TheNetwork - Andrews Forestandrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub2935.pdfSevilleta, BigFoot project, GTOS/NPP Dem-onstration Project) and disciplines (social sci-ences) provide

1 The Network Newsletter Vol 13 No 1 Spring 2000

TheNe tworkewsletter

The Network Newsletter Vol 13 No 1 Spring 2000

Inside this Issue

This LTER Network Newsletter is in full color on the LTER Web site:

http://www.lternet.edu/Newsletter

In anticipation of the upcoming All Scientists Meeting, this issue of the NetworkNewsletter focuses on the history and fu-

ture of cross-site and synthetic research con-ducted by LTER scientists. From the begin-ning of the LTER program, cooperation amongscientists has been one of the most importantattributes of the network. The LTER conceptitself encourages interdisciplinary cooperationwithin sites and fosters the development ofresearch teams with common scientific goals.The stability of these research teams over timeprovides us with a unique opportunity to buildunderstanding of our study ecosystemsthrough a combination of long-term monitor-ing and experiments and short-term mechanis-tic studies.

The growth in size of the LTER Networkhas been accompanied by increasing expecta-tions. The image of the LTER program asgroups of scientists focused on narrowly de-fined ecological systems has gradually givenway to a different perception. This emergingview describes the LTER Network as a com-munity of scientists connected in many dif-ferent ways. Within the LTER community,groups coalesce around disciplines, systemattributes, organisms, approaches, and con-cepts. Familiarity, trust, and common goalsencourage the formation of new connectionsand partnerships. The power of this organiza-tional model has led to several notable suc-cesses in cross-site synthesis, some of whichare described in this Newsletter. Each of thesesuccesses, however, has raised the bar for sub-sequent efforts. More than ever before, theLTER Network is expected to generate inte-grative studies across disciplines and ecosys-

tems. More than ever before, we need to mar-shal our resources to achieve this goal.

The excellent article by Jack Webster pro-vides an example of what can be accomplishedwith the LTER model. The long-standing co-operation among stream ecologists within theLTER Network has produced an impressiveseries of projects, publications, funded propos-als, and partnerships with colleagues outsideof the Network. The key points for successfulintersite collaboration enumerated by Websterprovide a time-tested vision for the develop-ment of new collaboratories. Emergent collabo-rations based on common technologies (imag-ing spectroscopy efforts at Jornada andSevilleta, BigFoot project, GTOS/NPP Dem-onstration Project) and disciplines (social sci-ences) provide other examples of promisingcross-site efforts.

It is significant that Webster’s article wasprompted by a meeting of LTER aquatic scien-tists held in Salt Lake City, occasioned by theaddition of three new coastal sites to the net-work. The importance of intersite workshopsin developing collaborations is emphasized byWebster, and the history of stream studies inthe LTER Network is prominently tied to a se-ries of such workshops organized and held from1983 to the present. These independent work-shops were complemented by regularly sched-uled get togethers at the annual NABS meet-ing. In addition, important advances were madeat the All Scientists Meetings held in 1990 and1993. The Climate and Information Manage-ment groups are other collaborations that havemade excellent use of regular meetings to fa-cilitate progress on key issues.

The upcoming All Scientists Meeting pro-

vides an opportunity for the development ofother collaborations within the LTER Network.Over sixty workshops have already been pro-posed, and many of these workshops will un-doubtedly lead to the development of continu-ing interactions. Biological legacies, distur-bance, spatial and temporal variability, hydrol-ogy, chemical weathering, primary productiv-ity, biodiversity, canopy studies, education, andsocial science are thematic areas that have al-ready demonstrated broad appeal. I hope thatfurther workshops will yet be proposed on othertopics.

The Y2K All Scientists Meeting presents animportant opportunity to include non-LTERscientists in cross-site investigations. By hold-ing the ASM before the annual meeting of ESA,we hope to attract colleagues who are not pres-ently associated with LTER sites. Furthermore,we have made a concentrated effort to insurethat International LTER networks will be rep

Special Issue:

The LTER All Scientists MeetingPlans, Preparation, Products!

A letter from Bob WaideExecutive Director, LTER Network Office

continued on page 6

Site X SitewKonza Prairie LTER’s Award WinningGraduate Students..... 2wHubbard Brook LTER Begins 50-yearAcid Rain study...... 2wPalmer LTER in the News... 3wNew TundraCam atNiwot Ridge LTER... 3Introducing the new Coastal LTER Sites:wFlorida Coastal Everglades.... 4wGeorgia Coastal Ecosystem.... 5wSanta Barbara Coastal LTER... 7

NetWorkingwIntersite Research among LTER’s StreamEcologists... 8wRemote Sensing Round-up... 10wSocial Scientists, Aquatic Scientists gearup for Y2K-ASM.... 12wY2K-ASM Announcement... 13

Publications.. . 13Calendar... 16

2The Network Newsletter Vol 13 No 1 Spring 2000

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Vol 13 No 1 Spring 2000

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Konza Prairie LTER gradu-ate students receive nationalrecognition for work ongrassland insectsJohn Blair

Two Kansas State University graduate stu-dents won top awards for their presentationsof Konza Prairie LTER research at the nationalEntomological Society of America meeting,held December 12-16 in Atlanta, Georgia.David Stagliano and Clint Meyer receivedfirst and second place awards, respectively,for best oral presentations in the area of in-sect behavior and ecology.

David Stagliano’s presentation was titled“Aquatic insect production and functionalstructure in a tallgrass prairie headwaterstream” and Clint Meyer’s presentation was“Secondary production and energetics of adominant grass-feeding grasshopper in atallgrass prairie.” Both students are pursuingMS degrees in Entomology at KSU under thedirection of LTER scientists Matt Whiles andRalph Charlton.w

Clint Meyer, a graduate student at Konza LTER wonan award for his oral presentation at the nationalEntomological Society of America meeting. Back atKonza, Meyer assists Konza’s SLTER students withsorting insects in the Environmental Education Lab.

David Stagliano (right), a graduate student atKonza LTER won a first-place award for his oralpresentation on aquatic insects at the national En-tomological Society of America meeting.

Long-term studies of the movement andstorage of nutrients in forests, soils and streamsat the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forestindicate that calcium has been depleted fromsoils over the last 50 years. This depletion isdue, in part, to atmospheric inputs of strongacids (acid rain). These acids leach basecations (calcium, magnesium, potassium andsodium) from soil into streamwater. Loss ofbase cations reduces percent base saturationand diminishes soil fertility.

Calcium is the predominant base cation insoils and stream water. In New Englandecosystems, calcium is primarily derived fromthe weathering of calcium-silicate mineralspresent in glacial till or bedrock. Calcium isan essential plant nutrient required for theformation of cell walls and membranes, thesynthesis of important compounds and theregulation of cell permeability. Trees requirecalcium to form wood. Calcium also acts as abuffer, neutralizing inputs of acid fromprecipitation.

To investigate the consequences of calciumloss in a northern hardwood ecosystem,scientists from the U.S.D.A. Forest Serviceand cooperating institutions including CornellUniversity, the Institute of Ecosystem Studies,Syracuse University, and the University ofMichigan, experimentally added 55 tons ofcalcium to a 12 hectare watershed (watershed1) in the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest(HBEF). The calcium was added in the formof Wolastonite, a calcium silicate mineral, tomatch natural sources of calcium at the site as

Hubbard Brook LTER Begins50-Year Study of Acid RainJennifer Kitchel

A helicopter is used to spread Wolastonite (below)over Watershed 1 to study the addition of thecalcium-silicate at HBR LTER

cont. next page

SITEXSiteNews from the LTER Sites



closely as possible. The Wollastonite wasapplied by helicopter in one–ton increments.Prior to the application it was pelletized witha biodegradable binder to minimize winddispersal.

Over the next 50 years, researchers at HBEFwill investigate the response of soil, water andforest organisms to the addition of calcium.Results of this study will provide insight intothe cumulative effects of disturbance andatmospheric deposition on forest health andecosystem function in northern hardwoodforests and on the biogeochemistry of nutrientbase cations. The study will also provideinformation on the sustainability of northernhardwood forests growing on soils like thoseat Hubbard Brook and on the ability of forestecosystems to recover from the effects of acidrain. Moreover, the study results may informenvironmental policy and forest managementpractices. This experiment was funded by theNational Science Foundation.w

Coweeta LTER: Swift Retires,Swank Completes Fellowshipin EnglandBrian D. Kloeppel

Lloyd Swift, Jr. Retires from the USDA For-est Service

A celebration honoring 43 years of accom-plishments and contributions to Coweeta Hy-drologic Laboratory by Lloyd W. Swift, Jr.was held at The Dillard House in Dillard, GAon 19 February 2000. Lloyd has been a Co-Principal Investigator of Coweeta LTER re-search since the establishment of the LTERprogram in 1980. Lloyd was also an originalmember of the LTER Network Climate Com-mittee. Lloyd plans to enjoy retirement whiletraveling and completing several long termstudies.

Palmer LTER: Making News,Making NamesKaren Baker

An article in a recent issue of U.S. Newsand World Report features Palmer research-ers William Fraser and Donna Patterson,mentioning the LTER program.

“Antarctic Meltdown: Is the Heatwave onthe Antarctic Penninsula a Harbinger ofGlobal Climate Change?” by Charles W.Petit, who visited Palmer during the pastresearch season is available online at

http://www.usnews.com/usnews/issue/000228/warming.htm

Niwot Ridge LTER Installs‘TundraCam’Tim Seastedt

The ‘TundraCam’ is the latest addition to the“virtual fieldtrip” program at Niwot Ridge.This real-time, directional and magnificationphotometric device allows web surfers to lookfrom the Continental Divide, across the mainLTER study areas, and on down to Denver andthe plains.

See the TundraCam Online at:http://tundracam.colorado.edu/

The TundraCam is a live and interactivewebcam located at an elevation of 11,600 feetin the Colorado Front Range. The camera isabove timberline on Niwot Ridge, about 25miles west of Boulder. The peaks at the headof the ridge form the Continental Divide. This camera can be controlled by anyone;

a robotic arm and specialsoftware allow the camera tobe panned and zoomed froma web browser. The softwareallows multiple users to con-trol the camera at one time.The camera is mounted on aweather tower located at theTundra Laboratory, one ofseveral research labs withinthe biosphere. Research con-ducted at this site is focusedon a wide variety of topics,from alpine ecology to snowhydrology to atmosphericchemistry. The camera is used forboth research and educa-tional purposes. The cameraenables real-time monitoring

of factors such as weather conditions, snowdrifting and snow-melt patterns, or vegetationchanges. Students can use the camera as partof a virtual field trip to the site, or to revisitthe site after an actual field trip.

The TundraCam is located within a Bio-sphere Preserve (designated by UNESCO, theU.S. State Department, and the U.S. Forest Ser-vice), which has also been selected by the Na-tional Science Foundation as the alpine tundracomponent of the Long Term Ecological Re-search (LTER) program. The research facilitiesat the area are operated by the University ofColorado'sMountain Research Station, part ofthe Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research. w

Wayne Swank Visiting Fellowship inDurham, England

Wayne T. Swank participated in a VisitingFellowship at Hatfield College, Durham Uni-

versity in Durham England from 4 October to12 December 1999. Wayne was hosted by TimBurt, a Professor in Geography. Tim andWayne have collaborated on hydrologic re-search for about 19 years. During Wayne’svisit, he presented six seminars and visited fiveuniversities. Several papers, proposals, presen-tations, and exchange visits to Coweeta byEnglish researchers are being facilitated as aresult of this visiting fellowship. w

Coweeta LTER’s Lloyd W. Swift Jr

As a result of the recommen-dation David Karl (PrincipalInvestigator, PAL LTER) for-mulated andsubmitted to the AdvisoryCommittee on AntarcticNames (ACAN), the termSouthern Ocean has been ap-proved for U.S. Governmentuse.

In September 1998 ACANhad forwarded Karl’s recom-mendation, with ACAN en-dorsement, to the ForeignNames Committee, (FCN)which has jurisdiction overthe naming of ocean areas.Recently the Foreign NamesCommittee reported its deci-sion to the full U.S. Board onGeographic Names.

According to the report, "The Committee'smost significant decision during the reportingperiod [April-October 1999] was the adoptionof the term Southern Ocean as a standard namefor the body of water surrounding the conti-nent of Antarctica. . . .”

The FNC staff found that the term enjoyedsome usage in general geographic references(e.g., The Times Atlas) and wide usage in sci-entific and research literature. The NationalScience Foundation in particular favored theadoption of the term because, in the absenceof a Board-approved name, its publicationswere inconsistent with community literature.In a parallel activity, the International Hydro-

graphic Organization has decided (through areferendum of its member states) to use theterm Southern Ocean in the next draft of itsSpecial Publication No. 23, “Limits in theOceans and Seas.” w

The Southern Ocean Karl, D.M. 1993.Microbial processes in the southernoceans.Pages 1-63 in E.I.Friedmann (ed.),Antarctic Microbiology.Wiley-Liss, New York.



Daniel L. Childers, Lead Principal InvestigatorJoe Boyer, Jim Fourqurean, Rudolf Jaffe, JoelTrexler, and Ron Jones, Co-Principal Investigators

Estuaries and coastal landscapes experiencea range of stresses, both natural and man-

induced. Among these, cultural eutrophicationaffects most U.S. coastal ecosystems. Culturaleutrophication is defined as nutrient-enrich-ment of an ecosystem by human influences. Asa result, most coastal ecological research in theU.S. has been conducted in systems that areexperiencing eutrophication. In the new FloridaCoastal Everglades LTER project (FCE), whichwas recently funded by the National ScienceFoundation, we will investigate how variabil-

ity in regional climate, freshwater inputs, anddisturbance affect land-margin ecosystems(Figure 1). Our research is entirely focusedon Everglades National Park (Figure 2). Morespecifically, wewill be quantifyinglong-term regionalcontrols of popula-tion and ecosystemdynamics in an oli-gotrophic (low nu-trient) wetland-dominated coastallandscape. Thescientific team thatwill conduct thislong-term researchis made up of over15 research scien-tists: a) from sev-eral departments at Florida International Uni-versity; b) from several other universities

around thec o u n t r y ,and; c) fromboth stateand federala g e n c i e s(includingthe SouthFlorida Wa-ter Manage-ment Dis-trict and theBiologicalResourcesDivision ofthe U.S.GeologicalSurvey).The coastalEvergladesis a particu-larly appro-priate sys-tem for

long-term research of this kind for several rea-sons:1. the entire system is oligotrophic—very low

in nutrients—and phos-phorus is the limiting nu-trient;2. the south Florida cli-mate is quite variablefrom year to year, to thepoint that the differencebetween rainfall in wetand dry years is nearly aslarge as the average an-nual rainfall;3. the Everglades is the fo-cus of the largest water-shed restoration effortever implemented, and

this restoration will dramatically change thetiming and amount of freshwater being put intothe system (Figure 3);4. a number of large and diverse datasets al-ready exist for this system from ongoing re-search projects.

The guiding hypothesis behind our LTERresearch is that regional processes mediatedby water flow control ecological dynamics atany location within the coastal Evergladeslandscape. The low-salinity regions of Ever-glades estuaries are excellent places to test thishypothesis because it is here that fresh waterdraining from phosphorus-limited Evergladesmarshes mixes with water from the more ni-trogen-limited coastal ocean. In this low sa-linity (oligohaline) zone of the Shark RiverSlough estuary, we see a clear increase in eco-system productivity that we hypothesize is aresult of nitrogen being provided by the fresh-

An Introduction to the New LandMargin Long Term EcologicalResearch Sites

Florida CoastalEverglades(FCE LTER)

A recent National Science Foundation competition folded three land-margin studiesinto the LTER Network, which now totals 24 sites. All three projects are located incoastal regions, including Sapelo Island, Georgia, the Florida Everglades and FloridaBay in South Florida, and the coastal area of Santa Barbara, California.

Magroveforest

Fresh-watermarsh

Figure 1: Map of south Florida showing (a) major components of the current andhistorical Everglades; note locations of Shark River Slough, Taylor Slough, theEverglades National Park (ENP) Panhandle, and Florida Bay, all within the ENPBoundaries; and (b) showing locations of our Everglades transects, with studysites shown as dots (six along the SRS transect and 11 along the TS/Ph transect,including Florida Bay); dark gray indicates freshwater marsh and light gray ismangrove forest.

Fig. 2: Aerial photograph of the Southern Ever-glades portion of Everglades National Park, look-ing through the coastal Everglades to the FloridaBay estuary.

Fig. 3: Ongoing restoration, looking east along theC111 canal in the Southern Everglades. Levees yetto be removed are in the foreground, and leveeshave been removed in the background to allowgreater freshwater inputs into the marshes to theright.

See the INTERIMFlorida Coastal Everglades

LTER Web site:http://www.fiu.edu/~ecosyst/

lter/home.html


water Everglades and phosphorusbeing provided by the Gulf ofMexico via tidal inputs. Thisoligohaline productivity peak coin-cides with the region that once sup-ported huge wading bird coloniesand rookeries. Interestingly, we do not see thiskind of oligohaline productivity peak in the es-tuaries associated with the Southern Ever-glades because Florida Bay removes the phos-phorus from the Gulf of Mexico before it canreach the low salinity regions.

We will be conducting this long-term re-search along freshwater to marine gradients intwo Everglades National Park drainage basins,one through Shark River Slough and onethrough Taylor Slough and the Southern Ever-glades, including Florida Bay (Figure 1).Along each transect we will have a number ofpermanent study sites where we will study anumber of ecological parameters. One way toenvision this type of transect design is to imag-ine that we will be following parcels of wateras they flow through freshwater marshes andmangrove estuaries to Florida Bay and/or tothe Gulf of Mexico. At each station along thesetransects (Figure 1), we will install automaticsamplers that allow us to continuously samplethe water flowing past that location (Figures 4& 5). At each site we will also be quantifying:a) primary productivity of marsh plants, man-groves, seagrasses, periphyton, and estuarinealgae; b) the ecological dynamics of organicmatter dissolved in the water; c) the accumu-lation or loss of organic matter from soils andsediments, and; d) the ecological dynamics andproductivity of fish and aquatic invertebrates.

Modelling is a very important component ofour coastal Everglades LTER research. Wewill be using process-based simulation mod-els to link key components, such as the rela-tionships between dissolved organic matter andthe microbial processes that can utilize thisorganic source to drive ecosystem energetics.Our data synthesis will also include hydrologicmodels to simulate water movement along ourexperimental transects. The FCE LTER projectdatabase will be developed in a Geographic In-

J. T. Hollibaugh and S. J. Pennings, Lead PrincipalInvestigators; M. Alber, J. O. Blanton, D. A. Bronk,W.-J. Cai, A. G. Chalmers, C. B. Craft, D. Di Iorio, L.

Georgia CoastalEcosystem(GCE LTER)

The Georgia CoastalEcosystems LTERstudy sites

Figure 4: A permanent water samplingstation in a freshwater Evergladesmarsh. Figure 5:

A perma-nent water

samplingstation in an

Evergladesmangrove

estuary.

formation System (GIS) that will also integratethese data with information from other relatedprojects. Finally, our GIS database will belinked to a FCE LTER web site to maximizethe exchange and dissemination of informa-tion within the LTER Network and with thescientific community in general.

A. Donovan, R. E. Hodson, S. B. Joye, G. Lin, M. A.Moran, S. Y. Newell, C. Ruppel, and R. G. Wiegert,Co-Principal Investigators

Agroup of scientists from the Universityof Georgia, the UGA Marine Institute,

Georgia Institute of Technology, Skidaway In-stitute of Oceanography and Indiana Univer-sity are gearing up to join the LTER networkas the Georgia Coastal Ecosystems LTER. Thestudy site, a barrier island and marsh complex,is located on the central Georgia coast in thevicinity of Sapelo Island and the AltamahaRiver, one of the largest and least developedrivers on the east coast of the US. The groupwill investigate the linkages between local anddistant upland areas mediated by water - sur-face water and ground water - delivery to thecoastal zone, examining the relationship be-tween variability in environmental factorsdriven by river flow, primarily salinity, andecosystem processes and structure.

The upland-estuarine interface of the studyarea consists of (1) the riverine estuary of theAltamaha River, (2) the lagoonal estuaries bor-dering the mainland and Sapelo Island, and (3)the tidal marsh complexes fringing small ham-mocks distributed throughout the coastal area.The salinity regimes of these estuaries resultfrom the interaction of river discharge andocean tides. The lagoonal estuaries adjacent toupland areas are also influenced, though to alesser and more localized extent, by local sur-face runoff and groundwater seepage directlyto the marsh.

The most southerly estuary is AltamahaSound, which lies at the mouth of the Altamaha



An Introduction to theNew Land MarginLong Term EcologicalResearch Sites

Georgia Coastal Ecosystems(GCE LTER) continued

well as by the mean value experienced at agiven location. The hierarchy of spatial andtemporal variation produces a cascade of eco-logical effects across multiple scales. At timescales spanning the range from hourly to an-nual, and spatial scales ranging from um tokm, coastal ecosystems are influenced by bothnatural and anthropogenic perturbations(physical and chemical) that affect both thevariability and the mean of important ecosys-tem properties (for example, hurricanes orflood control projects alter river hydrographs,which in turn affect sediment distributions andtransport, estuarine salinity, etc.). We postu-late that the scales of detectable change in eco-systems and associated physical and chemi-cal systems indicate the scales of the mostcritical forcing. We propose to use the exist-ing gradient (mean and variability) of one im-portant variable, salinity, to separate the ef-fects of different means from the effects of dif-ferent variances for key ecosystem propertieswith inherent spatial and temporal scales rang-ing from um to km and minutes to years.

Field studies will focus on hydrodynamicsand hydrology, assessment of ground water in-puts, and the relationship of flows and fluxesto morphology. Complementary studies willinclude DIC, O2 and NO3 fluxes, sedimentbiogeochemistry, and plant, animal, and mi-crobial community composition, density anddiversity. Specific processes that will be ad-dressed by field studies and numerical simu-lations include: 1. Influence of hydrologicalprocesses (evaporation, transpiration, ground-water input, marsh circulation) on the salt bal-ance at different places in the creek-marshcomplex, 2. angiosperm production, commu-nity structure and population genetics, and 3.the interactions of prokaryotes and eukaryotesin marsh grass decomposition. Evidence sug-gests that both fungi and bacteria play criticalroles in decomposition in the intertidalmarshes of the Georgia coast, and that fungalprocessing of standing-decaying marsh grassis key to the transfer of this material to ani-mals.

The impacts of human activities in the wa-tershed are an important component of thelong term variation we expect to detect in thisstudy. The coastline of Georgia is currentlyamong the least developed in the UnitedStates, but is projected to see rapid urbaniza-tion over the next few decades. The headwa-ter tributaries of the Altamaha River drainmuch of central Georgia, including an area ofsoutheast Atlanta, which currently has one ofthe highest population growth rates in the US.At the same time, coastal Georgia is also ex-periencing growth. The study area currentlyhas low population density, but the urbaniza-

River, the largest river in Georgia. AltamahaSound is strongly river-dominated and con-stitutes a complex delta made up of low is-lands, marshes and tributaries. Doboy Sound,located to the north of Altamaha Sound, con-nects to the coastal ocean via a pass betweenSapelo Island and the marsh complexes ofWolf/Queen Islands. Freshwater from theAltamaha River is transported into upperDoboy Sound through the connecting Inter-coastal Waterway and marsh channels. Tidalexchange with the Altamaha’s plume in thecoastal ocean can also deliver low salinitywater to Doboy Sound. Thus, mixing withsea water occurs under most conditions, sothat water reaching Doboy Sound has lowsalinity but is not fresh. The third estuary,Sapelo Sound, is at the northern edge of thestudy area. Like Doboy Sound, it is a la-goonal estuary with no large streams dis-charging directly into it. Fresh water entersas precipitation, groundwater or as small vol-umes of surface inflow.

The new LTER will take advantage of thelong term record of scientific study and eco-system preservation that have been estab-lished by the University of Georgia MarineInstitute (UGAMI) on Sapelo Island and theSapelo Island National Estuarine ResearchReserve (SINERR). Additionally, the Geor-gia Rivers LMER (GARLMER), which isconcluding in October 2000, examined pro-cessing of materials transported through theintertidal zone of the Altamaha River and offour other Georgia coastal rivers. UGAMIstudies of the Sapelo Island marshes beganin 1954 and have resulted in over 800 publi-cations. These publications, GARLMERdata, long-term SINERR monitoring records,and aerial photographs dating back to 1953provide a perspective on long-term changesin the system and will help in interpretingdata collected during the LTER project.

A general organizing principle of this studyis that the structure and function of coastalecosystems is affected by the variability ofan environmental factor (e.g., salinity) as

tion and growth that characterize Savannah tothe north and Brunswick to the south are be-ginning along the I-95 corridor in McIntoshCounty, with development of coastal water-front property proceeding rapidly as well.Models and related studies of the impact ofland use change on salinity distributions withinthe Altamaha estuary, freshwater runoff andriver discharge were begun in GARLMER andwith funding from the Georgia Coastal ZoneManagement Program. As part of the LTER,we will expand these studies to include the ef-fects of land use changes on river water qual-ity. w

resented at the meeting. At present, we antici-pate that between 50-100 of our colleaguesfrom international sites and networks will joinus in Snowbird. We further anticipate the pres-ence of researchers from long-term sites man-aged by government agencies. A special invi-tation has gone out to agency representativesto attend the ASM in order to improve inter-actions and cooperation between LTER andother long-term research programs.

The Network Office has set aside funds toencourage the development of cross-site ac-tivities arising from the All Scientists Meet-ing. These funds will support three kinds ofactivities. We will facilitate small planningmeetings by workshop organizers. We willsupport post-ASM meetings to follow up onpromising collaborations. Finally, we will pro-vide short-term support for researchers whowish to dedicate 1-3 months to a specific cross-site research project. In addition, we will usethe resources of the Network Office to facili-tate the development of proposals from ideasarising from the ASM.

As you prepare for the All Scientists Meet-ing, I urge you to set as a priority for your par-ticipation the development of cross-site andcross-discipline research activities. The ASMis our opportunity to take full advantage of thebenefits of a research network. I further en-courage you to consider the characteristics ofsuccessful intersite collaboration and effectiveleadership described by Jack Webster, and toapply his suggestions to the development ofnew research collaborations. w

The LTER AllScientists MeetingPlans, Preparation,Products!A letter from Bob WaideExecutive Director, LTER Network Office

continued from page 1


Santa BarbaraCoastal (SBC LTER)

Dan Reid, Lead Principal Investigator, Scott Coo-per, Steve Gaines, Sally Holbrook and John Melack,Co-Principal Investigators

The Santa Barbara Coastal LTER Projectwill focus on ecological systems at the

land/ocean-margin. This location is typical ofmany semi-arid regions in that it includes alarge number of watersheds withepisodic stream flow that vary insize and land use. The focal coastal

ecosystem of our proposed researchwill be giant kelp (Macrocystispyrifera) forests, which are ex-tremely important to the ecology andeconomy of coastal areas along thewest coast of North and SouthAmerica. Kelp forests occur on shal-low coastal reefs and are affected inboth positive and negative ways byland and the open ocean through themovement of water carrying con-stituents (e.g. sediments, nutrients,larvae, pollutants) from these differ-ent sources. Kelp forests have aunique trophic structure in which producers(macroalgae) and consumers (sessile inverte-brates that filter plankton) compete for space.Competition between macroalgae and sessileinvertebrates can be mediated by the relativesupply of nutrients and particulate organicmatter to the reef.

Although several lines of evidence suggestthat the effects of terrestrial runoff on kelpforests in the Santa Barbara Channel can be

large, the relative contributions of land vs.ocean derived constituents in structuring thisand other coastal ecosystems in the region ispoorly understood. Interdisciplinary researchcoordinated among 22 investigators is proposedthat will examine questions and hypotheses re-lated to all five core areas of research sharedby LTER sites. The key issues that willspecifically be addressed are (1) spa-tial and temporal scales over which ter-restrial runoff and ocean forcing per-turbs kelp forest ecosystems, (2) pat-terns and processing of organic matter

in the ecosystem, (3) patterns of organic andinorganic inputs and their movement from theland to the coastal zone, (4) the effects of ter-restrial runoff on patterns and controls of pri-mary production in kelp forests, and (5) theeffects of terrestrial runoff on the long-termpopulation dynamics of key kelp-forest spe-cies and on trophic interactions. Regional stud-ies will combine satellite imagery and fieldmeasurements of discharge from 3 primary and

12 secondary watersheds with modeling of sol-ute and sediment-discharge relationships to de-termine patterns of runoff entering the SantaBarbara Channel. Detailed sampling of waterchemistry and short and long-term experimentswill be done in the three primary watershedsto determine smaller scale processes that are

Looking underwater at the kelp forest of the Santa Barbara coast, which is thefocal coastal ecosystem of the SBC LTER. Photo courtesy Ron McPeak.

This aerial photo of the Carpinteria watershed depictsthe coastal plain, salt marsh and coastal reef, which isindicated by the breaking waves offshore of the mouthof the estuary. Photo courtesy Wayne Ferren.

The Santa BarbaraCoastal LTER

Study Area

critical in controlling overall exportto coastal waters. Satellite imagerycombined with detailed measure-ments of ocean currents, waves,suspended sediment, subsurface ir-radiance, and seawater chemistrycollected from moored instrumentsin the kelp beds offshore of thethree primary catchments will beused to determine the timing, spa-tial extent, and residence time ofrunoff in the coastal zone and thedegree to which they are modifiedby ocean processes.

The effects of runoff on pat-terns of primary production willbe investigated for both phy-toplankton and macroalgae (thetwo major groups of primary pro-ducers found in kelp forests). Phy-toplankton production will be es-timated from optical data col-lected from moored instrumentsand satellites, chlorophyll concen-tration data collected from mooredinstruments and ocean cruises andC14 uptake experiments. Kelpproduction will be estimated fromin situ measurements of growthand survival of tagged individu-

als and aerial photos of surface canopy area.Experiments will be done to evaluate factorsthat control primary production and the degreeto which they are influenced by land and oceanprocesses. Short and long-term experimentsand modeling will be done to determine theextent to which changes in nutrient supply dueto runoff alter trophic interactions of the uniquefood web. w


LTER Functioning as a NetworkNETorkingW

Jack R. WebsterDepartment of Biology, Virginia Tech

With the All Scientists Meet-ing approaching, and its emphasis on

intersite activities, it might be useful to reviewsome of the history of LTER intersite activi-ties. For various reasons LTER stream ecolo-gists have been particularly successful withintersite studies. This historical summary ofLTER stream intersite research is biased be-cause it only includes activities in which I wasinvolved and which I remember, but I think itis fairly comprehensive.

Collaboration among LTER sites actuallybegan before LTER existed — back in the IBPdays. In 1974 a group of Coweeta research-ers led by DAC Crossley visited the Andrewssite. At the time both sites were planning wa-tershed logging experiments and wanted toinsure research comparability. A paper com-paring the stream sites was presented at theAIBS meeting that summer (Sedell et al.1974). In the early days of LTER there wasmoney available for intersite workshops, andthe network office funded a series of threemeetings of stream ecologists (Table 1).These workshops allowed LTER streamecologists and stream ecologists from non-LTER sites to get together and generate thecollegiality, trust, and appreciation of others’research that is essential for any collaborativeresearch. One product of these workshops was

a short paper describ-ing stream research atsix of the 11 LTERsites (Webster et al.1985).

The organic matterworkshop at Coweetain 1985 (Fig. 1) begana fruitful intersite col-laboration that didn’tactually bear fruit for12 years. At the 1990 All Scientists Meetingin Estes Park, we decided that we should useNABS meetings to continue these efforts sinceit would save money and allow non-LTER re-searchers to participate. A second organic matter workshop was heldin Calgary in 1993. This was anactual “working workshop” —we attempted to synthesize dataon stream organic matter bud-gets from a variety of streamsthroughout North America anda few other sites in Australia,Europe, and Antarctica. I spentmuch of the following summermaking a preliminary analysis ofthe results of these efforts. Thisanalysis was then sent to eachparticipant requesting they fill inany missing data from their siteand confirm or recalculate anynumbers that were clearly outli-ers. The resubmitted data werethen reanalyzed, and eventuallywe (Webster and Meyer 1997) produced a se-ries of papers describing the 35 streams (7LTER and 14 other sites) and including 8 syn-thesis papers on various aspects of organicmatter budgets. A clear consensus of this pub-lication was that stream organic matter dynam-ics reflect the terrestrial setting of the streams.

Each of the All Scientists Meetings has also

been an opportunity for stream researchers tointeract and plan collaborative efforts. Afterthe 1990 meeting, Meyer et al. (1993) produceda small book describing characteristics of thestreams at each of 12 LTER sites. The intentof this publication was to stimulate intersite

research among stream ecologists by helpingidentify sites with attributes that would per-mit useful comparisons.

In addition to intersite work on stream or-ganic matter dynamics, collaboration of streamecologists working on nutrient dynamics be-gan in 1989 with a workshop organized byNick Aumen at the University of Mississippi.The report of the topics discussed at this meet-ing (Stream Solute Workshop 1990) has beena useful synthesis of our understanding of nu-trient dynamics in streams at that time. Thiscollaboration of stream ecologists interestedin nutrients led to a funded NSF proposal byDonna D’Angelo, Bruce Peterson, and JudyMeyer for another workshop at Coweeta (Fig.2). Again, this was a working workshop withparticipants actually out in streams gettingtheir feet wet helping with data collection. Theworkshop included demonstrations of soluteinjections and data analysis, 15N addition,stable isotope analysis, and nitrogen model-ing. One product of this workshop was thatthe demonstration 15N addition ended up as apublished paper (Hall et al. 1998). Anotherproduct was a successful intersite proposal toNSF for the LINX project (Lotic Intersite Ni-trogen eXperiment, Fig. 3). In this study, we

An Example to Follow:Intersite Research amongStream Ecologists atLTER sites

Table 1. Workshops involving stream ecologists at LTER sites. This list does not include thestream workshops held at All Scientists Meetings.

OrganizerDate/LocationTitle Support

1Page costs for publications from both of theseworkshops were supported by LTER.

LTER Stream Workshop

LTER Stream Workshop

LTER Workshop on StreamOrganic Matter Budgets

Workshop on Stream OrganicMatter Dynamics

Workshop on Solute Dynamics inStream Ecosystems

Stream solute and 15N workshop

11-13 July 1983Kansas State

University 29 October 1984 Denver,

Colorado18-19 October 1985

Franklin,North Carolina

23-24 May 1993 Calgary,Alberta

1-5 February 1989 Oxford,Mississippi

15-18 July 1995 Coweeta

Dick Marzolf

J. Webster

J. Webster andJudy Meyer

Nick Aumen

DonnaD’Angelo, BrucePeterson, andJudy Meyer

Supported byLTER

Supported byLTER

Supported byLTER

Unsupported1

University ofMississippi1

Supported by agrant from NSF

Figure 2. Participants in the Stream Solute and 15N Workshop atCoweeta in July 1995.

New MexicoLow allochthonous inputsHigh primary productionSnowmelt

TennesseeHIgh allochthonous inputs

Seasonal primary productionGroundwater

North CarolinaHighallochthonous inputsLow primary productionPerennial runoff

Factors influencing nitrate retention1. riparian vegetation (light, litterfall)2. flow regime (intensity, duration, timing)3. Groundwater-surface water exchange

Figure 4. The recently funded NPARS (Nitrate Processing And Reten-tion in Streams) project continues the use of 15N to study nitrogen instreams. (H.M. Valett, J.R. Webster, P.J. Mulholland, S.A. Thomas, C.N.Dahm, C.G. Peterson)

mmm


used 6-week 15NH4 additionsto streams to determine NH4uptake length and uptake rate,nitrogen turnover rates, andfood web transfer of nitrogenField research was completedin September 1998. Successfulcoordination of LINX wasachieved through severalmechanisms. First, at least oneof the principal investigators(Mulholland, Webster, Meyer,Peterson) visited each of thesites during the 15N injection.Second, a post-doctoral associate (JenniferTank) went to each of the sites to organize thedata collection and insure that the same tech-niques were used at every site. Third, nearly allof the researchers involved in the LINX regu-larly attend the NABS meeting, and a day priorto each NABS meeting was set aside for a LINXmeeting to compare progress, discuss initial re-sults, and eventually to plan synthesis efforts.As of January 2000, we have presented 36 pa-pers at meetings, four papers are in press, an-other four are submitted, and many more areplanned.

Another intersite stream study is currently un-derway, the NPARS project (Nitrate ProcessingAnd Retention in Streams, Fig. 4). This study isan outgrowth of LINX but is a much more in-tensive study of six streams at three sites. Weare using short-term additions of 15NO3 to ex-amine effects of riparian vegetation, flow re-gime, and groundwater interaction on nitrateretention.

Successful intersite collaboration depends oneight characteristics. There must be (1) collegi-ality, (2) trust, and (3) respect among the par-ticipants. These relationships are developedthrough long-term interactions, such as are avail-able through LTER, and through (4) site visits.

Literature CitedCullen, P.W., R.H. Norris, V.H. Resh, T.B. Reynoldson,

D.M. Rosenberg, and M.T. Barbour. 1999. Collaboration in scientific research: a critical need for freshwaterecology. Freshwater Biology 42:131-142.

Hall, R.O., B.J. Peterson, and J.L. Meyer. 1998. Testing anitrogen-cycling model of a forest stream by using anitrogen-15 tracer addition. Ecosystems 1:283-298.

Meyer, J., T. Crocker, D. D’Angelo, W. Dodds, S. Findlay,M. Oswood, D. Repert, and D. Toetz. 1993. Streamresearch in the LTER network. LTER Network Office,Seattle, Washington.

Minshall, G.W., R.C. Petersen, K.W. Cummins, T.L. Bott,J.R. Sedell, C.E. Cushing, and R.L. Vannote. 1983.Interbiome comparison of stream ecosystem dynamics.Ecological Monographs 53:1-25.

Peterson, B.J. 1993. The costs and benefits of collaborative research. Estuaries 16:913-918.

Sedell, J.R., F.J. Triska, W.R. Woodall, and J.R. Webster.Mineral cycles in stream ecosystems. Paper presentedat AIBS meeting, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona. June 16-21, 1974 Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America 55:27.

Stream Solute Workshop. 1990. Solute dynamics instreams. Journal of the North American BenthologicalSociety 9:95-119.

Webster, J.R. and J.L. Meyer (editors). 1997. Stream organic matter budgets. Journal of the North AmericanBenthological Society 16:3-161

Webster, J.R., E. Blood, S.V. Gregory, M.E. Gurtz, R.E.Sparks, and M. Thurman. 1985. Long-term research instream ecology. Bulletin of the Ecological Society ofAmerica 66:346-353.

Figure 1. Participants in the Stream Organic Matter Workshop held atCoweeta in October 1985.

The opportunity to visit other sites is essential.It not only brings participant together, but itallows everyone to kick the rocks and smellthe mud. This first hand acquaintance withother sites cannot be replaced by pictures.In order to develop successful collaborationthere must also be (5) incentive for the partici-pants. This incentive may be potential publi-cations (not just a footnote to a workshop-authored paper) or monetary research support.Enthusiasm and bootlegged data collection canonly carry an intersite project a short ways.Collaborative, intersite research is expensiveand achieving significant funding is difficult(Peterson 1993), but the important contribu-tions made by intersite studies such as the RiverContinuum Study (Minshall et al. 1983) under-score their value.

A (6) baseline of data and prior research isalso essential. Because of the existence of thissort of data, the LTER network is a wonderfulopportunity for intersite research.

Time and patience (7)— Intersite researchgoes slowly. The synthesis of stream organicmatter budgets was finally published 12 yearsafter the first workshop. It take time to developthe essential relationships among collaboratorsand the synthesis is always limited by the slow-

Figure 3. The LINX (Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment) study wasfunded in 1996 to study nitrogen dynamics in streams throughout NorthAmerica.

Lotic Intersite Nitrogen eXperiment

The Experiment:wPhysical, chemical and ecological characterization of streamswSix-week 15NH4 addition to stream waterwDetermine NH4 uptake length and rates, N turnover rates, and food web transfer of N

Table 2. Characteristics of an effectiveleader of a collaborative effort. Modifiedfrom Cullen et al. (1999)

wCommitment to excellence and anability to set high standards

wStrong knowledge of the subject area

wSkill at synthesizing and seeing thebig picture

wStrong appreciation of the impor-tance of collaborative research

wIntellectual curiosity and a vitality forlearning across disciplinary bound-aries

wWillingness to take risks by present-ing tentative solutions and allowingothers to build on and correct them

wAbility to stimulate all collaboratorsto ask questions and to re-examinedeeply held assumptions.

fective leadership, and I particularly thankJudy Meyer, Pat Mulholland, Bruce Peterson,Jennifer Tank, and Nick Aumen for their rolein leading the interactions among streamecologists within LTER and within the largercommunity.w

est link.Finally, an intersite ef-

fort cannot be successfulwithout (8) effectiveleadership. Cullen et al.(1999) listed traits of aneffective leader of a col-laborative effort (Table2) that apply well to lead-ership of intersite studies.To this list I add patienceand realism — realismthat not everyone willcontribute equally andpatience to work withpeople who might nothave equal enthusiasm.

Usually it is the com-bined efforts of severalpeople that provides ef-

L I N X


Greg Asner, Department of Geological Sciences andEnvironmental Studies, University of Colorado

For the past several years, a unique formof remote sensing called imaging

spectroscopy has been taking place in the skiesabove the Jornada and Sevilleta LTER sites inNew Mexico. Imaging spectroscopy is uniquebecause the recorded data contain the full solarreflected spectrum of the imaged landscape(Figure 1). This complete spectrum canprovide information about vegetation and soilproperties not obtainable from traditionalmultispectral remote sensing instruments, suchas Landsat, which collect data in a few broadregions of the spectrum. For example Landsatmeasures six separate spectral bands while thehyperspectral sensor measures in more than200 contiguousspectral bands.

The full spectral coverage enablesspectroscopy analysis based inphysics, chemistry, and biology,which is not possible with themultispectral approach. Ourefforts are underway toadvance and improve theinterpretation of spectralsignatures of arid and semi-aridecosystems, which in turn willgreatly improve our ability toassess climate and land-useimpacts in these regions.

NASA’s premier imagingspectrometer called theAirborne Visible and InfraredImaging Spectrometer(AVIRIS) has been tasked tocollect hyperspectral data over theJornada and Sevilleta. During these AVIRISoverflights, field campaigns have beencoordinated to collect spatial information onvegetation and soil properties. These data setsare providing us with the means to develop

Imaging SpectroscopyFocuses on Jornada andSevilleta LTER Sites

successful, Hyperion will represent a truemilestone in demonstrating new Earth remotesensing technology, hopefully paving the waytoward the next generation of highperformance globally available imagingspectrometer measurements.

I believe that this technology willrevolutionize our ability to remotely measurevegetation, soil and other Earth properties withunparalleled physical and chemical detail. Forus, the Jornada and Sevilleta LTER sites willcontinue to be a major focus of researchtoward this goal. wFor more information on this project, please contact:wGreg Asner, Department of Geological Sciencesand Environmental Studies ProgramUniversity of Colorado, Boulder, COwRobert Green, NASA AVIRIS ProgramJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute ofTechnology, Pasadena, CAwBarbara Nolen, Jornada LTER, Las Cruces, NMwGreg Shore, Sevilleta LTER, Department of Biology,University of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NMwCarol Wessman, Department of EPO Biology andCIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO

New Satellite Opens Doorsfor GTOS/GTNETDemonstration ProjectJohn Vande Castle, LTER Network Office

The new NASA satellite called “Terra” waslaunched successfully in December 1999 withMODIS and four other sensors on board.

Terra (formerly known as EOS AM-1) isthe flagship of NASA's Earth Observing Sys-tem (EOS), a major international science pro-gram to monitor climate and environmentalchange. Terra is collecting a new global dataset to enable research into the ways that

LTER CrossesDisciplines, Agenciesto Excel in RemoteSensing Research andApplications

Figure 1. Spectroscopicsignatures of Earth sur-faces are acquired by im-aging spectrometers, suchas NASA’s AVIRIS sensor,which acquired these dataover the Jornada LTERsite. Each image pixel has an associated signaturethat provides information about the physical andchemical composition of the observed area.

Figure 2. AVIRIS imagingspectrometer data were

collected over the SevilletaNational Wildlife Refuge, NM

in 1997. The coverage of greencanopies, vegetation litter, and

bare soils within 20 x 20 m image pixels wassuccessfully measured using a method calledhyperspectral unmixing.

See theseimages in color:

http://www.lternet.edu/Newsletter

new approaches for estimating ecologicallyimportant variables such as vegetation and baresoil extent, leaf area index, standing litterquantities, water stress, and vegetationphenology (Figure 2). These biophysical andecological quantities are then used in modelsof biogeochemistry, physiology, fire fuelloading, and grazing intensity. Our methods toextract this biophysical information from theAVIRIS imagery include spectral signaturedeconvolution and radiative transfer models,but they require intensive computer resources.My lab has a high-performance Beowulfcomputing cluster based on the original designdeveloped at NASA’s Goddard Space FlightCenter. We are working with NASA’s AVIRISteam (Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena,CA) and Jornada and Sevilleta LTERinvestigators to provide an efficient processing,analysis and validation effort that couldeventually support detailed regional scaleecological studies at the two sites.

While the AVIRIS effort continues,our group is preparing for the launch intoEarth orbit of the first spaceborneimaging spectrometer, which isscheduled for this summer. Part ofNASA’s New Millenium Program, theEarth Observing-1 (EO-1) satellite is atechnology demonstration, and it will

carry the Hyperion instrument to collecthyperspectral data over a select number of testsites including the Jornada and Sevilleta. If



‘BigFoot’ Blazes Trails forLTER Remote SensingWarren Cohen, Oregon State University

MODIS (the Moderate Resolution ImagingSpectrometer) is the principal high temporalfrequency mapping sensor on-board NASA’sTerra satellite. The MODIS instrumentacquires data in 36 spectral bands at spatialresolutions from 250 m to 1 km over the entireglobe every two days. A series of land productswill be produced from these data by theMODIS Land Discipline Group (MODLand).These products will include surfacereflectance, spectral vegetation indices, landcover, the absorbed fraction ofphotosynthetically active radiation (FPAR),leaf area index (LAI), net primary productivity(NPP), and land surface temperature. These,and other MODIS products, will play animportant role in measuring and monitoringsurface variables. Validation of these globaldata products is crucial for establishing theaccuracy of the data products for the scientificuser community, and to provide feedback forimproving the data processing algorithms.

The BigFoot field sites have active scienceprograms concentrating on CO2, water vapor,and energy exchange using flux towermeasurements. The “footprint” over which gasflux data are collected varies, but is roughly 1km or less. For the BigFoot analysis, this

footprint will be extended to 25 km2 to includemultiple 1 km MODIS cells, hence the projectname. BigFoot investigators will focus onvalidation of the MODLand land cover, LAI,FPAR, and NPP products. We will develop finegrain (25 m resolution) surfaces of land cover,LAI, FPAR, and NPP, aggregate these to 1 kmresolution, then assess the similarities anddifferences between these surfaces and theMODLand products.Project History

The BigFoot project grew from an LTER-sponsored workshop held in 1996.

At the most recent LTER All Scientists Meet-ing (Estses Park, CO 1993) one of the work-shops focused on NASA/LTER interactions,which were nascent at the time. Participants inthe workshop, led by John Vande Castle andSteve Running, explored validation protocolsand scaling issues that lead to an improved un-derstanding of several MODLand products. Theworkshop ultimately produced a proposal from

14 LTER sites and the Network Office to Di-ane Wickland, Manager of the Terrestrial Ecol-ogy Program at NASA.

The focus of the proposal was to conduct pre-liminary studies that would lead to eventual“validation” of global ecological data layers de-veloped by the MODIS Land Discipline Groupwithin the context of NASA’s Earth Observa-tion System. Two proposals (including a sub-sequent, more refined proposal), have beenfunded, and we are now completing the firstyear of the subsequent proposal.

Our goals, in addition to providing MODLandproduct validation, are (1) to explore the errorsand information losses that accrue whenextrapolating field data to coarse grain (1 km)surfaces, (2) determine if there is a fundamental

grain size at each site, above which error ratesaccelerate when modeling land cover, LAI,FPAR, and NPP, (3) develop a betterunderstanding of the climatic and ecologicalcontrols on net primary production and carbonallocation within and among biomes, and (4)to learn how flux tower measurements of netecosystem exchange (NEE ) and fieldmeasurements of NPP co-vary, and how totranslate between them using ecologicalmodels.

We will be working at four field sites: aboreal forest, a tallgrass prairie, a mixeddeciduous-conifer forest, and a mixed corn andsoybean agricultural system.

The core BigFoot products will be: field-collected data sets of land cover, LAI, FPAR,NPP, and related variables; and 25 km2 surfacesat 25 m spatial resolution of land cover, LAI,FPAR, and NPP for each site. These surfaceswill be developed from field data, Landsatimagery, image classification, geostatistical

analysis, and ecosystem processmodels. Errors in each data layerwill be characterized usingindependent field data. Explicitexamination of scaling from fieldmeasurements, to fine grain (25m) surfaces, to coarse grain (1 km)

MODLand grids is a central theme of BigFoot.The fine grain surfaces will be aggregated toseveral resolutions, up to 1 km, to determine ifthere is a grain size above which informationloss rapidly increases. Through these analyses,we hope to characterize error due to scalingdifferences versus error due to algorithmdefinitions. It is theoretically possible for anysingle MODIS grid cell to not accuratelyestimate land cover, LAI, FPAR, or NPP, butfor multiple cell estimates within and acrosssites to be accurate. A cross-site comparisonof MODLand and BigFoot surfaces will permitus to assess MODLand data product accuracyand gain an understanding of the source oferrors at both the site and cross-site level. w

Earth's lands, oceans, atmosphere, ice, radiantenergy, and life function as a whole system. InFebruary 2000, Terra reached final orbit andacquired its first images, some of which arenow available to the public.Learn more about Terra on the website

http://terra.nasa.gov/These data are integral to the GTOS/NPP

Demonstration Project. Data products from theMODIS instrument on board Terra will be com-pared with global validation sites as part of acollaborative Demonstration Project of theGlobal Terrestrial Observing System (GTOS).The collaboration, known as the GTOS - NetPrimary Productivity (NPP) Demo Project willdistribute global product map imagery of NPP,leaf are index (LAI) measures and land coverclassifications to GTOS sites for evaluationwith ground-based measurements. This vali-dation effort will complement a more inten-sive effort within NASA’s “BigFoot” valida-tion project. The goal will be to translate thisstandard product to regionally specificcrop, range, and forest yield maps forland-management applications.

Learn more about the GTOS/GTNET Demo Project on the

website:(http://www.ilternet.edu/gtnet/)

A special issue issue of Remote Sensing of Environment (October 1999, Elsevier), fea-

tures work done within the context of a proposal, whichresulted from a 1996 workshop. That workshop wasa follow-up to the ideas generated at the 1993 AllScientists Meeting (Estes Park)

Articles include: data validation, broad-applicationatmospheric correction techniques, scaling issues inlandcover classifications, estimating LAI and NPPusing remotely sensed information, identifying rela-tionships between LAI and Landsat TM data, inte-grating multiple disciplines, scales and ecosystemsto maximize effectiveness of modeling and synthesisactivities, and coordinating flux measurements andmodeling activities into a global terrestrial monitoringnetwork. w

Learn more about theBigFoot Project:

http://www.fsl.orst.edu/larse/bigfoot


I n January 2000, LTER scientists and colleagues from other large interdisciplinary

projects funded by NSF gathered in Tempe, Ari-zona to craft this agenda. After reviewing casestudies of projects that have successfullybridged the social/natural science divide, it wasagreed that there remains much to be accom-plished.

During this workshop, sufficient consensusemerged concerning the integration of humansand ecosystems to allow for discussion to ad-vance to more specific issues. ConsideringLTER ecologists have defined and implementeda core set of concepts to understand the long-term dynamics of ecosystems for the LTERNetwork, the workshop participants agreed thata core set of social patterns and processes analo-gous to the ecological core areas would greatlyaid the integration of social sciences into LTERresearch. Although preliminary core social sci-ence patterns and processes were defined in theWorkshop, and consensus was reached on abroad conceptual framework for investigatingintegrated human ecosystems, participants fullyexpect that further definition would be neededbefore these core research areas can be imple-

mented throughout the LTER Network. Theyproposed a future workshop series where dis-cussion on three domains of ideas could serveas a road map for integration: one workshopwould further detail the proposed core socialscience patterns and processes and their articu-lation with ongoing research. Another wouldformulate multi-scale investigatory frame-works considered key to implementing inte-grated research projects. The third workshopwould focus on practical approaches to inte-gration and propose specific pilot projects topursue. Taken together, these efforts wouldhelp to form long-term research initiatives tobetter understand the complex interactions be-tween human, biological, and earth systems.

Based upon the January workshop, ChuckRedman, Pete Nowak, Jennifer Edmonds, andMorgan Grove worked together to develop aset of workshops for the LTER All Scientists’Meeting. These workshops include:w Strategies for the integration of social, life,

and earth sciences for the LTER network.w Spatial and temporal scales issues in the

social and ecological sciences.w Data: methods, tools, and protocols for in-

tegrated researchw A framework for integrating core social

science areas for the LTER Network and op-portunities for cross-site comparisons.

A particular goal of these workshops is toidentify research projects where the collabo-ration among social, biological, and earth sci-entists would lead to a better understandingof the mechanisms that govern ecosystem dy-namics.

With this in mind, Chuck Redman and Mor-gan Grove worked with Lauren Kuby to sub-mit an incubation grant proposal to NSF’sBiocomplexity competition. If funded, four re-search proposals would be identified and a setof workshops would be held focusing on 1)practical issues to help the research projectsimplement integrated research; 2) ways theproposed social science core areas would be

LTER RepresentativeswCAP LTER Chuck Redman, NancyGrimm, Ann Kinzig, Lauren Kuby,and Ed HackettwBES LTER Morgan Grove, Bill Burch,and Steward PickettwNTL LTER Steve Carpenter andPeter NowakwBNZ LTER Terry ChapinwCWT LTER Ted GragsonwKBS LTER Craig HarriswLTER Network Office Bob Waide

Scientists Outside of LTERwTom Baerwald, NSF/BCSwAnthony de Souza, National ResearchCouncil (Geography)wGrant Heiken, Los Alamos National LabswPeter Kareiva, NOAA (Ecology)wEmilio Moran, Indiana University(Anthropology)wElinor Ostrom, Indiana University (Political Science)wSander van der Leeuw, Sorbonne(Anthropology)wTom Wilbanks, Oak Ridge NationalLaboratory (Geography)wBrent Yarnell, Penn State (Geography)

JANUARY 2000 SOCIAL SCIENCE WORKSHOP PARTICIPANTS

implemented in the pilot projects; and 3) strat-egies for accommodating multiple spatial andtemporal scales of human ecosystems.

Finally, participants from the Tempe work-shop have nearly completed a revised WhitePaper that will be sent to LTER PIs and postedto the LTER Network site.

LTER Aquatic ScientistsReview Past Successes toPlan for Future Collaborations

John Hobbie, ARC LTER, PIE LTERMarine Biological Laboratory, The EcosystemsCenter, Woods Hole, MA

On 5-6 February 2000, 29 scientists from13 LTER sites met in Salt Lake City to

share project information and decide uponASM workshops for comparative aquaticstudies. Established sites represented wereAND, ARC, CAP, CWT, LUQ, MCM, NTL,PAL, PIE, and VCR. New sites wereCalifornia/Santa Barbara (SBC), FloridaCoastal Ecosystems (FCE), and Georgia(GCE). Roberta Marinelli (Polar Programs)and Phil Taylor (Ocean Sciences) representedthe National Science Foundation while RobertWaide and James Brunt attended from theNetwork Office.

The meeting included a description of thepresent and planned aquatic research at thesites. To illustrate the possible ways that cross-site research has operated within the LTERprogram, Stan Gregory reported on LIDET,George Kling described a workshop onCO

2 cycling in lakes, Jack Webster described

the series of Stream Workshops held over theyears, and Bruce Peterson reported on theLINX project on nitrogen cycling in streams(this began with LTER funding). ChuckHopkinson described the cross-site LMERresearch on the characterization of organicmatter in rivers.

The preliminary list of topics suggested forthe ASM includes: regulation oforganic matter preservation in wetlandsediments; human modifications ofhydrologic cycles: effects on nutrientdynamics and local and regionalscales; strategies for examining therole of species interactions onecosystem processes; and cross-sitemeasurements of the geographicaldistribution of microbial species andtheir relation to ecosystem properties.The meeting was sponsored by theLMER (Land Margin EcosystemResearch) Coordinating Office–its lastofficial act now that the funding forthe LMER sites has been transformedinto new LTER sites.

Social ScienceCommittee DevelopsThemes for LTERJ. Morgan Grove, BES LTERUSDA Forest ServiceNortheastern Research Station

LTER ScientistsPrepare for Y2KAll Scientists Meeting



PublicationsRecent Contributions from theLTER Community

Ecologists are increasingly tackling difficult issues like global

change, loss of biodiversity, andsustainability of ecosystem ser-vices. These and related questionsare enormously challenging, re-quiring unprecedented interdisci-plinary collaboration and rapidsynthesis of massive amounts ofdiverse data into information and,ultimately, our knowledge base.This book addresses these issues,providing a much needed resourcefor those involved in designing andimplementing ecological research,as well as students who are enter-ing the environmental sciences.Chapters focus on the design ofecological studies, data manage-ment principles, scientific data-

Insects are a dominant group oforganisms on Earth, in terms of

both their species diversity andtheir ability to affect ecosystemstructure and function, often inconflict with our managementgoals. Insect ecology is integral toall current environmental issues,including biodiversity conserva-tion, ecosystem health, land use,climate change, and air and waterpollution.

This text integrates traditionalemphases on insect diversity, lifehistory adaptation, and species in-teractions with current perspectiveson insect roles in ecosystems sub-ject to environmental changes. In-sects respond to environmentalchanges in ways that mitigate or ex-acerbate change. Many specieshave demonstrated remarkable ca-pacity to thrive in human-alteredlandscapes, whereas other speciesand their ecological functions are

threatened by anthropogenicchanges in environmental condi-tions. This integration of insectecology with ecosystem ecologywill contribute to understanding,prediction and resolution of theconsequences of environmentalchanges.

Intended to provide a state-of-the-art insect ecology text and ref-erence book that synthesizes thevariety of interactions between in-sects and their environment, thetext includes numerous referencesto LTER objectives and data, andmany acknowledges many LTERcollaborators.

Timothy SchowalterAcademic Press

bases, data quality assurance, datadocumentation, archiving ecologi-cal data and information, and pro-cessing data into information andknowledge.

William K Michener,James W Brunt, EditorsBlackwell Scientific

Insect Ecologyby Tim Schowalter

Ecological DataEdited by William Michenerand James Brunt

wOpportunities for Cross-site ComparisonswOrganic Matter Dynamics and Net Primary ProductionwData Management & MovementwPopulation Studies/BiodiversitywRemote SensingwLandscape Studies and ScalingwClimate/Meteorology

w Featuring plenary speakers, workshops, informal discussiongroups, and business and planning interactionsw Open to all interested scientists, researchers and studentsw Workshops will emphasize group discussions and products suchas publications, future research proposals, and cross-site projectagreements — Please pre-register on the Web sitew Poster sessions daily — Submit your abstract on the Web site

Sample Workshop Categories

August 2–4, 2000

Meeting OrganizersRobert Parmenter (505) 277 6348

([email protected])Robert Waide (505) 272 7311

([email protected])

Long term Ecological Research in the New Millennium:Unifying Concepts and Global Applications

Announcing the Long Term EcologicalResearch Network’s

w All Scientists Meeting wLong-term Ecological Research in the New Millennium:

Unifying Concepts and Global Applications

wSchoolyard LTER — and beyondwEcosystem Processes, Lega-cies, and ManagementwSocial and Economic ResearchwLand-margin EcosystemswRhizosphere, Soils, andNutrientswWorkshops for GraduateStudentswHydrology/Geomorphology

for more details, see the website

http://www.lternet.edu/allsci2000

Immediately preceding theESA Annual Meeting

in Snowbird, Utah

INTERNATIONAL NETWORKINGat the

LTER Y2K ALL-SCIENTISTS MEETING

More than 50 scientists—from the 20 ILTER Networks as well asseveral other countries are expected to participate in the activities:wFive workshops have been co-organized by foreign scientists (checkweb site for details)wWorkshop CS-1 will focus specifically on international long-termcross-site researchwWednesday evening —a special reception for ILTER members tocommemorate the 7th anniversary of the ILTER network (createdduring the “International Summit” held at the All Scientists Meeting in1993)

All US LTER scientists are encouraged to take this opportu-nity to meet their foreign counterparts to learn more about the LTERresearch being pursued outside the U.S. and to explore opportuni-ties for cross-site collaboration.


PublicationsRecent Contributions fromthe LTER Community

Abrahams, A. D., G. Li, C. Krishnan, and J. F.Atkinson. 1998. Predicting sediment transport byinterrill overland flow on rough surfaces. EarthSurface Processes and Landforms 23: 481-92.

Acker, Steven A.; McKee, W. Arthur; Harmon,Mark E.; Franklin, Jerry F. 1998. Long-term re-search on forest dynamics in the Pacific North-west: a network of permanent forest plots. In:Dallmeier, F.; Comiskey, J. A., eds. Forestbiodiversity in North, Central, and South Americaand the Caribbean: Research and Monitoring;1995 May 23-25; Washington, DC. New York,NY: The Parthenon Publishing Group, Inc.: 93-106. (Jeffers, J. N. R., ed; Man and the BiosphereSeries; 21).

Baer, S.G., J.M. Blair and A.K. Knapp. 1999.Manipulation of soil resource heterogeneity in atallgrass prairie restoration. Pages 78-87 In Pro-ceedings of the Sixteenth North American Prai-rie Conference (J.T. Springer, ed.), University ofNebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE.

Belnap, J., and D. A. Gillette. 1998. Vulner-ability of desert soil surfaces to wind erosion: theinfluences of crust development, soil texture, anddisturbance. Journal of Arid Environments 39:133-42.

Benke, A.C., A.H. Huryn, L.A. Smock, andJ.B. Wallace. 1999. Length-mass relationships forfreshwater macroinvertebrates in North Americawith particular reference to the southeasternUnited States. Journal of the North AmericanBenthological Society 18: 308-343.

Blair, J.M., T.C. Todd and M.A. Callaham, Jr.2000. Responses of grassland soil invertebratesto natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Pages43-71 In Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosys-tems (D.C. Coleman and P.F. Hendrix, eds.) CABInternational Press, New York, NY.

Bolstad, P.V., K. Mitchell, J.M. Vose. 1999.Foliar temperature-respiration response functionsfor broad-leaved tree species in the southern Ap-palachians. Tree Physiology 19: 871-878

Bond, R. S. 1999. Professional forestry, for-estry education and research. Pp. 220-225 In: C.H. Foster (Ed.), Stepping Back to Look Forward- a History of the Massachusetts Forest. HarvardForest, Petersham, MA.

Bowman, W.D., A. Keller, and M. Nelson.1999. Altitudinal variation in leaf gas exchange,nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations and leafmass per area in populations of Frasera peciosa.Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research 31: 191-195.

Braudrick, Christian A.; Grant, Gordon E.2000. When do logs move in rivers? Water Re-sources Research. 36(2): 571-583.

Bremer, D.J., and J.M. Ham. 1999. Effect ofspring burning on the surface energy balance in atallgrass prairie. Agricultural and Forest Meteo-rology 97: 43-54.

Brock, B.L., and C.E. Owensby. 2000. Predic-tive models for grazing distribution: a GIS ap-proach. Journal of Range Management 53:39-46.

Brooks, P.D., M.W. Williams. 1999. Snow-pack controls on nitrogen cycling and export inseasonally snow-covered catchments. HydrologicProcesses 13:2177-2190.

Callaham, M.A. Jr. and J.M. Blair. 1999. In-fluence of differing land management on the in-vasion of North American tallgrass prairie soilsby European earthworms. Pedobiologia 43:507-512.

Carrillo, C. J., and D. M. Karl, Dissolved in-organic carbon pool dynamics in northernGerlache Strait, Antarctica, Journal of Geophysi-cal Research, 104(C7), 15873-15884, 1999.

Catosvky, S. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1999. ElevatedCO2 influences the responses of two birch spe-cies to soil moisture: implications for forest com-munity structure. Global Change Biology 5: 507-518.

Cavitt, J.F. 1999. Effects of prairie fire andgrazing on brown thrasher nest predation. Pages112-119 In Proceedings of the Sixteenth NorthAmerican Prairie Conference (J.T. Springer, ed.),University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE.

Chase, T.N., R.A. Pielke, T.G.F. Kittel, J.S.Baron, and T.J. Stohlgren. 1999. Potential impactson Colorado Rocky Mountain weather and cli-mate due to land use changes on the adjacent GreatPlains. Journal of Geophysical Research104:16673-16690.

Cissel, John H.; Swanson, Frederick J.;Weisberg, Peter J. 1999. Landscape managementusing historical fire regimes: Blue River, Oregon.Ecological Applications. 9(4): 1217-1231.

Coleman, D.C., J.M. Blair, E.T. Elliott andD.H. Hall. 1999. Soil invertebrates. Pages 349-377 in G.P. Robertson, C.S. Bledsoe, D.C.Coleman and P.S. Sollins, editors. Standard SoilMethods for Long Term Ecological Research.Oxford University Press, New York.Coleman, D.C., and P.F. Hendrix (eds.) 2000. In-vertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems. CABInternational Press, Wallingford, U.K., 336pp.

Cooper-Ellis, S., D. R. Foster, G. Carlton andA. Lezberg. 1999. Forest response to catastrophicwind: results from an experimental hurricane.Ecology 80: 2683-2696.

Crist, Thomas O. 1998. The spatial distribu-tion of termite activity in shortgrass steppe: ageostatistical approach. Oecologia 114: 410-416.

Crossley, D. A. Jr. and David C. Coleman.1999. Microarthropods. pp. C59-C65 inMalcolm E. Sumner (ed.-in-chief). 1999. Hand-book of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Crossley, D. A. Jr. and David C. Coleman.1999. Macroarthropods. pp. C65-C70 inMalcolm E. Sumner (ed.-in-chief). 1999. Hand-book of Soil Science. CRC Press, Boca Raton.

Currie, W. S. and K. J. Nadelhoffer. 1999. Dy-namic redistribution of isotopically labeled co-horts of nitrogen inputs in two temperate forests.Ecosystems 2: 4-18.

Currie, W. S., K. J. Nadelhoffer and J. D. Aber.1999. Soil detrital processes controlling the move-ment of 15N tracers to forest vegetation. Ecologi-cal Applications 9: 87-102.

Derner, J.D., and D.D. Briske. 1999. Does atradeoff exist between morphological and physi-ological root plasticity? A comparison of grassgrowth forms. Acta Oecologica 20:519-526.

de Soyza, A. G., W. G. Whitford, J. E. Herrick,J. W. Van Zee, and K. M. Havstad. 1998. Earlywarning indicators of desertification: Examplesof tests in the Chihuahuan desert. Journal of AridEnvironments 39: 101-12.

Dolloff, C.A., and J.R. Webster. 2000. Par-ticulate organic contributions from forests tostreams: debris isn’t so bad. Pages 125-138 inRiparian management in forests of the continen-tal eastern United States, E.S. Verry, J.W.Hornbeck, and C.A. Dolloff (editors). LewisPublishers, Boca Raton, Florida.

Downs, M. R., R. H. Michener, B. Fry and K.J. Nadelhoffer. 1999. Routine measurement ofdissolved inorganic 15N in streamwater. Environ.Mon. & Assess. 55: 211-220.

Elliott, K.J., J.M. Vose, W.T. Swank, and P.V.Bolstad. 1999. Long-term patterns in vegetation-site relationships in a southern Appalachian For-est. Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society126(4): 320-334.

Eve, M., W. G. Whitford, and K. M. Havstad.1999. Applying satellite imagery to triage assess-ment of ecosystem health. Environmental Moni-toring and Assessment 54: 205-7.

Foreign Names Committee, Foreign NamesCommitte Report: The Foreign Names Com-mittee held its 317th meeting on July 28th,adopting the term ‘Southern Ocean’ as a standardname for the body of water surrounding thecontinent of Antarctica. Proposal to consideradoption of this name for official use was receivedfrom Dr. David M. Karl, Professor of Oceanog-raphy at the University of Hawaii. 1999.

Foster, D. R. 2000. The primeval forest. Sanc-tuary 39: 9-12.

Foster, D. R. and G. Motzkin. 1999. Histori-

cal influences on the landscape of Martha’s Vine-yard: Perspectives on the management of theManuel F. Correllus State Forest. Harvard ForestPaper No. 23.

Foster, D. R. and J. O’Keefe. 2000. New En-gland Forests Through Time. Insights to Conser-vation and Management from the Harvard For-est Dioramas. Harvard Forest and Harvard Uni-versity Press. Petersham and Cambridge.

Foster, D. R., M. Fluet and E. R. Boose. 1999.Human or natural disturbance: landscape-scaledynamics of the tropical forests of Puerto Rico.Ecological Applications 9: 555-572.

Fraser, W. R., D. L. Patterson, P. Duley, andM. Irinaga, Seabird research undertaken as Partof the NMFS/AMLR ecosystem monitoring pro-gram at Palmer Station, 1998/99, in Adminis-trative Report LJ-99-10, United States AMLRAntarctic Marine Living Resources Program,AMLR 1998/99 Field Season Report: objectives,accomplishments and tentative conclusions,edited by Martin, J., p. 155-158, Southwest Fish-eries Science Center, Antarctic Ecosystem Re-search Group, La Jolla, CA, 1999.

Fredrickson, E., K. M. Havstad, R. Estell, andP. Hyder. 1998. Perspectives on desertification:Southwestern United States. Journal of Arid En-vironments 39: 191-207.

Garman, Steven L.; Swanson, Frederick J.;Spies, Thomas A. 1999. Past, present, and futurelandscape patterns in the Douglas-fir region ofthe Pacific Northwest. In: Rochelle, James A.;Lehmann, Leslie A.; Wisniewski, Joe, eds. For-est fragmentation: wildlife and management im-plications. Leiden, The Netherlands: KoninklijkeBrill NV: 61-86.

George, L. O. and F. A. Bazzaa 1999b. Thefern understory as an ecological filter: growth andsurvival of canopy tree seedlings. Ecology 80:846-856.

George, L. O. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1999a. Thefern understory as an ecological filter: emergenceand establishment of canopy tree seedings. Ecol-ogy 80: 833-845.

Gibson, D.J., J. Connolly, D.C. Hartnett andJ.D. Weidenhamer. 1999. Designs for greenhousestudies of interactions between plants. Journal ofEcology 87:1-16.

Gibson, D.J., J.S. Ely and S. L. Collins. 1999.The core-satellite species hypothesis provides atheoretical basis for Grimes classification ofdominant subordinate, and transient species. Jour-nal of Ecology 87:1064-1067.

Griffiths, R. P.; Homann, P. S.; Riley, R. 1998.Dentrification enzyme activity of Douglas-fir andred alder forest soils of the Pacific Northwest .Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 30(8/9): 1147-1157.

Guo, Qinfeng, Philip W. Rundel, and DavidW. Goodall. 1999. Structure of desert seed banks:comparisons across four North American desertsites. Journal of Arid Environments 42: 1-14.

Harmon, M. E., K. J. Nadelhoffer and J. M.Blair. 1999. Measuring decomposition, nutrientturnover and stores in plant litter. Pp. 202-240In: G. P. Robertson, C. S. Bledsoe, D. C. Colemanand P. Sollins (Eds.), Standard Soil Methods forLong Term Ecological Research. Oxford Univer-sity Press, New York.

Harmon, M.E., K.J. Naddlehoffer and J.M.Blair. 1999. Measuring decomposition, nutrientturnover and stores in plant litter. Pages 202-240in G.P. Robertson, C.S. Bledsoe, D.C. Colemanand P.S. Sollins, editors. Standard Soil Methodsfor Long Term Ecological Research. Oxford Uni-versity Press, New York.

Hart, Stephen C.; Perry, David A. 1999. Trans-ferring soils from high- to low-elevation forestsincreases nitrogen cycling rates: climate changeimplications. Global Change Biology. 5: 23-32.

Hartnett, D.C., and G.W.T. Wilson. 1999.Mycorrhizae influence plant community struc-ture and diversity in tallgrass prairie. Ecology80:1187-1195.

Heneghan, L. D.C. Coleman, D.A. Crossley,Jr. and Z. Xiaoming. 1999. Nitrogen dynamicsin decomposing chestnut oak (Quercus prinus L.)in mesic temperate and tropical forest. Elsevier

Science 13: 169-175.Heneghan, L., D.C. Coleman, X. Zou,

D.A.Crossley, Jr., and B.L. Haines. 1999. Soilmicroarthropod contributions to decompositiondynamics: Tropical-temperate comparisons of asingle substrate. Ecology 80: 1873-1882.

Hoch, G.A and J.M. Briggs. 1999. Expansionof eastern red cedar in the northern Flint Hills,Kansas. Pages 9-15 In Proceedings of the Six-teenth North American Prairie Conference (J.T.Springer, ed.), University of Nebraska at Kearney,Kearney, NE.

Hood, E., M. W. Williams, and D. Cline. 1999.Sublimation from a seasonal snowpack at a con-tinental, mid-latitude alpine site. Hydrologic Pro-cesses 13:1781-1797.

Hooper, D.U., and L.C. Johnson. 1999. Ni-trogen limitation in dryland ecosystems: re-sponses to temporal and geographical variationin precipitation. Biogeochemistry 46:247-293.

Horii, C. V., M. S. Zahniser, D. D. Nelson, J.B. McManus and S. C. Wofsy. 1999. Nitric acidand nitrogen dioxide flux measurements: a newapplication of tunable diode laser absorption spec-troscopy. In: Conference Proceedings of 1999Annual SPIE Meeting, Denver, CO, July 1999.

Huryn, A.D., and J.B. Wallace. 2000. Life his-tory and production of stream insects. AnnualReview of Entomology 45: 81-108.

Hutchens, J.J. and E.F. Benfield. 2000. Willforest defoliation by gypsy moth impact detritusprocessing in southern Appalachian streams?American Midland Naturalist. 143: 131-138.

Jasienski, M. and F. A. Bazzaz. 1999. The fal-lacy of ratios and the testability of models in bi-ology. Oikos 84: 321-326.

Jones, Julia A.; Swanson, Frederick J.;Wemple, Beverley C.; Snyder, Kai U. 2000. Ef-fects of roads on hydrology, geomorphology, anddisturbance patches in stream networks. Conser-vation Biology. 14(1): 76-85.

Karl, D. M., A farewell tribute to the Antarc-tic Research Vessel Polar Duke, Oceanography,12(2), 7-17, 1999.

Kay, F. R., H. M. Sobhy, and W. G. Whitford.1999. Soil microarthropods as indicators of ex-posure to environmental stress in Chihuahuandesert rangelands. Biology and Fertility of Soils28: 121-28.

Kepner, R., A. Kortyna, R. Wharton, P. Doran,D. Andersen and E. Roberts. 1999. Effects of re-search diving on a stratified antarctic lake. WaterResearch 34(1):71-84.

Kepner, R., D.W. Coats, R. Wharton, Jr.. 1999.Ciliated protozoa of two antarctic lakes: analysisby quantitative protargol staining and examina-tion of artificial substrates. Polar Biology 21:285-294.

Knapp, A.K., N. Bargman, L.A. Maragni, C.A.McAllister, D.J. Bremer, J.M. Ham and C.E.Owensby. 1999. Elevated CO2 and leaf longev-ity in the C4 grassland dominant Andropogongerardii. International Journal of Plant Sciences160:1057-1061.

Lascara, C. M., E. E. Hofmann, R. M. Ross,and L. B. Quetin, Seasonal variability in the dis-tribution of Antarctic krill, Euphausia superba,west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-Sea Re-search, 46(6), 951-984, 1999.

Lefer, B. L., R. W. Talbot and J. W. Munger.1999. Nitric acid and ammonia at a rural north-eastern U.S. site. J. Geophys. Res., 104: 1645-1661.

Lefsky, M. A.; Cohen, W. B.; Acker, S. A.[and others]. 1999. Lidar remote sensing of thecanopy structure and biophysical properties ofDouglas-fir western hemlock forests. RemoteSensing of Environment. 70(3): 339-361.

Li, G., and A. D. Abrahams. 1999. Controlsof sediment transport capacity in laminar interrillflow on stone-covered surfaces. Water ResourcesResearch 35: 305-10.

McLachlan, J. S., D. R. Foster and F. Menalled.2000. Anthropogenic ties to late-successionalstructure and composition in four New Englandhemlock stands. Ecology 81: 717-733.

McMillan, B.R., D.W. Kaufman and G.A.Kaufman. 1999. Rare species of small mammalsin northeastern Kansas tallgrass prairie. Pages


120-126 In Proceedings of the Sixteenth NorthAmerican Prairie Conference (J.T. Springer, ed.),University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE.

Melillo, J.M. 1999. Warm, warm on the range.Science 283:183-184.

Moline, M. A., and B. B. Prezelin, Opticalfractionation of chlorophyll and primary pro-duction for coastal waters of the SouthernOcean. Polar Biology, 23(2), 129-136, 2000.

Monger, H. C., D. R. Cole, J. W. Gish, and T.H. Giordano. 1998. Stable carbon and oxygenisotopes in Quaternary soil caronates as indica-tors of ecogeomorphic changes in the northernChihuahuan Desert, USA. Geoderma 82: 137-72.

Motzkin, G., P. Wilson, D. R. Foster and A.Allen. 1999. Vegetation patterns in heteroge-neous landscapes: the importance of history andenvironment. Journal of Vegetation Science 10:903-920.

Motzkin, G., W. A. Patterson III, and D. R.Foster. 1999. A historical perspective on pitchpine scrub oak communities in the ConnecticutValley of Massachusetts. Ecosystems: 2: 255-273.

Mun, H. T., and W. G. Whitford. 1998.Change in mass and chemistry of plant roots dur-ing long-term decomposition on a ChihuahuanDesert watershed. Biology and Fertility of Soils26: 16-22.

Murray, A. E., K. Y. Wu, C. L. Moyer, D. M.Karl, and E. F. DeLong, Evidence for circum-polar distribution of planktonic Archaea in theSouthern Ocean. Aquatic Microbial Ecology,18(3), 263-273, 1999.

Musick, H. Brad, Gerald G. Schaber, andCarol S. Breed. 1998. AIRSAR studies of woodyshrub density in semiarid rangeland: Jornada delMuerto, New Mexico. Remote Sensing of Envi-ronment 66: 29-40.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., B. A. Emmett, P.Gundersen, O. J. Kjønaas, C. J. Koopmans, P.Schleppi, A. Tietema and R. F. Wright. 1999.Nitrogen deposition makes a minor contributionto carbon sequestration in temperate forests. Na-ture 398: 145-148.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., M. R. Downs and B. Fry.1999. Sinks for N additions to an oak forest anda red pine plantation at the Harvard Forest, Mas-sachusetts, USA. Ecological Applications 9: 72-86.

Nadelhoffer, K. J., M. R. Downs, B. Fry, A.Magill and J. D. Aber. 1999. Controls on N re-tention and exports in a fertilized watershed.Environ. Mon. & Assess. 55: 187-210.

Nash, M. S., W. G. Whitford, J. Van Zee, andK. M. Havstad. 1998. Monitoring changes instressed ecosystems using spatial patterns of antcommunities.Environ. Mon. & Assess.51: 201-10.

Nash, M. S., John P. Anderson, and Walter G.Whitford. 1999. Spatial and temporal variabilityin relative abundance and foraging behavior ofsubterranean termites in desertified and relativelyintact Chihuahuan Desert ecosystems. AppliedSoil Ecology 359: 1-9.

Nilsen, E.T., J.F. Walker, O.K. Miller, S.W.Semones, T.T. Lei, and B.D. Clinton. 1999. Inhi-bition of canopy tree seedlings by Rhododendronmaximum: could allelopathy be a cause? Ameri-can Journal of Botany 86(11):1597-1605.

Olson, R. J., J. M. Briggs, J. H. Porter, G. R.Mah, and S. G. Stafford. 1999. Managing Datafrom Multiple Disciplines, Scales, and Sites toSupport Synthesis and Modeling. Remote Sens-ing Environment. 70:99-107.

Orwig, D. A. and D. R. Foster. 1999. Stand,landscape and ecosystem analyses of hemlockwoolly adelgid outbreaks in southern New En-gland: an overview. In: Sustainable Managementof Hemlock Ecosystems in Eastern NorthAmerica. Symposium Proceedings.

Orwig, D. A. and M. D. Abrams. 1999. Im-pacts of early selective logging on thedendroecology of an old-growth, bottomlandhemlock-white pine-northern hardwood forest onthe Allegheny Plateau. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 126:234-244.

Parendes, Laurie A.; Jones, Julia A. 2000. Roleof light availability and dispersal in exotic plantinvasion along roads and streams in the H.J.Andrews Experimental Forest, Oregon. Conser-vation Biology. 14(1): 64-75.

Parsons, Anthony J., John Wainwright, PeterM. Stone, and Athol D. Abrahams. 1999. Trans-mission losses in rills on dryland hillslopes. Hy-drological Processes 13: 2897-905.

Pearson, S.M., M.G. Turner, and J.B. Drake.1999. Landscape change and habitat availabilityin the southern Appalachian Highlands andOlympic Peninsula. Ecological Applications 9(4):1288-1304.

Perry, David A. 1998. The scientific basis offorestry. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29: 435-466.

Post, D. A.; Grant, G. E.; Jones, J. A. 1998.New developments in ecological hydrology ex-pand research opportunities. EOS, Transactions,American Geophysical Union. 79(43): 517, 526.

Potosnak, M. J., S. C.Wofsy, A. S. Denning,T. J. Conway, and D. H. Barnes. 1999. Influenceof biotic exchange and combustion sources onatmospheric CO2 concentrations in New Englandfrom observations at a forest flux tower. JournalGeophysical Research 104: 9561-9569.

Raab, T.K., D.A. Lipson and R.K. Monson.1999. Soil amino acid utilization among speciesof the Cyperaceae: Plant and soil processes. Ecol-ogy 80:2408-2419.

Rainey, S. M., K. J. Nadelhoffer, S. L. Silverand M. R. Downs. 1999. Effects of chronic ni-trogen additions on understory species abundanceand nutrient content in a red pine plantation. Eco-logical Applications 9: 949-957.

Reich, P.B., D.S. Ellsworth, M.B. Walters, J.MVose, C. Gresham, J.C. Volin, and W.D. Bow-man. 1999. Generality of leaf trait relationships:a test across six biomes. Ecology 80(6): 1955-1969.

Reich, P.B., D.S. Ellsworth, M.B. Walters,J.M. Vose, C. Gresham, J.C. Volin, and W.D.Bowman. 1999. Generality of leaf traits: a testacross six biomes. Ecology 80:1955-1969.

Reilly, J., R. Prinn, J. Harnisch, J. Fitzmaurice,H. Jacoby, D. Kicklighter, J. Melillo, P. Stone,A. Sokolov and C. Wang. 1999. Multi-gas as-sessment of the Kyoto Protocol. Nature 401: 549-555.

Reynolds, J. F., R. A. Virginia, P. R. Kemp,A. G. DeSoyza, and D. C. Tremmel. 1999. Im-pact of drought on desert shrubs: Effects of sea-sonality and degree of resource island develop-ment. Ecological Monographs 69: 69-106.

Reynolds, J. F., and J. Wu. 1999. Do land-scape structural and functional units exist? In In-tegrating Hydrology, Ecosystem Dynamics, andBiogeochemistry in Complex Landscapes. J. D.Tenhunen, and P. Kabat(eds.), 273-96. Berlin:John Wiley and Sons.

Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, K. S. Baker, M.Vernet, and R. C. Smith, Growth limitation inyoung Euphausia superba under field conditions.Limnology and Oceanography, 45(1), 31-43,2000.

Schartz, R.J. and R.R. Janke. 1999. Evalua-tion of native legumes for use as cover crops.Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 15:45-59.

Schlesinger, W. H., A. D. Abrahams, A.J. Par-sons, and J. Wainwright. 1999. Nutrient losses inrunoff from grassland and shrubland habitats inSouthern New Mexico: I. rainfall simulation ex-periments. Biogeochemistry 45: 21-34.

Schlesinger, W. H., and A. M. Pilmanis. 1998.Plant-soil interactions in deserts. Biogeochemis-try 42: 169-87.

Schowalter, T.D. and M.D. Lowman. 1999.Forest herbivory: insects. Pages 253-270 in L.R.Walker, editor. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground.Ecosystems of the World 16. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

Smith, D. A., E. E. Hofmann, C. M. Lascara,and J. M. Klinck, Hydrography and circulationof the west Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf,Deep-Sea Research, 46(6), 925-949, 1999a..

Smith, M.D., D.C. Hartnett, and G.W.T. Wil-son. 1999. Interacting influence of mycorrhizalsymbiosis and competition on plant diversity intallgrass prairie. Oecologia 121:574-582.

Smith, R. C., E. Domack, S. Emslie, W. Fraser,D. Ainley, K. S. Baker, J. Kennett, A. Leventer,E. Mosley-Thompson, S. E. Stammerjohn, andM. Vernet, Marine Ecosystems sensitivity tohistorical climate change: Antarctic Peninsula,

BioScience, 49(5), 393-404, 1999b.Soranno, P.A., K.E. Webster, J.L. Riera, T.K.

Kratz, J.S. Baron, P. Bukaveckas, G.W. Kling,D. White, N. Caine, R.C. Lathrop, and P. Leavitt.1999. Spatial variation among lakes within land-scapes: ecological organization along lake chains.Ecosystems 2:395-410

Stapanian, M A., C C. Smith and E J. Finck.1999. Weather effects on winter birds: the re-sponse of a Kansas winter bird community toweather, photoperiod, and year. Wilson Bulletin111:550-558.

Swanson, Frederick J.; Johnson, Sherri L.;Gregory, Stanley V.; Acker, Steven A. 1998.Flood disturbance in a forested mountain land-scape. BioScience. 48(9): 681-689.

Swift, L.W. Jr. and R.G. Burns. 1999. Thethree R’s of roads: redesign, reconstruction, andrestoration. Journal of Forestry 97(8): 40-44.

Tian, H., J. M. Melillo, D. W. Kicklighter, A.D. McGuire and J. Helfrich. 1999. The sensitiv-ity of terrestrial carbon storage to historical cli-mate variability and atmospheric CO2 in theUnited States. Tellus 51B: 414-452.

Todd, T.C., J.M. Blair and G.A. Milliken.1999. Effects of altered soil water availability ona tallgrass prairie nematode community. AppliedSoil Ecology 13:45-55.

Toetz, D. 1999. Multiple limiting nutrients ina subalpine stream, Colorado Front Range. Jour-nal of Freshwater Ecology 14:349-355.

Towne, E.G. 1999. Bison performance andproductivity on tallgrass prairie. SouthwesternNaturalist 44:361-366.

Towne, E.G. 2000. Prairie vegetation and soilnutrient responses to ungulate carcasses.Oecologia 122:232-239.

Tracy, K. N., D. M. Golden, and T. O. Crist.1998. The spatial distribution of termite activityin grazed and ungrazed Chihuahuan Desert grass-land. Journal of Arid Environments 40: 77-89.

Turner, D.P, W.B. Cohen, R.E. Kennedy, K.SFassnacht and J.M. Briggs. 1999. Relationshipsbetween leaf area index and Landsat TM spec-tral vegetation indices across three temperate zonesites. Remote Sensing of the Environment 70:52-68.

Urban, Dean L.; Acevedo, Miguel F.; Garman,Steven L. 1999. Scaling fine-scale processes tolarge-scale patterns using models derived frommodels: meta-models. In: Mladenoff, David J.;Baker, William L., eds. Spatial modeling of for-est landscape change: approaches and applica-tions. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UniversityPress: 70-98.

Vallino, J.J. (2000) Improving marine ecosys-tem models: use of data assimilation andmesocosm experiments. J. Mar. Res. 58: 117-164.

Vose, J.M., and P.V. Bolstad. 1999. Chal-lenges to modelling NPP in diverse eastern de-ciduous forests: species-level comparisons of fo-liar respiration responses to temperature and ni-trogen. Ecological Modelling 122: 165-174.

Wainwright, J., A. J. Parsons, and A. D.Abrahams. 1999. Field and computer simulationexperiments on the formation of desert pavement.Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 24:1025-37.

Wainwright, J., A. J. Parsons, and A. D.Abrahams. 1999. Rainfall energy undercreosotebush. Journal of Arid Environments 43:111-20.

Walker, J.F., T. Lei, S. Semones, E.T. Nilsen,B.D. Clinton, and O.K. Miller. 1999. Suppres-sion of ectomycorrhizae on canopy tree seedlingsin Rhododendron maximum L. (Ericaceae) thick-ets in the southern Appalachians. Mycorrhiza9:49-56.

Walker, L.R. 1999. Patterns and processes inprimary succession. Pages 585-610 in L.R.Walker, editor. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground.Ecosystems of the World 16. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

Walker, L.R., editor. 1999. Ecosystems of Dis-turbed Ground. Ecosystems of the World 16.Elsevier, Amsterdam. Walker, L.R. and M.R.Willig. 1999. An introduction to terrestrial dis-turbances. Pages 1-16 in: L.R. Walker, editor.

Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems ofthe World 16. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Wall, D. H., and R. A. Virginia. 1999. Con-trols on soil biodiversity: insights from extremeenvironments. Applied Soil Ecology 13: 137-50.

Wallace, J.B., S.L. Eggert, J.L. Meyer, and J.R.Webster. 1999. Effects of resource limitation ona detrital-based ecosystem. Ecological Mono-graphs 69: 409-442.

Wallace, J.B. and J.J. Hutchens. 2000. Effectsof invertebrates in lotic ecosystem processes. pp.73-96 In: D. C. Coleman and P. F. Hendrix (eds.)Invertebrates as Webmasters in Ecosystems.CABI Publishing, Oxon, United Kingdom.

Webster, J.R., E.F. Benfield, T.P. Ehrman,M.A. Schaeffer, J.L. Tank, J.J. Hutchens, and D.J.D’Angelo. 1999. What happens to allochthonousmaterial that falls into stream? A synthesis of newand published information from Coweeta. Fresh-water Biology 41: 687-705.

Whigham, D.F., M.B. Dickinson, and N.V.L.BROKAW. 1999. Background canopy gap andcatastrophic wind disturbances in tropical forests.Pages 223-252 in L.R. Walker, editor. Ecosys-tems of Disturbed Ground. Ecosystems of theWorld 16. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

Whitford, W. G. 1999. Effects of repeateddrought on soil microarthropod communities inthe northern Chihuahuan Desert. Biology andFertility of Soils 28: 121-28.

Whitford, W. G., A. G. de Soyza, J. W. VanZee, J. E. Herrick, and K. M. Havstad. 1998.Vegetation, soil, and animal indicators of range-land health. Environ. Mon. & Assess.51: 179-200.

Wilig, M.R. and L.R. Walker. 1999. Distur-bance in terrestrial ecosystems: salient themes,synthesis, and future directions. Pages 747-767in L.R. Walker, editor. Ecosystems of DisturbedGround. Ecosystems of the World 16. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

Williams, M.W., D. Cline, M. Hartman, T.Bardsley. 1999. Data for snowmelt model devel-opment, calibration, and verification at an alpinesite, Colorado Front Range. Water Resources Re-search 35:3205-3209.

Williams, M.W., R. Sommerfeld, S. Massman,and M. Rikkers. 1999. Correlation lengths ofmeltwater flow through ripe snowpacks, Colo-rado Front Range, USA. Hydrologic Processes13:1807-1826.

Willig, M.R. and M.A. McGinley. 1999. Theresponse of animals to disturbance and their rolesin patch generation. Pages 633-658 in L.R.Walker, editor. Ecosystems of Disturbed Ground.Ecosystems of the World 16. Elsevier,Amsterdam.

Wilson, G.W.T., and D.C. Hartnett. 1998. In-terspecific variation in plant responses to mycor-rhizal colonization in prairie grasses and forbs.American Journal of Botany 85:1732-1738.

Wondzell, Steven M.; Swanson, Frederick J.1999. Floods, channel change, and the hyporheiczone. Water Resources Research. 35(2): 555-567.

Wright, C.J. and D.C. Coleman. 1999. The ef-fects of disturbance events on labile phosphorusfractions and total organic phosphorus in thesouthern Appalachians. Soil Science 164(6): 391-402.

Tim Kratz and Tom Frost (NTLLTER) have edited a special is-

sue of Freshwater Biology (April2000, Blackwell). “The EcologicalOrganization of Lake Districts” is acollection of papers resulting from aninternational workshop held to evalu-ate the landscape ecology of differ-ent lake districts around the world.The issue includes several papersfrom the NTL-LTER sites, a paperfrom Toolik Lake and one fromMcMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica,as well as many international papers.

Special Issue


CalendarComing events of interest to the LTER Community

University of New MexicoThe LTER Network NewsLTER Network OfficeDepartment of BiologyAlbuquerque NM 87131-1091

Non-profit OrganizationU.S. POSTAGE

PAIDAlbuquerque NM

Permit No. 39

August 6-10, 2000 — ESA's85th Annual Meeting Snowbird,Utah. For more information, seethe Web site: http://www.sdsc.edu/~ESA/esa.htm

August 2-4, 2000 —The LTERNetwork’s All-ScientistsMeeting, Snowbird, Utah. Pleasesee the Web: http://www.lternet.edu/allsci2000

May 8-12, 2000The International Boreal ForestResearch Association announcesan International Science Confer-ence , “The Role of Boreal Forestsand Forestry in the Global CarbonBudget”, to be held in Edmonton,Alberta, Canada. For more informa-tion, please review the web site:www.nofc.forestry.ca/carbon

16-20 July 2001DETECTING ENVIRONMENTALCHANGE: SCIENCE ANDSOCIETYOrganised by: NERCCentre for Ecology and Hydrologyand Environmental Change Re-search Centre, UCL with UK Envi-ronmental Change Network, inassociation with The InternationalLong Term Ecological ResearchNetwork in London, UKThe Conference will focus on thedetection and understanding oflong-term changes in natural anddisturbed environmental systems.It will review methods of environ-mental change detection acrossdifferent disciplines by bringing to-gether scientists and stakeholders

May 18-21, 2000Palmer LTER announces theirAnnual Science MeetingUniversity of Hawaii at Manoa.For more information, please seethe web site: http://www.crseo.ucsb.edu/lter/meetings/00palpi/

May 23 - 25, 2000The Institute of Landscape Ecol-ogy, the Slovak Academy of Sci-ences Faculty of Horticulture andLandscape Engineering, SlovakAgricultural University, the SlovakEcological Society and Long TermEcological Research announce

July 13, 2000Jornada LTER announces itsTenth Annual Jornada Sympo-sium . For more information,please see the JRN LTER website: http://jornada.nmsu.edu/

“Current State and Perspectives inthe Central and Eastern Europe” inNitra, Slovak Republic. For more in-formation, please, contact: I n s t i -tute of Landscape Ecology, SlovakAcademy of Sciences, BranchNiitra Akademická 2, P.O. Box 23B,SK-949 01 NITRA, Slovak Repub-lic Phone: ++421 87 356 01 (-4)Fax:421 87 356 08 Contact:LubosHalada ([email protected]), Pe-ter Gajdoš ([email protected])

concerned with monitoring in ter-restrial, freshwater, marine, hydro-logical, atmospheric, and socialsystems.For more information, contact:Dr Catherine E Stickley, Environ-mental Change Research Centre,Department of Geography, Univer-sity College London, 26 BedfordWay, London WC1H 0AP, UK

Documents

TheNetwork - Andrews Forestandrewsforest.oregonstate.edu/pubs/pdf/pub2935.pdfSevilleta, BigFoot project, GTOS/NPP Dem-onstration Project) and disciplines (social sci-ences) provide