THESIS Development of MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

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6,6,0 Ynbmle Fddfc{ nl 30 Ankf `lk 33 Ankf ․․․․․,․․․․․,․․․․078

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6,4 Wfbm`gmbm{}․,,․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․,,,․․․034

6,4,0 S{wvc{vwf D`mbvwf g} D`{mevf․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․,․․035

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7,5 @ schfa`{mc kmèwà nd ` s{`lk`wk flfwe} h`wtfs{mle s}s{fa․․,,․․․․․․․․73

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3,3 Ywncfss dbnu nd YZ[ chfamc`b kfynsm{mnl,,․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,36

3,; XWK k`{` nd `s kfynsm{fk Y{.[m (079.09la- g} syv{{fwmle,․․․,,․․․․․․․․․,34

3,6 YZ[.Y{ dmba `l`b}sms g} XWK ․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․35

3,4 SFA maèf nd YZ[ dmba ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,․․․,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,․․․,,,,,,,,․38

3,5 YF h}s{fwfsms bnnys nd YZ[ dmbas kfynsm{fk nl kmddfwfl{ {hmcolfss nd `khfsmnlb`}fws․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,3=

3,8 Svgs{w`{f fddfc{ nl ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs, @khfsmnl b`}fws kfynsm{fk gf{uffl SmN7 `lk gn{{na Y{" `lk {hfmw fddfc{s kfscwmgfk g}: (`!g- [m" Cw" `lk [` h`tf kmddfwfl{ fddfc{s nlYZ[,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․,,․,;9

3,= XWK `lk SFA `l`b}sms nd YZ[ dmba nl kmddfwfl{ `khfsmnl b`}fw: (`- XWK `l`b}sms" (g- [m"(c- Cw" `lk (k- [` `khfsmnl b`}fws ․․․․,,․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,;0

3,09 @lebf tmfu nd YZ[ {hml dmba nl Cw `lk [m `khfsmnl b`}fws: (`- Cw `lk (g- [m ․․․․,;7

3,00 Fbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd YZ[ dmbas vsmle kmddfwfl{ hf`{ {wf`{afl{ af{hnk: (`- `s {fayfw`{vwfnl hn{yb`{f (g- Yw " (c- kmfbfc{wmc cnls{`l{" `lk (k- YF bnny `s hf`{ snvwcfs․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,;;

3,07 XWK `l`b}sms nd YZ[ dmba y}wnbmsfk vsmle (`- dvwl`cf `lk (g- hn{yb`{f ,․․․․․,․;6

3,03 XWK `l`b}sms nd YZ[ dmbas um{h kmddfwfl{ {hmcolfss․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․;4

3,0; YF h}s{fwfsms bnny `lk kmfbfc{wmc cnls{`l{ `s dwfpvflc} dnw {hf YZ[ dmbas um{h kmddfwfl{

{hmcolfss․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․,․;5

;,0 Mbbvs{w`{mnl nd cnaanl cnldmevw`{mnls nd yAFAS s{wvc{vwf․․․․․․․․․․,․;=

;,7 Schfa`{mc nd c`l{mbftfw flfwe} h`wtfs{fw um{h ywnnd a`ss `lk {hf ln{`{mnl nd kmaflsmnl․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․,69

;,3 Wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} ts, ufmeh{ nd ywnnd a`ss ml t`wmnvs bfle{hs nd c`l{mbftfws, [hf umk{hsnd {hf gfà `lk a`ss `wf dmxfk `s 7 aa,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,64

;,; Wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} ts, {hmcolfss nd c`l{mbftfw ml t`wmnvs bfle{hs nd c`l{mbftfws uhnsf umk{h

ms dmxfk `{ 7 aa ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․65;,6 S`df{} d c{nw ts, {hmcolfss nd Sm `{ kmddfwfl{ bfle{hs nd c`l{mbftfws, [hf umk{h nd {hf gfà

u`s dmxfk `{ 7 aa `lk {hf ufmeh{ nd a`ss ms cnls{`l{ ․․․․․․․․․․․․68

;,4 @tfwèf s{w`ml nl YZ[ ts, {hmcolfss nd Sm `{ kmddfwfl{ bfle{hs nd c`l{mbftfws uhfl {hf umk{hnd gfà u`s dmxfk `s 7 aa `lk {hf ufmeh{ nd a`ss ms cnls{`l{ ․․․․․․․6=



xm

;,5 Fpvmt`bfl{ bvayfk sywmle a`ss s}s{fa․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․49

;,8 Ywncfss dbnu nd ymfznfbfc{wmc AFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{fw vsmle SNM u`dfw, ,,․․․․․․43

;,= Fkef nd lfe`{mtf yhn{nwfsms{ y`{{fwmle, ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․45

;,09 Kàèfs nl fkef nd Y{.YZ[ dmba `d{fw wfantmle @b af{`b a`so, ,,․,․․․․․․․,48

;,00 [hf mbbvs{w`{mnl nd KWMF․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․,․․․․․․․․,50

;,07 C}cbmc f{chmle `lk y`ssmt`{mnl nd @SF ywncfss,,․․․․,,․,,․․,,․․․․․․․,53

;,03 SFA maèf nd smkf u`bb `lebf ml smbmcnl f{chmle,,․․․,,․․,,․․,,․,,․․․․․,5;

;,0; Kmddfwfl{ f{chmle w`{f {h`l umlknu smzf, [hf smkf nd a`ss u`s ln{ wfbf`sfk" uhmbf {hf n{hfw `wf` s{`w{fk {n f{ch nv{․․․․․․․․․,,․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․,54

;,06 Cw`cos ufwf cwf`{fk nl YZ[ kvf {n s{wnle mnl gnag`wkafl{․․․․․․,,․․․․,55;,04 SFA maèf nd f{chfk YZ[ dmba svwd`cf ml cwnss sfc{mnl tmfu,,․․․․․․․․․․5=

;,05 0s{ eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl ,,․․․․․․,,․․,․87

;,08 7lk eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl,,․․․․,․․․․,,,․8;

;,0= 3wk eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl ․․․,,․․․․․,,․84

;,79 Ywn{n{}yf c`l{mbftfw `ww } ․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․,․․․․․,․․,․85

;,70 Yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw c`l{mbftfw `ww`} ywn{n{}yf ․․․․․․․․․․,․․․,,88;,77 ;{h eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl ․․․․․․,․․,,,․8=

;,73 6{h eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl․․․․․,,․․․․,,,=0

6,0 Schfa`{mc nd fxyfwmafl{`b sf{vy dnw flfwe} h`wtfs{fw․․,․․․․,․․,․․․․․=7

6,7 C`l{mbftfws h`tf kmddfwfl{ `tfwèf {hmcolfssfs nl Sm vlkfw b`}fw { (`- 099 βa" (g- 79 βa"`lk (c- 09 βa (c`l{mbftfw u`s gfl{ kvf {n ml{fwl`b s{wfss-․․․․․․․․,․․․․․=;

6,3 Efnaf{wmc ew`yh nd c`l{mbftfw”s {hmcolfss: (`- Sàybfk c`l{mbftfws `lk {hfmw bnc`{mnl" (g-

[hmcolfss `{ {hf jnml{ nl ywnnd a`ss" (c- [hmcolfss `{ {hf amkkbf nd c`l{mbftfw" `lk (k-[hmcolfss `{ {hf jnml{ nl `lchnw․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․=4

6,; [hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} nd c`l{mbftfw d`gwmc`{fk nl Sm u`dfw․․․․․․․․,․․,․=5

6,6 Wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} ms tfw} sflsm{mtf {n {hf {hmcolfss nd {hf gfà․․,,․․․,․․․,=8

6,4 (`- Nv{yv{ yfò tnb{èf (g- Ynufw dwna smlebf c`l{mbftfw nl Sm,,․․,,․․․․․․․==



xmm

6,5 Cnlc`tf f{chmle ywndmbf `d{fw smbmcnl f{chmle․․․․․․․․․․․,,,․․․․․,090

6,8 Cnay`wmsnl gf{uffl wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflcmfs nd fs{ma`{fk `lk af`svwfk t`bvfs․․,․․097

6,= Nv{yv{ yfò tnb{èf `lk ynufw nd kftmcf d`gwmc`{fk nl SNM u`dfw,,․․․․․․․․,,093

6,09 Wfsnl`lcf dwfpvflcmfs nd c`l{mbftfw `ww`} d`gwmc`{fk nl (`- Sm u`dfw" `lk (g- SNM u`dfw"`lk nv{yv{ tnb{èf dwna kftmcf ml suffy ankf dnw (c- Sm u`dfw" `lk (k- SNM u`dfw, [hf`ccfbfw`{mnl ms 0 e․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․,․096

6,00 Ywn{n{}yfs nd yAFAS c`l{mbftfw `ww`}s, ․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․,․095

6,07 [hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} nd ` c`l{mbftfw `ww`} d`gwmc`{fk nl `l SNM u`dfw,․․․,․,․,095

6,03 (`- [hf nv{yv{ tnb{èf ts, dwfpvflc}" `lk (g- {hf yh`sf shmd{ nd C0" C7" `lk C3 dwna {hf yh`sf nd {hfmw y`w`bbfb cnllfc{mnl (C0/C7/C3- ․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․,,․09=

6,0; [hf smel`bs dwna dnvw c`l{mbftfws `lk {hfmw wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} `{ 77=,0 Hz? (`- Yfò!{n!yfò tnb{èf" `lk (g- nv{yv{ ynufw um{h wfsms{mtf bn`k․․․․․․․,․․․․,,,․009

6,06 [hf eflfw`{fk cvwwfl{ `{ {hf ny{ma`b wfsms{`lcf bn`k `s lvagfw nd c`l{mbftfws ml y`w`bbfbcnllfc{mnl․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․003

6,04 @C nv{yv{ nd dnvw c`l{mbftfws `lk {hfmw y`w`bbfb cnllfc{mnl,,,․․․․,․ ․․․․․,00;

6,05 Nv{yv{ yfò tnb{èf `lk ynufw `s wfsms{`lcf bn`k dwna sfwm`b cnllfc{fk `ww`}․․․,,006

6,08 [hf eflfw`{fk cvwwfl{ `{ {hf ny{ma`b wfsms{`lcf bn`k `s lvagfw nd c`l{mbftfws ml sfwm`bcnllfc{mnl,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․,․․․․․․,,․․․,,004

6,0= [hf s{wvc{vwf dnw vlmdnwa s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․008

6,79 [hf cnldmevw`{mnl nd fbfc{wnkf dnw efnaf{wmc s{wfss cnlcfl{w`{mnl: (`- wfc{`levb`w" (g-{w`yfznmk`b, ,,․․․․․․․․․․․․,,,,․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,,,00=

6,70 [hf cnldmevw`{mnl nd fbfc{wnkf `lk afsh fbfafl{s nl (`- wfc{`levb`w `lk (g-{w`yfznmk`b․․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․,,,․079

6,77 [hf nv{yv{ ynufws nd kmddfwfl{ fbfc{wnkfs dnw (`- {hf wfc{`levb`w `lk (g- {hf {w`yfznmk`bc`l{mbftfw `cwnss {hf wfsms{mtf bn`k, [hfmw a`xmava ynufw u`s cnay`wfk um{h {hf DFA

a n k f b m l e s { w ` m l s d n w ( c - { h f w f c { ` l e v b ` w ` l k ( k - { h f { w ` y f z n m k ` bc`l{mbftfw,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․077

6,73 [hf s{w`ml ywndmbfs dwna `lchnw {n a`ss dnw {hf wfc{`levb`w `lk {hf {w`yfznmk`b!sh`yfkc`l{mbftfws, ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․,,․․․․․․․․073

6,7; [hf eflfw`{fk {n{`b ynufws dwna wfc{`levb`w `lk {w`yfznmk`b, ,,․,,,,,,,,,,․․․․․․07;



xmmm

6,76 [hf nv{yv{ a`xmava ynufw ts, c`l{mbftfw sh`yf,,․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․,076

6,74 Schfa`{mc mbbvs{w`{mnl nd 30 ankf (`- `lk 33 ankf (g- c`l{mbftfwfk ymfznfbfc{wmc flfwe}h`wtfs{fws,,․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․,074

6,75 Schfa`{mc nd MKF․․․․․․․․․․․,,,․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․,075

6,78 Ynbmle kmwfc{mnls nl MKF {h`{ shnu kf`k znlf `s ewf} cnbnw ․․․․,,,․․․․․․078

6,7= Ynb`wmz`{mnl h}s{fwfsms bnny dnw {hf YZ[ dmba nl YFH․․․,․․․,․,,,․,,․,,․․,039

6,39 Nv{yv{ ynufw `s {hf ynbmle cnlkm{mnls․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․030

6,30 (`- Y!F bnny `d{fw KC gm`sfk ynbmle `{ hmeh {fayfw`{vwf (g- {hf shmd{ nd cnfwcmtf dmfbk `skmwfc{mnl nd ynbmle․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,037

6,37 [hf yfwdnwa`lcf nd YFH `s ynbmle cnlkm{mnls: (`- nv{yv{ tnb{èf `lk (g- nv{yv{

ynufw․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․,,,0376,33 [hf ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl nd {hf YZ[ dmba ml k33 ankf YFH: (`- h}s{fwfsms bnny $ (g- XWK

`l`b}sms․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,033

6,3; (`-nv{yv{ tnb{èf `s kmddfwfl{ ynbmle cnlkm{mnls $ (g- nv{yv{ tnb{èf `{ nyfl!cmwcvm{ `s ynbmle dmfbk․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․․,03;

6,36 [hf cnay`wmsnl gf{uffl 30 `lk 33 ankf cnltfwsmnl g`sfk nl c`l{mbftfw kmsyb`cfafl{: (`-nv{yv{ dwna 30 ankf" (g- nv{yv{ dwna 33 ankf․․․․․․․․,․․․․․․․,036

6,34 SFA maèf nd dw`c{vwfk svwd`cf nd c`l{mbftfw,,․,․․․․․․․․,․․․․,․․․03=

6,35 [hf ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd YZ[ `d{fw yb`sa` f{chmle․․․․․․․․․․․,․0;0

6,38 Nv{yv{ tnb{èf `lk wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} `s lvagfw nd c}cbmc bn`k․․․․․,․․․,․0;7

6,3= Nv{yv{ tnb{èfs ts, dwfpvflc} um{h kmddfwfl{ {fayfw`{vwf,,․․․․․․․․․․․,,,0;;

6,;9 Wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} shmd{ um{h {fayfw`{vwf․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․․․0;6

6,;0 [hf nv{yv{ tnb{èf ts, {fayfw`{vwf um{h nyfl cmwcvm{,,․,․․․․․․․,,․․․․,,0;4



xmt

Bms{ nd [`gbfs

0,0 T`wmnvs yn{fl{m`b ynufw snvwcfs dwna àgmfl{ `lk cnay`wmsnl nd afsn smzf flfwe}h`wtfs{mle kftmcfs, [hf ynufw kflsm{} h`s vlm{ ml βU.ca3 nw ca7․․,,․․․․․․․,6

0,7 [hf yn{fl{m`b tmgw`{mnl snvwcfs `lk {hfmw ch`w`c{fwms{mcs․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,4

0,3 Cnay`wmsnl nd {hwff {}yfs nd {w`lskvcfws․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․,5

7,0 Wfb`{mnlshmy gf{uffl {flsnw ln{`{mnl `lk a`{wmx ln{`{mnl․․․․․․․․․․,,․․,03

7,7 Cnvybmle cnfddmcmfl{ t`bvfs nd {}ymc`b ymfznfbfc{wmc a`{fwm`bs․․․․․․․․․․․,06

7,3 Cnay`wmsnl nd ymfznfbfc{wmc cnfddmcmfl{s nd {hf wfywfsfl{`{mtf a`{fwm`bs ml {hml dmbasc`bf․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․,04

7,; Cnay`wmsnl gf{uffl k33 `lk k30 ankf dnw flfwe} h`wtfs{fw․․․․․․․,․,․․․,77

7,6 [hf cnay`wmsnl nd wfynw{fk AFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{fw․․․․․․․․․․․․,․․,78

3,0 Cnay`wmsnl nd kfynsm{mnl af{hnk dnw dfwwnfbfc{wmc a`{fwm`bs․․․․․․․․․․․,37

3,7 Yw " ζw " `lk k 30 nd YZ[ dmba kfynsm{fk nl kmddfwfl{ `khfsmnl b`}fws․․․․․,,․․․․,;9

;,0 [hf a`{fwm`b cnls{`l{s․․․․․․,,․․․․․,,․․․․․․․․․․,,․․․․,63

;,7 Syfcmdmc`{mnl `lk mssvfs nd mlkmtmkv`b b`}fws ml d`gwmc`{mle yAFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{fws․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․4;

;,3 Y`wàf{fws nd bm{hnew`yh} ywncfssfs ․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․․,,․․,4=

;,; [hf ywncfss t`wm`gbfs `lk {hfmw fddfc{ nl f{chmle․․․․․․․․․․․,,,․,․․․,50

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44

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48

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59

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50

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53

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56

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54

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55

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sàf sàybf" m{ sffas {h`{ {hf cw`cos ufwf mlm{m`{fk dwna {hf f{chfk wfemnl `lk ufwf c`vsfk g}



58

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{hf cw`cos ufwf s{mbb dnvlk um{h {hf d`s{ f{chmle w`{f, [hf ynufw" chàgfw ywfssvwf" `lk e`s dbnu

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899 399 6 79 769 ;9!Ankfw`{f f{chmle w`{f!Cw`co nl YZ[ dmba

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499 069 79 39 739 59 ! Ankfw`{f f{chmle w`{f! Ln kàèf

499 099 6 79 =9 09 ! Sbnu f{chmle w`{f

Yhn{nwfsms{ ms sfbfc{fk `s {hf a`so dnw {hf KWMF ywncfss kvf {n m{s cbf`l y`{{fwlmle `lk

bf`s{ ànvl{ nd cwf`{fk s{wfss `s cnay`wfk {n {hf af{`bbmc dmbas {h`{ c`l mlkvcf kftmcf d`mbvwf

kvwmle d`gwmc`{mnl kvf {n {hfmw hmeh ml{fwl`b s{wfss, SmN7 `lk {hml af{`b b`}fws (Y{.[m- ufwf `bsn

fddfc{mtfb} f{chfk nv{ g} {hf sàf wfcmyf dnw YZ[ f{chmle" `s sffl ml [`gbf ;,8, [hf hmeh



5=

anafl{va nd mnl gnag`wkafl{ wfsvb{fk ml `l `ccfy{`gbf f{chmle w`{f dnw {hf tfw} {hml

Y{.[m.SmN7 dmbas,

YZ[.Y{.[m.SmN7 b`}fw cnvbk gf tfw{mc`bb} f{chfk `d{fw 76 aml nd f{chmle {maf" `lk m{s cwnss

sfc{mnl tmfu ms shnul ml Dmevwf ;,04, [hf kf{`mbfk wfcmyf dnw @NF ms shnul ml [`gbf ;,8,

Dmevwf ;,04 SFA maèf nd f{chfk YZ[ dmba svwd`cf ml cwnss sfc{mnl tmfu

[`gbf ;,8 @NF wfcmyf

B`}fws Ewnu{h [hmcolfss Sfbfc{mtm{} F{chmle w`{f F{chmle cnlkm{mnls

SmN7 Uf{ nxmk`{mnl 699 la 0:0(s- =9 la.aml

499U(c-" 069U(y-"39scca(Ss

[mml{fwb`}fw

Aèlf{wnlsyv{{fwmle

09 la

Y{fbfc{wnkf

Aèlf{wnlsyv{{fwmle

079 la 0:39(s- 73 la.aml

YZ[67.;8

Snb!efb kfynsm{mnl 0 ¶a 0:09(s- 59 la.aml

(c-: Cnmb ynufw" (y-: Yb`{fl ynufw" (s- sfbfc{mtm{} {n @Z 670; yhn{nwfsms{" KWMF h`s hfbmva cnnbmle s}s{fa



89

;,7,; Kfsmelmle a`sos g`sfk nl ny{mamzfk yAFAS ywncfss

Dnw svccfssdvb d`gwmc`{mnl nd ymfznfbfc{wmc!g`sfk AFAS kftmcfs" {un ywncfssfs shnvbk gf

ny{mamzfk, Dmws{" {hf ml{few`{mnl nd YZ[ nl {hf Sm u`dfw ms ` of} mssvf nd ymfznfbfc{wmc!g`sfk

sflsnws" `c{v`{nws" `lk flfwe} h`wtfs{fws, @b{hnveh YZ[ h`s tfw} hmeh ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs ml

gvbo sc`bf" {hf kfew`k`{mnl nd m{s ywnyfw{mfs ameh{ nccvw ml dmba sc`bf, [hf n{hfw ms {h`{ {hf kfsmel

`lk d`gwmc`{mnl ywncfss ufwf ny{mamzfk dnw {hf svccfssdvb flfwe} h`wtfs{fw, @ lnl!vlmdnwa

f{chmle ywndmbf kvwmle amcwna`chmlmle ms ` a`jnw mssvf ml d`gwmc`{mle yAFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{fws,

[hf amcwna`chmlmle ameh{ wfsvb{ ml {hf kfew`k`{mnl nd ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs" {hf shmd{ nd wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} dwna {hf {`wef{fk nlf" `lk ` kfcwf`sf ml {hf afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h kvf {n s{wfss

cnlcfl{w`{mnl nl {hf ufò y`w{ kvwmle wfsnl`{mle, [hms sfc{mnl shnus hnu {hf kfsmelmle a`sos

h`tf gffl kftfbnyfk cnlsmkfwmle {hf ny{mamzfk dmba kfynsm{mnl `lk amcwna`chmlmle, [hf a`sos

ufwf kfsmelfk g} ` B@SM snd{u`wf {nnb,

[hf dmws{ a`so ml Dmevwf ;,05 u`s kfsmelfk g} dnbbnumle cnlcfy{s `lk wfsvb{fk ml {hf

dnbbnumle:

0, [hf wfc{`levb`w c`l{mbftfw `lk gwmkef s{wvc{vwfs ufwf mlcbvkfk ml {hms a`so, [hf gwmkef

s{wvc{vwf um{hs{nnk ` tfw} hmeh `ccfbfw`{mnl" gv{ {hf nv{yv{ smel`bs ufwf tfw} bnu, [hf

kf{`mb ft`bv`{mnl nd {hf gwmkef s{wvc{vwf kn ln{ `yyb} ml {hms s{vk},

7, [hf a`ml ngjfc{mtfs nd {hf dmws{ a`so ufwf {n ny{mamzf {hf d`gwmc`{mnl ywncfss `lk tfwmd}{hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc}, @d{fw f{chmle nv{ {hf uhnbf Sm b`}fw" {hf Y{.YZ[.Y{.[m.SmN7 avb{m

b`}fw u`s sfwmnvsb} gfl{ vy kvf {n ml{fwl`b s{wfss `s ywfkmc{fk, [hf gflkmle cvwt`{vwf u`s

sn b`wef ntfw =9 kfewffs {h`{ {hf c`l{mbftfw s{wvc{vwf `bans{ d`mbfk um{hnv{ {hf smbmcnl



80

svgs{w`{f, [hf kftmcfs ufwf `bsn f`smb} gwnofl knul kvwmle c`wwmèf,

3, Gfsmkfs cnayfls`{mle dnw {hf ml{fwl`b s{wfss g} `yyb}mle {hml nxmkf dmbas `lk.nw

cnl{wnbbmle {hfmw s{wfss g} ` ewnu{h af{hnk" {hf wfa`mlmle Sm vlkfw b`}fw u`s chnsfl kvf

{n f`s} d`gwmc`{mnl `lk gfc`vsf m{ svyybmfss hmeh afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h, [hf gflkmle

cnldmevw`{mnls nd {hf c`l{mbftfw s{wvc{vwf `s Sm {hmcolfss umbb gf ml{wnkvcfk ml Ch`y{fw 6,

[hf {hmcolfss nd {hf Sm b`}fw cnvbk gf cnl{wnbbfk g} `kjvs{mle {hf f{chmle y`wàf{fws nd `

KWMF Sm f{chmle s}s{fa,

;, [hf cnltfl{mnl`b bè fddfc{ u`s dnvlk kvwmle wfbf`smle c`l{mbftfw g} Sm f{chmle, [hf

kmddfwfl{ umlknu smzf mlkvcfk {hf lnl!vlmdnwa f{chmle w`{f, Smlcf {hf bè fddfc{ wfpvmwfk`kkm{mnl`b f{chmle {maf {n cnaybf{f wfbf`smle nd {hf c`l{mbftfws" m{ u`s h`wk {n cnl{wnb {hf

`ccvw`{f Sm {hmcolfss nlb} g} f{chmle {maf,

@d{fw fxàmlmle {hf df`smgmbm{} nd {hf d`gwmc`{mnl ywncfss vsmle {hf dmws{ a`so" {hf sfcnlk

a`so u`s kfsmelfk cnlsmkfwmle {hf Sm afagw`lf,



87

Dmevwf ;,05 0s{ eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl

[hf sfcnlk a`so ms shnul ml Dmevwf ;,08" `lk m{ u`s kfsmelfk cnlsmkfwmle {hf dnbbnumle

mssvfs `lk wfsvb{fk ml:

0, [hf Sm vlkfw b`}fw uhnsf en`b {hmcolfss u`s 79 βa,

7, [hf e`y gf{uffl {hf c`l{mbftfw `lk {hf nv{smkf umlknu u`s vlmdmfk {n ywftfl{ {hf bè

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smkf `lk hf`k nd ywnnd a`ss, [hf {hmcolfss nd {hf Sm vlkfw b`}fw svyynw{s {hf YZ[ `c{mtf

b`}fw `lk c`l gf cnl{wnbbfk um{hnv{ {hf bè,

3, [hf fbfc{wnkf smzf u`s flb`wefk {n fl`gbf h`lk!umwmle" `lk {hf gn{{na fbfc{wnkf u`s

`kkfk dnw cbf`w cnl{`c{,



83

;, [hf {ny fbfc{wnkf smzf u`s wfkvcfk cnay`wmle YZ[ b`}fw {n ywftfl{ ynssmgbf fbfc{wmc

shnw{èf gf{uffl {hf {ny `lk gn{{na Y{ fbfc{wnkf `d{fw d`gwmc`{mle, [hf fbfc{wmc shnw{èf

cnvbk gf ywftfl{fk g} wfkvcmle {hf smzf nd {hf {ny fbfc{wnkf g} 06 ¶a,

6, [hf ywn{n{}yf nd {hf c`l{mbftfw `ww`} u`s {fs{fk, [hf lnl!vlmdnwam{} nd {hf kftmcf

kmaflsmnls ml u`dfw sc`bf ameh{ fxms{ dwna {hf cfl{fw {n fkef nw wmeh{ {n bfd{ kvf {n {hf

syfcm`b kflsm{} nd yb`sa` `lk {vwgvbflcf nd wf`c{mtf e`sfs, [hf kmscwfy`lc} nd wfsnl`l{

dwfpvflc} nd f`ch c`l{mbftfw kvf {n lnl!vlmdnwa f{chmle w`{f umbb gf ml{wnkvcfk ml

Ch`y{fw 6,

4, [hf lnl!vlmdnwa f{chmle ywndmbfs nl {hf smkf u`bb nd {hf ywnnd a`ss `lk {hf svwd`cf nd Smvlkfw b`}fw ufwf dnvlk g} SFA `l`b}sms, Svch ` lnl!vlmdnwa f{chmle ywndmbfs mlkvcfk

{hf shmd{ nd wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} dwna c`bcvb`{fk t`bvfs, [hf ywncfss u`s ny{mamzfk {n

maywntf f{chmle ywndmbfs" gv{ {hf WMF ywncfss h`s ` bmam{`{mnl {n a`ml{`ml {hf svddmcmfl{

f{chmle w`{f, [hf f{chmle {ny b`}fw u`s wfpvmwfk dnw {hf vlmdnwa ywndmbf {n ng{`ml ` en`b

wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc},

5, [hf c`l{mbftfws h`tf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflcmfs vlkfw 099 Hz, [hf kmaflsmnls nd {hf

c`l{mbftfw ufwf t`wmfk {n fxàmlf {hf umk{h" bfle{h" `lk ufmeh{ nd {hf ywnnd a`ss, [hf

kf{`mbfk kmaflsmnls `wf kfln{fk ml [`gbf ;,= `lk [`gbf ;,09, [hf ln{`{mnls ml {hf [`gbfs

`wf g`sfk nl Dmevwf ;,7,



8;

Dmevwf ;,08 7lk eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl



86

[`gbf ;,= Kmaflsmnl `lk wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} nd smlebf c`l{mbftfw ml 7lk a`so

Uy By B Ua Ha Ba Dw #

699

7099 ;099

7999 699 7999

== 0

7499 ;499 83 7

3099 6099 50 3

3;99 ;=990699 699 0699

090 ;

;099 6499 87 6

7699 ;6990699 699 7999

== 4

3099 6099 87 5

0999

3799 67997999 699 7999

=8 8

3899 6899 83 =7999 ;699

7699 699 7699=5 09

7699 6999 83 00

0499 ;4997999 699 3999

=4 07

7099 6099 87 03

7999 69990699 699 3999

=5 0;

7499 6499 87 06

7499 6499 0999 699 3999 099 043399 4399 83 05

[`gbf ;,09 Kmaflsmnl `lk wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} nd c`l{mbftfw `ww`} ml 7lk a`so

Uy By B Ua Ha Ba Dw #

699 7099 ;099 7999 699 7999 == 0

0999 7699 6999 7699 699 7699 83 00



84

[hf {hmwk a`so ms shnul ml Dmevwf ;,0=" `lk m{ u`s kfsmelfk `lk wfsvb{fk `s dnbbnus:

0, [hf a`so u`s kfsmelfk {n {fs{ t`wmnvs sh`yfs nd c`l{mbftfw s{wvc{vwfs svch `s cmwcvb`wb}

dmbbf{fk ln{ch `lk{w`yfznmk,

7, @ SNM u`dfw um{h 79 ¶a Sm kftmcf b`}fw u`s vsfk dnw ` vlmdnwa Sm vlkfw b`}fw" `lk {n

tfwmd} {hf ankfbmle nd {hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc},

3, [hf kfsmel w`kmc`bb} bnc`{fk {hf kftmcfs dwna {hf cfl{fw nd {hf u`dfw {n mltfs{me`{f {hf

vlmdnwa f{chmle w`{f ml {hf u`dfw sc`bf, [hf hmehb} kflsf bnc`{mnl nd {hf c`l{mfbtfw u`s

fl`gbfk uhfl vsmle {hf kmcmle bmlf nd {hf smbmcnl f{chmle a`so" `lk ` hmeh ywnkvc{ }mfbk

ameh{ gf ynssmgbf, [hf d`mbvwf kvwmle {hf kmcmle kftmcf `bsn ameh{ `bsn gf ywftfl{fk

Dmevwf ;,0= 3wk eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl



85

[hf c`l{mbftfw `ww`} u`s {fs{fk ml y`w`bbfb cnllfc{mnl dnw hmeh cvwwfl{ }mfbk, [hf c`l{mbftfw `ww`}

u`s bnc`{fk ml w`kmc`b dnw vlmdnwa f{chmle, [hfsf ywn{n{}yfs ufwf wfb`{mtfb} b`wef sc`bf {n

ngsfwtf {hf df`smgmbm{} nd {hf c`l{mbftfw `ww`}, [hf d`gwmc`{fk ywn{n{}yfs `wf ymc{vwfk ml Dmevwf

;,79" `lk {hf a`so ms shnul ml Dmevwf ;,70, [hf SmN7 b`}fw c`l gf sffl nl {hf g`cosmkf nd {hf

c`l{mbftfw" `lk {hf wfdbfc{fk cnbnw shnus {hf lnl!vlmdnwa {hmcolfss nd {hf SmN7 `d{fw @SF

f{chmle, [hf kmddfwfl{ gf{uffl {hf a`xmava `lk amlmava {hmcolfss ms tfw} sa`bb" vlkfw 399

la" uhfl mlsyfc{mle {hf cnbnw ch`w{ nd SmN7,

Dmevwf ;,79 ywn{n{}yf c`l{mbftfw `ww`}



88

Dmevwf ;,70 yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw c`l{mbftfw `ww`} ywn{n{}yf

[hf dnvw{h a`so (Dmevwf ;,70- u`s kfsmelfk {n s{vk} {hf ankfbmle nd wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc}"

ml{fwkmem{`{fk fbfc{wnkf" `lk sfwm`bb} cnllfc{fk `ww`}" afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h" `lk efnaf{w} s{wfss

nl {hf c`l{mbftfw, [hf kf{`mbfk kmaflsmnls `s ` dvlc{mnl nd kftmcf `wf kfln{fk ml [`gbf ;,00,



8=

Dmevwf ;,77 ;{h eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl

[`gbf ;,00 Kmaflsmnl nd kftmcfs nl ;{h a`so

Cnaafl{sC`b dw (Hz-

S`df{} d`c{nw

By (a- Uy (a- Ua (a- Ba(a-

@ww`} (S $ Y- 076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

k33 076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

Efnaf{w}s{wfss {fs{

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

Umk{h chfco

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 3,99F!93 3,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 ;,99F!93 ;,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 6,99F!93 6,99F!93 3,99F!93



=9

Dwfpvflc}chfco

04=,=8 =,57 3,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

0;6,90 8,57 3,69F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

009,07 5,77 ;,69F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

=5,65 4,4; 6,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

85,73 4,0; 6,69F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

Bfle{h.Umk{h

W`{mn

076,68 5,=9 ;,99F!93 7,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,;6 4,40 3,67F!93 0,69F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,84 6,35 3,09F!93 0,99F!93 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

076,6= 3,;7 7,05F!93 6,99F!9; 7,99F!93 3,99F!93

[hf dmd{h a`so ml Dmevwf ;,73 u`s kfsmelfk `s dnbbnus:

0, [n mltfs{e`{f {hf smzf fddfc{" ynbmle fddfc{" èmle `lk d`{mevf fddfc{" `lk efnaf{w} s{wfss

{fs{ `s c`l{mbftfw sh`yfs,

7, [hf {w`yfznmk ameh{ `b{fw {hf s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl `lk mlcwf`sf {hf nv{yv{ ynufw, [hf

{w`yfznmk`b c`l{mbftfw ml {hf {hmwk a`so shnufk ln maywntfafl{ nd nv{yv{ ynufw, [hf

s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl umbb gf fxàmlfk g} {hwff kmddfwfl{ fbfc{wnkfs bnc`{fk nl {hf lf`w

`lchnw" amkkbf nd c`l{mbftfw" `lk lf`w ywnnd a`ss, [hf nv{yv{ smel`bs dwna {hwff

fbfc{wnkfs umbb gf vsfk {n `l`b}zf s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl, Smel`bs dwna {hf wfc{`levb`w

c`l{mbftfw um{h {hf sàf fbfc{wnkf cnldmevw`{mnl umbb gf cnay`wfk `lk `lb}zfk,



=0

Dmevwf ;,73 6{h

eflfw`{mnl yhn{nbm{hew`yhmc a`so dnw ywn{n{}yf d`gwmc`{mnl



=7

CH@Y[FW 6KFTMCF CH@W@C[FWMZ@[MNL @LK @L@B]SMS

6,0 Fxyfwmafl{`b sf{vy dnw ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl

[hf nv{yv{ smel`bs dwna {hf flfwe} h`wtfs{fw anvl{fk nl `l fbfc{wnaèlf{mc shòfw

(B`gunwos Ml," F[!037!793- ufwf af`svwfk g} `l nscmbbnscnyf ([fo{wnlmx" [KS390;G-, [hf

smlvsnmk`b tmgw`{mnl nd {hf shòfw u`s cnl{wnbbfk g} `l àybmdmfk snvwcf dwna `l fx{fwl`b

dvlc{mnl eflfw`{nw (@embfl{ 33779@-, [hf eflfw`{fk tmgw`{mnl u`s smavb{`lfnvsb} anlm{nwfk g}

`l `ccfbfwnaf{fw (YCG ymfznfbfc{wnlmcs Mlc," 367C46- uhnsf smel`b u`s anlm{nwfk g} {hf

nscmbbnscnyf, [hf nv{yv{ tnb{èf dwna {hf kftmcf u`s af`svwfk `cwnss {hf wfsms{nw" uhmch cnvbk

gf wfevb`{fk {n dmlk {hf ny{ma`b wfsms{`lcf bn`k, [hf yfò!{n!yfò nv{yv{ ynufw u`s vsfk {n

c`bcvb`{f {hf ynufw" `lk {hf wfcnwkfk nv{yv{ u`tf u`s vsfk dnw {hf @C!KC wfc{mdmfw, [hf

schfa`{mc fxyfwmafl{`b sf{vy ms shnul ml Dmevwf 6,0,

Dmevwf 6,0 Schfa`{mc nd fxyfwmafl{`b sf{vy dnw flfwe} h`wtfs{fw



=3

6,7 Yfwdnwa`lcf nd smlebf c`l{mbftfw

[hf ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnls nd {hf flfwe} h`wtfs{fw `wf c`{fenwmzfk {n mltfs{me`{f YZ[ dmba

ywnyfw{mfs" wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc}" `lk nv{yv{ smel`b kvwmle wfsnl`lcf cnlkm{mnls, [hf wfsvb{s nd dmba

ywnyfw{mfs h`tf `bwf`k} gffl kmscvssfk ml Ch`y{fw ;, [hf YZ[ dmbas h`k smamb`w ynb`wmz`{mnl

t`bvfs (Yw `lk Ya`x- gfdnwf `lk `d{fw gffl d`gwmc`{mnl ywncfss, @ amlnw kms{nw{mnl nd gffl

h}s{fwfsms bnny nccvwwfk" `lk m{ sffafk {n gf c`vsfk dwna {hf s{wfss nd {hf wfbf`sfk c`l{mbftfws

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wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} u`s af`svwfk g} `l mayfk`lcf `l`b}zfw `lk {hf a`xmava nv{yv{ tnb{èfu`s {w`cofk tm` `l nscmbbnscnyf, [hf ynufw u`s c`bcvb`{fk dwna {hf nv{yv{ tnb{èf g} Nha”s

bù, [n wfc{md} {hf @C eflfw`{fk dwna {hf flfwe} h`wtfs{fw {n KC dnw s{nwèf" {hf T was t`bvf u`s

vsfk dnw c`bcvb`{mnls, Ml {hms ch`y{fw" {hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} nd {hf kftmcfs `lk nv{yv{ smel`b umbb

gf `l`b}zfk `lk kmscvssfk,

6,7,0 Kftmcf nl smbmcnl u`dfw

[hf ml{fwl`b s{wfss aòfs {hf c`l{mbftfw gflk vyu`wk kvf {n {hf lf{ {flsmbf s{wfss gf{uffl

{hf Y{.YZ[.Y{.SmN7 b`}fws, @b{hnveh {hf lf{ s{wfss c`l gf cnl{wnbbfk g} {hf ywnyfw a`{fwm`b

sfbfc{mnl nd ` gvddfw b`}fw (SmN7 nw SmLx- um{h ` kmddfwfl{ kfynsm{mnl af{hnk" ` {hmcofw Sm b`}fw

u`s chnsfl {n ywftfl{ gflkmle `s ufbb `s {n flh`lcf {hf afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h nd {hf kftmcf,Um{hnv{ ` Sm svyynw{ b`}fw" {hf Y{.YZ[.Y{.SmN7 u`s sfwmnvsb} gflk{ `lk d`mbfk" `s shnul ml

Dmevwf 6,7 (c-, [hf ml{fwl`b s{wfss u`s fxyfwmafl{`bb} fxàmlfk `s {hf {hmcolfss nd {hf Sm vlkfw

b`}fw, @{ 099 ¶a nd Sm {hmcolfss" {hf c`l{mbftfw shnufk ln gflkmle kvf {n s{mdd svyynw{ ml Dmevwf



=;

6,7 (`-, [hf gflkmle nd {hf c`l{mbftfw u`s ln{ dnvlk vy {n 79 ¶a nd Sm {hmcolfss" gv{ m{ s{`w{fk {n

gflk vyu`wk kvf {n {flsmbf wfsmkv`b s{wfss dwna 09 ¶a nd Sm {hmcolfss,

Dmevwf 6,7 C`l{mbftfws h`tf kmddfwfl{ `tfwèf {hmcolfssfs nl Sm vlkfw b`}fw `s (`- 099 βa" (g- 79

βa" `lk (c- 09 βa (c`l{mbftfw u`s gflk kvf {n ml{fwl`b s{wfss-,

[hf wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} ms sflsm{mtf {n kmaflsmnls" fsyfcm`bb} {hf {hmcolfss, [hf dmws{

`{{fay{ u`s cnl{wnbbmle {hf Sm {hmcolfss g} ` KWMF f{chmle ywncfss, [hf cvwwfl{ wfcmyf f{chfs {hf



=6

smbmcnl um{h `gnv{ 0 ¶a yfw 0 c}cbf (79sfc- nd f{chmle w`{f, @ 79 ¶a Sm vlkfw b`}fw u`s fxyfc{fk

g} {hf KWMF f{chmle ywncfss, [hf ywncfss {maf!g`sfk {hmcolfss cnl{wnb u`s wf`snl`gbb} c`y`gbf

uhfl {hf smbmcnl svyynw{ b`}fw wfa`mlfk `{ `l `tfwèf nd 75 ¶a nd smbmcnl {hmcolfss kvwmle 669

¶a f{chmle, [hf ywngbfa u`s tfw} ynnw vlmdnwam{} nd {hf c`l{mbftfw" `s shnul ml Dmevwf 6,7,

[hf Sm b`}fw shnufk ` cnltfx ywndmbf um{h ` wfb`{mtf {hmllfw wfemnl nl {hf lf`w `lchnw `lk ywnnd

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y`{{fwl" uhmbf {hf l`wwnu umlknu shnus ` cnlc`tf ywndmbf, M{ sffas {h`{ {hf gm`s ml {hf {wflch ms

bnc`bb} kmddfwfl{ _88Q, M{ u`s `bsn sveefs{fk {h`{ `glnwa`b e`s cnlkm{mnls ml {hf kffy {wflch um{h

` umkf umlknu a`kf lnl!vlmdnwa f{chmle cnldmevw`{mnl efnaf{wmc`bb} _8=Q,

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=4

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G`sfk nl ` bm{fw`{vwf svwtf} `lk fxyfwmafl{s" {hf vlmdnwam{} c`l gf cnl{wnbbfk {n sf{ `

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gfà t`wmfs `ccnwkmle {n {hf umlknu smzf" gv{ knfs ln{ kfyflk nl {hf bnc`{mnl ml {hf u`dfw

sc`bf, Nl {hf cnl{w`w}" {hf f{chmle w`{f t`wmfs `ccnwkmle {n {hf bnc`{mnl ml {hf u`dfw, [hf cfl{fw

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c`bcvb`{fk wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} `ssvafs ` vlmdnwa gfà {hmcolfss" {hf af`svwfk t`bvfs shnu `

b`wef kftm`{mnl, [hf af`svwfk wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflcmfs ufwf ml ` w`lef gf{uffl wfsnl`l{

dwfpvflcmfs c`bcvb`{fk vsmle a`xmava `lk amlmava {hmcolfss, Smlcf {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc flfwe}

h`wtfs{fw lffks ywfcmsf dwfpvflc} a`{chmle um{h {hf {`wef{ `yybmc`{mnl" `l vlfxyfc{fk shmd{ nd

wfsnl`l{ dwfpvflc} c`vsfk dwna lnl!vlmdnwa {hmcolfss bfk {n dvlc{mnl`b d`mbvwf,



=5

700

799 709 779

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nd `gnv{ 09 Hz `s shnul ml Dmevwf 6,6,



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099

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3,9 3,6 ;,9 ;,6 6,9 6,6 4,9

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0;9 049 089 799 779 7;9 749

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flh`lcfafl{ {hnveh {hf s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl u`s tfwmdmfk ml {hms s{vk}" {hf dv{vwf kfsmel umbb gf

dncvsfk nl s{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl vlkfw `l `ccfbfw`{mnl dnwcf, [hf pv`l{m{`{mtf fs{ma`{mnl nd

eflfw`{fk ynufw unvbk gf `ccnay`lmfk `s {hf sh`yf ch`lef,

[hf Sm!g`sfk AFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{ h`s mlsvddmcmfl{ afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h `lk bmam{`{mnl

nd kfsmel cnlsmkfwmle t`wmnvs fltmwnlafl{`b cnlkm{mnls kvf {n {hf s{mddlfss nd Sm, Nl {hf

cnl{w`w}" {hf Sm!g`sfk ywncfss ms ln{ `tnmk`gbf cnlsmkfwmle {hf cns{ `lk hf`{ {wf`{afl{ `{ hmeh

{fayfw`{vwf, @b{hnveh {hf cnaynvlk nd af{`b nxmkf `lk ynb}afw ms `c{mtfb} s{vkmfk ml {hms dmfbk

{n mlcwf`sf {hf afch`lmc`b {nvehlfss" {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs `wf ln{ svddmcmfl{ }f{,

Wfyb`cmle {hf smbmcnl afagw`lf um{h ynb}afw a`{fwm`b ms ywnynsfk dnw dv{vwf unwo, Smlcf {hf

s{mddlfss nd ynb}afw a`{fwm`bs `wf wfb`{mtfb} f`s} {n cnl{wnb" {hf avb{mb`}fw s{wvc{vwf nd YZ[ `lk ynb}afw ameh{ flh`lcf gn{h {hf afch`lmc`b s{wfle{h `lk kmsyb`cfafl{ vlkfw ` bnu `ccfbfw`{mnl

dnwcf,



060

@ anwf fddmcmfl{ ankf nd ` ymfznfbfc{wmc s}s{fa ameh{ gf vsfk dnw {hf AFAS flfwe}

h`wtfs{fw, @ hmehfw ymfznfbfc{wmc cnls{`l{ c`l gf ng{`mlfk ml {hf 33 nw 06 ankfs `s cnay`wfk {n

{hf 30 ankf, Md {hf cnldmevw`{mnl nd {hf AFAS s{wvc{vwf `lk fbfc{wnkf kfsmel nd MK[ `wf

cnlsmkfwfk" m{ ms vlcfw{`ml {h`{ {hf 33 ankf eflfw`{fs ` hmehfw ynufw {h`l {hf 30 ankf ml sym{f nd

m{s {un {mafs hmehfw ymfznfbfc{wmc cnls{`l{, [hf 06 ankf (um{h `gnv{ ` dnvw {mafs hmehfw

ymfznfbfc{wmc cnls{`l{ {h`l {hf 30 ankf- h`s ln{ gffl kftfbnyfk kvf {n m{s cnaybfx kfsmel ml

AFAS s{wvc{vw`b cnldmevw`{mnl, [hf cvwwfl{ s{vk} dnw {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc flfwe} h`wtfs{ ms

unwomle nl kftfbnymle {hf 33 ankf" `lk `kt`lcfk kfsmel dnw {hf 06 ankf ms s{mbb ` ch`bbflef dnw

{hms kftmcf,



067

GMGBMNEW@YH]

_0Q H,W, [w`lobfw `lk N, O`lnvl" ‒ Wfcfl{ `kt`lcfs ml sflsnw {fchlnbne}‑ Mls{wvafl{`{mnl `lk Af`svwfafl{ [fchlnbne} Cnldfwflcf, Ywncffkmles nd {hf 08{h MFFF 7990" 39=!304,

_7Q Sh`sh`lo Ywm}` `lk K`lmfb J, Mla`l " Flfwe} h`wtfs{mle {fchlnbnemfs, 7998" Lfu ]nwo:Sywmlefw,

_3Q K`l S{fmle`w{" Sh`k Wnvlk}" Y`vb O, Uwmeh{" Jàfs" `lk U, Ft`ls " ‒Amcwnynufw a`{fwm`bs

kftfbnyafl{ dnw umwfbfss sflsnw lf{unwos‑ AWS Gvbbf{ml 7998" 33 ;98!;9=,_;Q S, Wnvlk}" Y,O, Uwmeh{" `lk J, W`g`f} " ‒ @ s{vk} nd bnu bftfb tmgw`{mnls `s ` ynufw snvwcf

dnw umwfbfss sflsnw lnkfs‑ cnayv{fw Cnaavlmc`{mnls 7993"74 0030!00;;,

_6Q Sh`k Wnvlk}" Gwm`l Y, N{ms" ]vfl!Hvm Chff" J`l A, W`g`f}" `lk Y`vb Uwmeh{ " ‒ @ 0,=ehz wd {w`lsam{ gf`cnl vsmle fltmwnlafl{`bb} sc`tflefk flfwe}‑ MFFF Ml{, S}aynsmva nl Bnu Ynufw Fbfc, `lk Kftmcfs" Sfnvb" Onwf` 7993,

_4Q Xm`nd`l Jm`le" Jnsfyh Ynb`s{wf" `lk K`tmk Cvbbfw " ‒ Yfwyf{v`b fltmwnlafl{`bb} ynufwfk sflsnw lf{unwos‑ Mldnwa`{mnl Ywncfssmle ml Sflsnw Lf{unwos" 7996, MYSL 7996, Dnvw{h Ml{fwl`{mnl`b S}aynsmva nl 7996";43! ;48,

_5Q A, Omshm" H, Lfan{n" [, Hà`n" A, ]ààn{n" S, Svknv" A, A`lk`m" `lk S,]ààn{n"‒Amcwn {hfwanfbfc{wmc ankvbfs `lk {hfmw `yybmc`{mnl {n uwms{u`{chfs `s `l flfwe} snvwcf‑ Fmeh{ffl{h Ml{fwl`{mnl`b Cnldfwflcf 0==="390!395,

_8Q A, S{w`ssfw" W, @melfw" A Dw`lnsch" `lk E, U`chv{o` " ‒Amlm`{vwmzfk {hfwanfbfc{wmc eflfw`{nws g`sfk nl ynb}!sm `lk ynb}!smef svwd`cf amcwna`chmlmle‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7997"=5!=8636!6;7,

_=Q A, S{nwkfvw `lk M, S{`wo" ‒ Bnu ynufw {hfwanfbfc{wmc eflfw`{nw!sfbd!svddmcmfl{ flfwe} svyyb} dnw amcwn s}s{fas‑ Ywnc, 04{h Ml{, Cnld, nl [hfwanfbfc{wmcs" Kwfskfl" Efwa`l} 0==5"656!

655,_09Q A H Schlfmkfw" J U Ft`ls" Y O Uwmeh{" `lk K Zmfebfw " ‒ Kfsmelmle ` {hfwanfbfc{wmc`bb}

ynufwfk umwfbfss sflsnw lf{unwo dnw anlm{nwmle `bvamlva safb{fws‑ Ywnc, MAfchF Tnb,779 Y`w{ F: J, Ywncfss Afch`lmc`b Flemlffwmle 7994"080!0=0,



063

_00Q J, H, gn{{lfw" J, Lvwlvs" @, E`twmont" E, Ovhlfw" A, Jèbf" C, Ovlzfb" K, Fgfwh`wk" e,Ybfschfw" @, Schvgfw{" `lk O,!H, schbfwf{h " ‒ Lfu {hfwanfbfc{wmc cnaynlfl{s vsmle amcwns}s{fas {fchlnbnemfs‑ Jnvwl`b nd Amcwnfbfc{wnafch`lmc`b S}s{fas 799;"03 ;0;!;79,

_07Q Cnbg} B, Gfbbfu" Sf{h Hnbb`w `lk O,S,J, Yms{fw" ‒ @l snm ywncfss dnw d`gwmc`{mnl nd snb`w

cfbbs" {w`lsms{nws `lk fbfc{wns{`{mc `c{v`{nws‑ MFFF [hf 07{h Ml{fwl`{mnl`b Cnldfwflcf nlSnbmk S{`{f Sflsnws" @c{v`{nws `lk Amcwns}s{fas" Gns{nl" Jvlf 8!07" 7993 7993"0956!095=,

_03Q J, D, W`lk`bb" Nl àgmfl{ flfwe} snvwcfs dnw ynufwmle mlknnw fbfc{wnlmc kftmcfs, 7993"FYDB, y, 60,

_0;Q S Wnvlk} `lk Y OUwmeh{" ‒ @ ymfznfbfc{wmc tmgw`{mnl g`sfk eflfw`{nw dnw umwfbfssfbfc{wnlmcs‑ Sa`w{ A`{fw, S{wvc{, 799;"03 0030–00;7,

_06Q Y, K, Am{chfsnl" [, C, Ewffl" F, A, ]f`{a`l" `lk @, S, Hnbafs " ‒ @wchm{fc{vwfs dnw tmgw`{mnl!kwmtfl amcwnynufw eflfw`{nws‑ Jnvwl`b nd Amcwnfbfc{wnafch`lmc`b S}s{fas 799;"03 ;7=!;;9,

_04Q S Y Gffg}" W L [nw`h" A J [vknw" Y Eb}llf!Jnlfs"[ N”Knllfbb" C W S`h` `lk S Wn}" ‒ @amcwn fbfc{wnaèlf{mc eflfw`{nw dnw tmgw`{mnl flfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ J, Amcwnafch, Amcwnfle, 7995"050765–0746,

_05Q S, Aflmlefw" J,N, Avw!Amw`lk`" W, @amw{h`w`j`h" @, Y, Ch`lkwò`s`l" `lk J, H, B`le"‒Tmgw`{mnl!{n!fbfc{wmc flfwe} cnltfwsmnl‑ MFFF {w`ls, TBSM S}s{, 7990"=4;!54,

_08Q S, Shf`wunnk `lk W, G, ]`{fs" ‒ Kftfbnyafl{ nd `l fbfc{wnaèlf{mc amcwn!eflfw`{nw‑ Fbfc{wnl, Bf{{, 0==5"330883!088;,

_0=Q Gfwl`wk J`ddf" Umbbmà W, Cnno" `lk H`ls J`ddf" Ymfznfbfc{wmc cfwàmcs, Tnb, 3, (0=50-"Bnlknl `lk Lfu ]nwo: @c`kfamc ywfss,

_79Q L, sf{{fw" Ymfznfbfc{wmc a`{fwm`bs ml kftmcfs, (7997-" B`vs`llf FYDB Sumss Dfkfw`b Mls{m{v{fnd [fchlnbne},

_70Q [naam Wmfoomlfl" ‒ D`gwmc`{mnl `lk ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl nd dfwwn! `lk ymfznfbfc{wmc avb{mb`}fw kftmcfs dnw hmeh dwfpvflc} `yybmc`{mnls"‑ ml Mldnwa`{mnl `lk L`{vw`b Scmflcfs, 799=" TT[:Tvnwmamfhfl{mf,

_77Q Bvmz Dw`lcmscn A`banlef? Jnsí @l{nlmn A`banlef? U`b{fw O`{svam Sòàn{n" ‒S{vk} nd y}wnfbfc{wmc `c{mtm{} nd yz{.ytkd!hdy cnaynsm{f‑ A`{fwm`bs Wfsf`wch 7993"4

_73Q O, @, OBMCOFW" J, T, GMEEFWS" W, F, LFULH@A" ‒Cnaynsm{fs nd yz{ `lk fynx} dnw h}kwns{`{mc {w`lskvcfw `yybmc`{mnls‑ Jnvwl`b nd {hf @afwmc`l Cfwàmc Sncmf{} 7994"4;6!=,

_7;Q Knlel` Shfl" Snle!]vb Chnf" `lk Knle!Jnn Oma" ‒ @l`b}sms nd ymfznfbfc{wmc a`{fwm`bs dnw flfwe} h`wtfs{mle kftmcfs vlkfw hmeh!e tmgw`{mnls‑ J, J, @, Y, 7995";4(09@-"4566!4549,



06;

_76Q H}fnvleunn Oma" Mayfk`lcf `k`y{`{mnl af{hnks nd {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc flfwe} h`wtfs{mle " mlA`{fwm`bs flemlffwmle , 7994" Yflls}bt`lm` S{`{f Vlmtfwsm{},

_74Q Y`vb Avw`b{" ‒ YZ[ {hml dmbas dnw amcwnsflsnws `lk `c{v`{nws: Uhfwf kn uf s{`lk>‑ MFFF {w`ls, nl vb{w`, dfwwn, dwfp, cnl{, 7999";5(;-"=93!=06,

_75Q Sh`kw`ch Jnsfyh Wnvlk}" Flfwe} sc`tflemle dnw umwfbfss sflsnw lnkfs um{h ` dncvs nltmgw`{mnl {n fbfc{wmcm{} cnltfwsmnl" ml Afch`lmc`b Flemlffwmle , 7993" Vlmtfwsm{} nd C`bmdnwlm`" Gfwofbf},

_78Q O`zva`s` H`sfeù` `lk [`{sv}` shmank`" ‒ Ymfznfbfc{wmc {w`lskvcfw `lk fbfc{wnyhnwf{mcmlo kmsyb`} `yy`w`{vs vsmle ymfznfbfc{wmc {w`lskvcfw "‑ V,S, Y`{fl{" Fkm{nw, 7996" SfmonFysnl cnwynw`{mnl: VS@,

_7=Q Xmd`l Uv" K`tmk T`lkfwgmb{" `lk K, W, Hà`ll" ‒S}s{fa`{mc {wf`{afl{ nd kmsyb`cfafl{s" s{w`mls" `lk fbfc{wmc dmfbks ml kflsm{}!dvlc{mnl`b yfw{vwg`{mnl {hfnw}‑ Yh}, wft, G 7996"57936096,

_39Q W, Jnl` `lk E, Shmw`lf" Dfwwnfbfc{wmc cw}s{`bs, (0==3-" Lfu ]nwo: Kntfw,

_30Q K, Kàj`lntmc" ‒ Dfwwnfbfc{wmc" kmfbfc{wmc `lk ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd dfwwnfbfc{wmc {hml dmbas `lk cfwàmcs‑ Wfynw{s nl Ywnewfss ml Yh}smcs 0==8"40 0745,

_37Q B,B, Hflch `lk J, O, Ufs{" Ywmlcmybfs nd fbfc{wnlmc cfwàmcs, (0==9-" Ufs{ Svssfx"Fleb`lk: Jnhl Umbf} $ Snls,

_33Q @,B,Ohnboml" K,T,[`}bnw" `lk L, Sflf" ‒ Ynbmle fddfc{ nl {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f {hml dmbas‑ MFFF 0==8"

_3;Q G, J`ddf" U, W, Cnno Jw," `lk H, j`ddf" Ymfznfbfc{wmc cfwàmcs, (0=50-: @c`kfamc Ywfss" Mlc,

_36Q C,W, Gnufl" ‒Ny{mams`{mnl nd ml{fwkmem{`{fk fbfc{wnkf dnw ymfznfbfc{wmc `c{v`{nws `lk `c{mtf dmgwf cnaynsm{fs‑ J, Fbfc{wncfwà 7994"04 743!74=,

_34Q W}`l wngfw{ Olmeh{" [hf `l`b}sms `lk {fs{mle nd afas `lk a`cwn sc`bf ymfznfbfc{wmckftmcfs" ml Afch, Fle, 7995" Vlmtfwsm{} nd Ym{{sgvweh, y, =4!000,

_35Q A`wcml A`wzflcom" ]`ssfw @aa`w" So`lk`w G`swnvw" ‒ Ml{few`{fk ynufw h`wtfs{mle s}s{famlcbvkmle ` afas eflfw`{nw `lk ` ynufw a`lèfafl{ cmwcvm{‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7998"0;6!0;4 343!359,

_38Q K`lmfb Ev}na`w" @kwmfl G`kfb" Fbmf Bfdfvtwf" `lk Cb`vkf Wmch`wk" ‒[nu`wk flfwe}h`wtfs{mle vsmle `c{mtf a`{fwm`bs `lk cnltfwsmnl maywntfafl{ g} lnlbmlf`w ywncfssmle‑ MFFF [w`ls`c{mnl nl Vb{w`snlmcs" Dfwwnfbfc{wmcs" `lk Dwfpvflc} Cnl{wnb 7996"67 68;!6=6,

_3=Q N{{a`l" E, O," Hnda`ll" H, D," Gh`{{" @, C, @lk Bfsmfsfv{wf" E, @" ‒ @k`y{mtf ymfznfbfc{wmcflfwe} h`wtfs{mle cmwcvm{ dnw umwfbfss wfan{f ynufw svyyb}‑ MFFF [w`ls`c{mnls nl Ynufw Fbfc{wnlmcs 7997"05 44=!454,



066

_;9Q Shv" ], C, `lk Bmfl" M, C," ‒ @l`b}sms nd ynufw nv{yv{ dnw ymfznfbfc{wmc flfwe} h`wtfs{mle s}s{fas‑ Sa`w{ A`{fwm`bs `lk S{wvc{vwfs 7994"060;==!0607,

_;0Q K`lmfb Ev}na`w" @kwmfl G`kfb" Fbmf Bfdfvtwf" `lk Cb`vkf Wmch`wk" ‒[nu`wk flfwe}

h`wtfs{mle vsmle `c{mtf a`{fwm`bs `lk cnltfwsmnl maywntfafl{ g} lnlbmlf`w ywncfssmle‑

MFFF {w`ls`c{mnls nl vb{w`snlmcs" dfwwnfbfc{wmcs" `lk dwfpvflc} cnl{wnb 7996"67(;-"68;!6=6,_;7 M, Kfamw" @,B, Nbsnl" J,B, Somllfw" C,K, Wmch`wks" W,D, Wmch`wks" K,D, G`hw" ‒ Hmeh s{w`ml

gfh`tmnw nd cnaynsm{f {hml dmba ymfznfbfc{wmc afagw`lfs‑ Amcwnfbfc{wnlmc Flemlffwmle 799;"56 07–73,

_;3Q D, Bv" H, Y, Bff" `lk S, Y, Bma" ‒Ankfbmle `lk `l`b}sms nd amcwn ymfznfbfc{wmc ynufw

eflfw`{nws dnw amcwn!fbfc{wnafch`lmc`b!s}s{fas `yybmc`{mnls‑ Sa`w{ A`{fw, S{wvc{, 799;"03 65–43,

_;; A, A`wzflcom" G, Ch`wbn{, S, G`swnvw" A, Cnbml" `lk B, t`bgml" ‒ Kfsmel `lk d`gwmc`{mnl nd ymfznfbfc{wmc amcwn ynufw eflfw`{nws dnw `v{nlnanvs amcwns}s{fas‑ K[MY s}aynsmva nl

kfsmel {fs{mle ml{few`{mnl `lk y`coèmle nd AFAS.ANFAS 7996"77=!397,

_;6Q A, A`wzflcom" ], @aa`w `lk S, G`swnvw" ‒ Ml{few`{fk ynufw h`wtfs{mle s}s{fa mlcbvkmle `

afas eflfw`{nw `lk ` ynufw a`lèfafl{ cmwcvm{‑ Snbmk!S{`{f Sflsnws" @c{v`{nws `lk Amcwns}s{fas Cnldfwflcf" 7995, [W@LSKVCFWS 7995, Ml{fwl`{mnl`b 7995"885!8=9,

_;4Q ],G, Jfnl" W, Snnk" J,!h, Jfnle" S,!E, Oma" ‒Afas ynufw eflfw`{nw um{h {w`lstfwsf ankf{hml dmba yz{‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7996"07 704!77,

_;5Q H, G D`le" J, Z, Bmv" Z, ], Xv" B, Knle" B, U`le" K, Chfl" G, C, C`m" `lk ], Bmv"‒ D`gwmc`{mnl `lk yfwdnwa`lcf nd afas!g`sfk ymfznfbfc{wmc ynufw eflfw`{nw dnw tmgw`{mnl

flfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ J, Amcwnfbfc{wnlmcs 7994"35 0789!078;,_;8Q G S Bff" S C Bml" U J Uv" X ] U`le" Y Z Ch`le `lk C O Bff" ‒ Ymfznfbfc{wmc AFAS

eflfw`{nws d`gwmc`{fk um{h `l `fwnsnb kfynsm{mnl yz{ {hml dmba‑ J, Amcwnafch, Amcwnfle, 799="0= 94690;,

_;=Q W Fbdwmlo" [ A Oàfb" A Enfkgbnfk"S A`{nt`" K Hnhbdfbk" ] t`l @lkfb `lk W t`lSch`mjo" ‒Tmgw`{mnl flfwe} h`wtfs{mle um{h `bvamlva lm{wmkf!g`sfk ymfznfbfc{wmc kftmcfs‑ J,Amcwnafch, Amcwnfle, 799="0= 9=;996,

_69Q Knlel` Shfl" ‒[hf kfsmel" d`gwmc`{mnl `lk ft`bv`{mnl nd ` afas yz{ c`l{mbftfw um{h `lml{few`{fk sm ywnnd a`ss dnw tmgw`{mnl flfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ J, Amcwnafch, Amcwnfle 7998"08

966905,

_60Q Knlel` shfl" Jvle!H}vl y`wo" J}n{m @jm{s`wm`" snle!]vb Cnf" Hnu`wk C Umobf" `lk Knle!Jnn Oma" ‒Amcwna`chmlfk yz{ c`l{mbftfw g`sfk nl snm s{wvc{vwf dnw bnu dwfpvflc} tmgw`{mnlflfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 799="06;093!098,



064

_67Q Oma" H" Gfkfo`w" T" Msbà" W" Bff" UH" Bfn" K" `lk Ywm}`" S" ‒ B`sfw amcwn!a`chmlfk ymfznfbfc{wmc c`l{mbftfws dnw afch`lmc`b flfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ MFFF Vb{w`snl, Dwfp, Dfwwnfbfc{, Cl{wb 7998"66 0=99!0=96,

_63Q A`wcn Dfww`wm" Tm{{nwmn Dfww`wm" Amchfbf Evmzzf{{m" K`lmfbf A`wmnbm" @lkwf` [`wnlm"

‒ Ymfznfbfc{wmc avb{mdwfpvflc} flfwe} cnltfw{fw dnw ynufw h`wtfs{mle ml `v{nlnanvsamcwns}s{fas‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7998"0; 737=–336,

_6;Q Jmle!Pv`l Bmv`" Hv`!Gml D`le`" Zhfle!]m Xvg" Xml!Hvm A`ng" Xmv!Chfle Shfl`" KmChfl`" H`le Bm`ng" Gmle!Chv C`m`" ‒ @ afas!g`sfk ymfznfbfc{wmc ynufw eflfw`{nw `ww`} dnw tmgw`{mnl flfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ Amcwnfbfc{wnlmcs Jnvwl`b 7998"3= 897–894,

_66Q F, Hnle" J,C, Shml" J, Chnm" C,S, Hu`le" `lk H, J, Oma" ‒ Ywfy`w`{mnl `lk ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnlnd yg(zw"{m-n3 {hml dmbas g} af{`bnwe`lmc chfamc`b t`ynw kfynsm{mnl vsmle ` snbmk kfbmtfw} s}s{fa‑ J, A`{fw, wfs, 7999"6(4-"078;!07=9,

_64Q M, O`lln" H, On{fw`" O, U`s`" [, A`{svlè`" [, oà`k`" `lk W, [ò`}à`"

‒Cw}s{`bbnew`yhmc ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl nd fym{`xm`b yg(zw"{m-n3 dmba um{h kmddfwfl{ zw.{m w`{mn ewnul g} w`kmn!dwfpvflc}!aèlf{wnl syv{{fwmle‑ j, @yyb, Yh}s, 7993"=3(5-";9=0!;9=4,

_65Q S,O, Y`lkf}" @,W, Jàfs" Ch`lkw` Ywò`sh" [,C, Enfb" O, Zmamo" ‒ Fbfc{wmc`b ywnyfw{mfs nd yz{ {hml dmbas ewnul g} snb!efb `lk ybk vsmle ` sffk b`}fw‑ A`{, Scm, Fle, G 799;"007 =4!099,

_68Q Z, D, Zhnv" F, Hnle" W"Unbd" `lk S, [wnbmfw!A`comls{w}" ‒ Kmfbfc{wmc `lk ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd yz{ 67.;8 {hmco dmbas um{h (099- `lk w`lkna cw}s{`bbnew`yhmc nwmfl{`{mnl‑ Ywnc, A`{, wfs, Snc, S}a 7990"466

_6=Q Lmcnb`s Bfkfwa`ll" Y`vb Avw`b{

" J`cfo G`gnwnusom" S`lkwmlf Efl{mb" O`ymb Avo`{m"A`wcn C`l{nlm" @lkwf`s Sfmdfw{" L`t` Sf{{fw" ‒0 9 9q!{fx{vwfk" ymfznfbfc{wmc yg(zwx"{m0∗ x-n3 {hml dmbas dnw afas: Ml{few`{mnl" kfynsm{mnl `lk ywnyfw{mfs‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7993"096 047–059,

_49Q K, @, Gfwbml”cnvw{" C, C, Anbmo" `lk H, J`ddf" ‒ Ymfznfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd ynb}cw}s{`bbmlfbf`k {m{`l`{f zmwcnl`{f cnaynsm{mnls ‒ Ywnc, MWF 0=49"07(7-"779!77=,

_40Q X,J, Afle" J,E, Chfle" J,B, Svl" J, [`l" H,J, ]f" J,H, Chv" ‒ Kfyflkflcf nd {fx{vwfkftfbnyafl{ nl {hmcolfss nd smlebf!`llf`bfk!b`}fw ml snb°efb kfwmtfk yz{ {hml ¬bas‑ [hmlSnbmk Dmbas 7999"348 77!76,

_47Q [, [`lm" Z, Xv" K,@, Y`}lf" ‒ Ywfdfwwfk nwmfl{`{mnls dnw snb‛efb kfwmtfk ybz{ {hml b`}fws‑A`{fw Wfs Snc Ywnc 0==3"309 7=6,

_43Q Y, Avw`b{"`- [, A`fkfw" B, Sè`bnumcz" `lk S, Hmgnvx" S, Sc`bfsf" K, L`vantmc" `lk W, E,@ens{mln" L, X`l{hnynvbns `lk H, J, A`{hmfv" B, Y`{{hf}g- `lk F, B, Gvbbnco" ‒[fx{vwfcnl{wnb nd yg{mn3 `lk yg“zw"{m․n3 {hml dmbas um{h {mn7 sffkmle‑ Jnvwl`b nd `yybmfk yh}smcs 0==8"83 3836,



065

_4;Q E, J, LNWE@ `lk B@VW@ DÈ" ‒Nwmfl{`{mnl sfbfc{mnl ml snb!efb kfwmtfk yz{ {hml dmbas‑A`{, Wfs, Snc, S}ay, Ywnc, 7990"466CC=,0,0,

_46Q E, J, Lnwe`" J, A`fs" F, Cnyy}f" B`vw` Dè" K, Unv{fws" N, T`l kfw Gmfs{" ‒[hf fddfc{ nd yg

s{mnchmnaf{w} nl sum{chmle gfh`tmnw nd y{.bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f.y{ dfwwnfbfc{wmc

c`y`cm{nws‑ J, A`{fw, wfs, 7999"06739=,_44Q `l!]v`l Chfl" M!Ufm Chfl" ‒[fayfw`{vwf–{maf {fx{vwf {w`lsm{mnl nd yg(zw0∗ x{mx-n3 {hml

dmbas: M" wnbf nd yg!wmch ml{fwafkm`{f yh`sfs‑ Jnvwl`b nd {hf @afwmc`l Cfwàmc Sncmf{} 0==;"55 7337,

_45Q C,U, Bù`" O,], [nle`" J,H, Bmg" O, Bmg" ‒ Fddfc{ nd y}wnb}sms {fayfw`{vwf nl {hfch`w`c{fwms{mcs nd yz{ dmbas kfynsm{fk g} {hf snb!efb af{hnk‑ [hml Snbmk Dmbas 0==8"336 779!77;,

_48Q [, Ong`}`shm" A, Mchmom" J, [s`vw" W, A`fk`" ‒ Fddfc{ nd avb{m!cn`{mle ywncfss nl {hfnwmfl{`{mnl `lk amcwns{wvc{vwf nd bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f (yz{- {hml dmbas kfwmtfk g} chfamc`b

snbv{mnl kfynsm{mnl‑ [hml Snbmk Dmbas 7996";8= 5; – 58,

_4=Q Z, J, U@LE" W, A@FK@" O, OMOVCHM" ‒ Kftfbnyafl{ nd yh`sfs `lk {fx{vwf ml snb!efb

kfwmtfk bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f {hml dmbas ywfy`wfk g} {hwff!s{fy hf`{!{wf`{afl{ ywncfss‑ Jnvwl`b nd a`{fwm`bsb scmflcf 7999"36 6=06 – 6=0=,

_59Q S`l!]v`l Chfl" M!Ufm Chfl" ‒[fx{vwf ftnbv{mnl `lk fbfc{wmc`b ywnyfw{mfs nd nwmfl{fk yz{ {hml dmbas‑ A`{fwm`bs Chfams{w} `lk Yh}smcs 0==4";6 06=!047,

_50Q P, Znv" H, F, Wvk` `lk G, E, ]`cngm" ‒ Maywntfk kmfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd bf`k zmwcnl`{f{m{`l`{f {hml dmbas kfynsm{fk nl af{`b dnmbs um{h b`lmn3 gvddfw b`}fws‑ @yybmfk Yh}smcs

Bf{{fws 7990"58 0787,_57Q C, Jfddwf} Gwmlofw `lk Efnwef U, Schfwfw" Snb!efb scmflcf: [hf yh}smcs `lk chfams{w} nd

snb!efb ywncfssmle, (0==9-" Y`wo Wmkef: @c`kfamc Ywfss,

_53Q Wngfw{U, Schu`w{z" [hfnknw Schlfbbfw" W`mlfwU`sfw" ‒Chfamc`b snbv{mnl kfynsm{mnl nd fbfc{wnlmc nxmkf dmbas‑ C, W, Chmamf 799;"5 ;33–;40,

_5;Q Sn{{ns" ‒ Fddfc{s nd {hmcolfss nl {hf ymfznfbfc{wmc `lk kmfbfc{wmc ywnyfw{mfs nd bf`k zmwcnl`{f{m{`l`{f {hml dmbas‑ Jnvwl`b nd `yybmfk yh}smcs 7999"853=;0,

_56Q C, H, Bml" Y, @, Dwmkkbf" C, H, A`" @, Kè`" `lk H`}kl Chfl" ‒ Fddfc{s nd {hmcolfss nl {hf

fbfc{wmc`b ywnyfw{mfs nd af{`bnwe`lmc chfamc`b t`ynw kfynsm{fk yg“zw"{m․n3 “76–099 la․{hml dmbas nl b`lmn3 gvddfwfk sm‑ Jnvwl`b nd `yybmfk yh}smcs 7999"=9 069=,

_54Q K, @, G`wwnu" [, F, Yf{wndd" W, Y, [`lknl" A, S`}fw" ‒Ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl nd {hmco bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f dmbas d`gwmc`{fk vsmle ` lfu snb efb g`sfk ywncfss‑ J, @yyb, Yh}s, 0==5"80 854,



068

_55Q H, G D`le" J, Z, Bmv" Z, ], Xv" B, Knle" B, U`le" K, Chfl" G, C, C`m" `lk ], Bmv"‒ D`gwmc`{mnl `lk yfwdnwa`lcf nd afas!g`sfk ymfznfbfc{wmc ynufw eflfw`{nw dnw tmgw`{mnlflfwe} h`wtfs{mle‑ Amwn, Jnvwl`b 7994"35 0789!078;,

_58Q U,J, Chnm" ], Jfnl" J,!H, Jfnle" W, Snnk" S,E, Oma" ‒ Flfwe} h`wtfs{mle afas kftmcf g`sfk

nl {hml dmba ymfznfbfc{wmc c`l{mbftfws‑ J, Fbfc{wncfwà 7994"05 6;3!6;8,_5=Q Jàfs A, Efwf $ S{fyhfl Y, [manshflon" Afch`lmcs nd a`{fwm`bs, 7lk, (0=8;-" Gfbanl{"

C`: Gwnnos.Cnbf Flemlffwmle,

_89Q ]m" Jfnle Unn" Shmh" U`l ], Shmh" `lk Ufm!Hfle" ‒ Fddfc{ nd bfle{h" umk{h" `lk ankf nl{hf a`ss kf{fc{mnl sflsm{mtm{} nd ymfznfbfc{wmc vlmanwyh c`l{mbftfws‑ Jnvwl`b nd @yybmfk Yh}smcs 7997"=0(3-"0489!0484,

_80Q S`kfw J F" J`wsnl M" Y`vb A `lk Uhm{f B W" ‒Af{hnk dnw {hf c`bmgw`{mnl nd `{namc dnwcfamcwnscnyf c`l{mbftfws ‒ Wft, Scm, Mls{wva 0==6"44 358=!35=8,

_87Q ],C, Dvle" Dnvlk`{mnl nd snbmk afch`lmcs, (0=46-: Ywfl{mcf!H`bb,

_83Q Lnfb Fkv`wk kv [nm{" Ankfbmle `lk kfsmel nd ` afas ymfznfbfc{wmc tmgw`{mnl flfwe}h`wtfs{fw " ml @fwnl`v{mcs `lk @s{wnl`v{mcs, 7996" AM[: Gns{nl,

_8;Q [,J, E`wmln" A, H`wwmle{nl" ml: @,M, Omlenl" F,W, A}fws"G, [v{{bf" ‒ Dfwwnfbfc{wmc {hml dmbasmm"‑ A`{fw, Wfs, Snc,S}ay, Ywnc, 0==7"7;3 3;0,

_86Q @, @, @}ól" W, Gw`dd" C, C, Bml" H, H, Sùml" `lk A, @, Schamk{" ‒Ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl nd `{maf avb{mybfxfk mlkvc{mtfb} cnvybfk yb`sa` f{chfw‑ Jnvwl`b nd [hf Fbfc{wnchfamc`b Sncmf{} 0==="0;4 33=,

_84Q Chfl!Ovfm Chvle" ‒Efnaf{wmc`b y`{{fwl fddfc{ nl smbmcnl kffy f{chmle g} `l mlkvc{mtfb}cnvybfk yb`sa` s}s{fa‑ J, Amcwnafch, Amcwnfle, 799;"0; 464,

_85Q J, Ommhà`¨ om `lk S, Dw`lssmb`" ‒ Y`{{fwl sh`yf fddfc{s `lk `w{md`c{s ml kffy smbmcnl f{chmle‑ J, T`c, Scm, [fchlnb, @ 0==8"05 7789,

_88Q J, Ommhà¨òm " H, O`{{fbvs " J, O`w{{vlfl " S, Dw`lssmb` ‒ Kfy{h `lk ywndmbf cnl{wnb ml yb`sa`f{chfk afas s{wvc{vwfs‑ Sflsnws `lk @c{v`{nws @ 7999"87 73;–738,

_8=Q J}wom Ommhàëom" D`gwmc`{mnl nd snm amcwnafch`lmc`b kftmcfs" ml Fbfc{wmc`b `lk Cnaavlmc`{mnls Flemlffwmle , 7996" T[[,

_=9Q H,!C, Bmv" ],!H, Bml" U, Hsv" ‒Smkfu`bb wnvehlfss cnl{wnb ml `kt`lcfk smbmcnl f{ch ywncfss‑ Amcwns}s{fa [fchlnbnemfs 7993"09 7=!3;,

_=0Q Gòfw J" Wnvlk} S" `lk Uwmeh{ Y," ‒ @b{fwl`{mtf efnaf{wmfs dnw mlcwf`smle ynufw kflsm{} mltmgw`{mnl flfwe} sc`tflemle dnw umwfbfss sflsnw lf{unwos"‑ 3wk ml{fwl`{mnl`b flfwe}cnltfwsmnl flemlffwmle cnldfwflcf, 7996: S`l Dw`lcmscn: @M@@,



06=

_=7Q [, @LKN" X, BM" S, L@O@N" [, O@S@M" H, [@L@O@" A, SHMOMK@ `lk O, S@[N‒ Dw`c{vwf {nvehlfss af`svwfafl{ nd {hml!dmba smbmcnl‑ D`{mevf Dw`c{ Flele A`{fw S{wvc{ 7996"78 485,

_=3Q Xvfjvl Zhfle" ]mchvl Zhnv" Zhm ]`l" ‒ Kfyflkflcf nd cw}s{`bbmlf" dfwwnfbfc{wmc `lk

dw`c{vwf {nvehlfss nl `llf`bmle ml Yg(Zw 9,67[m9,;8 -N3 {hml dmbas kfynsm{fk g} af{`b nwe`lmckfcnaynsm{mnl‑ A`{, Wfs, 7993"4(;-"660!664,

_=;Q Zhfle Xvfjvl" Zhnv ]mchvl" ]`le Zhm}ml" ]`l Zhm" ‒ Ft`bv`{mnl nd dw`c{vwf {nvehlfss nd yz{ dfwwnfbfc{wmc {hml dmbas g} mlkfl{`{mnl dw`c{vwf af{hnk({hml dmbas- ‒ [hf J`y`l Sncmf{} nd Afch`lmc`b Flemlffws 7990"7 ==;,

_=6Q Chff Unl Chvle `lk Ch`le Jvle Oma" ‒ F{chmle fddfc{s nl dfwwnfbfc{wmc c`y`cm{nws um{havb{mb`}fwfk fbfc{wnkfs‑ Jyl, J, @yyb, Yh}s, 0==5"34 75;5,

_=4Q S, @ee`wu`b" S, W, Yfwvssf" C, U, [my{nl" `lk W, Wàfsh" H, K, Kwfu `lk [, Tflo`{fs`l"K, G, Wnafwn" T, G, Ynkngfknt" `lk @, Ufgfw" ‒ Fddfc{ nd h}kwnefl nl yg(zw"{m-n3!g`sfk

dfwwnfbfc{wmc c`y`cm{nws‑ @yyb, Yh}s, Bf{{, 0==8"53 0953,

_=5Q ], Shmaàn{n" O, Ovshmk`!@gkfbeh`d`w" H, Amom" `lk ], Dvjmsòm" ‒ H 7 kàèf nd

dfwwnfbfc{wmc yg(Zw"[m-n3 {hml!dmba c`y`cm{nws‛{hf wnbf nd c`{`b}{mc `lk `ksnwy{mtf `c{mtm{}nd {hf {ny fbfc{wnkf‑ @yyb, Yh}s, Bf{{, 0==5"59 39=4,

_=8Q Jvle!H}vl Y`wo" Jvl!Sfno O`le" Hn!S`le @hl" Sfnl!G`f Oma" K`l Bmv" `lk Knle!JnnOma" ‒ @l`b}sms nd S{wfss kms{wmgv{mnl ml ymfznfbfc{wmc AFAS flfwe} h`wtfs{fw vsmle sh`yfk c`l{mbftfw s{wvc{vwf"‑ Dfwwnfbfc{wmcs" 799= MS@D (@ccfy{fk-

_==Q W}`l Wngfw{ Olmeh{" ‒[hf `l`b}sms `lk {fs{mle nd AFAS `lk a`cwn sc`bf ymfznfbfc{wmc

kftmcfs"‑ [hfsms" Vlmtfwsm{} nd Ym{{sgvweh (7995-_099Q @, Ewvtfwa`l" G,J, Wnkwmpvfz" @,M, Omlenl" W,J, Lfa`lmch" @,O, [è`l{sft" J,S, Cwnss"

`lk A, [svo`k`" ‒afch`lmc`b s{wfss fddfc{ nl maywml{ gfh`tmnw nd ml{few`{fk dfwwnfbfc{wmcc`y`cm{nws"‑ @yybmfk Yh}smcs Bf{{fws" 83(;- 578!539

_090Q O, Gwmloa`l" @, [è`l{sft" Y, Avw`l{" `lk L, Sf{{fw" ‒Sfbd ynb`wmz`{mnl mlYg(Sc0.7[`0.7-N3 wfb`xnw {hml dmbas"‑ Jyy, J, @yy, Yh}, (7994- ;6 (=G- 5788!57=3

_097Q Jnsfyh D, Shfy`wk" Jw" D`l Chv" Msòv O`lln" Svs`l [wnbmfw!a`cOmls{w}" ‒ch`w`c{fwmz`{mnl`lk èmle wfsynlsf nd {hf k 30 ymfznfbfc{wcm cnfddmcmfl{ nd bf`k zmwcnl`{f {m{`l`{f {hml dmbas"‑J, @yybmfk Yh}smcs" 0===" 86 (=- 4500!4504

_093Q Jnl!y`vb A`wm`" Jnsfyh D, Shfy`wk Jw," Svs`l [wnmbfw!AcOmls{w}" [, W, U`{omls" `lk @,F,Y`}z`l{" ‒Ch`w`c{fwz`{mnl nd {hf Ymfznfbfc{wmc Ywnyfw{mfs nd Yg9,=8 G`9,97(Ae 0.3 Lg7.3 -N3! Yg[mN3 Fym{`xm`b [hml Dmba"‑ Ml{, J, @yyb, Cfwa, [fchlnb," 7996" 7(0-" 60!68

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THESIS Development of MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters