THEPHONOLOGICALPROCESSOF ...eprints.undip.ac.id/52792/1/Thesis_S1_Riza_Nuzulul... · i THEPHONOLOGICALPROCESSOF VERBNASALIZATIONINBANYUMASANDIALECT OFJAVANESE ATHESIS InpartialoftherequirementsfortheSarjanaDegreeMajoringLinguisticsin

i

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF

VERB NASALIZATION IN BANYUMASAN DIALECT

OF JAVANESE

A THESIS

In partial of the requirements for the Sarjana Degree Majoring Linguistics inEnglish Department Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University

Submitted by:

RIZA NUZULUL HUDA

NIM: 13020111130075

FACULTY OF HUMANITIES

DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY

SEMARANG

2017

ii

PRONOUNCEMENT

The writer honestly confirms that she compiles this thesis by herself and

without taking any result from other researches in S-1, S-2, S-3 and in diploma

degree of any universities. The writer ascertains also that she does not quote any

material from other publications or papers except from the references mentioned.

Semarang, 27 Februari 2017

Riza Nuzulul Huda

iii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION

MOTTO

I was within and without, simultaneously enchanted and repelled by inexhaustiblevariety of life (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

Man is not made for defeat (Ernest Hemingway)

.... for indeed, with hardship [will be] ease. Indeed, with hardship [will be] ease.So, when you have finished [your duties], then stand up [for worship], and toyour lord direct [your] longing. (Ash-Sharh: 5-8)

This paper is dedicated to

my parents, my sister, my brother and

to everyone who helped me accomplished this paper

“Thanks for all the support, contribution, inspiration, pray, and love”

iv

THE PHONOLOGICAL PROCESS OF VERB NASALIZATION

IN BANYUMASAN DIALECT OF JAVANESE

Written by:

Riza Nuzulul Huda

NIM: 13020111130075

is approved by thesis advisor,

on February 27th, 2017

Thesis Advisor,

Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A.

NIP. 19640814 199001 001

The Head of the English Department

Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A.

NIP. 19640814 199001 001

v

VALIDATION

Approved by

Strata I Thesis Examination Committee

Faculty of Humanities Diponegoro University

On 27 March 2017

Chair Person First Member

Dra. Cut Aja Puan Ellisafny, M.Ed. Drs. Mualimin, M.HumNIP.19551003 197812 2 001 NIP. 19611110 198710 1 001

Second Member Third Member

Dra. Wiwiek Sundari, M.Hum Drs. Catur Kepirianto, M.HumNIP. 19590607 1999003 2 001 NIP. 19650922 199203 1 002

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Praise be to God Almighty, who has given strength and true spirit to this project

entitled “The Phonological Process of Verb Nasalization in Banyumasan Dialect

of Javanese” so that it came to a completion. On this occasion, I would like to

thank all people who have contributed to the completion of this thesis.

The deepest gratitude and appreciation is extended to Dr. Agus Subiyanto,

M.A. as my advisor who has given his continuous guidance, helpful correction,

moral support, advice and suggestion without which it is doubtful that this final

paper came into completion.

Additionally, I also would like to extend my deepest gratitude and

appreciations to the following people:

1. Dr. Redyanto Noor, M. Hum as the Dean of Faculty of Humanities

Diponegoro University.

2. Dr. Agus Subiyanto, M.A as the Head of English Department, Faculty of

Humanities Diponegoro University.

3. All of the distinguished lecturers in the English Department, Faculty of

Humanities Diponegoro University who have shared their precious

knowledge and experiences.

4. My beloved parents, Jahid Irawan and Rumiyati. Thank you for the endless

love, pray, and support.

vii

5. My beloved siblings, Novi Erliyani, S,Gz and Bagas Faliqul Amin. I am

proud to be your daughter and I feel truly fortunate to have had your support.

6. SixOVoice. I do really enjoy our togetherness.

7. All 2011 English Department students (especially Sasing C, and linguistic

class). Nice to know you.

8. Everyone who helped me to grow and always accompanied me in every

moment who I cannot mention all of you one by one. Thanks.

I realize that this thesis is still far from perfect. I, therefore, will be glad to

receive any constructive criticism and recommendation to make this final paper

better.

Finally, I hope that this thesis will be useful to the reader who wishes to

learn something about Banyumasan dialect or Phonology.

Semarang, February 2017

Riza Nuzulul Huda

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE................................................................................................................ i

PRONOUNCEMENT........................................................................................ ii

MOTTO AND DEDICATION.......................................................................... iii

APPROVAL...................................................................................................... iv

VALIDATION................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGMENT................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENT..................................................................................... ix

LIST OF TABLES............................................................................................. x

LIST OF CHARTS............................................................................................ xi

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................... xii

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION................................................................. 1

1.1. Background of the

Study...............................................

1

1.2. Research

Problems.........................................................

2

1.3. Purposes of the

Study....................................................

3

1.4. Previous

Study...............................................................

3

1.5. Organization of the 6

ix

Writing...........................................

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.................................... 8

2.1. Phonology…................................................................. 8

2.2. Phonetic Characteristics of Banyumasan Dialect of

Javanese......................................…………………………

9

2.3. Phonological Process.....................…………………. 11

2.3.1. Assimilation........................................................ 11

2.3.2. Syllable Structure Process...........................… 14

2.3.3. Weakening and Strengthening……………… 18

2.3.4. Neutralization ……………………………… 21

2.4. Distinctive Features 22

2.5. Phoneme and Allophone 28

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD........................................................ 30

3.1. Type of the Research...................................................... 30

3.2.Research Data and Data Source…….............................. 30

3.3.Population, Sample and Sampling Technique ……........ 31

3.4. Method of Collecting Data............................................. 31

3.4. Method of Analyzing Data............................................. 32

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS................................................................ 33

4.1. The Phonetic Forms of the Nasal Prefix.................…… 33

4.2. The phonological rules governing the distribution of

the allophones……………………………………………… 40

4.2.1. The underlying form of the nasal prefix….......... 41

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4.2.2. The rules of phonological process……............... 41

4.2.2.1. Assimilation....................…………………….. 42

4.2.2.2. Syllable Structure Process…………………... 45

4.2.2.3. One Syllable Word…....…………………….. 49

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION...................................................................... 55

REFERENCES.................................................................................................. 56

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Banyumasan dialect Consonants………………………................ 10

Table 2. Distinctive Features Of Banyumasan Dialect Sounds.............……….. 27

Table 3. The distribution of [ŋ-] ……………............................................. 34

Table 4. The distribution of [ŋ-] on one syllable word................................. 34

Table 5. The distribution of [m-]…........................................................... 35

Table 6. The distribution of [n-]…………………..................................... 37

Table 7. The distribution of [ɳ-]…………………..................................... 38

Table 8. The distribution of prefixes.................................……................. 39

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LIST OF CHARTS

Chart 1. Banyumasan dialect vowels…..………………………................ 9

xiii

ABSTRAK

Dialek Banyumas adalah salah satu dialek di dalam Bahasa Jawa yangpenuturnya meliputi Barlingmascakeb (Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas,Cilacap and Kebumen). Penutur Banyumas mengucapkan dengan cara ngapak-ngapak yang berarti memproduksi vokal ‘a’ tanpa menggantinya dengan vokal‘o’ yang Bahasa Jawa standar gunakan dan di setiap akhiran diproduksi akhiran‘?’ serta pada saat memproduksi konsonan [b, d, k, g, h, y, k, l, w] dengandisuarakan sempurna. Berlandaskan dengan kondisi di atas, penulis memutuskanuntuk menganalisa proses fonologis menjadi topik dalam tulisan akhir ini. Penulisakan bertumpu pada pembentukan Kata Kerja melalui proses Nasalisasi denganprefiks. Di dalam pengambilan datanya, penulis menggunakan transkrip fonetisdari siaran radio Cilacap dalam program “Curanmor (Curahan Perasaan danHumor)”. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif deskriptif, denganmengimplementasikan Teori Schane tentang Proses Fonologis dan FiturDistingtif. Ada tiga jenis data yang penulis gunakan yaitu transkrip fonetis dari 8episode di program “Curanmor (Curahan Perasaan dan Humor)”, Kamus BahasaBanyumas untuk penulisan baku dialek Banyumas, dan konfirmasi melalui datapengucapan penutur aktif bahasa Banyumas. Metode pengumpulan datapenelitian yang penulis pakai adalah metode Observasi non-Partisipasi denganmetode simak. Metode analisis data yang penulis gunakan adalah metode agihdan padan dengan menggabungkan penentu data. Dari analisis data, penulismenemukan dua proses fonologis yang paling sering dijumpai yakni Assimilasidan Proses Stuktur Suku-Kata.

Kata Kunci : dialect, Banyumasan dialect of Javanese, phonological process,phonetic transcription, verb nasalization, prefix, Assimilation, Syllable StructureProcess

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this chapter, the writer will explain background of the study, scope of the study,

purposes of the study, previous studies, and organization of the writing.

1.1. Background of the Study

Javanese is spoken by around 75.500.000 speakers that spread over

Central Java, Yogyakarta, East Java, Banten, Lampung, Medan, the

transmigration areas (Riau, Jambi, Central Kalimantan), and also in overseas

(Suriname, New Caledonia, and West Coast Johor) (Laksono in Marsono, 2011:

12-13). The wide area of Javanese speech communities has caused Javanese to

have a lot of variations showing the linguistic characteristics of each area.

According to E.M. Uhlenbeck (1982), geographically Javanese language has 4

dialects and 13 sub-dialects. The four dialects are Banyumasan, the Coastal areas,

Surakarta and East Java dialects. Moreover, the sub-dialects are Purwokerto,

Kebumen, Pemalang, Banten Utara, Tegal, Semarang, Rembang, Surakarta,

Yogyakarta, Madiun, Surabaya, Banyuwangi, and Cirebon. Meanwhile, Balai

Bahasa Jawa Tengah in Language Map of Central Java (2008) divided Javanese

in Central Java into 5 dialects, which are Semarsuradupati dialect (Semarang

residency, Surakarta residency, Kedu residency, and Pati residency), Pekalongan

dialect (Pekalongan regency, Batang regency, and Pemalang regency), Wonosobo

2

dialect (Wonosobo regency), Banyumasan dialect (Banyumas regency,

Cilacap regency, and Kebumen regency), and Tegal dialect (Tegal and Brebes

regency).

Banyumasan dialect is used as the mother tongue of the people in

Barlingmascakeb (Banjarnegara, Purbalingga, Banyumas, Cilacap and Kebumen

region). The term ‘mother tongue’ refers to the first language used in a particular

region that is taught by a mother to her child, which can strengthen their family

relationship. The Banyumasan dialect is often called ngapak-ngapak dialect. In

terms of the phonological aspect, ngapak-ngapak means producing vowel [a]

instead of [ɔ] (as used in the Standard Javanese) followed by consonant [?] in the

final syllable and producing consonants [b, d, k, g, h, y, k, l, w] with voiced

feature. Banyumasan dialect has particularly different pronunciations compared

to Standard Javanese as mentioned above. This difference in the phonological

aspect has a big impact on the phonetic forms.

Based on the phenomena above, I decided to take the phonological

process as the topic of the study. I will focus on the kinds of a phonological

process of the nasal prefix in constructing verbs in Banyumasan dialect of

Javanese. Thus, based on the background above, the research is entitled “The

Phonological Process of Verb Nasalization in Banyumasan Dialect of Javanese”.

1.2. Research Questions

3

In order to make the analysis easier, I limit the discussion of this research

on a phonological process in Banyumasan dialect of standard Javanese. Therefore,

I focus only on the following problems related to the study, namely:

1. What are the phonetic representations of the nasal prefix in Banyumasan

dialect?

2. What are the phonological processes happening to the phonetic variations of

the nasal prefix?

3. What are the phonological rules that can show the phonological processes?

1.3. Purpose of the Research

By answering the questions, there are some purposes of this research,

namely:

1. To study the phonetic representations of the nasal prefix in Banyumasan

dialect.

2. To describe the phonological process happening to the variations of the nasal

prefix.

3. To analyze the phonological rules that can show the phonological processes.

1.4. Previous Studies

There are several studies on Banyumas dialect of Javanese, such as

“Afiksasi Verba Bahasa Jawa Dialek Banyumas” by Isnaeni (2008),

“Perbandingan Sistem Fonologis Bahasa Jawa di Wonosobo dengan Bahasa

4

Indonesia” by Anggraeni (2007), and “Bahasa Jawa Dialek Banyumas di

Kabupaten Banyumas (Kajian Geografi Dialek) by Nurdiyanto (2010).

The first research that I found similar to my research is “Afiksasi Verba

Bahasa Jawa Dialek Banyumas” by Isnaeni (2008). She focused on describing

the affixation process of Banyumas dialect in constructing verbs and explaining

the function of each affixation meaning. The data were taken from Kemrajen

district at Banyumas, namely Sebalung, Sibrama, Nusamangit, Sirau and Kecila

village. Two informants from each village were chosen during the research.

Isnaeni used simak and cakap method by recording and note-taking techniques

for collecting the data. She analyzed the data by using agih method and

determinant selection and substitution techniques. The result shows that

Banyumasan dialect verbs are productively composed by using prefixes, with the

percentage of 40,37, simulfixes with the percentage of 32,84, suffixes with the

percentage of 14,52 and confixes with the percentage of 6,36. The rarely used

affixation process is the one with infixes with the percentage of 5,93. The word

categories commonly constructed with affixes are nouns and verbs. Adjectives

and adverbs are rarely used for constructing verbs.

The second research is “Perbandingan Sistem Fonologis Bahasa Jawa di

Wonosobo dengan Bahasa Indonesia” by Anggreini (2007). It described the

similarities and the differences between Wonosobo dialect of Javanese and

Bahasa Indonesia in terms of their phonemes. This research used a micro-

linguistic contrastive approach. The data were taken from Wonosobo dialect

phonemes and Indonesian phonemes. The method of collecting data was cakap

5

method with recording and note-taking techniques. The data analysis method

from this research was agih method by using constituent-divided technique

continued with replacement and contrast technique. The result shows that, there

are similarities and differences between Wonosobo dialect and Indonesian based

on the articulation points and the distribution of allophones in consonants and

vowels. The similarities include [a, i, u, e, ɛ, ə, ɔ, o] for vowels and [p, b, m, f, w,

t, d, n, l, r, s, z, c, j, ŋ, y, k, g, ɳ, h, ?] for consonants.

The third research is “Bahasa Jawa Dialek Banyumas di Kabupaten

Banyumas (Kajian Geografi Dialek) by Nurdiyanto on 2010. She focused on the

distribution of Banyumasan dialect variations in each different region in

Banyumas. She also discussed the phonological system, morphological system,

lexical elements and the isogloss of Banyumasan dialect. She used Guiraud

theory that shows five dialect differences which are phonetic differences,

semantic differences, onomasiology differences, semasiology differences, and

morphology differences. In the analysis data, she found the phonological system

in the description of vowel and consonant phonemes. The vowel phonemes are /a/,

/1/, /u/, /ɛ/, /ɔ, and /ə/ and the consonant phonemes are /b, /c/, /d/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/,

/l/, /m/, /n/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /w/, /y/, /ŋ/, /ň/, /dh/, and /th/. She also found the

diphthongization. The morphological system in Banyumasan dialect also has

been described is affixation, reduplication, and compounding.

The previous studies above are different from this study. In this study, I

focus on the phonological processes happening to the phonetic variations of the

nasal prefix and the phonological rules that show the processes. I used the theory

6

of Transformational Generative Phonology from Schane (1973) that divided the

kinds of the phonological process into assimilation, syllable structure, weakening

and strengthening, and neutralization. Meanwhile, for describing the

phonological rules I used Distinctive Features theory including the analysis of

major class (consonantal, syllabic, sonorant), manner of articulation (nasal,

continuant, and delayed release) and place of articulation (coronal, anterior, high,

back, round, and tense).

1.5. Organization of The Writing

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter describes the background of the study, research

problems, purpose of the study, previous studies and writing

organization.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter deals with the main and supporting frameworks

used in analyzing the data in this research.

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

This chapter shows the type of the study methods and

techniques of collecting data and method of analyzing data. It

also provides data, data source, and samples

CHAPTER IV DATA ANALYSIS

7

The writer analyzes the data in order to answer the research

problems. The analysis includes the phonological processes

found in verb nasalization and the phonological rules

governing the processes.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION

The last chapter deals with conclusion and suggestion for

further research.

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

In this chapter, I will present some theories which are used in this research. First,

I will explain what phonology is. Second I will discuss the phonological process.

The third is the description of the phonological process, by focusing on how

morphemes become juxtaposed and sometimes undergo changes. The last is the

explanation on the four categories of phonological processes, covering:

assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization.

2.1. Phonology

Odden (2005) states the differences between phonetics and phonology. Phonetic

deals with physical sounds of human utterances, while phonology is the study of

the rules and principles of speech sound. This difference can be seen in the

following quotation,

Phonetics deals with “actual” physical sounds as they are manifested inhuman speech, and concentrates on acoustic waveforms, formant values,measurements of duration measured in milliseconds, of amplitude andfrequency, or in the physical principles underlying the production ofsounds, which involves the study of resonances and the study of themuscles and other articulatory structures used to produce physical sounds.On the other hand, phonology, it is said, is an abstract cognitive systemdealing with rules in a mental grammar: principles of subconscious“thought” as they relate to language sound. (Odden, 2005:2)

9

1

2

3

According to Carr (2008), phonology is the study of the sound systems

found in human languages. Some other linguists define phonology as the study of

the functions of speech sounds.

The goal of phonology is to understand the system of rules that the

speaker uses in apprehending and manipulating the sounds of their language

(Bruce, 2009: 1).

To conclude, phonology is a branch of Linguistics which discusses or

analyzes the language sounds produced by human organs of speech and

transcribes using the phonetic transcription to get written document.

2.2. Phonetic Characteristics of Banyumasan Dialect of Javanese

Nurdiyanto (2010: 31) states that Banyumas dialect of Javanese has six

vowels, which are [i, ɛ, ə, ɔ, u, a] as seen in the chart below,

Front Middle Back

High Closed

Middle

Low Opened

Chart 1. Banyumasan dialect vowels

Semi-Closed

Semi-Opened

[i] [u]

[ə]

[a]

[ɛ] [ɔ]

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* 1: high low the tongue

2: part of tongue which moves

3: stricture (the distance between tongue and palate)

All of these vowels can be characterized in terms of three basic vowel properties

of height, backness and rounding. There are two high vowels in Banyumasan

dialect, which are high front vowel [i] and high back vowel [u]. Banyumasan

dialect also has three vowels in middle position, which are front vowel [ɛ], mid

vowel [ə] and back vowel [ɔ]. The last is a low vowel which is a low front vowel

[a]. Based on the stricture (the distance between tongue and palate), these vowels

are also divided into 4 positions. Both high vowels are closed. On the other hand,

front vowel and back vowel are semi-opened. The vowel in the middle position is

semi-closed and the low front vowel is opened.

Nurdiyanto (2010: 31) also states that Banyumasan dialect has 22

consonants which are [p, b, m, f, w, t, d, n, r, s, l, th, dh, c, j, ɳ, y, k, g, ŋ, h, ?], as

seen in the table below.

Bilabial Labiodental Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Laryngeal

Glides Glotal

Plosive p b t d th dh c j k g ?

Nasal m n ɳ ŋ

Trill r

Fricative f s h

Semivowel w y

Lateral l

Table 1. Banyumasan dialect Consonants

There are 3 bilabials, two of them are plosive bilabials [p, b] and one of them is

nasal bilabial [m]. There are 2 labio-dentals, one of them is fricative labio-dental

11

[f] and one of them is semivowel [w]. The next place of articulation is alveolar,

covering plosive alveolars [t, d], nasal alveolar [n], trill alveolar [r], fricative

alveolar [s] and lateral alveolar [l]. There are 2 plosive retroflexes [th, dh]. It also

has palatal consonants including plosive palatals [c, j], nasal palatal [ɳ] and

semivowel [y]. There are velar consonants which are plosive velar [k, g] and

nasal velar [ŋ]. There is one consonant which includes in laryngeal [h]. The last is

glottal plosive [?].

2.3. Phonological Process

The phonological process occurs when a morpheme combines with

another morpheme, and one of the sounds of this morpheme changes because of

the influence of the other neighboring morpheme. Schane (1973: 49) states that

when morphemes are combined to form words, the segments of neighboring

morphemes become juxtaposed and sometimes undergo change. According to

Schane (1973: 49), there are four kinds of phonological process, which are:

assimilation, syllable structure, weakening and strengthening, and neutralization.

2.3.1. Assimilation

Assimilation happens when a morpheme takes features from a neighboring

morpheme. It may happen between a consonant and a vowel that takes the other

features or it may happen when one consonant has an effect another and one

vowel influences on another. Therefore, there are four kinds of assimilation,

12

which are Consonant-Vowel, Consonant-Consonant, Vowel-Consonant, and

Vowel-Vowel assimilations. (Schane, 1973: 49)

a. Consonant assimilates vowel feature

Schane (1973: 50) states that in Russian, certain consonants become

palatalized whenever they precede a front vowel. The example of consonant

assimilate vowel feature can be seen in the following data,

[stól] “table” [stólyé] “table”

[vkús] “taste” [vkúsyen] “tasty”

This process happens in many languages, such as Russian. In this language,

the examples show the semi-vowel sound [y] is inserted between alveolars [s]

or [l] when they are followed by [e] vowel. The examples explain semi-

vowel sound assimilate to become palatalized whenever they precede a front

vowel.

b. Vowel assimilates consonant feature

Schane (1973: 50) states that in English, a consonant give an effect on a

vowel. The example of vowel assimilate consonant feature can be seen in the

following data,

[siy] see [sĩyn] seen

[kæt] cat [kǣnt] can’t

This process happens in many languages, such as in English. In this language,

the examples above show vowels to be phonetically nasalized when adjacent

to a nasal consonant. The nasal consonant may nasalize the vowel as

assimilation.

13

c. Consonant assimilates consonant feature

Consonant assimilates consonant feature happens in English for consonant

clusters to agree in voicing. This process can be seen where the endings for

the plural, third person singular, and past tense agree in voicing with a

preceding consonant.

[kʌps] “cups” [kʌbz] “cubs”

[pæts] “pats” [pædz] “pads”

(Schane, 1973: 51)


the examples above show the plural nouns in English which are ended with

voiced consonant will be followed by voiced fricative alveolar sound in

order to change the [s] sound (voiceless fricative alveolar).

d. Vowel assimilates vowel feature

It happens when vowel of one syllable may superimpose the vowel of some

other syllable. Here we can distinguish vowel harmony from umlauting (the

influence of a vowel in one syllable will glide on the vowel of preceding

syllable). The example of vowel assimilate vowel feature can be seen in the

following data,

[diš] “tooth” [dišim] “my tooth”

[ev] “house” [evim] “my house”

(Schane, 1973: 52)

14

This process happens in many languages, such as in Turkish. In this language,

the examples above show the high front vowel [i] added to become a vowel

harmony in the next syllable.

2.3.2. Syllable Structure Processes

Schane (1973: 52) states that syllable Structure Processes influence the

distribution of consonants or vowels in the word which may be deleted or

inserted. These two segments may change into a single segment and one segment

may become the major class feature. There are consonant deletion, vowel

deletion, consonant insertion, vowel insertion, consonant coalescence, vowel

coalescence, vowel and consonant coalescence, major class change and

metathesis that will be explained in the following,

a. Consonant Deletion

This process happens in many languages, such as in French. In this language,

the examples show final consonant is deleted if the following word begins

with a consonant. The example of consonant deletion can be seen in the

following data,

[pətit ami] “little friend” [pəti garsɔ] “little boy”

[groz ami] “big friend” [gro garsɔ] “big boy”

(Schane, 1973: 53)

The examples above show the deletion of the consonant at the end of the

word if the following word begins with a consonant. So the [t] and [z]

consonant will be deleted so that prevent two consonants coming together.

15

b. Vowel Deletion


the examples may prevent two vowels produce together. The example of

vowel deletion can be seen in the following data,

[lə garsɔ] “the boy” [l ami] “the friend”

(masculine)

[la fiyə] “the girl” [l ami] “the friend”

(feminine)

(Schane, 1973: 53)

The examples explain the deletion of the vowel in the following word begins

with a vowel. They prevent two vowels coming together.

c. Consonant Insertion (Epenthesis)

Consonant Insertion happens when a consonant break up a vowel cluster. In

any cases it happens to insert the consonant h is dropped after stems

terminating in a consonant. The example of consonant insertion can be seen

in the following data,

[tulu] “three” [tuluhi] “make it three]

[?usa] “one” [?usahi] “make it one”

(Schane, 1973: 54)

This process happens in many languages, such as in Hanunoo, spoken in the

Philippines. In this language, the examples above show of breaking up a

vowel cluster then insert laryngeal glides [h] in the following syllable.

16

d. Vowel Insertion (Epenthesis)

This process happens in many languages, such as in Latin. In this language,

the word cannot end in a consonant-liquid cluster. In such cases, the vowel e

is inserted to break up this cluster. The example of vowel insertion can be

seen in the following data,

[patris] “father “

(genitive)

[pater] “father”

(nominative)

[agri] “field”

(genitive)

[ager] “field”

(nominative)

(Schane, 1973: 54)

The examples above show in a certain language that word cannot end in a

consonant-liquid cluster, so word final will be inserted by [e] to break this

cluster.

e. Consonant Coalescence

It may change two contiguous consonants to a single consonant which shares

the same features of the two original ones. The example of consonant

coalescence can be seen in the following data,

[nak] “fall” + [hwa] "flower” [nakhwa] “fallen flower”

[kup] “bend” +[hita] (causative suffix) [kuphita] “to bend”

(Schane, 1973: 54)

17

This process happens in many languages, such as in Korean. In this language,

the noun clause or verb clause which are composed of two words, the end

syllable of the first word will glide to the beginning of the second word.

They coalescence into one word.

f. Vowel Coalescence

Vowel coalescence cause the producing single vowel to the same backness

and rounding vowel, so the new syllabic-structure becomes simpler. The

example of consonant coalescence can be seen in the following data,

Latin Spanish

[aidifikium] [edifisio] “building”

[káusa] [kósa] “thing”

(Schane, 1973: 55)

This process happens in many languages, such as in Spanish. In this

language, Spanish modifies Latin words to become simpler with single

vowels in each word by changing the diphthong to single vowel.

g. Coalescence Vowel and Consonant

Coalescence Vowel and Consonant happens when the nasal consonant is

followed by a consonant or a pause. The example of consonant and vowel

coalescence can be seen in the following data,

[finə] “fine” (feminine) [fɛ] “fine” (masculine)

[pIɛnə] “full” (feminine) [pIɛ] “full” (masculine)

(Schane, 1973: 55)

18


to differentiate the masculine words, the nasal syllable delete from the end of

the word.

h. Major Class Change

Major Class Change happens when a segment influences major class

segment and it is quite common for high vowels and lateral liquids to

become glides. In some cases, the unstressed high vowels are converted to

the corresponding semivowels if they are followed by a vowel. The example

of major class change can be seen in the following data,

[si] “saws” [syé] “to saw”

[tú] “kills” [twé] “to kill”

(Schane, 1973: 56)


the high vowel [i] change to glide over semi-vowel to make stress in the

certain word.

i. Metathesis

Metathesis happens when two segments interchange their positions. In some

languages, a sequence of glottal stop plus consonant becomes consonant plus

glottal stop. The example of metathesis can be seen in the following data,

[?usa] “one” [kas?a] “once”

[?upat] “four” [kap?at] “four times”

(Schane, 1973: 56)

19

This process happens in many languages, such as in Hanunoo spoken in the

Philippines. In this language, to change word form, the words substitute the

first syllable tense to become second syllable tense.

2.3.3. Weakening and Strengthening

Schane (1973: 57) states that weakening and Strengthening happen when the

change of simple syllabic structure lead to a complex syllable structure. There are

syncope, apocope, vowel reduction, diphthongization, and vowel shift that will be

explained in the following,

a. Syncope

Syncope occurs when a vowel near a stressed vowel is deleted. In the other

hand, it may occur when the stressed syllable is followed by two unstressed

vowels, the vowel which following the stressed syllable is often followed by

a single sonorant consonant. The example of syncope can be seen in the

following data,

Latin French

[pópulum] [pœplə] “people”

[tábula] [táblə] “table”

(Schane, 1973: 57)

French modifies Latin by changing the end of nouns with sonorant consonant

attached by unstressed vowel [e].

20

b. Apocope

Schane (1973: 57) states that apocope occurs when the deletion of a final

unstressed vowel, often more schwa-like vowel occurs. The example of

apocope can be seen in the following data,

Formal French Colloquial French

[eglizə] [egliz] “church”

[ružə] [ruž] “red”


the words above reduce the end of words with schwa. In order to replace

schwa ending, it deletes schwa to show the final unstressed vowel [i] or [u].

c. Vowel Reduction

Vowel reduction happens when the weakening of unstressed vowel become

schwa. The example of vowel reduction can be seen in the following data,

[éybəl] “able” [əbílətiy] “ability”

[kǽnədə] “Canada” [kənéydiyən] “Canadian”

(Schane, 1973: 58)


the words change the word form, the vowel of the first syllable become

simpler by the weakening of unstressed vowels replaced to schwa.

d. Diphthongization

Diphthongization occurs when the stressed vowels and tense vowels are the

strong in particular word. Whereas the weak vowels may undergo syncope,

21

apocope, or reduction, strong vowels frequently dipthongize. The example of

diphthongization can be seen in the following data,

Latin Italian

[wénet] [vyéne] “comes”

[mélem] [myéle] “honey”

(Schane, 1973: 58)

This process happens in many languages, such as in Italian. In this language,

Italian modifies Latin by pronouncing vowels in diphthong form.

e. Vowel Shift

Vowel Shift occurs when stressed vowels change the position in the vowel

structure. The process of change positions is respectively low vowels to mid,

mid vowels to high, and high vowels to low. The example of vowel shift can

be seen in the following table,

Romance form English

[divīn] [dəvāyn] “divine”

[serēn] [sərīyn] “serene”

(Schane, 1973: 58)


Romance form change positions in low vowels to mid, mid vowels to high,

and high vowels to low.

(Schane, 1973: 59)

22

2.3.4. Neutralization

Schane (1973: 53) states that neutralization is the process when the phonological

distinctions are reduced in a particular environment. Hence, the segments which

contrast in one environment have the same representation in the environment of

neutralization. There are consonant and vowel neutralization that will be

explained in the following,

a. Consonant Neutralization

Consonant Neutralization happens only on voiceless which is found in final

position. The neutralization happens between pairs of voiced and voiceless

obstruents. The example of consonant neutralization can be seen in the

following data,

[buntə] “colorful” (attributive) [bunt] “colorful” (predicative)

[bundə] “league” (dative) [bunt] “league’ (nominative)

(Schane, 1973: 60)

This process happens in many languages, such as in German. In this

language, the deletion of the vowel [ə] in the end of syllable may neutralize

voiceless end word.

b. Vowel Neutralization

Vowel Neutralization happens when vowels appear in the unstressed position.

The example of vowel neutralization can be seen in the following table,

23

[snyék] “snow” [snyigá] “snows”

[lyés] “forest” [lyisá] “forest”

(Schane, 1973: 60)

This process happens in many languages, such as in Russian. In this

language, the insertion of vowels in final syllable in order to neutralize word.

2.4. Distinctive Features

Distinctive features are the backbone of generative phonology. The theory of

distinctive features said that an utterance is composed of a sequence of discrete

segments. Each segment is analyzed of its phonetic function (by describing the

systematic phonetics), its phonemic function (by differentiating lexical items) and

its natural classes. A distinctive feature is the smallest unit of phonetics in

generative phonology.

“We take ‘distinctive features’ to be the elements of whichphonetic, lexical, and phonological transcriptions are composed bycombination and concatenation. The alphabetic symbols that we use freelyin the discussion below are therefore to be regarded as nothing more thanconvenient ad hoc abbreviations for feature bundles, introduced for easeabbreviations for feature bundles, introduced for ease of printing andreading but without systematic import.” (Chomsky and Hale, 1968: 64)

According to Schane, 1973: 25, for indicating opposite traits from a

phonetic parameter, we use a binary system which use pluses and minuses to

show whether or not the attribute is present. The advantage of a binary system is

that one can show explicitly how members of pairs, such as voiced-voiceless or

nasal-oral, tense-lax, sonorant-obstruent, rounded-unrounded, back-front, and

24

high-low are differentiated by the value (+ or -). There are three groups of

Distinctive Feature, which are;

a. Major Class Features

One of the most useful distinctions which feature theory needs to show is

between consonants, vowels and semi-vowels. It provides a rough first

grouping of sounds into functional types. Major Class Features has a

function to give the first grouping of sounds into functional types that

include the consonants, vowels, and semi-vowels distinction. There are three

characteristics which Major Class Feature deals with, which are consonantal,

syllabic and sonorant.

Consonantal (con) is sounds produced with a major obstruction in the oral

cavity. Consonantal which has a major obstruction in the oral cavity is stated

in nasals and obstruent consonant.

[+ consonantal] obstruent, nasal, and liquids

[- consonantal] vowels, semi-vowel, glottal

Syllabic (syl) forms a syllable peak (and thus can be stressed). Every syllable

has a nucleus, which is its the most sonorous segment that usually called as

peak. The most common sonorous segment is vowels.

[+ syllabic] vowels, nasal and liquids

[- syllabic] all of the consonants, except vowels, nasal and liquids

Sonorant (son) is sounds produced with a vocal tract configuration in which

spontaneous voicing is possible. Sonorant is influenced by the acoustic

25

sonority (loudness) of the sounds, all vowels are the greater sonority than

nasals. But the plosive consonant is less sonority.

[+ sonorant] vowels, semi-vowel, liquids, and nasal

[- sonorant] all of the obstruents (fricative and plosive)

(Shane, 1973: 26)

b. The Place of Articulation Features

The place features are the main features used for defining a consonantal

place of articulation which consists of Coronal and Anterior.

Coronal is produced with the blade or tip of the tongue raised from the

neutral position (Odden: 2005).

[+ coronal] dental, alveolar, palato-alveolar, and palatal

[- coronal] labial, velar, uvular, and pharyngeal .

While anterior based on Bruce (2009) which means ‘toward the front’,

[+anterior] are articulated at the alveolar ridge or further forward. Only

bilabial and alveolars are [+anterior] and the others (post-alveolar until velar

consonant) are [-anterior].

[+ anterior] labial, dental, and alveolar

[- anterior] palato-alveolar, palatal, velar, uvular and pharyngeal .

Place features include the features which define the place of articulation for

vowels and consonants which consist of high, low, back or round and

includes tense and advanced tongue root.

26

c. The Manner of Articulation Features

The manner features relate to the manner in which a segment is produced.

The manner features are continuant, delayed release, nasal, strident and

lateral;

Continuant is the primary constriction that is not narrowed that airflow

through the oral cavity is blocked.

[+continuant] fricatives, liquid, glides and vowels (not complete oral

closures)

[-continuant] and nasals and stops consonants

Delayed Release is the release of a total constriction is slowed so that a

fricative is formed after the stop portion.

[+ delayed release] affricative [tʃ, dʒ]

[- delayed release] all of the obstruents

Nasal is when the velum is lowered which allows air to escape through the

nose.

[+ nasal] all of the nasal consonants

[- nasal] all of the oral consonants.

Lateral is produced with the blade of the tongue may be produced in such a way

that air flows over the sides of the teeth.

[+ lateral] lateral consonant [l]

[- lateral] except lateral consonant

27

Strident is produced in terms of the aerodynamic property of greater turbulence

(which has the acoustic correlate of greater noise).

[+ strident] fricative

[- strident] except fricative

(Shane, 1973: 26)

The following table illustrates the distinctive features of vowels and consonants

in Banyumasan dialect of Javanese,

28

29

2.5. Phoneme and Allophone

Odden (2005) states a phoneme as a mental integration of the different physical

properties of the sounds which is used in particular language. While an allophone

is variant of a phoneme or the realization of a phoneme in a certain phonetic

environment, such as [k], [kh], [ky] [khy] in English as the allophones of the

phoneme /k/. A phoneme can be used to distinguish words from each other, but

the variants of a particular phoneme (the allophones) cannot. At the level of

conscious awareness, people are characteristically attuned only to the distinctions

between phonemes. To make people aware of allophones requires their attention

directed to the distinction. The characterizing phoneme by setting up an abstract

level of representation is called the underlying form.

The phoneme as an underlying form is chosen from one of the allophones

that has the widest distribution. Meanwhile, the allophone is defined by means of

complementary distribution. This difference can be seen in the following

quotation,

In English, [t] and [th] are predictable variants of a single abstract segment,a phoneme, which we represent as /t/. Predictable variants are termedallophones – the sounds are in complementary distribution because thecontext where one variant appears is the complement of the context wherethe other sound appears. (Odden, 2005: 44)

30

CHAPTER III

RESEARCHMETHOD

In this chapter I will describe type of the research, source of the data, population

and sampling technique, method of collecting data, and method of analyzing the

data.

3.1 Type of the Research

This research is descriptive qualitative because I describe the

phonological process of Verb Nasalization in Banyumasan dialect. This study is a

description of phonetic variations of the nasal morpheme and the phonological

process. Djajasudarma (2006) states that a qualitative method is a procedure

which results in the descriptive data in the written or verbal form in a speech

community. I used the utterances from Banyumasan broadcasting radio’s

program, Curanmor (Curahan perasaan dan humor), to obtain the data. Besides,

in conducting the study, I did not only study the utterance, but also studied the

phonetic transcriptions in order to analyze the phonological process.

3.2 Research Data and Data Source

31

The data of this research are utterances taken from Curanmor (Curahan hati dan

humor) program at Cilacap radio station. Curanmor program is presented by Mr

Samidi, a native speaker of Banyumasan dialect of Javanese. This program has

been produced since 2005 by using Banyumasan dialect and it is boardcasted in

Banyumas area and its surrondings such as Cilacap, Kebumen, Banyumas and

Banjarnegara. I used 8 episodes of this program, but in order to simplify the data,

I used random sampling method. The secondary data to support the analysis was

taken Banyumasan dialect dictionary from Balai Bahasa Kabupaten Banyumas.

This dictionary was used to check the written form of each word. In addition, I

also took data from the Banyumasan native speakers for the pronunciation of the

written data.

3.3 Population, Sample and Sampling Technique

I used Purposive Sampling Technique to collect the data because I randomly

chose 8 episodes to collect samples of data. After collecting utterances containing

verb nasalization from that data, I found some words that are next called ‘sample’.

The samples of study are utterances that contain vowel insertion, consonant

deletion and assimilation.

3.4 Method of Collecting Data

In this study, I used non-Participant Observation and simak method for the data

collection. I recorded Curanmor program without involving in the program. In

conducting the research, I used a recording technique to collect the data. In

32

addition, I used a note-taking technique done by writing down the verbs that

contain the nasal prefix. The data were transcribed phonetically to know

particular part of the words. According to Samarin (1967: 178) phonetic

transcriptions should be used in non-Participation Observation during data

analysis because linguistic works begin with writing down specimens of speech.

3.5 Method of Analyzing Data

To analyze the data, the writer used Padan and Agih methods. According to

Sudaryanto (1993), Padan is a method which uses external determining factors,

i.e. referent, another language, organ of speech, orthography, and speech partner.

On the other hand, agih is a method which uses internal determining factors. In

this study, I used Javanese grammatical rules as a determining factor. Both padan

and agih methods are used to analyze phonological process of verb nasalization

in Banyumasan dialect of Javanese. Several procedure used during analyzing the

data are as follows:

1. Listening and observing the data

2. Taking note and making phonetic transcriptions

3. Labeling and classifying phonetic forms of the same phoneme

4. Analyzing the phonological process

5. Presenting data analysis and describing the phonological process

33

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

In this chapter, I will discuss the phonetic forms of the nasal prefix, the

phonetic representations of the nasal prefix, and the rules governing the variants

of the nasal prefix. The followings are some of the data found.

4.1. The Phonetic Forms of the Nasal Prefix

The nasal prefix has four phonetic forms: [ŋ-], [ɳ-], [m-], and [n-]. The difference

of these phonetic forms lies on the place of articulations. Based on the place of

articulation, the nasal [ŋ] is velar, [ɳ-] is palatal, [m-] is bilabial, and [n-] is

alveolar. The uses of nasal prefix are to show the activate transitive marker and to

show the verbal marker. The active transitive marker is shown by adding the

nasal prefix to verbs to create transitive verb, such as nyupir from the base ‘supir’.

Before the adding of nasal prefix, ‘supir’ is a intransitive verbs. The verb marker

is shown by after adding the nasal prefix to nouns will create a verb, for example

ngecap from the noun ‘cap’. The four distribution of the phonetic forms will be

described below:

1. The distribution of [ŋ-]

In Banyumasan dialect of Javanese, [ŋ-] occurs when the stem begins with

vowels [a, i, u, ɛ, ə, ɔ], laryngeal glide [h], velars [k, g], and alveolar [l, r] as

seen in the following data,

34

no stem nasalized form meaning

1 [inum] [ŋinum] “drink”

2 [aŋkat] [ŋaŋkat] “lift”

3 [iris] [ŋiris] “slice”

4 [ɛcɛ] [ŋɛcɛ] “mock”

5 [ilaŋ] [ŋilaŋ] “disappear”

6 [ɔli] [ŋɔlini] “oiling to something”

7 [ituŋ] [ŋituŋi] “counting to something”

8 [hindar] [ŋindar] “refrain”

9 [kaŋgɔ] [ŋaŋgɔ] “wear”

10 [kərja] [ŋgərjani] “have a joke to someone”

11 [gɔwɔ] [ŋgɔwɔ] “bring”

12 [gaŋgu] [ŋgaŋgu] “bother”

13 [gaŋgu] [ŋgaŋguni] “disturbing someone”

14 [gɔlɛt] [ŋggɔlɛti] “searching to something”

15 [gawə] [ŋgawə] “make”

16 [lamar] [ŋlamar] “propose”

35

17 [rampɔ?] [ŋrampɔ?] “rob”

18 [rɛkam] [ŋrɛkami] “tapping to something”

Table 3. The distribution of [ŋ-]

As shown in Table 3, in Banyumasan dialect of Javanese [ŋ-] occurs when it

is followed with vowels, as in (1) to (7), velar as in , alveolar and laryngeal

glide. All voiceless consonants beginning a stem are deleted when they occur

after a nasal as seen from data number 8-10. This happens to voiceless

laryngeal glide and voiceless plosive velar consonants.

In addition, when the prefix [ŋ-] is attached to the stems that have one

syllable, the middle vowel [ə] is inserted as seen for the following data.


1 [cap] [ŋəcap] “stamping”

2 [gas] [ŋəgas] “speed up”

3 [pit] [ŋəpit] “cycling”

Table 4. The distribution of [ŋ-] in one syllable word

From Table 4 above, the examples of one-syllabic words occur adding

Schwa [ə] between the prefix and the one-syllabic words. That prefix [ŋ]

assimilates voicing and aspiration from an obstruent which immediately

36

follows it. In addition, the initial consonant cluster which is are broken up by

Schwa [ə].

2. The distribution of [m-]

In Banyumasan dialect of Javanese, [m-] occurs when the stem begins with

plosive bilabial consonants [b, p] as seen in the following data,

no stemnasalized

formmeaning

1 [bayar] [mbayar] “pay”

2 [bɔncɛŋ] [mbɔncɛŋ] “getting a ride”

3 [balik] [mbalik] “turn out”

4 [balik] [mbalikna?] “turning of something”

5 [bədh ɛ?] [mbədh ɛ?I]“guessing at something /

someone”

6 [batir] [mbatiri] “accompanying at someone”

7 [bətah] [mbətahi] “standing at someone”

8 [pikir] [mikir] “thinking”

9 [putər] [mutər] “turn”

10 [paŋan] [maŋan] “eat”

Table 5. The distribution of [m-]

37

As shown in Table 5, the nasal prefix [m] occurs with the stems thaat begin

with [p] or [b], which are all bilabial consonants. In the data above, all

voiceless consonants beginning a stem are deleted when they occur after a

nasal as seen from the data number 8-10. This happens to voiceless plosive

bilabial consonants.

3. The distribution of phone [n]

In Banyumasan dialect of Javanese, [n-] occurs when the stem begins with

plosive alveolar consonants [t, d] and plosive palatal consonant [j] as seen in

the following data,


1 [tuŋgu] [nuŋgu] “wait”

2 [tɛlpun] [nɛlpun] “call”

3 [tambah] [nambah] “add”

4 [tantaŋ] [nantaŋ] “challenge”

5 [tuku] [nuku?na] “buying of someone”

6 [tuŋgu] [nuŋguni]“waiting for someone /

something”

7 [tandur] [nanduri] “planting at something”

8 [dələŋ] [ndələŋ] “watch”

38

9 [daftar] [ndaftar] “apply”

10 [jajal] [njajal] “try”

11 [jaluk] [njaluk] “ask”

12 [jɔgɛt] [njɔgɛt] “dance”

13 [jəŋkiŋ] [njəŋkiŋ] “sit”

14 [jagɔŋ] [njagɔŋ] “talk”

15 [jawab] [njawab] “answer”

Table 6. The distribution of [n-]

As shown in Table 6, prefix [n-] occurs with alveolar and palatal

consonants. All voiceless consonants beginning a stem are deleted when

they occur after a nasal as seen from data number 1-7. This happens to

voiceless plosive alveolar consonant.

4. The distribution of phone [ɳ]

In Banyumasan dialect of Javanese, [ɳ-] occurs when the stem begins with

fricative alveolar consonant [s] and plosive palatal [c] as seen in the

following data,

39


1 [sambuŋ] [ɳambuŋ] “continue”

2 [silih] [ɳilih] “borrow”

3 [suwun] [ɳuwun] “ask”

4 [sambut] [ɳambut] “greet”

5 [sərah] [ɳərah] “transfer”

6 [səlaŋ] [ɳəlaŋ] “lend”

7 [səlaŋ] [ɳəlaŋna] “borrowing at someone”

8 [supIr] [ɳupir] “driving of someone”

9 [coloŋ] [ɳoloŋi] “stealing of something”

10 [cəkəl] [ɳəkəli]“holding of something /

someone”

11 [cɔlong] [ɳɔloŋ] “rob”

12 [cɔlok] [ɳɔlok] “plug”

Table 7. The distribution of [ɳ-]

As shown in Table 7, the prefix [ɳ] occurs with both voiceless consonants in

palatal and alveolar. All voiceless consonants beginning a stem are deleted

40

when they occur after a nasal as seen on number 1-12. This happens to

voiceless fricative alveolar consonant [s] and voiceless plosive palatal [c]

4.2. The phonological rules governing the distribution of the allophones

4.2.1. The underlying form of the nasal prefix

I found that prefix /ŋ-/ is the base form of the nasal verb prefix,

because it has the widest distributions as shown in the table below,

Table 8. The distribution of prefixes

The underlying representation of the nasal prefix will need a phonological

rule which converts /ŋ/ to [m], [n], and [ɳ] in which following phoneme

begins with these conditions, [ŋ], [ɳ], [m], and [n] are predictable variants

of a single abstract segment which will represent [ŋ] as a morphophoneme,

a phoneme that has function as a phoneme. The sounds of the other

variants are in complementary distribution because the context where one

Kinds of Distribution

Underlying form [ŋ-] Before vowels [a, i, u, e , o], laryngeal glide [h],

velar [k, g], and alveolar [l, r]

Prefix [ɳ-] Before fricative alveolar consonant [s] and

plosive palatal [c]

Prefix [m-] Before plosive bilabial [b, p]

Prefix [n-] Before plosive alveolar consonants [t, d] and

plosive palatal consonant [j]

41

variant appears is the complement of the context where the other sounds

occur.

These processes of changing the Underlying Form in to its

variations in nasalization verb are called Assimilation, Deletion on

Syllable Structure Process and Insertion on Syllable Structure Process.

Assimilation happens when the prefix is attached to fricative alveolar

consonant [s], plosive palatal [c], plosive bilabial [b, p], and plosive

alveolar consonants [t, d].

Beside assimilation, when the prefix is attached to voiceless

fricative alveolar consonant [s], voiceless plosive palatal [c], voiceless

plosive bilabial [p], voiceless plosive alveolar [t], all voiceless consonants

above are deleted. Then it is called deletion on Syllable Structure Process.

When one-syllabic words occur after the nasal prefix, the Schwa [ə]

is added between the prefix and the one-syllabic words. That prefix [ŋ]

assimilates voicing and aspiration from an obstruent which immediately

follows it. In addition, the initial consonant cluster which is are broken up

by Schwa [ə]. It is called insertion on Syllable Structure Process.

4.2.2. The rules of phonological process

According to Schane (1973), when morphemes are combined to

form words, the segments of neighboring morphemes become juxtaposed

and sometimes change. These changes occur in the initial word as a

42

nasalization prefix. All of changes will lead phonological process. There

are two kinds of phonological process of verb nasalization in Banyumasan

dialect; assimilation and syllable structure process. When nasal assimilates

vowels or consonants some process occur deletion or insertion segment

during the nasalization. On the other hand, when nasal deletes one segment

on morphemes without any influence of their neighboring segment, it

occurs deletion on syllable structure process.

4.2.2.1. Assimilation

The /ŋ/ as the basic form of the nasal prefix changes into [m-]

when followed by [b]. This shows a nasalizing bilabial consonant

rule below,

Rule (1)

/ŋ/ [m] / __ [b]

anteriorcoronalnasal

lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__

voicedanteriorcoronalsonorant

lconsonanta

The rule (1) above explains that the nasal [ŋ] has the features

anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal

when it is followed by a

plosive bilabial consonant that has the same features

anteriorcoronal

.

43

The process in the example above is assimilation which happens

when the base form /ŋ-/ is attached to voiced bilabial consonants,

such as /m-/. This happens because the bilabial consonant [b] and

[m] are produced with the same way except for the position of the

velum. These consonants are all produced with a complete closure.

The difference between [b] and [m] only lies on whether the velum

is raised or lowered.

The /ŋ/ as the basic form phoneme of nasal prefix changes into [n-]

when followed by [d]. It shows on nasalizing alveolar consonant

rule below,

Rule (2)

/ŋ/ [n] / __ [d]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta

The rule (2) above explains the nasal that has feature

anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal

when it is followed by

plosive alveolar consonant that has the same features

anteriorcoronal

.


44

when base form prefix /ŋ-/ is attached to voiced alveolar consonants,

such as /n-/. This happens because the alveolar consonant [d] and [n]

are produced with the same way except for the position of the

velum. These consonants are all produced with a complete closure.

The difference between [d] and [n] only lies on whether the soft

palate (velum) is raised or lowered. This is a flap of soft tissue that

separates the mouth from the nasal passages. The tongue is attached

at the front (to the hard palate) and at the sides, but hangs loose at

its rear edge. Various muscles can raise and lower the velum. When

the velum is high, then the velar port is closed, and air is confined

to the oral passage.

The /ŋ/ as the basic form phoneme of nasal prefix changes into [n-]

when followed by [j]. It shows on nasalizing palatal consonant rule

below,

Rule (3)

/ŋ/ [n] / __ [j]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta

45


anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal


plosive palatal consonant that has the same features

anteriorcoronal

.


when base form prefix /ŋ-/ is attached to voiced alveolar consonants,

such as /n-/. This happens because the alveolar consonant [j] and [n]

are produced with the same coronal place (the blade or tip of the

tongue raised from the neutral position). These consonants are all

produced with a complete closure. The other difference between [j]

and [n] lies on whether the soft palate (velum) is raised or lowered.

This is a flap of soft tissue that separates the mouth from the nasal

passages. The mouth is attached at the front (to the hard palate) and

at the sides, but hangs loose at its rear edge. Various muscles can

raise and lower the velum. When the velum is high, then the velar

port is closed, and air is confined to the oral passage.

4.2.2.2. Syllable Structure Process

The /ŋ/ as the basic form is produced when followed by [k] with

deletion process. It shows on nasalizing velar consonant rule below,

46

Rule (4)

/ŋ/ [ŋ] + / __ [k]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__

voicedanteriorcoronalnasal

lconsonanta

The rule (4) above explains the underlying form that has feature

anteriorcoronal

is followed by plosive velar consonant that has the

same features

anteriorcoronal

, meanwhile another rule is

Rule (5)

[k] Ø / [ŋ] ____


lconsonanta

Ø /


lconsonanta

____

The rule (5) above explains when [-voiced] velar consonant which

is attached to nasal prefix is deleted when it occurs after a nasal.

The way of producing voiceless consonant occurs when the vocal

cords are not vibrating during the stoppage.

It shows consonant deletion on syllable structure processes. It is

caused after the nasal prefix attach to voiceless velar consonant.

The voiceless consonant will be glide over the vowel as the

47

neighboring segment. The dissipation of /k/ sound occurs after

nasal prefix in Banyumasan dialect because the /k/ sound at the

same position of the out air which is completely blocked up by

putting the back of the tongue against the velum.

The /ŋ/ as the basic form of nasal prefix changes into [m-] when

followed by [p] with deletion process. It shows on nasalizing

bilabial consonant rule below,

Rule (6)

/ŋ/ [m] + / __ [p]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta

The rule (6) above explain the nasal that has feature

anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal



anteriorcoronal

,

meanwhile another rule is

48

Rule (7)

[p] Ø / [m] ____


lconsonanta

Ø /


lconsonanta

____

The rule (7) above also explains when [-voiced] bilabial consonant

which is attached to nasal prefix are deleted when it occurs after a

nasal. The way of producing voiceless consonant occurs when the

vocal cords are not vibrating during the stoppage.




neighboring segment. The dissipation of /p/ sound occurs after

nasal prefix in Banyumasan dialect because the /p/ sound at the



The /ŋ/ as the basic form of nasal prefix changes into [ɳ-] when

followed by [s] with deletion process. It shows on nasalizing

alveolar consonant rule below,

49

Rule (8)

/ŋ/ [ɳ] + / __ [s]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta

The rule above explains the nasal that has feature

anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal



anteriorcoronal

.

This happens because the alveolar consonant [s] and [ɳ] are

produced with the same coronal place (the blade or tip of the

tongue raised from the neutral position). Meanwhile another rule is

Rule (9)

[s] Ø / [ɳ] ____


lconsonanta

Ø /


lconsonanta

____

However, the rule (9) above also explains when [-voiced] alveolar

consonant which is attached to nasal prefix are deleted when it

occurs after a nasal. The way of producing voiceless consonant

occurs when the vocal cords are not vibrating during the stoppage.

50




neighboring segment. The dissipation of /s/ sound occurs after

nasal prefix in Banyumasan dialect because the /s/ sound at the



The /ŋ/ as the basic form of nasal prefix changes into [ɳ-] when

followed by [c] with deletion process. It shows on nasalizing

palatal consonant rule below,

Rule (10)

/ŋ/ [ɳ] / __ [c]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta


anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal



anteriorcoronal

,


51

Rule (11)

[c] Ø / [ɳ] ____


lconsonanta

Ø /


lconsonanta

____

However, the rule (11) above also explains when [-voiced] palatal

consonant which is attached to nasal prefix are deleted when it

occurs after a nasal. The way of producing voiceless consonant





neighboring segment. The dissipation of /c/ sound occurs after

nasal prefix in Banyumasan dialect because the /c/ sound at the



The /ŋ/ as the basic form of nasal prefix changes into [n-] when

followed by [t] with deletion process. It shows on nasalizing

alveolar consonant rule below,

52

Rule (12)

/ŋ/ [n] / __ [t]


lconsonanta


lconsonanta

/__


lconsonanta


anteriorcoronal

changes into

anteriorcoronal


plosive alveolar consonant that has the same features

anteriorcoronal

,


Rule (13)

[t] Ø / [n] ____


lconsonanta

Ø /


lconsonanta

____

However, the rule (13) above also explains when [-voiced] alveolar

consonant which is attached to nasal prefix is deleted when it is

occur after a nasal. The way of producing voiceless consonant




53


neighboring segment. The dissipation of /t/ sound occurs after nasal

prefix in Banyumasan dialect because the /t/ sound at the same

position of the out air which is completely blocked up by putting

the back of the tongue against the velum.

4.2.2.3. One-Syllable words

On the other case, to prove [ŋ] as an underlying form of

nasalization prefix, the prefix /ŋ-/ also occurs when attached to the

words that have one syllabic structural component. In this case,

there is an insertion of [ə] between [ŋ] and the first consonant of

the one-syllable word.

Rule (14)

Ø [ə] / [ŋ] ___ [CVC] #

Ø

roundbackhighsonorantsyllabic

/


lconsonantasonorantsyllabic

___ [CVC] #

The rule (14) shows that between the [ŋ] and one-syllable word,

with [CVC] structure occurs insertion of Schwa vowel [ə]. The

Schwa insertion between underlying form /ŋ-/ and one-syllabic

words is to break up the consonant cluster. This shows that the

54

underlying form [ŋ-] which is also a morphophonemic should

attach to another sonorant to make the word easily produced.

55

CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION

The nasal prefix in Banyumasan dialect of Javanese has four phonetic

forms: [ŋ-], [ɳ-], [m-], and [n-]. The difference of these phonetic forms lies on the

place of articulations. The uses of nasal prefix are to show the activate transitive

marker and to show the verbal marker. The active transitive marker is shown by

adding the nasal prefix to verbs to create transitive verb and by adding the nasal

prefix to nouns to create a verb.

The processes of changing the Underlying Form into its variations in

nasalization verb are called Assimilation, Deletion on Syllable Structure Process

and Insertion on Syllable Structure Process. Because of the limitation on the

purpose of this research, the writer believe that this study can be continued on the

further research that analyze more about the phonological rules in Banyumasan

dialect on an extensive object.

56

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