Upload
amandaalisha
View
31
Download
1
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 1 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
create, study and share online flashcreate, study and share online flashcardscards
My Flashcards Flashcard Library About Contribute Help Sign In Create Account
Title
Description
Total Cards
Subject
Level
Created
Shared Flashcard Set
Details
Theories of Human Communication
Foss/Littlejohn book
95
Communication
Graduate
10/24/2011
Click here to study/print these flashcards.
Create your own flash cards! Sign up here.
Additional Communication Flashcards
Related Study Documents from www.coursehero.com(What's Course Hero?) Course Hero is an online platform providing educational resources to help students learn more effectively.Subscription required.
Lecture Notes - c...
Cards
Term
What 3 advancements following WWI led to anincrease in an academic interest in
communication, i.e., "revolutionary discovery"?
Definition
1. Technology2. Industrialization3. Literacy
Term
Political and social events in the 20th centurycreated an interest in what types of
communication?
Definition
1. Propoganda2. Public opnion3. Media
Home Flashcards Communication Theories of Human Communication
|Gmail for Work
Terlihatlah lebih profesional denganGmail khusus dari Google Apps
Mulai ujicoba gratis
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 2 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Term
What are the differences between American andEuropean communication studies?
Definition
American studies emphasize scientific,objective studiesEuropean studies have been moreinterpretive, historical, cultural, and critical(shaped by Marxism)
Currently, the two are beginning to mingle
Term
What are the differences between Eastern andWestern theories of communication?
Definition
Eastern focus on wholeness and unity of thehuman experience as unplanned and naturaloutcomes that emphasize feeling/sprituality;mistrust in verbal language/speech study; basedon role & statusWestern focus is analytical with bias onindividual, purpose and thought; verbal symbols(language/speech); based on interactionsbetween separate individuals
Term
What is the goal of communication theory?
Definition
To describe or explain the communication process,i.e. what communication involves based on
systematic observation
Term
What is inquiry?
Definition
The systematic study of experience that leads tounderstanding, knowledge & theory:
1. Ask questions of definition, fact, or value2. Observe with various methods3. Construct answers (theory building)4. Iterative theory constructioncircular where
each stage affects and is affected by the other
Term
What are the 3 broad forms of scholarship?
Definition
1. Science: objectivity, standardization &replication
2. Humanities: subjectivity seeking creativeinterpretations
3. Social Science: curious blend of the twofocusing on humans as objects of study
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 3 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Why is communication as a social sciencechallenging?
It is difficult to deterimine the degree to whichscientific explanations of human behavior can be
reached without considering the humanisticknowledge of the observed person.
Term
What 5 levels are "often" employed incommunication research?
Definition
1. Interpersonal2. Group3. Public4. Organizational5. Mass comm
Term
What model of organization do Foss and Littlejohnuse for their book?
Definition
Robert T. Craig's "Metamodel"
Term
What is a metamodel?
Definition
A model of models
Term
How does Craig define communication?
Definition
The primary process by which human life isexperienced, thus communication constitutes
reality
Term
What are the 7 traditional standpoints Craig usesto describe communication?
Definition
1. Rhetorical2. Semiotic3. Phenomenological4. Cybernetic5. Sociopsychological6. Sociocultural7. Critical
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 4 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Term
What are features of scientific shcolarship?
Definition
Objectivitiy, standardization &generalizabilityGoal is not to change things, but minimizebiasData=accuracy
Term
What are features of humanshcolarship?
Definition
Humans cannot be free of biasAccept subjectivity as part of dataDeep and thoughful description of aparticular groupValue is what we do with it
Term
What are features of social-scientific shcolarship?
Definition
Ideas from both scientific and humanscholarshipHumans are the objects of studyInquiry uses a range of methods
Term
What are some of the foremost Communicationjournals?
Definition
Communication TheoryHuman Communiciton ResearchCommunication MonographsCritical Studies in Media Communication
Term
When did the social sciences become fullyrecognized as legitimate disciplines?
Definition
After WWII
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 5 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Psychologists view communication as... a particular kind of behavior.
Term
Sociologists view communicaiton as...
Definition
a focus on society and social process
Term
Anthropologists view communication as...
Definition
a part of culture
Term
Why so many definitions of communication?
Definition
Different definitions have differenct functions andenable the theorist to do different things
Term
What are benefits of "theory?"
Definition
See the world in an organized andsynthesized way (patterns & connections)Guide us in what and how we observeEnable us to predict & explain outcomes andeffectsHelp us communicate knowledge
Term
What are the 4 basic "elements" of theory?
Definition
1. Philosophical assumptions behind thetheory (about the nature of knowledge, how it isobtained, what constitutes existence and what isvaluable)
2. Concepts (the building blocks of theory)3. Explanations (describing patterns and accounts
for why things occur, e.g. causal and practical)4. Principles (concrete details enabling a
connection between actions and consequences)
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 6 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Term
Name 3 types of philosophical assumptions.
Definition
1. Epistomology2. Ontology3. Axiology
Term
What is epistomology?
Definition
A branch of philosophy that studies knowledge, orhow people know what they know
Term
What are 5 epistemological concerns forcommunication scholars?
Definition
1. To what extent does knowledge exist beforeexperience?
2. To what extent can knowledge be certain?3. By what process does knowledge arise?4. Is knowledge best conceived in parts or wholes?5. To what extent can knowledge be explicit? (tacit
vs. explicit)
Term
What do Universalists believe?
Definition
They are seeking immutable, absolute"knowledge"
Term
What do Relativists believe?
Definition
That what we know is filtered through our ownperceptions, expereinces, and theories and these
are never static.
Term
Which is wiser?
Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 7 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Questioning a theory's usefulness
or its truthfulness
Usefullness!
Term
What is Rationalism?
Definition
Knowledge arises out of the sheer power of thehuman mind
Term
What is Empiricism?
Definition
Knowledge arises in perception
Term
What is Constructivism?
Definition
People create knowledge in order to function
Term
What is Social Constructivism?
Definition
Knowledge is a product of group and culturalexperiences
Term
How do Gestaltists see knowlege?
Definition
Holistically
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 8 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Term
How do Analysts see knowledge?
Definition
An an understanding of how parts operateseparately
Term
What is the difference between explicit and tacitknowledge?
Definition
Explicit: what you can "get out"Tacit: what is in your mind
Term
What is Ontology?
Definition
A branch of philosophy dealing with the nature ofbeing
Term
What are 4 ontological concerns forcommunication scholars?
Definition
1. To what extent do humans make real choices2. Is human behavior best understood in terms
of states or traits?3. Is human experience primarily individual or
social?4. To what extent is communication
contextual?
Term
What do Determinists believe?
Definition
Behavior is caused by many poor conditions, andhumans are reactive and passive
Term
What do Pragmatists believe?
Definition
Humans plan their behavior to meet goals
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 9 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Term
What is the difference between trairs and states?
Definition
Traits are static and stable.
States are dynamic and temporary.
Term
How does study of an individual vary from that of asociety?
Definition
Individual researchers focuses on behavior as anindividualistic experience.
Society researchers believe humans cannot beunderstood apart from their social relationships
Term
What are factors in considering contextualcommunication?
Definition
Whether life is best understood looking atuniversal factors or that such generalizations
cannot be made
Term
What are 4 axiological concerns forcommunication scholars?
Definition
1. Can theory be value free?2. To what extent does the practice of inquiry
influence what is studied?3. What is the aim of scholarship?4. To what extent for social change?
Term
What is axiology?
Definition
What is knowledge for?
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 10 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
What is Value-free scholarship?
Classical science... that there is an intrinsicvalue of knowledge to ascertain Truth; thatthe application does not drive research.Scholarship is neutral
Term
What is Value-conscious scholarship?
Definition
A blief that researchers are guided by choice,personal and institutional values, funding,
ideologies
Term
What are taxonomies?
Definition
Existence "theories" that stop at the conceptuallevel and just provide a list of categories without
indicating HOW they relate
Term
What are causal explanations?
Definition
Events are connected where one variable is anoutcome/result of another
Term
What are practical explanations?
Definition
The actions are considered to be goal directed toreach a future state.
Term
What do "principles" of theories do?
Definition
Identify situation or eventIncludes a set of norms or valuesAsserts a conncection between a range of
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 11 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
actions and possible consequences
Term
What is praxology?
Definition
The pracitce of how you practice or carry outresearch, e.g. scientific vs. humanistic
Term
What is Nomothetic theory?
Definition
That which seeks universal or general lawsto predict (traditional scientific)Dominant approach in experimental naturalsciences
Term
What are the 4 processes of the hypothetico-deductive method (or variable-analytic tradition)?
i.e. "explanation and prediction" = knowledgeclaim that is BROAD
Definition
1. Develop questions2. Form falsifiable hypothesis3. Test hypothesis4. Formulate theory
i.e., Research-then-theory method
Term
What are the Nomothetic "philosophies"?
Definition
EpistemologicallyEmpiricist and Rational,i.e. reality is separate from researcher,privilieging objectivityOntologicallyBehavior is determined bybiology and environmentAxiologicallyValue-free stance
Term
What is Operationism?
Definition
Concepts in traditional science are preciselydefined and stated in ways that explain how to
observe them
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 12 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Why control and manipulate in research?To eliminate extraneous influences and include
necessary ones in testing
Term
What are the 5 tenets of Practical Theory?
Definition
1. Action is voluntary, i.e. humans are self-motiviating
2. Knowlegde is socially created, i.e.communication theories are created byprocesses they are designed to explain
3. Theories are historically tied to setting and time(concrete variables) and will change over time
4. Theories affect reality of researcher5. Theories are never neutral
Term
What are the Practical Theory"philosophies"?
Definition
Epistemologiciallypeople take an active role increating knowledge, i.e., not out of discovery butfrom interaction,thus are Humanistic andsubjective and NOT universal lawsOntologicallyIndividuals create meanings,have intentions and make choices in deliberatewaysAxiologicallyValue-consciousConcepts organize a framework for classifyingdynamic interpretations in real situations
Term
What is one difference between Nomothetic andPracitcal theories?
Definition
Practical theories offer a guidelines/prescriptionsfor reflection and action, i.e., provides "principles"
to improve life, for a particular grup or situation
Example: a KM audit of a particular organizaiton
Term
What are 6 criteria for evaluating communicationtheory?
Definition
1. Theoretical scope (breadth of a theory)2. Appropriateness (how consistent its
assumptions are with its methods andquestions)
3. Heuristic value (use for generating research andideas)
4. Validty (pragmiatic, fit between theory & reality,generalizabiltiy)
5. Parsimony (simplicity)6. Openness (open to dialogue with other
approaches)
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 13 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
Who developed the 5 tenets of an alternativeparadigm to traditional science?
Robyn Penman
Term
What is Theoretical Scope?
Definition
The conceptual domain or extent of coverage
Example: E=MC2 has a BIG scope
Term
What is Heuristic Value?
Definition
Ability to inspire new knowledge/ideas
Term
What are 3 "tests" of Validity (or truth value of atheory)?
Definition
1. Value or worth in practical theory2. Corrspondence or fit with the way it can be
observed3. Generalizability or scope
Term
What is Parsimony?
Definition
A theory's simple elegance, i.e. can details becombined into a fewer number?
Term
What is openness?
Definition
Especially in practical theory... admits to diversityand perspective.
Even nomonthetic can be open in acknolwedging
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 14 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
the possibility of growth and change in the future.
Term
What are simple definitions for
Epistomology
Ontology
Axiology?
Definition
Being
Knowledge
Value
Term
What is the Semiotic Tradition?
Definition
Focuses on signs and symbols, andcommunication is the application of these signs to
bridge the worlds of individuals
Term
Who is Charles Peirce?
Definition
The first modern semiotic theorist who developedthe "Triad of Meaning or semiosis": the object(referent)the person (interpreter)the sign.
Term
What are the 3 areas of Semiotics?
Definition
1. Semantics (dictionaries, what the signstands for)
2. Syntactics (relationship among signs, or partof a larger code with rules)
3. Pragmatics (practical use and effects ofsigns
Term
What is the Phenomenological Tradition?
Definition
Knowing through direct experience;
lived experience is the basic data of reality
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 15 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
What is a phenomenon?The appearance of an object, event or condition in
one's perception
Term
What are the 3 basic principles of Stanley Deetzphenomenological beliefs?
Definition
1. Knowledge is conscious2. How one relates to a thing determines ints
meaning for that person3. Language is the vehicle for meaning
Term
What is interpretation in the phenomenologicaltradition?
Definition
Interpretation forms what is real for thepersonhermeneutic circle of back and forth betweenexperience and assigning meaning
(In semiotic tradition interpretation is separatefrom reality?
Term
What are the 3 schools of thought in thePhenomenological tradition?
Definition
1. Classical (Husseri)highly objective throughbracketing, i.e. putting aside bias
2. Perception (Merleau-Ponty)contemporarythrough out person, subjective relationships tothings
3. Hermeneuticadds that communication is thevehicle by which you assign meaning to yourexperience
Term
What is the Cybernetic Tradition?
Definition
Complex systems in which a wide variety ofphysical, social, behavioral and biological
processes work
Term
What are "systems" in the Cybernetic Tradition?
Definition
Interacting components that together form somethingmore than the sum of the parts:
unique, interdependent wholes
input>environment>output>environment
self-regulation and control
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 16 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
embedded in one another
network fedback loops
Term
What are the 4 variations of systems theory?
Definition
1. Basic with interdependent component parts,self-regulation, and networks
2. Cybernetics focuses on circular feedback loopsand control processess
3. General System Theory (GST) recognizesuniversal nature of all types and points tocommonalities in all
4. Second-order (or cybernetics of knowing) saysobservers are always engaged cyberneticallywith in the system being observed.
Term
What is the Sociopsychological Tradition?
Definition
Common approach in communication, the behavioralsciences and social sciences, at largefocuses on
individual in social interaction with others as the"communicator"
Emphasizes psychological variables, individual effects,
personalities, perceptions and cognition
Message processing, strategies, reception and effects
Term
What are the 3 large branches of theSociopsychological Tradition?
Definition
1. Behavioralstimulus-response and how peopleactually behave in communication
2. Cognitivemental operations to manage infoleads to behavior
3. Communibiologybiological perspective
Term
What is the Sociocultural Tradition?
Definition
Addresses the ways our understadnings,meanings, norms, roles and rules workinteractivelyReality is not objective outside us, butconstructed THROUGH communication ingroups, societies & culturesFocuses on patterns of interactionsKnowledge is intpretive and constructed
Term
What are lines of study "contributing" toSociocultural Tradition?
Definition
1. Symbolic interactionism (Mead)socialstructures and meaning is created within socialinteraction
2. Social constructivismhuman knowledge isconstructed through social interaction; nature ofthe world is less important than language usedto name it
3. Sociolinguisticsstudy of language and culture4. Wittgenstein's Philosophy of Language
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 17 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
meaning of language depends on its use5. Language gamepeople follow rules6. Ethnographyobserving social groups to build
meaning in their language (verbal andnonverbal)
7. Ethnomethodologymicrobehaviors in realsituations
Term
What is the Critical Tradition?
Definition
How power, privilege, and oppression are productsof certain forms of communication
Term
What are the normative features of the CriticalTradition?
Definition
Seek to understand taken-for-granted systemsInterested in uncovering oppressive socialconditionsAttempt to fuse theory and action
Term
What are the branches of the Critical Tradition?
Definition
Classical Marxism (or critique of politicaleconomy)the means of production in a societydetermines the nature of the societyContemporary Marxism (neomarxist)socialprocess is caused by multiple sourcesFrankfurt Schoolmass communication andmedia as structures of oppression in capitalisticsocieties
Term
What are the 3 branches of the Critical Traditionthan break with modernity?
Definition
1. Postmodernismvia information age withmanipulation of knowledge, associated withcultural studies (ideologies that dominate aculture and how social change is inhibted bygroup relations)
2. Postconstructuralismdeconstruct the study ofsigns rather than generate a unified theory;instability of texts
3. Postcolonialall cultures affected by imperialprocess
4. Feministchallenges and assumptions aboutgender affects on life
Term Definition
6/09/2015 4:52 pmTheories of Human Communication Flashcards
Page 18 of 18http://www.flashcardmachine.com/theories-of-humancommunication.html
What is the Rhetorical Tradition?The way humans use symbols to affect those
around them and construct the worlds in whichthey live
MY FLASHCARDS
My Sets
Collaborative Sets
Study Sessions
Favorites
Flashcard Pages
Images
Audio
FLASHCARD LIBRARY
Search
Browse
ABOUT
About FlashcardMachine
Contribute
Share
Support Form
Privacy Policy
Terms of Use
HELP
FAQ
Getting Started
Signup
Links
MOBILE
Apple App Store
Google Play
Amazon Apps
Create Account
2001 - 2015 Flash Card Machine, LLC