Upload
sanjana-gopalakrishnan
View
231
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
1/53
Expressing, Symbolism andCommunication
Ar. Mohamed Ashraf
Asso. Prof., MSAJAA
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
2/53
Theory ofArchitectureMeaning !nderstanding "t is a T#E$%"T"CA& A'( SC"E'T")"C
C%"T"C"SM and*or a P#+&$S$P#"CA&EP&A'AT"$' to issues related to
A%C#"TECT!%E (ES"-'
A%C#"TECT!%E T#E$%+ is useful toJ!(-E, C%"T"C"SE and S$!'(&+ ASSESS
the (ES"-' P%$CESS
Architecture articulates "'TE'T
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
3/53
Theory ofArchitecture/Meaning !nderstanding Comprise all design acti0ity, from the
MAC%$ &E1E& 2urban design, landscapearchitecture3 to the M"C%$ &E1E&
2construction detail, furniture3.
"t is the process and product of planning,designing and constructing )$%M, SPACE
and AM4"E'CE that re5ect )!'CT"$'A&,TEC#'"CA&, S$C"A&, E'1"%$'ME'TA&, AEST#ET"C C$'S"(E%AT"$'S.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
4/53
Theory ofArchitecture/Meaning !nderstanding "t re6uires the C%EAT"1E MA'"P!&AT"$'
and C$$%("'AT"$' of material,technology, light and shado7.
Architecture also encompasses theP%A-MAT"Caspects of reali8ing buildingsand structures including scheduling, cost
estimating and constructionadministration.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
5/53
(e9nition of architecture
1.S. Pramar de9nes architecture as :Thecreation of !T"&"TA%"A' SPACES 7ith thecomponent of AEST#ET"CS achie0ed bymeans ofTEC#'$&$-+.
(.;.Ching de9nes architecture as :Thearchitecture of space ,structure, enclosure
through mo0ement in time
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
6/53
(e9nition of architecture
Space ,structure, enclosure < organisationpattern, relationships, hierarchy, frontal imageand spatial de9nition, 6ualities of shape, colour,texture, scale, proportion, 6ualities of surfaces,
edges and openings. Mo0ement in space and time< approach and
entry ,path con9guration, and access ,se6uencesof spaces.
Technology
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
7/53
(e9nition of architecture
Simon !n7in de9nes architecture as :aP%ACT"CA&, P$ET"C and P#"&$S$P#"CA&art by 7hich 7e organi8e and gi0e form tospace. "t is the medium by 7hich 7ema=e sense of our 7orld SPAT"A&&+ andP#+S"CA&&+>.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
8/53
Expressi0e%ole/ 'icolas &e Camus de M?8i@res de9ned
the role of architecture as A &A'-!A-EEP%ESS"1E $) "TS (EST"'AT"$' A'(P!%P$SE.
The aim of architecture 7as accordinglyto communicate the character andsocial status of his clients, but he
also belie0ed that buildings couldevoke human sensation respondingto the mind and move the soul.
"t is claimed that the essence of
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
9/53
Expression in architecture/
Expression in ARCHITECTUREis thecommunication of B!A&"T+and MEA'"'-.
"t implies a clear and authentic displayingof the C#A%ACTE%or PE%S$'A&"T+of anA%C#"TECT.
The functions and the techni6ues ofbuilding are interpreted and transformedby EP%ESS"$'into A%T,
2As sounds are made into music and 7ords into
literature3
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
10/53
Expression in architecture/
The nature of expression 0aries 7ith thecultural character of dierent places times, forming distinct modes or languagesof expression that are called ST+&ES.
ST+&E communicates the outloo= of aculture and the concepts of there architects.
The boundaries of a style may be 'AT"$'A&A'( -E$-%AP#"CA& 2e.g.,Japanese,Mayan3 or %E&"-"$!S 2e.g.,"slamic3 and
"'TE&&ECT!A& 2e.g.,%enaissance3,
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
11/53
Expression in architecture/
distinct linguistic, racial, and national units,and dierent expressions 7ithin each ofthese boundaries are produced by theparticular style of regions, to7ns, groups,
architects, or craftsmen.
The components of expression, 7hichcommunicate the particular 0alues of style,are C$'TE'T )$%M.
Since content can be communicated only
through form, the t7o are organicallyunited.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
12/53
Symbolism in architecture/
Society re6uires that A%C#"TECT!%E notonly communicate the aspirations of itsinstitutions but also ful9ll their practicalneeds.
Architectural forms become the 0ehicles ofcontent D in plan, ele0ation, and decorationDthey are S+M4$&"C.
The architectural plan, 7hen usedsymbolically, communicates through its
S#APE.
Symbolism is in the eye of the beholder.
The same symbol or metaphor may havedifferent meanings for different eyes.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
13/53
Symbolism in architecture/ )rom prehistoric times
and in many cultures,the C"%C&E, 7ith itssuggestion of the planetsand other manifestations
of nature, gained asymbolic, mysticalsigni9cance and 7asused in the plans of
houses, tombs, andreligious structures.
4y slo7 processes it came to be employedfor memorial and shrines and for hero cults
in both the East and the est.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
14/53
Symbolism in architecture/
hen building techni6ues permitted, itssymbolism often merged 7ith that of thedome.
"n #indu temples, the s6uare 2and the crossplans de0eloped from it3 expressed celestialharmony.
The Central
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
15/53
Symbolism in architecture/
P&A' S+M4$&"SM remained almostexclusi0ely in the sphere of religion afteranti6uity, and its traditions graduallydisappeared in the course of the FGth
century.
The modern plan is determined by problemsof form 2space
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
16/53
Symbolism in architecture/ "n ele0ation the most
consistent symbolic formsha0e beenthe (omethe To7er
the Stair7aythe Portal andthe Colonnade
(omes imply themeanings of the circle andmore,
since a dome is a
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
17/53
Symbolism in architecture/ &ong before, masonry
domes could be built, thehemisphere 7asassociated 7ith thehea0ens as a :cosmic
canopy,> and throughouthistory domes ha0e beendecorated 7ith stars andastrological symbols.
"n ancient %ome andamong Christians and"ndian 4uddhists, the
dome came to mean
S b li i hit t
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
18/53
Symbolism in architecture/ (uring the %enaissance it spread
from religious structures to palaces
and go0ernment buildings, retainingsome of its implications of po7er. The Chinese pagoda 2traditional
part of Chinese architecture, its
construction considered auspicious3extends central
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
19/53
Symbolism in architecture/
The stair7ay, employed in the pastto gi0e :monumentality> to
important buildings, fre6uentlybecame more expressi0e thancon0enient, especially in 4aro6uepalaces.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
20/53
The reasons for theconstruction of somany to7ers are notclear. $ne
hypothesis is thatthe richest familiesused them foroensi0e*defensi0e
purposes.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
21/53
Symbolism in architecture/ Portals, from the time of ancient Egyptian
temple pylons 2 large gate in front of temple
ha0ing paintings of gods3 and 4abylonian citygates 2ha0ing animal pictures on faHade3,became monuments in themsel0es, used tocommunicate a heightened signi9cance to
7hat lay behind them. Since the de0elopment of the classical -ree=
temple, the colonnade on the exterior ofbuildings has borne similar implications.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
22/53
Symbolism in architecture/ Such symbols ha0e become archaic in modern
culture and appear as a sign of resistance to
ne7 forms.
This resistance is especially evident in the popular
symbolism of domestic architecture.
HOME is often expressed by cottage-like roofs
shutters trellises mullioned !indo!s grilles etc.
S b li i hit t
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
23/53
Symbolism in architecture/ (ecoration, the most easily
recogni8ed medium of
content, communicatesmeaning either througharchitectural elements orthrough the 9gural arts
2sculpture, painting, mosaic,stained glass, etc.3.
The architectural elementsused decorati0ely, such asthe classical orders, usuallyoriginate in techni6ue and in
time lose their structuralsi ni9cance to become
Symbolism in architecture/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
24/53
Symbolism in architecture/ Similarly, the ne7 0ocabulary of -othic
architecture, de0eloped 7ith ne7 building
techni6ues 2the pointed arch, the 5yingbuttress, etc.3, became in later periods asource for religious and romantic symbolism.
The Art 'ou0eau of the turn of the Ith
century, a system of ornament based on 5oraland other organic forms, sur0i0ed for only t7odecades, perhaps because its symbols 7ereneither dra7n from a tradition nor deri0ed froma structural system.
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
25/53
A%T '$!1EA!
A'T$'"$-A!("KS $%;S
Symbolism in architecture/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
26/53
Symbolism in architecture/The sculptures of the #indu temple 2gods,human 9gures3, the mosaics of the 4y8antinechurch 2sho7s 7ealth3, and the stuccoes 2 limeL sand L 7ater applied 7et and then hardens,plaster used inside, stucco used outside3 ofMoorish palaces 27est part of north Africa3 are
not ornamental applications they determinethe form of the building itself.
The 0irtual absence of traditional symbols in
modern architecture is e0idence of the failure ofthese symbols to express the cultural patternsof the Ith century.
Symbolism in architecture/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
27/53
Symbolism in architecture/"n these times, architecture, li=e
painting
sculpture andother artshas tended to be abstract, to emphasi8e6ualities of form rather than the communication
of familiar ideas through symbols.
Symbolism in FGth century
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
28/53
Symbolism in FGthcentury Symbolism came to the force in late FGth
century, 7ith its roots in arts and literature.
&argely a reaction against naturalism 2naturallybuilt shelter3 and realism 2present needs3 ,themo0ement 7as largely in fa0our of spirituality,the imagination and dreams.
Almost e0erything be it a building, a painting,a mo0ie or a tale < has its roots in some form ofsymbolism or, con0ersely, resorts to symbolismfor expressing itself.
Symbolism in FGth century
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
29/53
Symbolism in FGthcentury They pro0ide not only structure and form, but
the textcontext andmeaning to
social and cultural life.
)ront 2Male3 Section of #ouseC#ETT"'A( #$!S"'-
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
30/53
)ront 2Male3 Section of #ouseF.1eranda.
Central of #ouseI. Hal vitu or vitu:9rst courtyard
literally, Nhall house.NO. Tontu:columns.. Melpati, tinnai:a raised platformon 7hich people sit.Q. Valavu:aisle or corridorsurrounding central courtyard.
R. Ull arai: pulli'sinner roomforpujaand storage of do7ryitems.. Veli arai: pulli'souter room.
4ac= 2)emale3 Section of #ouse
. Kattu:second courtyard,7omenUs courtyard 7here grainsare dried, foods are prepared.G. Samayal arai:=itchen.F. Kutchin:a small room for7omen coming
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
31/53
Symbolism in FGthcentury Architecture also constitutes po7erful
expressi0e and symbolic 0ehicles in its o7n
right ,7ith monumental buildings 2gate7ay of"ndia3 being more note7orthy in their stylethan in their functional pro0ision.
#o7e0er, 7e tend to connect it mainly tohistorical and religious structures as theimagery appears to be highly explicit andprofound in them.
Symbolism exempli9ed in monuments,mos6ues, churches < spiritual and historicstructures.
Sense of space/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
32/53
Sense of space/
The term sense of space has been de9nedand utili8ed in dierent 7ays by dierent
people. "t is often used in relation to characteristics
that ma=e a place special or uni6ue, as 7ellas to those that foster a sense of authentic
human attachment and belonging.#istory of symbolism/ Symbolism in FGthcentury 7as characteri8ed
as spiritual or mystical in nature ,7hich
represented the inner life of people. #ence , symbolism is applied use of any
iconic representations 2pyramid po7erfulform, has highest form of energy, sphere
completeness3 7hich carry particular
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
33/53
&$T!S TEMP&E, (E"
MAT%" MA'("%, A!%$1"&&E
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
34/53
Symbolism of pyramid*
triangular form throughcha=ras.
%eligious symbolism/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
35/53
%eligious symbolism/
%eligious architecture is a record of the 7aypeople express their faith.
%eligious symbolism uses symbols, includingarches types, art7or=, texts, rituals and othersigns.Symbols and #indu temple/
Cultures ha0e often associated geometricshapes 7ith religion.
"n "ndia ,the relationbet7een symbols and
temple architecture isclearly spelt out by 0astushartra.
The 0arious parts of a
temple are related to
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
36/53
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
37/53
4#!(("ST ST!PA
S+M4$&S
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
38/53
SQUARE AN!AASTU
#ence s6uare 7asused in all temple
plans.
Examples/
7/25/2019 Theory of Architecture II - Unit-1
39/53
Examples/
A pentagram is a 90e