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Thermocouple
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Thermocouples
Most frequently used method to measure temperatures with an electrical output signal.
What are thermocouples?
Thermocouples operate under the principle that a circuit made by connecting two dissimilar metals produces a measurable voltage (emf-electromotive force) when a temperature gradient is imposed between one end and the other.They are inexpensive, small, rugged and accurate when used with an understanding of their peculiarities.Thermocouples Principle of Operation
In, 1821 T. J. Seebeck observed the existence of an electromotive force (EMF) at the junction formed between two dissimilar metals (Seebeck effect).Seebeck effect is actually the combined result of two other phenomena, Thomson and Peltier effects.Thomson observed the existence of an EMF due to the contact of two dissimilar metals at the junction temperature.Peltier discovered that temperature gradients along conductors in a circuit generate an EMF.The Thomson effect is normally much smaller than the Peltier effect.Lets take a look at this circuit
How thermocouples work
It is generally reasonable to assume that the emf is generated in the wires, not in the junction. The signal is generated when dT/dx is not zero.When the materials are homogeneous, e, the thermoelectric power, is a function of temperature only. Two wires begin and end at the same two temperatures.Generally, a second order Eqn. is used.
Material EMF versus Temperature
With reference to
the characteristics
of pure Platinum
emf
Temperature
Chromel
Iron
Copper
Platinum-Rhodium
Alumel
Constantan
Thermocouple Effect
Any time a pair of dissimilar wires is joined to make a circuit and a thermal gradient is imposed, an emf voltage will be generated.Twisted, soldered or welded junctions are acceptable. Welding is most common.Keep weld bead or solder bead diameter within 10-15% of wire diameterWelding is generally quicker than soldering but both are equally acceptableVoltage or EMF produced depends on:Types of materials usedTemperature difference between the measuring junction and the reference junctionThermocouple Tables
(EMF-Temperature)
Reference Temperature Systems and Zone Boxes
Ice BathsAccurate and inexpensiveElectronically Controlled ReferencesRequire periodic calibration and are generally not as stable as ice baths, but are more convenient.Zone boxes
A zone of uniform temperaturethat insures all connections made
within the zone are at the same temperature.
What thermocouple materials should be used?
Depends on requirements:Temperature range?Required accuracyChemical resistance issuesAbrasion or vibration resistanceInstallation requirements (size of wire)Thermal conduction requirementsThermocouple Material Vs EMF
Types T, J, and K are most commonly used thermocouples (see Table 16.8 of the Handbook).
Simple TC Model EMF-Temperature Sketch
Two materials Material A (+)Material B (-)Plus and minus refersto how the emf changes
with temperature.
Number junctions around circuit and draw
emf
Temperature
3
1
2
3
1
2
T meter
T junction
Measured Emf
A
B
Law of Intermediate Metals
2) Insertion of an intermediate metal into a thermocouple circuit will not affect the emf voltage output so long as the two junctions are at the same temperature and the material is homogeneous.
Permits soldered and welded joints.A Demonstration of the Law of Intermediate Metals
emf
Temperature
3
1
2
T ref
T 2 and 4
Measured Emf
Fe
C
Fe (+)
C (-)
P (+)
5
4
6
Tcandle
1
2
T measured
3
5
4
6
Signs of the
materials used
Law of Intermediate Temperatures
If a thermocouple circuit develops a net emf1-2 for measuring junction temperatures T1 and T2, and a net emf2-3 for temperatures T2 and T3, then it will develop a net voltage of emf1-3 = emf1-2 + emf2-3 when the junctions are at temperatures T1 and T3.
emf1-2+ emf2-3= emf1-3
T2
T3
T1
T3
T2
T1
A Demonstration of the Law of Intermediate Temperatures
emf
T 1
T 2
Fe
C
T 3
emf23
emf1-2+ emf2-3= emf1-3
emf13
emf12
A Demonstration of the Law of Intermediate Temperatures
emf
T ref
T hot
Measured Emf
Fe
C
1
2
T measured
3
5
4
Hot Zone
1
2
3
4
If a thermocouple circuit of materials A and C generates a net emfA-C when exposed to temperatures T1 and T2, and a thermocouple of materials C and B generates a net emfC-B for the same two temperatures T1 and T2, then a thermocouple made from materials A and B will develop a net voltage of
emfA-B = emfA-C + emfC-B
between temperatures T1 and T2.
Sometimes useful in the calibration of different thermocouple wires.Single and multiplexing
Temperature Measurement Errors
ConductionConvectionRadiationResponse TimeNoiseGrounding issues and shorts, especially on metal surfacesE
=
a
(
T
-
T
o
)
+
b
(
T
-
T
o
)
2