WILLIAM OUCHI : THEORY Z Realizing there are many valuable lessons to be learned from the Japanese, William Ouchi1 developed a theory, called Theory Z, which attempts to integrate American and Japanese management practices. Theory Z combines the American emphasis on individual responsibility with the Japanese emphasis on collective decision making, slow evaluation and promotion, holistic concern for employees. Other factors recommended by Ouchi, such as length of employment and career path characteristics, represent comprises between traditional American and Japanese practices. 1- Long-term employment 2- Consensual, participate decision making 3- Individual responsibility 4- Slow evaluation and promotion 5- Implicit, informal control with explicit, formalized measures 6- Moderately specialized career path 7-Holistic concern, including family Another theory which has emerged, and deals with the way in which workers are perceived by managers, as well as how managers are perceived by workers, is William Ouchi's "Theory Z". Often referred to as the "Japanese" management style, Theory Z offers the notion of a hybrid management style which is a combination of a strict American management style (Theory A) and a strict Japanese management style (Theory J). This theory speaks of an organisational culture which mirrors the Japanese culture in which workers are more participative, and capable of performing many and varied tasks. Theory Z emphasises things such as job rotation, broadening of skills, generalisation versus specialisation, and the need for continuous training of worker.
WILLIAM OUCHI : THEORY Z Realizing there are many valuable
lessons to be learned from the Japanese, William Ouchi1 developed a
theory, called Theory Z, which attempts to integrate merican and
Japanese management practices! Theory Z combines the merican
emphasis on individual responsibility with the Japanese emphasis on
collective decision ma"ing, slow evaluationand promotion, holistic
concern for employees! Other factors recommended by Ouchi, such as
length of employment and career path characteristics, represent
comprises between traditional merican and Japanese practices! 1#
$ong#term employment %# &onsensual, participate decision ma"ing
'# (ndividual responsibility )# *low evaluation and promotion +#
(mplicit, informal control with e,plicit, formalized measures -#
.oderately specialized career path /#0olistic concern, including
familynother theory which has emerged, and deals with the way in
which wor"ers are perceived by managers, as well as how managers
are perceived by wor"ers, is William Ouchi1s 2Theory Z2! Often
referred to as the 2Japanese2 management style, Theory Z o3ers the
notion of a hybrid management style which is a combination of a
strict merican management style 4Theory 5 and a strict Japanese
management style 4Theory J5! This theory spea"s of an
organisational culture which mirrors the Japanese culture in which
wor"ers are more participative, and capable of performing many and
varied tas"s! Theory Z emphasises things such as6ob rotation,
broadening of s"ills, generalisation versus specialisation, and the
need for continuous training of wor"er!Ouchi1s Theory Z ma"es
certain assumptions about wor"ers! *ome of the assumptions about
wor"ers under this theory include the notion that wor"ers tend to
want to build co#operative and intimate wor"ing relationships with
those that they wor" for and with, as well as the people that wor"
for them! lso, Theory Z wor"ers have a high need to be supported by
the company, and highly value a wor"ing environment in which such
things as family, cultures and traditions, and social institutions
are regarded as e7ually important as the wor" itself! These types
of wor"ers have a very well developed sense of order, discipline,
moral obligation to wor" hard, and a sense of cohesion with their
fellow wor"ers! 8inally, Theory Z wor"ers, it is assumed, can be
trusted to do their 6obs to their utmost ability, so long as
management can be trusted to support them and loo" out for their
well being
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