Theme 1 President Wilson sought to keep the United States neutral during the Great War but...
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Theme 1 President Wilson sought to keep the United States neutral during the Great War but violations of U.S. neutrality on the high seas eventually led
Theme 1 President Wilson sought to keep the United States
neutral during the Great War but violations of U.S. neutrality on
the high seas eventually led to Americas declaration of war against
Germany
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I. The Great War in Europe A. Beginning of World War I 1.
Austrian heir assassinated by a Serbian nationalist fanatic in
June, 1914 Gavrilo Princip Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife,
Sofie, just moments before the assassination.
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2. Austrias ultimatum to Serbia was backed by Germany 3.
Germany declared war on Russia and France 4. Germany invaded France
through neutral Belgium a. In response, Britain declared war on
Germany b. A year later, Italy joined the Allies c. Four years of
bloody trench warfare ensued The bodies of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
and his wife, Sofie, lie in state in Sarajevo.
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5. Central Powers (Triple Alliance): Germany, Austria, (and
later) the Ottoman Empire 6. Allies (Triple Entente): France,
Britain and Russia (later, Japan, Italy and the U.S.)
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World War I Combatants
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B. U.S. policy of neutrality was tested 1. Wilson called upon
Americans for neutrality in thought and deed 2. Both sides in
Europe tried to gain U.S. support a. British ties with U.S. were
strong b. Central Powers had ties to German and Austrian immigrants
in the U.S. c. Many Irish-Americans, German- Americans and Jews
favored the Central Powers d.Strong anti-German sentiment in U.S.
existed although Americans sought to avoid war
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C. U.S. money flows to Europe 1. Initially, the war had a
disastrous effect on the U.S. economy 2. U.S. recession was boosted
by French and British war orders 3. Britain forced U.S. ships into
British ports a. Germany announced submarine warfare b. Wilson
warned Germany to respect neutral ships
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German U-boats awaiting their missions
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D. Submarine warfare 1. German U-boats sunk 90 ships in the war
zone in early 1915 The dark blue shading represents Germany's
declared exclusion zone of February 1915.
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2. Sinking of the Lusitania, May 1915 a. About 1,200 dead,
including 128 Americans b. Lusitania was carrying munitions 3.
Wilson warned Germany in a measured approach a. Secretary of State
William Jennings Bryan resigned (pacifist views) b. Wilson: There
is such a thing as a man being too proud to fight.
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Here Lie the Facts W.A. Rogers, 1915
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Booty John Scott Clubb May 11, 1915 Lusitania
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British propaganda poster illustrating the sinking of the
'Lusitania' by the Germans in 1915.
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3. SS Arabic sunk in August, 1915 -- Germany bowed to U.S.
pressure and agreed not to sink unarmed ships
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E. Sussex Ultimatum and Pledge 1. March, 1916, Germany
torpedoed a French steamer, the Sussex 2. Wilson threatened to
suspend diplomatic relations with Germany 3. Germany pledged to
stop sinking merchant and passenger ships so long as the U.S.
convinced Britain to suspend her blockade
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F. Election of 1916 1. Republicans nominated Charles Evans
Hughes a. Republicans and Bull Moose Progressives met in Chicago b.
Theodore Roosevelt bowed out to avoid splitting in party (as in
1912) c. Republican Old Guard nominated Hughes, Supreme Court
justice and ex-progressive reformer d. Platform: higher tariffs,
anti- regulation, opposed to Wilsons handling of Mexican invasion
and the German threat during WWI
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2. Wilson re-nominated by Democrats -- Slogan: He kept us out
of war 3. Wilson defeated Hughes 277-254
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G. Peace without victory speech, January 1917 -- He declared
that only a negotiated peace would prove durable
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II. U.S. entry into the Great War A. Unrestricted submarine
warfare announced by Germany in January 1917 1. All ships would now
be sunk, including American ships 2. Used failed Sussex pledge as
justification 3. Germany believed U.S. would enter the war too late
B. Wilson broke diplomatic relations with Germany -- U.S. began
arming merchant ships
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C. Zimmerman Note (Published March 1, 1917) a. Secret telegram
was intercepted by Britain b. Proposed German- Mexican alliance c.
Most Americans were outraged D. 4 U.S. merchant vessels were sunk
in the first two weeks of March
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E. Wilson asked Congress for a declaration of war against
Germany on April 2, 1917 1. U.S. declared war on April 6, 1917 2.
Reasons for declaring war: a. Unrestricted submarine warfare (most
important) b. Zimmerman Telegram c. Russian Revolution led to a
more liberal govt allied with U.S. d. U.S. thought it could end the
war quickly e. Germans were seen as immoral for mass killing of
civilians
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Wilson asks Congress for a declaration of war, April 2,
1917
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Theme 2 President Wilson led the U.S. in its progressive
crusade to make the world safe for democracy.
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III. Wilsonian Idealism A. U.S. abandoned traditional
isolationism B. Wilson sought to inspire idealism so Americans
would support the war 1. Twin goals: a. Make the world safe for
democracy b. A war to end war 2. Contrasted U.S. altruism with
European selfishness 3. Persuaded traditionally isolationist U.S.
to fight for moral purposes
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C. Fourteen Points (delivered to Congress January 8, 1918) 1.
Impact a. Made Wilson moral leader of the Allied cause b.
Eventually convinced Germany to end the war 2. Provisions: a.
Abolish secret treaties b. Freedom of the seas c. Remove economic
barriers d. Reduce the arms race e. Reform colonialist
policies
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f. self-determination to oppressed minority groups -- Later
resulted in the creation of Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia,
Latvia, Lithuania g. 14 th Point: Creation of an international
organization to supply collective security and preserve peace --
Later became the League of Nations
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Theme 3 During the Great War, Americans at home experienced a
transformation economically, socially, and demographically.
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IV. Mobilizing for war A. Creel Committee 1. Committee on
Public Information created to sell America on the war a. Headed by
George Creel b. Voluntary censorship of the press 2. Established
volunteer Liberty Leagues in every community (urged members to spy
on neighbors) George Creel
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3. Aroused passion & voluntary compliance 4. Ultimately
raised expectations to a level unattainable with the peace
Four-Minute Men Charlie Chaplin and Douglas Fairbanks whip up
support for the war.
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B. Restrictions on civil liberties 1. Most serious infringement
since the Civil War 2. Anti-German hysteria (fueled largely by
Creel Committee) 3. Espionage Act of 1917 a. Fines and imprisonment
for: making false statements aiding the enemy inciting rebellion in
the military obstructing draft recruitment b. Wilson sought broad
censorship powers but Congress refused him
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4. Sedition Act of 1918 a. Forbade any criticism of the govt,
flag, or uniform b. Expanded mail exclusion c. Socialists and IWW
were targeted Eugene Debs convicted under the Espionage Act About
100 IWW members convicted
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Rogers, W.A. "The Strangest of Infatuations," 1918 During World
War I, newspaper cartoons like this one made fun of pacifists like
Jane Addams.
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5. Schenck v. U.S. (1919) a. Upheld the Espionage Act b.
Defined freedom of speech 6. Mild censorship or denial of mail
privileges were continued 7. WWI constituted an ugly chapter in the
history of U.S. civil liberties
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C. Mobilizing factories 1. The U.S. economy was not yet geared
for war 2. Bernard Baruch: leader of War Industries Board a.
Response to the lack of centralized govt control of the economy b.
Sought to control raw materials, production, prices and labor
relations c. WIB never had much power and was dismantled soon after
the war ended d. Set a precedent for future govt- industry
cooperation in the 1920s and New Deal agencies of the 1930s
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3. The govt encouraged workers to help the war effort a. Labor
will win the war b. Women were encouraged to enter industry and
agriculture Womens contributions prompted Wilson to endorse female
suffrage Over 1 million women shifted from the home to the factory
After the war, fewer women worked in 1920 than in 1910 19 th
Amendment (1920)
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c. The Great Migration Thousands of African Americans migrated
to the North to work in war-related factories (far more southern
whites migrated northward) Race riots occurred in 26 cities d.
Mexican workers also replaced Americans workers who were now on the
front lines
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Lynchings and racially motivated murders in each decade from
1865 to 1965
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e. Work or fight rule
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4. Grievances of Labor a. Inflation during WWI eroded wages b.
6,000 strikes occurred during the war (many by the IWW (Wobblies)
c. Tafts National War Labor Board was created to oversee labor
disputes Prohibited strikes but encouraged progressive reforms Govt
formally recognized workers right to unionize
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d. Left-wing International Workers of the World (IWW) used
labor sabotage to undermine the war effort -- Many were arrested,
beaten up, or run out of town
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V. The War Economy A. Herbert Hoover and the Food
Administration 1. Hero who helped feed the starving people of
Belgium 2. Voluntary compliance a. Rejected rationing b. Used
propaganda to gain support c. Meatless Tuesdays, Wheatless
Wednesdays
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3. Congress severely restricted use of foodstuffs for alcohol
a. Spirit of self-denial lead to prohibition sentiment b. 18 th
Amendment ratified in 1919 4. Results a. Farm production up 25% b.
Food exports to Allies tripled c. Hoovers methods imitated by other
agencies
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B. Bond drives, Liberty Bonds 1. Parades and slogans were used
to promote four great Liberty Loan drives and one Victory Loan
campaign -- Each drive was oversubscribed resulting in inflation
due to the increased money supply 2. Coercion was used on German-
Americans
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C. Combined efforts netted about 2/3 war cost -- Remaining
revenue was raised by income taxes (made legal by the 16 th
Amendment in 1913) D. Govt enforcement 1. Took over the nations
railroads after traffic problems in late-1917 2. Seized enemy
merchant vessels in U.S. harbors 3. Major U.S. contribution to war
effort: food, money, and men
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VI. Mobilizing the army A. April and May, 1917: European Allies
claimed they were running out of soldiers and that the Western
Front would collapse B. Selective Service Act, 1917 1. Required men
ages 18 to 45 to register 2. No exemptions or substitutes (except
in key industries)
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C. Mobilization proved effective 1. Army increased from 200,000
to over 4 million 2. Women admitted for the first time (including
11,000 in the navy) 3. Yet, 337,000 slackers avoided the draft;
4,000 were excused -- 10,000 were prosecuted before the end of the
war
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VII. Doughboys fight in the Great War A. 1917, Germany sank 6.5
million tons of Allied shipping B. Communist Russias withdrawal
eased Germanys eastern front 1. German divisions were redeployed to
the Western Front 2. German calculations of U.S. late entry into
the war were inaccurate
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British soldiers with machine gun & gas masks
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C. U.S. in Russia 1. Late-1917, Wilson secretly sent aid to
White Russians fighting the communist Bolsheviks during the Russian
Civil War 2. Summer of 1918: Wilson ordered a blockade of Russia 3.
1918, Archangel expedition: U.S. contributed 5,000 troops to an
Allied invasion of northern Russia hoping to keep supplies from
falling into German hands -- Later, aided Whites until 1919
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4. Wilson sent 10,000 U.S. troops to Siberia as part of an
Allied expedition 5. U.S. involvement helped prolong the Russian
Civil War 6. The Soviet Union long resented these capitalistic
interventions 7. Wilson saw communism as the biggest threat to
peace
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D. Western Front, 1918 1. German offensive in the spring
threatened to overrun the Allies 2. American Expeditionary Force
(AEF) a. Composed of U.S. soldiers in France under General John J.
Pershing b. Initially, used as replacements in British and French
divisions
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3. Late 1918, Germany came within 40 miles of Paris a. U.S.
troops participated in pushing the Germans back b. Sept. 9, U.S.
divisions joined French divisions in pushing Germans from St.
Mihiel Modern day remnants of trenches at St. Mihiel
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4. General John J. (Black Jack) Pershing a. American
dissatisfaction with bolstering Britain and France b. Pershing
commanded a separate U.S. army on an 85-mile front c. Meuse-Argonne
offensive: Sept-Nov -- German forces driven back -- Hitherto,
largest battle in U.S. history
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U.S. Soldiers during the Meuse-Argonne Offensive, 1918
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E. End of the War 1. Germany suffered from desertion of its
allies, food shortages, and Allied assaults 2. Germanys surrender
was spurred by Wilsons Fourteen Points a. Kaiser Wilhelm II was
forced to abdicate b. Nov. 11, 1918, Germany laid down her
arms
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Now then, all together
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F. Segregation in the U.S. Army 1. African-Americans were
initially divided on whether to support the war -- W. E. B. Du Bois
urged blacks to support the war effort 2. Most black soldiers did
labor duty 3. 400,000 black troops excluded from the Paris victory
parade in 1919 4. Black troops were treated better in Europe than
back home in the U.S.
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G. Casualties 1. Americans lost 112,000 soldiers: 48,000 battle
deaths; 62,000 by disease; 230,000 wounded 2. 10 million soldiers
died on all sides 3. 20 million civilian casualties (mostly in
Russia)
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Theme 4 After Americas critical contribution to the Allied
victory, a triumphant Wilson attempted to construct a peace based
on his idealistic Fourteen Points. But European and senatorial
opposition, and especially his own political errors, doomed
American ratification of the Versailles Treaty and participation in
the League of Nations.
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VIII. President Wilson loses Congress A. His post-war
popularity in the world was unprecedented B. Republican victory in
the Congressional election of 1918 stung Wilson 1. Wilson broke the
bi-partisan truce to campaign for Democrats 2. Wilson returned to
Europe a diminished leader C. Wilson infuriated Republicans by
going to the Paris Peace Conference in December, 1918 -- Republican
senators were excluded from the peace delegation
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IX. Versailles Peace Conference A. Big Four: Lloyd George,
Orlando, Clemenceau & Wilson -- Did not endorse the Fourteen
Points
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B. Wilsons goal: League of Nations 1. Wilson was forced to
compromise on colonial territories belonging to the Central Powers
2. League Covenant established the League of Nations a. Chief aim:
collective security b. Article X of the Versailles Treaty created
the League
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C. Versailles Treaty 1. Article 231 (war-guilt clause) a.
Placed sole blame of war on Germany b. Germany was ordered to pay
reparations to Allies c. Germany forced to accept severe military
restrictions and loss of territory
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2. self-determination granted to new nations of Poland,
Czechoslovakia, Finland, and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia,
and Lithuania
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Weimar Germany Ceded to Poland Ceded to Czechoslovakia Alsace
and Lorraine ceded to France Saar region Administered by League of
Nations Danzig became an international city East Prussia (Weimar
Germany) Ceded to Belgium Ceded to Lithuania Ceded to Denmark
Polish Corridor Germany forbidden from uniting with Austria
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3. The Versailles Treaty faced significant opposition in the
U.S. a. Republicans led by Henry Cabot Lodge threatened to kill the
treaty if Wilson did not include provisions for protecting the
Monroe Doctrine and U.S. withdrawal from the League if desired b.
Irreconcilables: Republicans who opposed the League in any
form
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X. Defeat of the Versailles Treaty in the U.S. A. A majority of
Americans favored the treaty B. Republicans continued to oppose the
treaty a. Henry Cabot Lodge hoped to amend the treaty but had no
real hope of defeating it b. The treaty got bogged down in the
Senate
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C. Wilson goes over Congress head on a national speech tour 1.
Wilson feared any modifications to the Treaty would result in its
ultimate demise 2. Wilson decided to appeal directly to the people
by going on a grueling national speaking tour -- Wilson collapsed
in Pueblo, Colorado and suffered a stroke two days later -- He
would not meet his cabinet for eight months
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Going to Talk to the Boss, Chicago News, 1919
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D. Lodge Reservations 1. 14 formal reservations were attached
to the League of Nations treaty a. Reserved rights of Monroe
Doctrine and the Constitution b. Focused on Article X as it morally
bound the U.S. to aid any member country that was attacked --
Congress sought to reserve war- declaring power for itself
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Pilgrim Landing in America, 1919, Brooklyn Eagle, 1919
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E. Wilson rejected the Lodge Reservations 1. Ordered Democrats
to vote against the treaty with the Lodge Reservations attached 2.
Treaty rejected by Senate in Nov, 1919 -- Ironically, 80% of
senators favored the treaty in some form 3. Treaty again rejected
in March, 1920 4. Wilson sought a solemn referendum on the Treaty
in the 1920 presidential election but the Democrats lost decisively
in November
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XI. International consequences of WWI A. U.S. became the worlds
economic and political leader (isolationism notwithstanding) B. The
Russian Revolution created the worlds first communist society C.
Britain, France, Austria and Turkey went into various states of
decline D. Germany was devastated by the Versailles Treaty -- Led
to the eventual rise of Adolf Hitler and World War II
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XII. Political aftermath of WWI in the U.S. A. Represented the
end of progressivism -- The War Industries Board was dismantled
killing progressive hopes of more regulation of big business B.
Govt returned the railroads to their owners in 1920 (Esch-Cummings
Transportation Act) C. Race riots (Red Summer) 1. Spurred by black
migration to the north during the war 2. Chicago race riot, 1919 3.
Other riots in Knoxville, Omaha, Washington, D.C. and other
cities
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XIII. Election of 1920 A. Republicans nominated Warren G.
Harding 1. Platform was ambiguous on the League of Nations 2.
Normalcy
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B. Democrats nominated James M. Cox 1. Strong pro-League stance
2. His running mate was Franklin D. Roosevelt
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C. Results: 1. Harding defeated Cox 404-127 2. First time all
women were eligible to voted in a national election 3. Represented
end of progressivism 4. Isolationists had mandate to kill League of
Nations
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5. Two main causes for failure of peace a. The Great Depression
b. War psychosis of Europeans Hitler's anti-Versailles poster
design: a chained Germania beneath the slogan "Only National
Socialism will free Germany from the lie of sole guilt!"
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XIII.How did WWI impact American society? A. Increased role of
women -- 19 th Amendment, 1920 B. Prohibition of alcohol, 18 th
Amendment C. African American migration northward -- Race
riots
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D. Nativism E. Infringement on civil liberties F. Red Scare,
1919 G. Millions men in uniform: 112,000 dead H. Volunteerism and
patriotism I. Return to isolationism after the war J. Economic
growth (especially farming) K. End to Democratic party rule and the
progressive era
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Memory Device: Impact of WWI on Society R Revolted Red Scare
Republicans Return to isolationism V Voted Volunteerism N No
Nativism M Making Migration of blacks W Wilsons Womens roles E
European Economic growth P Peace Prohibition of Alcohol C Crumble
Civil liberties violated M Miserably Millions fought in WWI