaba; by Rabbi Hirsch at Old Buda; at the Gymnasium inBuda; University of Prague, and under Heller, Wessely, Kaempf,and Judah Teveles, in Prague. Rabbinical diploma granted byRabbi Judah Teveles. Was Rabbi less than one year of Congre-gation B'nai Sholom, Chicago, 111., and seven years of Congrega-tion Emanu-El, Milwaukee, Wis. Was editor of the JewishTribune, and at present editor of the Jewish Voice. Contributor

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to the American Israelite and Die Deborah under the nom deplume " Ben Abi." Connected with the Jewish press in Europeand America for thirty-live years. Address: 1727 Missouri Av.,St. Louis, Mo.

Stark, E. J. Cantor (since 1893) of Congregation Emanu-El,San Francisco, Cal. Born March 29, 1863, at Hohenems, Austria.Son of Josef Stark, cantor at Hohenems and one of the earliestof Sulzer's pupils. Educated at Vienna and Leipzig, and in He-brew and Hazanut by his father. Was Cantor of CongregationBeth Elohim, Brooklyn, N. Y. Publications: Musical services forthe Hebrew Union Prayer Book. Composer of anthems, cantatas,and memorial hymns. Address: San Francisco, Cal.

Stein, Morris. Cantor (since 1893) of Congregation KenesethIsrael, Portchester, N. Y. Born in Vilna, Russia. Son of LouisStein. Educated at Volosin, Russia. Diplomas conferred byRabbi Solomon Kayen, Vilna, and Rabbi Jacob Joseph, New YorkCity. Address: 82 Lake, Portchester, N. Y.

Stern, Jacob Ludwig. Rabbi (since 1891) of Be'er ChayimCongregation, Cumberland, Md. Born November 28, 1856, at Creg-lingen, Wiirtemberg. Son of Ludwig Stern. Educated at Israe-litische Gemeindeschule, Lateinschule, Gymnasium, and Univer-sity (Ph.D.), at Wiirzburg, Bavaria, and the Polytechnicum,Darmstadt. Rabbinical diploma granted by Rabbi Seligman BaerBamberger, Wiirzburg. Taught in Jewish schools in Brighton,Eng., New York, and St. Louis. Was Rabbi in Salt Lake City,Utah, 1891. Publications: Articles on the Single Tax., etc., invarious papers. Address: Cumberland, Md.

Stern, Louis. Rabbi (since 1872) of the Washington (D. C.)Hebrew Congregation. Born February 10, 1847, at Simmern, Ger-many. Son of David Stern. Educated at the Seminary at Miin-ster, Westphalia. Was Rabbi in Luegde, Westphalia. Address:1325 Tenth, Washington, D. C.

Stollnitz, Henry Sande. Rabbi of Congregation Adath Emuno,Hoboken, N. J. Born in Ostrovo, Government Lomzha, Russia,in 1865. Son of Nathan Stollnitz. Held positions (as Cantor)at Ulm, Wiirtemberg; Norfolk Street Congregation, New YorkCity; Eden Street Congregation, Baltimore, Md.; Ohabei ShalomCongregation, San Francisco, Cal.; and Sharey Tefillo, Orange,N. J. Address: 626 Bloomfleld, Hoboken, N. J.

Stolz, Joseph. Rabbi (since 1896) of Isaiah Temple, Chicago,111. Born November 3, 1861, in Syracuse, N. Y. Son of David


Stolz. Educated at public schools of Syracuse; University ofCincinnati (B. L.); Hebrew Union College (Rabbi and D. Tf.).Rabbi at Little Rock, Ark., 1884-1887; and of Zion Congregation,Chicago, 1887-1896. Member of Harper Educational Commission,and since 1899 Member Chicago Board of Education. MarriedBlanche Rauh, Cincinnati, June 24, 1900. Publication: "FuneralAgenda." Address: 157 42d Place, Chicago, 111.

Tintner, Moritz. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel Emanuel.Born in Austerlitz, Moravia, Austria. Son of Lobel Tintner. Ed-ucated at Pressburg, Breslau, Berlin, and Munich (Ph. D.). Rab-binical diplomas conferred by Rabbi W. Sofer, Pressburg; RabbiA. Platshek, Boskowitz, Moravia; Dr. Aub, Munich; and Rabbisof Breslau and Berlin. Was Rabbi at Freistadt, Prussia; Kutten-plan, Bohemia; St. PSlten, Austria; of Congregation ShaareRachamim, New York City; of Congregation Beth Israel, Brook-lyn, N. Y.; and in Cleveland, Ohio. Publications: " Abhandlungiiber Chartesius und Spinoza; " " Responsa of the Talmud Babli; "" Nachle Moshe; " "Matte Moshe; " " Sichron Mosbe; " and"Kerem Moshe." Address: 18 West 118th, New York City.

Traugott, Abraham. Rabbi of Congregation B'rith Sholom,Springfield, 111. Born April 6, 1861, at London, Eng., and edu-cated there. Son of Jacob Traugott. Held positions in Albany,Ga., and Fort Smith, Ark. Synagogue at Fort Smith erected dur-ing his incumbency (1892). Member of the Lincoln LibraryBoard. Member (1902) of Sangamon County Board of Super-visors. Address: 850 North 6th, Springfield, 111.

Tremblatt, I. Minister of Congregation Sons of Israel, WestSuperior, Wis. Born and educated in Kovno, Russia. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno. Heldpositions in Archangel and other places in Russia, and in theArgentine Jewish Colony. Address: West Superior, Wis.

Vidaver, Falk. Rabbi and Preacher of Congregation BethIsrael Bikur Cholim, New York City. Born 1846, in Warsaw,Poland. Son of Nathan Vidaver. Educated at Warsaw and Uni-versity of Berlin (Ph. D.). Rabbinical diploma conferred by theRabbinate of Warsaw under Meisels. Held positions in Boston,Mass.; Evansville, Ind.; San Francisco, Cal.; and Louisville, Ky.Publications: Notes on the Ethics of the Fathers and on thePsalms; Articles in the American Israelite, Reform Advocate,Hamagid, Hazefirah, Hoibri, Hashachar, Hakol, and the Hebrewpress of New York. Address: 181 East 71st, New York City.

Volmer, Leon. Rabbi of Hebrew Educational Society BeneJeshurun, Charleston, W. Va. Born June 28, 1879, at Little Rock,


Ark. Son of Louis Volmer and Henrietta Bott. Educated atpublic schools of Little Rock; high school, Cincinnati, Ohio; Uni-versity of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (B. H.L. and Rabbi). Address: Charleston, W. Va.

Voorsanger, Jacob. Rabbi (since 1886) of Temple Emanu-El,San Francisco, Cal. Born November 13, 1852, at Amsterdam,Holland. Son of Wolf Voorsanger and Alicia Pekel. Educatedat Jewish Theological Seminary, Amsterdam. B. D. and D. D.,Hebrew Union College. Professor of Semitic Languages and Lit-erature, University of California (since the establishment of thechair, 1894). One of the chaplains and a special lecturer atLeland Stanford Jr., University; one of the founders and firstVice-President California Red Cross Society; first PresidentManila Library Association. Was Rabbi at Philadelphia, 1873-1876; Washington, D. C, 1876-1877; Providence, R. I., 1877-1878;and Houston, Tex., 1878-1886. Was editor of the Jewish South,1881-1883; Sabbath Visitor, Cincinnati, 1883-1886; was thefounder (1895) and is now the editor of Emanu-El. Publica-tions: "Moses Mendelssohn, Life and Works; " and "Chroniclesof Emanu-El." Address: 1249 Franklin, San Francisco, Cal.

Warsaw, Isidor. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Tefilloh, Bruns-wick, Ga. Born December 25, 1874, at Eydkuhnen, Prussia. Sonof Moses Warsaw. Educated at Kovno High School; Universityof Berlin; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew UnionCollege (Rabbi). Address: Brunswick, Ga.

Wechsler, Judah. Born March 24, 1833, in Bavaria. Son ofHirsh Wechsler. Educated at Wiirzburg. Rabbinical diplomagranted by S. Bamberger. Held positions in Indianapolis, Ind.;New Haven, Conn.; Columbus; St. Paul, Minn.; and Meridian,Miss. Founder of Russian Jewish Colony at Painted Woods,North Dakota. Address: 828 South East, Indianapolis, Ind.

Wechsler, Morris. Rabbi (since 1895) of Congregation BrithSholem, New York City. Born in 1849, at Nagy Mihaly, Hun-gary. Son of Israel Wechsler. Educated at Pressburg, Erlau,and Hethars, in Hungary. Rabbinical diplomas conferred byRabbi Moses Margarethen, Rabbi F. Tannenbaum, and Rabbi Solo-mon Wechsler. Was Rabbi of Congregation Ohev Zedek, Yonkers,N. Y.; and Congregation Kol Israel Achim, New Brunswick, N. J.Editor of the New York Jewish Times. Publications: " WajdaberMoshe; " " Birkas Moshe; " " Tiferes Moshe."

Weinstein, Harris. Minister (since 1881) of CongregationShearith Israel, Goshen, Ind. Born January 18, 1859, at Kal-


warya, Government Suvalki, Russia. Son of Aaron L. Weinstein.Rabbinical diplomas received from the Rabbis of Kalwarya andVishtinetz. Came to America in 1881. Address: 505 South 3rd,Goshen, Ind.

Weiss, Harry. Rabbi (since 1903) of Congregation B'naiIsrael, Butte, Mont. Born October 19, 1875. Son of Moses Weiss.Educated at public schools of Chicago, 111.; high school, Cincin-nati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B. A.); and Hebrew UnionCollege (B. H. L. and Rabbi). Rabbi at Waco, Texas, 1897-1899;and at Pueblo, Colo., 1899-1903. Organized the congregation inPueblo; synagogue built, free from debt, during his incumbency;and synagogue in Butte begun since his arrival. Contributor ofverses to Jewish papers. Address: 915 West Quartz, Butte, Mont.

Weiss, Louis. Rabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Palestine,Texas. Born February 7, 1848, at Kotay, Hungary. Son ofMartin Weiss. Educated in Hungary. Rabbinical diploma con-ferred by Rabbi Isaac Goldstein, Grosswardein, Hungary. Heldpositions in Columbus, Ga.; Columbus, Miss.; Trenton, N. J.; andChattanooga, Tenn. Publications: " Ta'lmudic and Other Le-gends; " "More Light ;" "Some Burning Questions." Address:Palestine, Texas.

Willner, Wolff. Rabbi (since 1895) of Congregation Beth Is-rael, Meridian, Miss. Born July 28, 1863, at Strassburg, WestPrussia. Son of Rabbi Samuel H. Willner and Sarah Hertzfeld.Educated in Rabbinica by father, in secular studies at Yale Uni-versity (B. A., 1885; M. A., 1887); and Johns Hopkins University.Rabbinical diploma conferred by father. Rabbi of CongregationOheb Sholom, Newark, N. J., 1887-1890; Congregation Beth Is-rael, Houston, Tex., 1890-1892; Eden Street Synagogue, Balti-more, Md., 1892-1894. Came to America in 1874. Address: 2600Eleventh, Meridian, Miss.

Wintner, Leopold. Rabbi (since 1878) of Temple Beth Elo-him, Brooklyn, N. Y. Born in 1836, in Koztvelyes, ZemplinComitat, Hungary. Son of Rabbi Pincbas Wintner, Talmudist,and Hannah Gottlieb. Educated at Talmudical Colleges of Mis-kolcz, Old Buda, and Pressburg, Hungary; and University ofVienna. M. A. and Ph. D., University of Tiibingen. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by Rabbi Dr. Abr. Schmiedl, Vienna. WasRabbi of Congregation Beth Israel, Jackson, Miss.; Mount Zion,St. Paul, Minn.; and Temple Beth El, Detroit, Mich. MarriedBetty Stagl (deceased), Vienna. Made a tour of Palestine andEgypt in 1902. Publication: " The Ancient Legislation relatingto Economics and Poverty from Biblical and Talmudical Sources."Address: 473 Bedford Av., Brooklyn, N. Y.


Wise, Stephen Samuel. Rabbi (since 1900) of Temple BethIsrael, Portland, Ore. Born March 17, 1872, at Budapest, Hun-gary. Son of Rabbi Dr. Aaron Wise and Sabine von Fischer.Educated at College of the City of New York; and Columbia Uni-versity (B. A., 1892; Ph. D., 1900); and studied under RabbisAaron Wise, Alexander Kohut, Gustav Gottheil, Henry Gersoni,and Professors M. L. Margolis and Joshua A. Joffe. Rabbi ofCongregation B'nai Jeshurun, New York City, 1893-1900; Secre-tary for English of the Second Zionist Congress, 1898; HonorarySecretary Federation of American Zionists. Publication: "TheImprovement of the Moral Qualities by Solomon ibn Gabirol."Address: 233 North 24th, Portland, Ore.

Wittenberg, David H. Rabbi of Congregation AhavathChesed, Jacksonville, Fla. Born June 18, 1875, in Poland. Son ofNathaniel Wittenberg. Educated at public schools of New YorkCity; College of the City of New York; and Jewish TheologicalSeminary of America (Rabbi). Special course in Columbia Schoolof Philosophy. Was Rabbi of Congregation Beth El, Buffalo,N. Y., and Congregation Holy Blossom, Toronto, Can. Address:413 W. Ashley, Jacksonville, Fla.

WohTberg, Berenhard. Rabbi of Congregation Rodef Sholom,Waco, Tex. Born December 25, 1866, at Breslau, Germany. Sonof Joseph Wohlberg. Educated at Breslau, and at the Univer-sity of Berlin (Ph. B.). Rabbinical diploma conferred by RabbiDr. I. Hildesheimer. Held positions in Hamilton, Ont, and Wood-ville, Miss. Publication: "Jewish Life in Central Europe." Ad-dress: Waco, Texas.

Wolenske, Harriss. Minister of First Hebrew Orthodox Con-gregation, Bradford, Pa. Born in 1858, at Nieshodt, Poland. Sonof Woolf Wolenske. Educated at Liverpool, England. Diplomasgranted by Dr. N. Adler, London, Eng., and Rabbi Jacob Joseph,New York City. Held positions in Liverpool, Eng.; Youngstown,Ohio; St. John, New Brunswick, Can. Address: 8 Amm, Brad-ford, Pa.

"Wolkowich, Erwin. Cantor (since 1903) of Temple OhabeiShalom, Boston, Mass. Born January 19, 1863, at Suvalki, Poland.Son of Abraham Wolkowich. Educated at Vienna. Was Cantorof Congregation B'nai Jeshurun, Staten Island, N. Y. Address:131 Harold, Roxbury, Boston, Mass.

Wolsey, Louis. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel, LittleRock, Ark. Born January 8, 1877, at Midland, Mich. Son of


William Wolsey. Educated at public schools of Clare, Mich., andChicago, 111.; high school, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincin-nati (B. A.); and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L., and Rabbi,1899). Address: 1419 Louisiana, Little Rock, Ark.

Yasgour, Louis. Rabbi of Congregation Brethren of Israel,Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Born March 25, 1872, in Russia. Son ofAbraham Yasgour. Educated in the preparatory school of F.Feilchenfeld, Grand Rabbi of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Rabbinicaldiploma conferred by the Maybaum Seminary. Held positions inEvansville, Ind., and Houston, Texas. Address: 214 Church,Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Yudelson, Albert B. Rabbi of South Side Hebrew Congrega-tion, Chicago, 111. Born August 2, 1869, at Prosehle, Poland. Sonof Judah L. Yudelson. Educated at Talmudical Colleges ofSuvalki and Sakola, Russia, and at the University of the City ofNew York and Northwestern University. Rabbinical diplomasgranted by Rabbis Z. Director, Sakola; H. Brinn, Chorzellen; Dr.Oppenheim, Thorn, Prussia. Was principal of Hebrew FreeSchool, Paterson, N. J., and superintendent of Hebrew EducationalSociety, Brooklyn, N. Y. Came to America in 1890. Address:187 25th Street, Chicago, 111.

Zarchy, Asher I . Rabbi (since 1903) of the United OrthodoxHebrew Congregations of Louisville, Ky. (Bnai Jacob, AnsheiSforod, and Beth Hamidrash Hagodel). Born in 1862, at Kovno,Russia. Son of Samuel H. Zarchy. Educated at Kovno andVolosin, Russia. Rabbinical diploma granted by Rabbi Isaac El-chanan Spector, Kovno, and Rabbi Hirsch Leb Berlin, Volosin.Was Rabbi at Brooklyn, N. Y. (1892), and Des Moines, Iowa (1893-1903). Came to America in 1891. Address: 222 East Chestnut,Louisville, Ky.

Zelesnick, Judel Michael. Rabbi of Congregation Ohel Jacob,Chicago, 111. Born February, 1859, in the Government Kovno,Russia. Son of Charles Zelesnick. Educated at Kovno. Rab-binical diplomas granted by Rabbis Jacob Kahano, Vilna, andIsaac Elchanan Spector, Kovno. Address: 91 West 13th, Chi-cago, 111.

Zeligsohn, A. H. Minister of Congregation Bnei Israel, Olean,N. Y. Born May 15, 1870, at Krakinove, Government Kovno, Rus-sia. Son of Solomon Selig Zeligsohn. Educated at Kovno. Rab-binical diploma conferred by Rabbi Isaac Elchanan Spector,Kovno. Was Minister in Corry, Pa. Address: Olean, N. Y.

108 AMEEICAN JEWISH YEAR BOOK

Zepin, George. Rabbi of Congregation B'nai Israel, Kalamazoo,Mich. Born June 8, 1878, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Son of Otto Zepin.Educated at public schools, Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cin-cinnati (B. A).; and Hebrew Union College (B. H. L. and Rabbi).Appointed Director of Circuit Work by the Union of American He-brew Congregations. Address: 449 West Lovell, Kalamazoo, Mich.

Zielonka, Martin. Rabbi (since 1900) of Mount Sinai Congre-gation, El Paso, Texas,, Born February 15, 1877, at Berlin, Ger-many. Son of David Zielonka and Bertha Sanger. Educated atpublic schools of Cincinnati, Ohio; University of Cincinnati (B.A.,1899); Hebrew Union College (B. H. L., 1895; Rabbi, 1899); andBaylor University, Waco, Texas. Came to America in 1882.Rabbi at Waco, Texas, 1899-1900. Publication: "The Status andCondition of the Jew in Mexico." Address: P. O. Box 756, ElPaso, Texas.

Zinsler, Leopold. Rabbi of Congregation Shaari Zedek ofHarlem, New York City. Born May 23, 1856, at Cracow, Austria.Son of Jacob Joseph Zinsler. Educated at Ballasa Gyarmoth,Pressburg, Eisenstadt, and Kaschau, in Hungary, and Cassel, Ger-many. Rabbinical diploma conferred by Rabbi Abraham S. B.Sofer, Pressburg, 1872. Address: 16 West 117th, New York City.

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THE YEAE 5663 - AJC Archives...THE YEAR 17 THE YEAE 5663 BY RABBI MAXMILLIAN HELLER, B. Lv M. A. As 1881 was made memorable in Jewish annals by the Elizavetgrad pogrom, 1891 by the