Theme-3

AnEmpireAcrossThreeContinents

ItwastheAncientRomanempirewhichwasspreadacrossthethreecontinentsnamely- Europe,AsiaandAfrica.

MainSocialFeaturesoftheRomanEmpire

Food Dressand SocialClasses CostumeStyle

Condition ofWomen

Standardof Sourcesof living Entertainment

* Wheat * Wine * OliveOil * barley * beans * lentils

Presbyterian Plebian Fightingof gladiator

withbeast

Evidence

Thelower Slaves

TheAristocratic class

Second Class

Class Coliseum

Amphitheatre

Positive aspect

Negative aspect

Righttoinheritance Iltreatmentby inFather'sProperly thehusband

15

MainEconomicFeatures

AGRICULTURE CRAFT& INDUSTRY

DOMESTICATION OFANIMALS

TRADE

Transhumance

Minting Mining Amphorae Making Papyrusscrolls

Conditionsin NorthAfrica,EgyptandItalybestforgrowingcropslikewheatwine& OliveOil

Slaves Deployed inAgriculture

Empireincluded regionsthathadareputation forexceptionalfertility

Silkroute Sea Land

16

Routes

Markets Goods

Places

Deployment

External

Internal

ofFreeSlaves Trade Trade

R ELIGIOUSFEATURES

MainCulturalFeatures

Art& Architecture

Statues

Knowledge& Science

PluralityofLanguages

Coliseum

Water MillingTe

chnology

Dressels20 Latin Greek Coptic Punic Aramaic Berber

Calendar

Buildings DraconianLaw LawCodes

Hydraulic MiningTech

nology

Aqueducts Writers

Amphitheatre Strabo Pliny Tacitus Olympiodorus

NaturalHistory

CorrectionwiththeSocio-Economic,Religious,Cultural&PoliticalFeaturesofAncientMesopotamia(Theme-2)

17

Diocletian'sAchievement

Main PoliticalFeatures

The Early

Empire

JewishWar Downfall

oftheEmpire

Emperors

Administration

ThirdCentury Crisis

Late Antiquity

Dukes

Nero

Juliuscaesar

TheArmy

TheSenate

OctavianAugustus

TheAristocracy

Military Comma-

nders

Tiberius

TheEmperor Trajan

Republic

ProvincialTerritory

Taxation

OverExpansion oftheEmpire

CapitalatConst

antinople

Constantine's Achievement

Emperors andtheirAc

hievements

Justinian's Achieve-

ments

Christianity wasmadeofficialr

eligion

Monetary Sphere

Political

AbandonedTerritoriesoflittle Economic&StrategicI

mportance

Justinian Code

Expansion ofEmpire

Glassfactories Established

18

Introductionof Solidus

Urban Prosperity

Sources

Archaeological (Literary)Written

AerialPhotographs

Texts Documents

HistorieswrittenbyContemporaryHistorians

Amphitheater

Amphorae

Coliseum Statues Aqueducts

TimeLine:RefertoPageNo.75ofthechapter/Themeofthe Textbook

KeyWords

CivilWar : Armedstrugglesforpowerwithinthesamecountry.

Republic : Thenameforaregimeinwhichrealpowerlaywiththesenate.Senate :

AbodydominatedbyasmallgroupofWealthyfamilies.

Transhumance:Herdsman'sregularannualmovementbetweenhighermountainregionsandlowlyinggroundinsearchofPasture.

Dressel20/Amphorae:Oilcontainersespeciallyoliveoil.

Draconian : Meaning'Harsh'UsedforlawsSocalledbecauseofanearly6thcenturyBCEGreeklawmakerwhoPrescribeddeathasthepenaltyformostcrimes.

QuestionswithModelAnswers:

2MarksQuestions:

1. GivetwofeaturesofRomanPolity

i) Politicallythewholespanisdividedintotwosegments-EarlyRomanEmpireandLateAntiquity.

ii) TheempirewasspreadacrossEuropesomepartofAsiaandNorthAfrica.

4MarksQuestions:

2. DescribetheconditionsofwomeninAncientRomansociety

Ans. Ppositive aspectstoshowthatwomenowedhonourablepositioninfamilyandsociety.

i) Womenremainedaprimaryheirtofather'spropertyaftermarriage.

ii) Theycouldbecomeindependentpropertyownersaftertheirfather'sdeath.

19

iii) Onetypicalformofmarriagedidnotallowthewifetotransferherauthoritytoherhusbandbutretainedfullrightsinthepropertyofhernatalfamily.

iv) Womenenjoyedconsiderablelegalrightsinowningandmanagingproperty.

v) Divorcewaseasyforbothmenaswellaswomen.

Negativeaspects:

i) Marriagesweregenerallyarranged.

ii) Therewasconsiderableagegapbetweenhusbandandwifeasmalesmarriedintheirlate20sorearly30swhereaswomenweremarriedoffinthelateteensorearly20s.

iii) Womenweresubjecttodominancebytheirhusbands.

iv) Wiveswereevenbeatenupbyhusbands.

v) Fatherhadlegalcontroloverthechildren.

08Marksquestion:

3. DiscusstheeconomicactivitiesoftheAncientRomans.Whatmeasurewereadoptedforcontrollingworkers?

Ans. Agriculture-

i) TheRomanempireincludedregionsthathadareputationforexceptionalfertilitye.g.CampaniainItaly,Sicily,FayuminEgyptGalibe,Byzacium(Tunisia)southernGaul,Bactria.

ii) Theseareashadbestconditionsforcrops.

iii) Wheat,barley,beansandlentilswereproducedinabundanceandevenstored.Slaveswereusedinagriculturaltradeworks:

i) Goodsfortradecomprisedmainlywheat,wireandoliveoil.

ii) TherewascompetitionamongmerchantsforcontrolofMarkets..

iii) TradeoccurredthroughlandrouteandsearouteacrossMediterranean.

Craft&Industry:

i) Industrieslikeminingminting,amphoramakingwerepopular.

ii) Industrieslikeoilpressesandglassfactorieswereinstalledduringthelateantiquity.

iii) TheRomansalsomadescrollsofPapyrus.

Domesticationofanimals

i) TranshumancewaswidespreadinthecountrysideofNumidia(modernAlgeria)

- Thecountryside/Criticism:

- ThelargeexpansesofRomanempirewereinamuchlessadvancedstateforexampletranshumancewaswidespread,inthecountrysideofNumidia.AsRomanestatesexpandedinNorthAfrica,thepasturesofthosecommunitiesweredrasticallyreducedandtheirmovementsmoretightlyregulated.EveninSpaintheNorthwaseconomicallymuchlessdeveloped. IntheseareaspeasantrywhowereCeltic-speaking,livedinhilltopvillagesknownasCastillea.WhenwethinkoftheRomanEconomyweshouldneverforgetthesedifference.

20

Conclusion:

TheRomanempirehad,however,asubstantialeconomicinfrastructureofharbors,minesquarries,brickyards,oliveoilfactoriesetc.ThewealthandeconomicprosperityoftheempireisextolledbythecontemporarywriterslikeOlympiodorusthatthearistocracybasedinthecity ofRomedrewannual incomesofupto 4,000poundsofgold fromtheirestates,notcountingtheproduce,theyconsumeddirectly.'

Source:

Archaeologicalviz-archaeologicalremainse.g.amphora,aqueductsetc.

Written:

Contemporarytextsanddocuments

Reference:

Themesinworldhistory,Theme-3,Page62pictureofaqueduct;Page-

58-PictureofPapyrusscrolls

Page-61-pictureofshops

Page-71-Excerpt''IncomesoftheRomanaristocracy,Early5thcentury'',OlympiodorusofThebes

ModelQuestions

2MarksQuestions:

1. GivetwofeaturesofAncientRomanReligion.

2. MentionfourarchaeologicalsourcesofAncientRomanEmpire.

3. WhatdoyoumeanbyRepublic?

4. NametwohistoriansofAncientRomancivilization.

5. NamethethreemainplayersofthepoliticalhistoryofancientRomanEmpire.

5MarksQuestions:

1. Nametheancientempirewhichwasexpandedacrossthreecontinents.Whyistheempireknownso?

2. NamethefamousemperorsoftheearlyEmpireinRome.Whatweretheircontributionsinthemakingoftheempire?

3. Whatismeantbytheearlyempire?DiscussitssignificanceinthehistoryoftheAncientRomanCivilization.

4. ExplaintheimpactofthecrisisofthethirdCenturyontheEarlyRomanEmpire.

5. WhowasSaintAugustine?WhyishefamousinthehistoryoftheRomancivilization?

10marksQuestions:

1. ExplainthemainfeaturesofAncientRomansociety.HowindependentwerewomenintheRomansociety?ComparethesituationofRomanfamilywiththefamilyinIndia.

21

2. 'SlaverywasaninstitutiondeeplyrootedinAncientRomanworld'Explain.Doyouthinkthatcont

rollingworkerswasthefactorbehindtheeconomicprosperityoftheempire.

3. WhatismeantbyLateAntiquity?Describethemainpoliticalandeconomicdevelopmentoftheperiod.

4. DiscussthecausesofdownfalloftheRomanempire.HowdidthedownfallleadtothemodernizationofEurope?Explain.

5. DiscussthecontributionsoftheRomanstotheModernWorld.

2MarksQuestions

HotQuestions

1. Namefourlanguages,spokenintheRomanEmpire.

2. Definethetermcivilwar.

3. WhatdoyoumeanbyDracnian?AnswerinthecontextofRomanLaws.

4. GivetwocontributionsofDiocletian.

5. WhowasOlympiodorus?

4MarksQuestions:

1. HowwasthelargeRomanEmpireadministered.DiscusstheroleoftheProvincial......

2. ''Theemperor,thearistocracyandtheawaywerethethreemainplayersinthepoliticalhistoryoftheempire.''DiscusswasRomanRepublicatruerepublicintherealsenseoftheterm?

3. HowcanwefindgenderdifferencesinRomansociety?Giveexamples.

4. HowcanwefindculturaldiversityintheRomanempire?Discusswithexamples.

5. HowwereslavestreatedinancientRomansociety?Discuss.

8 MarksQuestions:

1. HowdidfertilityofRomanempirewasthecauseoftheprosperityoftheempire?ExplaininthecontextofancientMesopotamiancivilization.

2. GiveyourviewsonthereligiousfeaturesofAncientRomanEmpire.HowdidriseofIslamaffecttheempire.Explain.

3. WhatdotheSocialHereditiestellusaboutAncientRomansociety?DiscusstheroleoftheKnightsintheempire.Doyoufindanysimilaritybetweenthefeudalknightsandtheseknights?

4. WhowasConstantine?DiscusshisachievementsinthefinalcenturiesofRomanworld.

5. ''Ifromeplundered,itcivilizedtheworldaswell''.DiscussthestatementinthecontextofcontributionsoftheancientRomancivilization.

-----

22

TheRomanEmpire ThisvaststretchofterritorywastheRomanEmpire.IrancontrolledthewholeareasouthoftheCaspianSeadowntoeasternArabia,andsometimeslargepartsofAfghanistanaswell.ThesetwosuperpowershaddividedupmostoftheworldthattheChinesecalledTaCh'in('greaterCh'in,roughlythewest).

RiseoftheArabsaffectedtheRomanEmpire.

23

Theme-4

TheCentralIslamicLands

RiseofIslamComparisons Social Religious inArabia Factors Factors

Political Factors

Economic Factors

Cultural Factors

Sources

Crusade

Faith Community Politics Agriculture Urbani- Commerce sation

Ist IInd IIIrd

Modern Islam

Early Islam

The The TheAbbasid

Caliphates UmayyadsRevolution

Polity

Breakupof the caliphate

andtheriseof

sultanates

Expansion CivilWar Sects

Before Prophate

After Prophet

Religion CommunityArt&Architecture

Sharia Sufism Bayat-al-Hikma Arabss

TheQuran

Mutazila

Khabar Chronicles

Thelegendof Learning&Culture

Quran TheCatalogue ArabExpandedand aknlaq+tari

khdeveloped

(9thCentury)

10thCentury DesertPalaces Rihla

developed

developed

ArtForms Threeimportant aspectsofhumanc

ivilisation

Kitab- al-

Fihrist

Bookson morallessions &Amusement

NewPersian

Calligraphy (Beautifulhandwriting)

Arabesque (buildingdesign)

Religion Community Politics

24

I. RiseofIslam

ThreePhases

Faith Community Polity

* TheArabsdividedintoqabilas

* PolytheisticArabs

* BeforeProphetsMuhammad

* Before-612AD

* AfterMuhammada

communitywasfounded-named-umma-boundbyareligiousbelief 612AD

* AfterMuhammad'sdeathin632AD

* PoliticalauthoritywastransferredtotheUmmaCaliphatebecamethedeputyofprophet

II. Comparison

ModernIslam

* By21stcenturythereareover1billionMuslimslivinginallpartsoftheworld

* Theyarethecitizensofdifferentnationswith differentlanguagesanddresses.

EarlyIslam

* Unitedinitsobservanceofthesharia in ritualandpersonalmatters

* Itwasdefiningitsreligiousidentity.

III.

SocialFactor

BeforeProphetMuhammad(Be

fore612AD)

AfterProphetMuhammad(A

fter612AD)

Jahiliaageofthetribes

LifeofProphetHizratMuhammad

25

IV. ReligiousFactors

Crusades-ThreePhases

1st:1098-99AD 2nd:1145-49AD 3rd:In1189AD

V. PoliticalFactors

TheCaliphates TheUmayyadsand Polity

TheAbbasid Revolution

* Afterdeath Muhammad632AD.

of in

* First caliph MuawiyasRetainedpowerfor90years

* Movement Dawa

- *

* * The biggest

innovationcreationoftheinsti tutionofcaliphate

Break-upofthe CaliphateandtheRiseofSultanate

In810-acivilwarbrokeout-betweenAminandMamun

*From11thto12thCenturyaseriesofconflictbetweenChris tiansandArabstatestookplace.

Leaderofthe Arabworld

VI. EconomicFactors

* *

Agriculture

Wastheprincipaloccup

ation.

ofthesettledpopulationsi

nthenewlyconqueredte

rritories

Easytolevythetax

Wentwith

pol i t ica lstability

*

* *

*

Urbanization

Islamiccivilizationflourishedin

anumberofcities.

Garrison-cities-

misrUrbannetworkdevelo

ped

Cotton,SugarManufacturersd

eveloped

Linkingonetowntotheother-

formedacircuit

*

*

* *

Commerce

Politicalunificationandurband

emandforfoodstuffLuxuries

-

enlargedthecircuitofexchang

e.

10thcenturyRedsearouteg

ainedgreaterimportance. *

26

VII. ReligiousFactor

Islamiclandsbroughtthreeaspectsofhumancivilization

*

Religion

appearedin7thcentury Islam

*

Community

Seenoneseparatecircle

*

*

Politics

InfluenceofIslamoverstateandgovernment

*Involvedinmanythings-withoutsanction

e.g.-Kingshipcivilwar

VIII. Sources

TheHolyQuran Chronicles-Historical

(asasourceof earlyIslam)

* Khabar * Paper-Commercial * Geniyzrecords * History

27

IX TheLegendofLearningandCulture

I

II

TheCatalogue

* Kitab-al-Fihrist * Bookofmoral-

lessonsandamusement

III

Arab-expanded

*AkhlaqandTarikhdevelopedin9thcentury

28

Qu

ran

Sh

ari

a

Su

fis

Mu

tazila

Ba

yt-

al-

Hik

ma

Ara

b

IV

In10thCentury

* 'Rihla'developed

V

Desert-Palaces developed

VI

ArtForms

* Calligraphy(beautifulhandwriting)

* Arabesque(buildingdesigndeveloped)

VII

Threeaspectsofhuman civilizationdevelop

* Religion * Community * Politics

29

TimeLine:Refertothe TextBook

KeyWords

AllQahir,Mirikh,Qahira,Maqamat,Haji(Refertothetextbook)

ModelQuestion

2MarksQuestions:

1. WhoweretheBedouins? Mentiontheirtwo-characteristicfeatures.

2. Muhammaddeclaredhimselftobethemessengerwhy?

3. WhywasthecivilwarbrokeoutafterMuhammad'sdeath?

4. WhatdidtheUmayyadsdotoconsolidatetheirleadershipwithintheUmma?

5. MentiontworeasonsresponsiblefortheAbbasid'sRevolutions.

4MarksQuestions:

1. Mentionthereasonbehindthebreak-upoftheCaliphateandtheriseofsultanate.

2. DiscussthemessagesanddoctrinesofprophetMuhammad.

3. WhatwerethereasonsbehindtheAbbasids'Revolution?

4. Discussthemajorcausesresponsibleforthecrusade.

5. MentionfivemajorcontributionsoftheArabstotheworld.

8MarksQuestions:

1. Whatwastheconflictnamedcrusade?Explainthereasons,eventsandconsequencesoftheseriesofthecrusade.

2. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedthroughcontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.

Passage-basedQuestions

MapWork

4MarksQuestions:

1. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld,locatethefollowingplaces:

1. TheQuran-ReferthebookText-page-96

2. IslamicCalendarRefertheText-book-Page-80

1. a) WhatdoyouUnderstandbyQuran? [1]

b) AccordingtoMuslimtradition,whatdoyoumeanbymessages? [1]

c) WhatkindofproblemwasposedinthehistoryofearlyIslam? [2]

d) Whatdothetheologiansgenerallybelieve? [1]

2. Islamiccalendar a) Mentiontheimportanceof622ADinIslamiccalendar. [1]

b) WhatisthetotalnumberofdaysinHijariyear? [1]

c) WhydoIslamicreligiousfestivalsnotcorrespondinanywaytotheseasons? [1]

d) WhatisthemeaningofHaj? [2]

a) Palestine b) Mecca

c) Medina d) Syria

e) Constantinople 30

2. Onthegivenoutlinemapofworld.Locatethefollowingplaces:

a) Arabsea b) Caspiansea

c) Blacksea d) Transoxiana

e) BukharaandSamarkand. QuestionswithModelAnswer

1. WhoweretheBedouins?M

entiontheirtwofeatures.

Ans.

* BeforetheProphetMuhammadtheArabsweredividedintotribes(Qabila)

* AChiefwaschosenonthebasisoffamilyaswellashisowncouragewisdomandgenerosity.

* ManytribeswereNomadicorbedouins,movingfromdrytogreen(oases)ofthedesertinsearchoffood.

* SomeSettledinthecitiesandpracticedtradeoragriculture.

4MarksQuestions:

MentiontheprinciplesandmessagesofProphet-Muhammad.

Ans. ProphetMuhammaddeclared:

* Himselftobethemessenger(rasul)ofGod-whohadbeencommandedtopreachthat

* AllahaloneShouldbeworshiped.

* Theworshipinvolvedsimplerituals,

Suchas-

a) Salat-dailyprayer

b) Alms-distributionamongthehelpless.

* Muhammadwastofoundacommunityofbelievers-Umma-boundbyacommonsetofreligiousbeliefs.

* Thecommunitywouldbearwitness(shahada)totheexistenceofthereligionbeforeGodaswellasbeforemembersofotherreligiouscommunities.

* Muhammad'smessageparticularlyappealedtothoseMacanesewhofeltdeprivedofthegainsfromtradeandreligionandwerelookingforthenewcommunityidentity.Thosewhoacceptedthedoctrinewerecalled'Muslims'.

* DayofJudgment

* JourneyfromMeccatoMedina

* BeginningoftheMuslimcalendar(5relevantpointsmust-P-10)

8 MarksQuestions:

1. 'TheMuslimsdeepenedsocialandreligiouscontactwithotherpeopleasthereligiousandsocialexperiences'Examine.

Ans.

* TheMuslimcommunitywasobligedtoreflectonitsandconfrontissuespertainingtoGodandtheworld.

* TheidealconductofaMuslimbecamealegendoflearningandculture.

31

Theywerethefollowing:

* Quran

* Sharia

* Sufis

* Mutayila

* Bayt-al-Hikma

* Adab

* NewPersiangroup

* Thecatalogue

* AkhlaqandTarikh(theCentury)

* Rihla-10thCentury

* Desertpalacesdeveloped

* Artformsas-Calligraphy,andArabesque

* Religion-community-Politydeveloped(10relevantpoints)

- Map-workdonealltogather.

-----

Islamic-World

INDEX

1. AralSea

2. CaspianSea

3. BlackSea

4. Transoxian

5. Bukharaand

Samarkand

32

Theme-5

Nomadic Empires

Meaning

Imperial formationsconstructed by nomadic groups. The Mongols, under theleadershipofGenghisKhanestablishedatranscontinentalempirestraddlingEurope

FounderGe

nghishKhan

BackgroundPastoralists,Hunter-

gatherers SocietydividedintoPatrilineallineages

Contribution 1. Formationofatranscontinentale

mpire 2. Socialorganization 3. Politicalorganization 4. MilitaryOrganization 5. EncouragedLongdistancetradea

ttractedtravelerslikeMarcoPolo.

Career: - bornaround1162AD - Fatherwasmurderedatanearlyage - ConquestofChina,Transoxiana,

Khwarazm, Samarqand, Herat,AzerbaijanRussia

- Deathin1227

Achievements: - Organised

thearmy

Sources:ChroniclesofRashidal-Din,theGreatwallofChina,Thesilkroute.

FamilytreeofGenghisKhan–referpageNo.-116

Timeline: referpageNo.–112and113

AfterdecadesofSovietcontrol,thecountryofMongoliaisrecreatingitsidentityasanindependentnation.GenghisKhanappearedasaniconicfigurefortheMongolPeople,mobilizingmemoriesofagreatpastintheforgingofnationalidentitythatcancarrythenationintothefuture.

BritishEmpire,MauryanEmpire,MughalEmpire

– ComparisonwiththeMongolEmpire.

– MongolsProvidedideologicalmodelsfortheMughalsofIndia.

33

– Timur,anothermonarchwhoaspiredtouniversaldomination,hesitatedtodeclarehimselfmonarchbecauseofGenghisKhan.

SocialOrganization:

Alltheable-bodied,adultmalesofthetribeborearms.ThesocietyincludedgroupsliketheTurkicUighurs,thedefeatedpeoplelike-theKereyits.Itwasabodyofheterogeneousmassofpeople.

PoliticalOrganization:

Genghiskhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.GenghisKhanenvisagedthathissonswouldruletheempirecollectively.Thenumbersofthefamilywasunderlinedattheassemblyofchieftains,quriltais,wherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestatefortheforthcomingseason-Campaigns,distributionofplunder,Pasturelandsandsuccessionwerecollectivelytaken.

MilitaryOrganization:

Hisarmywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits:indivisionsof10s,100s,1000sand10,000soldiers.Hedividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhis/herallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000soldiers.Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequired.toserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptainsofhisarmyunitscallednoyan.

KeyWords/Terms

Barbarian:Theterm'barbarian'isderivedfromthegreekbarbarouswhichmeantanongreek,whoselanguagesoundedlikearandomnoise:'bar-bar'.Cruel,greedandpoliticallyunabletogovern.

Yasa: GenghisKhan'scodeofLaw.

Tama: Themilitarycontingentsoftheindividualprinces.

Quriltais:Theassemblyofchieftainswherealldecisionsrelatingtothefamilyorthestate-campaings,distributionofplunder,pasturelandsandsuccession-werecollectivelytaken.

Anda: bloodbrothersofGenghisKhan.

Naukar: Specialrankingashisbondsmen,atitlethatmarkedtheircloserelationshipwiththeirmaster.

Qantas: Undergroundcanals.

Yam: ACouriersystemintroducedbyGenghisKhan

Qubcurtax:Alevythatthenomadspaidwillinglyforthemultiplebenefitsthatitbrought.

2MarksQuestion:

ModelQuestion

1. Whatdoyouunderstandbytheterm'barbarian'?

2. WritetwomilitaryskillsofGenghisKhan?

34

3. WhatwasYasa?

4. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhan?

5. Whythe'GreatwallofChina'wasconstructed?

4 MarksQuestions:

1. Describeaboutthenomadicsocieties?

2. MentiontheestimatedextentofMongoldestruction?

3. WhywastradesosignificanttotheMongols?

4. Describeabout'theGreatWallofChine'?

5. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?

8MarksQuestion:

1. MentiontheimportanteventsafterthedeathofGenghisKhan?

2. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?

3. DescribeaboutthecodeoflawofGenghisKhan?

2MarksQuestion:

ModelAnswers

1. WritetwoachievementsofGenghisKhanA

ns.

i) UnitedtheMongolPeopleandfreedthemfrominterminabletribalwars.

ii) Fashionedagrandtranscontinentalempire.

4 MarksQuestion:

1. WriteaboutthemilitarysystemofGenghisKhan?A

ns.

i) Armywasorganizedaccordingtotheoldsteppesystemofdecimalunits.

ii) Dividedtheoldtribalgroupingsanddistributedtheirmembersintonewmilitaryunits.

iii) Anyindividualwhotriedtomovefromhisallottedgroupwithoutpermissionreceivedharshpunishment.

iv) Thelargestunitofsoldiers,approximating10,000.

v) Thenewmilitarycontingentswererequiredtoserveunderhisfoursonsandspeciallychosencaptains.

8 Marksquestion:

1. WriteabouttheadministrativesystemofGenghisKhan?A

ns.

i) GenghisKhanassignedtheresponsibilityofgoverningthenewlyconqueredpeopletohisfoursons.

ii) Thesecomprisedthefourulus,atermthatdidnotoriginallymeanfixedterritories.

35

37