Theories of DevelopmentWhat ideas do we have about how you developed?

Why are some ideas grand theories?

• Comprehensive• Enduring• Widely applied

What are the grand theories?• Psychoanalytic• Behaviorism (Learning theory)• Cognitive

What is the psychoanalytic theory?• Freud 1856 – 1936• Development determined by unconscious motives & drives• Freud’s stages

• Oral stage - Infancy – the mouth – (0-2 yrs.)• Thumb sucking & feeding

• Anal stage - Early childhood – the anus – (2-3 yrs.)• Bowel & bladder control

• Phallic stage - Preschool years – the penis – (3-7 yrs.)• Learns differences between males and females• Aware of gender roles

• Latency – Early childhood – (7-11 yrs.)• Physical development – sexual urges quiet

• Genital – Adolescence through death (11 – adult)• More independent & learns to deal with opposite sex

What is Erikson’s related psychoanalytic theory?

• Erikson 1902 – 1994• Eight developmental stages

• 1. Trust vs. Mistrust• 2. Autonomy vs. Shame and

Doubt• 3. Initiative vs. Guilt• 4. Industry vs. Inferiority• 5. Identity vs. Role Confusion• 6. Intimacy vs. Isolation• 7. Generativity vs. Stagnation• 8. Integrity vs. Despair

How do Freud & Erikson compare?

Do you remember?• What does the psychoanalytic theory think determines

development?• What were Freud’s stages of development?• What were Erickson’s stages of development?• What stage would a teenager be in with Erickson’s theory of

development?

What is behaviorism?• All behavior is learned• Observable behavior is all that matters• Classical conditioning

• Pavlov• One item is associated with another

• Operant conditioning• Skinner• Reinforcement• Punishment

• Social learning• Bandura• Modeling

What is Classical conditioning?

• Ivan Pavlov (Respondent Behavior)

Classical Conditioning

• Unconditioned Stimulus(UCS) = Meat• Unconditioned Response (UCR)=Salivation• Neutral Stimulus = Tone• Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Tone

• When paired with the unconditioned stimulus

• Conditioned response (CR) = Salivation to tone

Example

Example

What is Operant Conditioning?

• B.F. Skinner (Operant behavior)• Associating behavior with its consequences• E.g. Seals in an aquarium doing a trick to receive a fish.

What does reinforcement do?

• Positive reinforcement• Increases behavior• Give something a person wants

• E.g. Vending machine

• Negative reinforcement• Increases behavior• Remove an unwanted stimulus

• E.g. Bill cleans up his room to stop Mother nagging

What does punishment do?

• Positive punishment• Reduces behavior• Get something you don’t want

• Time out, spanking, or jail

• Negative punishment• Reduces behavior• What you do want is taken away ( Television time)

• Problem with punishment• Creates anger, fear, resistance• Less effective than positive reinforcers to promote desirable

behavior.

Do you remember?• What is the main difference between behaviorism and

psychoanalytic theory?• What is an example (you make up) of classical conditioning?• What is the main difference between classical and operant

conditioning?• What is your example of operant conditioning?

What is Social learning theory?• Also called observational learning which occurs through

modeling.• Albert Bandura

• Observed behaviors become copied behaviors• Learning occurs without reinforcement

What is Cognitive Theory?• Jean Piaget

• Sensorimotor (0-2 years)• Object Permanence

• Preoperational (2-7 years)• Conservation of Matter• Egocentric

• Concrete operations (7-12 years)• Concrete objects

• Formal operations (12 to adult)• Abstract thought• “What if?” questions can be considered

What is Cognitive Equilibrium?• Piaget• We want mental balance (equilibrium)• New ideas create disequilibrium• How do we incorporate new ideas to reduce disequilibrium?

• Assimilation• Incorporate into existing ideas (schemas)• Our existing basic ideas do not change, we simply come up with a

reason why this new information should not change our preexisting ideas. E.g. this person is uninformed.

• Accommodation• Our existing basic ideas do change. • I should change my thinking to include this new information.

What is Sociocultural Theory?• We are shaped by our culture• Behavior can not be understood

without studying the context (culture)• Guided participation

• Instruction + shared involvement• E.g. Teaching children how to set the

table

Which pictures go with which ideas above?

Do you remember?• What is your example of the social learning theory?• What are Piaget’s stages of development, and the key

developments in each stage?• What is an example of Piaget’s concepts of accommodation

and assimilation?• What is and main concept of the sociocultural theory of

behavior? Can you give an example of this?

What do these theories each contribute?• Psychoanalytic theory – Early childhood• Behaviorism – Environment• Cognitive – Thinking• Sociocultural theory – Culture• All have strengths & weaknesses• No theory is applicable to all behaviors