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Thermal Energy Storage Research at
Energy Technology
TES Research in KTH- EGI
Advanced TES concepts using e.g. phase change materials
(PCM) for high energy storage capacity for any temperature.
1. PCM for TES- Material development
• Systematic Design of cheap PCM
• Polyols as renewable and safe PCM
2. TES Components Study
• TES Fundamental Modelling
• Stratified TES Enhancement
• PCM Heat Transfer Enhancement
3. TES Systems Assessments
• Passive Building with Free Cooling
• “Heat on Wheels”: Mobile TES with PCM
• TES for District Heating and Cooling
• Thermal Microgrid with Advanced Storage for the
Polygeneration
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 2
Participates in the IEA’s implementing
agreement on energy storage
(IEA/ECES)
Annex 28: Integration of
Renewable Energies by Distributed
Energy Storage Systems
Annex 24, 29: Advanced Material
Design for Compact TES+ contd
with new annex
Annex 30: Thermal Energy Storage
for Cost Effective Energy
Management and CO2 Mitigation
17TH MAY 2016
KTH TES-
Research
Infrastructure Systems-
studies
Market
T-history
Characterization
Methods Development
Materials
Characterization
What Do We Do?
3 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Components
TES in Polygeneration
TES in LDHC
Mobile TES
Dynamic Simulations,
Optimization
Heat Transfer
Enhancement
Current TES Projects at KTH
• Polyols, Alkanes
• Systematic design of cost-effective
blends using phase diagrams, T-
History
• 5 years (2012-2016)
Materials (PCMs)
• Heat transfer enhancement
• Heat Exchangers
• Single and multi-PCM design
• Experimental, theoretical
• 5 years (2016-2020)
Components
Applications Systems • Heat on Wheels- Mobile TES with
PCMs
• TES applications with Heat Pumps
• Experimental, theoretical
• Techno-economic analysis,
optimization
• 3 years (2014-2016)
1. Low Temperature DHC
• Theoretical, techno-economic analysis
• 4 years (2014-2017)
2. Polygeneration with Thermal Microgrid
• Design and development of thermal
microgrid and PCM storage by modelling
• 4 years (2016-2019)
4 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
Systematic Design of Cost-effective
Phase Change Materials
1. PCM- Materials Development
6 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
PCMs for Thermal Energy Storage (TES)
Cheap PCM with
sharp temperatures of
phase change and
no phase segregation
17TH MAY 2016
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 7
Solid A + Liquid
Solid B + Liquid
Miscible Liquid A+ B
Solid B + Solid P
Solid A + Solid P
Solid P + Liquid
P
E
Tm,A
Tm,B
TE
Tem
pera
ture
XP X1 XE
TP
T1
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Miscible Liquid A+B
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Solid AB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3Solid B + Solid AB3
Liquid + Solid
AB3
Liquid + Solid B
XE1 X1 XP X2 XE2
T1
TmA
TmB
TP
TE2
TE1
0
110
nB, Component BnA, Component A
Tem
pera
ture
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Liquid
P
E
E
CC
Miscible liquidA+ B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Solid A+
Liquid
Solid B+
Liquid
Solid A+
Solid B
Tem
pera
ture
E
XE
TE
(g) (h) (i)
(d) (e)
(c)(b)
Tem
pera
ture
(a)
Miscible liquidA+ B
SSolid solution
A + B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Miscible liquidA+ B
SSolid solution
A + B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Tem
pera
ture
Tem
pera
ture
Miscible liquidA+ B
SSolid solution
A + B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Solid A + Solid B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Tem
pera
ture
Miscible liquidA+ B
Solid solution SA + Solid solution SB
Solid solutionSA
Solid solution
SB
solvus
E
solidus
solidus
Liquidus
Liquidus
Eutectic reaction isotherm
XE
TE
P
SA +Liquid
Liquid + SB
Solid Solution
SA
Solid Solution
SB
Miscible Liquid A + B
Tm,A
Tm,B
Tem
pera
ture
XPX1 X2
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
TP
Solid Solution SA +
Solid Solution SB
(f)
0
110
XB, Component BXA, Component A
SA3B + Liquid
SAB4
SA
SA+ Liquid
Tem
pera
ture SAB
SB
SAB + Liquid
SB+ Liquid
SA+ SA3B
SA3B
+SAB
XE1 X1 XE2 X2 XP X4
TmA
TmB
Miscible Liquid A+B
E
E
CC
CC
A 3B
AB
AB2
P
SB +SAB
SA3B
AB
AB3
P
17TH MAY 2016
8 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Blend PCMs Design → Phase Diagrams Te
mp
erat
ure
Miscible liquidA+ B
SSolid solution
A + B
0
01
1XB, Component B
XA, Component A
Composition
Miscible Liquid A+B
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Solid AB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3Solid B + Solid AB3
Liquid + Solid
AB3
Liquid + Solid B
XE1 X1 XP X2 XE2
T1
TmA
TmB
TP
TE2
TE1
01
10
nB, Component BnA, Component A
(h)
Tem
pera
ture
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Liquid
P
E
E
TE1
17TH MAY 2016
Eutectic
Sharp temperature,
No phase
segregation if no
supercooling
Sharp temperature,
No phase segregation:
same density
Sharp temperature,
No phase segregation:
same density
Congruent Melting
Miscible Liquid A+B
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Solid AB
Solid AB + Solid
AB3Solid B + Solid AB3
Liquid + Solid
AB3
Liquid + Solid B
XE1 X1 XP X2 XE2
T1
TmA
TmB
TP
TE2
TE1
01
10
nB, Component BnA, Component A
(h)
Tem
pera
ture
Solid AB + Liquid
Solid A + Liquid
P
E
E
TE1
Coring, subcooling,
phase segregation
Peritectic
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 9
Polyols as Renewable and Safe PCM
Melting -15 to 245 ˚C
Fusion enthalpies
100-413 kJ/kg
Safe, renewable
materials
Rather expensive,
potential to be
cheaper
Complex behaviors Thermally activated
change
Glass transition
Erythritol
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
OH
OH
HO
OH
Xylitol
C4H10O4
C5H12O5
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51V4cEcSymL.SX316_SY500_CR,0,0,316,500_PIbundle-
3,TopRight,0,0_SX316_SY500_CR,0,0,316,500_SH20_.jpg, http://www.lawyersandsettlements.com/blog/tag/vitaminwater,
http://thechalkboardmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Chewing-Gum.jpg, http://www.cargillfoods.com/na/en/market-
categories/dairy/index.jsp, http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/1576436_delta_cool1.jpg
17TH MAY 2016
Experimental Determination of Blends Phase Diagrams
10 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
• Armed, stainless steel test-tubes,
• Up to 7 samples, 1-2 references (Solid ETP Copper
blocks)
• Hygross Climate Chamber
• T-type thermocouples
Temperature-
History (T-History)
Method
17TH MAY 2016
Erythritol-Xylitol Polyols Blend as PCM
11 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
T-history: Thermal
Properties
SEM imaging XRD analysis
17TH MAY 2016
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
2.1 TES Modelling and Experimentation
2. PCM-TES: Components Studies
PCM Heat Transfer Model Verification
Pump
Water Bath
Computer
Data
Logger
Thermal
Storage
13 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Energy Storage Stratification Enhancements
• Stratification of the water at very small differences in density.
• PCM can reinforce the thermocline and increase storage
capacity slightly.
960
965
970
975
980
985
990
995
1000
1005
0 20 40 60 80 100
De
nsi
ty [
kg/m
3]
Temperature [C]
Density of water
Density
14 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Techno-Economic Optimization of Passive Design
15 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Reuse of Industrial Waste Heat
Industrial waste heat: 20% - 50%
Building sector heating and cooling: 40%
Use of waste heat in residential and service sector
via mobile thermal energy storage (M-TES)
Road
Maritime
Rail
16 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Experimental Validation
17 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
2.2 Heat Transfer Enhancement in PCMs
2. PCM-TES: Components Studies
19 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Main Objective
Areas of Research
20 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
• Conduction: conductivity enhancement through adding nano-particles,
metal foams, powders.
• Convection: enhancing forced and natural convection
• The use of different materials including nano-particles and metal foams
• Investigating new heat exchanger configurations
The research will be conducted by modeling and simulations.
In parallel, experiments will be carried out to validate the
numerical work.
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
3.1 TES for District Heating and Cooling
3. TES Systems Assessments
Decentralized Cold Storage in Stockholm
One way to handle peak loads!
• During charging, it is not possible to return to 16 ° C, leading to
a cost-based penalty under current pricing
• The proportion of cost-effective shaving of the peak load
(power) depends on the load curve - this 10-30% cost
depending on the PCM price.
22 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Description
23
Comparison of impact of % penetration of LTDH subnets in a DH network
– Emphasis in savings and potential additional earning from heat/power generation
• Three types of substations compared:
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Low-Temperature Substation
24
Schematic of the Low-Temperature substation with Primary and
Secondary networks, and low temperature heat sources/storage
The low-temperature substation as link
to connect the secondary network to the
main network
It can use a mix of low-temperature heat
resources:
• Return flow from the primary
network (temperature cascading)
• Solar thermal, Geothermal
• Industrial surplus heat
Thermal energy storages (TES)
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
KTH ROYAL INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY 3. TES Systems Assessments
Background & Aims
17TH MAY 2016 26 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH
Designing and implementing a Thermal Microgrid, including a Small Scale
PCM Thermal Storage, to effectively integrate different rigs in the
Polygeneration lab (i.e., Micro Gas Turbine, Membrane Distiller, Stirling Engine,
Fuel Cell, Gasifier), and balance out the system in order to reach its highest
potential
Aims
27 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Project Focuses
Small Scale PCM Thermal Storage
Thermal Microgird
Integration of different energy components: Smart Control
Strategies
Project Timeline
28 Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
2016
• Mapping out problems and available solutions of collecting and utilizing waste heat in polygeneration systems
• Reviewing PCM technologies suitable for small scale applications
2017
• Designing the thermal microgrid and PCM storage by modelling
• Inter-correlations between different components of the polygeneration system are examined
2018
• Developing the thermal microgrid and PCM storage based on modelling results
• Control strategies and integration methods are evaluated
2019
• System testing and adjustments
• System assessment and sensitivity analysis
29
Contact:
Prof. Viktoria Martin [email protected]
Dr. Justin Ningwei Chiu [email protected]
José Fiacro
Castro Flores [email protected]
Saman Nimali
Gunasekara saman.gunasekara
@energy.kth.se
Thu Trang Nguyen [email protected]
Amir Abdi [email protected]
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 17TH MAY 2016
Acknowledgements
• Swedish Energy Agency (Energimyndigheten)
• SELECT+ Erasmus Mundus joint doctoral program
• KIC InnoEnergy
• International Energy Agency (IEA) ECES Annexes 24, 28, 29 and 30
Thermal Energy Storage Research at EGI-KTH 30 17TH MAY 2016
