Upload
others
View
4
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
165
REFERENCES
Agarwal S, Kanga A, Sharma V, Sharma DR, Sharma MR. (2005) Invasive
Aspergillosis involving multiple paranasal sinuses – a case report. Indian J
Med Microbiol. 23(3): 195-197.
Aitken C and Jeffries DJ. Nosocomial Spread of Viral Disease. (2001) Clin
Microbiol Rev. 14: 528-546.
Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, Graafmans W, Attar H,
Donaldson L, Pittet D. (2011) Burden of endemic health-care-associated
infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis.
Lancet. 377: 228-241.
Allen KD and Green HT. (1987) Hospital outbreak of multi-resistant Acinetobacter
anitratus: an airborne mode of spread? J Hosp Infect. 9: 110-119.
Anderson K, Morris G, Kennedy H, Croall J, Michie J, Richardson MD, Gibson B.
(1996) Aspergillosis in immunocompromised paediatric patients:
associations with building hygiene, design, and indoor air. Thorax. 51: 256-
261.
Augustowska M and Dutkiewicz J. (2006) Variability of airborne microflora in a
hospital ward within a period of one year. Ann Agric Environ Med. 13: 99-
106.
Autrup JL, Schmidt J, Autrup H. (1993) Exposure to aflatoxin B1 in animal-feed
production plant workers. Environ Health Perspect. 99: 195-197.
Ayliffe GA. (1991) Role of the environment of the operating suite in surgical
wound infection. Rev Infect Dis. 13(Suppl.10): S800-S804.
Ayliffe GAJ and Lowbury EJL. (1982) Airborne infection in hospital. J Hosp Infect.
3: 217-240.
166
Ayliffe GAJ, Babb JR, Taylor LJ. eds. (1999) Infection and the spread of
microorganisms. In: Hospital Acquired Infections: Principles and prevention,
3rd edn. Butterworth Heinemann Publications: Oxford; pp. 38-40.
Bakirci N, Kalaca S, Francis H, Fletcher AM, Pickering CA, Tumerdem N, Cali S,
Oldham L, Niven R. (2007) Natural history and risk factors of early
respiratory responses to exposure to cotton dust in newly exposed workers.
J Occup Environ Med. 49: 853-861.
Banerjee G, Ayyagari A, Prasad KN, Dhole TN, Singh SK. (1996) Nosocomial
infection due to Enterobacter cloacae in a tertiary care hospital in northern
India. Indian J Med Res. 103: 58-61.
Barnett HL and Hunter BB. (1999) Illustrated Genera of Imperfect Fungi, 4th edn.
The American Phytopathological Society Press: St Paul.
Beggs CB. (2003) The Airborne Transmission of Infection in Hospital Buildings:
Fact or Fiction? Indoor Built Environ. 12: 9-18.
Bernards AT, Frenay HM, Lim BT, Hendriks WD, Dijkshoorn L, van Boven CP.
(1998) Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter
baumannii: An unexpected difference in epidemiologic behaviour. Am J
Infect Control. 26: 544-551.
Bolister NJ, Johnson HE, Wathes CM. (1992) The ability of airborne Klebsiella
pneumoniae to colonize mouse lungs. Epidemiol. Infect. 109: 121-131.
Bourke SJ, Dalphin JC, Boyd G, McSharry C, Baldwin CI, Calvert JE. (2001)
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis: current concepts. Eur Respir J. 32(Suppl.):
81S-92S.
Braun-Fahrländer C, Riedler J, Herz U, Eder W, Waser M, Grize L, Maisch S,
Carr D, Gerlach F, Bufe A, Lauener RP, Schierl R, Renz H, Nowak D, von
Mutius E; Allergy and Endotoxin Study Team. (2002) Environmental
exposure to endotoxin and its relation to asthma in school-age children.
New Engl J Med. 347: 869-877.
167
Breathnach AS, de Ruiter A, Holdworth GM, Bateman NT, O-Sullivan DG, Rees
PJ, Snashall D, Milburn HJ, Peters BS, Watson J, Drobniewski FA, French
GL. (1998) An outbreak of multi-drugresistant tuberculosis in a London
teaching hospital. J Hosp Infect. 39: 11-17.
Brown DG and Baublis J. (1977) Reservoirs of Pseudomonas in an intensive care
unit for newborn infants: Mechanisms of control. J Pediatr. 90: 453-457.
Buttner MP, Willeke K, Grinshpun SA. (2002) Sampling and Analysis of Airborne
Microorganisms. In: Hurst CJ, Crawford RL, Knudsen G, McInerney M,
Stetzenbach LD. eds. Manual of Environmental Microbiology, 2nd edn.
ASM Press: Washington DC; pp. 814-826.
Carvalho-Assef AP, Gomes MZ, Silva AR, Werneck L, Rodrigues CA, Souza MJ,
Asensi MD. (2010) IMP-16 in Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas
stutzeri: potential reservoirs of multidrug resistance. J Med Microbiol. 59:
1130-1131.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2003) Guidelines for Environmental
Infection Control in Health-Care Facilities. Recommendations of CDC and
the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC).
MMWR. 52(RR-10): 1-42.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006) Mold prevention strategies
and possible health effects in the aftermath of hurricanes and major floods.
MMWR. 55(RR-8): 18.
Chieko Mitaka. (2005) Clinical laboratory differentiation of infectious versus non-
infectious systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Clinica chimica acta.
351: 17-29.
Chylak J, Michalska W, Drews M, Marciniak R, Lange M. (1999) Typing of
methicillin resistant strains of S. haemolyticus isolated from patients and
from the hospital ward environment. Med Dosw Mikrobiol. 51(3-4): 213-219.
168
Collee JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A. eds. (1999). Mackie and
McCartney Practical Medical Microbiology. 14th edn. Churchill Livingstone
Publications: New York.
Cox CS. (1989) Airborne bacteria and viruses. Sci. Prog. 73: 469-499.
Cox CS. (1995) Stability of Airborne Microbes and Allergens. In: Cox CS, Wathes
CM. eds. Bio-aerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL; pp.
77-86.
Cox CS. (1998) The microbiology of air. In: Collier L, Balows A, Sussman M. eds.
Topley & Wilson's Microbiology and Microbial Infections. 9th edn. Oxford
University Press: pp. 339-350.
Croft WA, Tarvis BB, Yatawara CS. (1986) Airborne outbreak of trichothecene
toxicosis. Atmos Environ. 20: 549-552.
Crook B. (1995a) Inertial Samplers: Biological Perspectives. In: Cox CS, Wathes
CM. eds. Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL; pp.
247-267.
Crook B. (1995b) Non-inertial Samplers: Biological Perspectives. In: Cox CS,
Wathes CM. eds. Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton,
FL; pp. 269-283.
Cullinan P, Cook A, Nieuwenhuijsen MJ, Sandiford C, Tee RD, Venables KM,
McDonald JC, Taylor AJN. (2001) Allergen and dust exposure as
determinants of work-related symptoms and sensitization in a cohort of
flour-exposed workers; a case control analysis. Ann occup Hyg. 45: 97-103.
Cullinan P, Harris JM, Newman Taylor AJ, Hole AM, Jones M, Barnes F, Jolliffe
G. (2000) An outbreak of asthma in a modern detergent factory. Lancet.
356: 1899-1900.
Darelid J, Bengtsson L, Gästrin B, Hallander H, Löfgren S, Malmvall BE, Olinder-
Nielsen AM, Thelin AC. (1994) An outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease in a
Swedish hospital. Scand J Infect Dis. 26: 417-425.
169
Deepa S, Kumari AB, Venkatesha D. (2010) Increasing trends of Methicillin
Resistant Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus in Neonatal Septicaemia - A
Study in a Tertiary Care Hospital, Mysore, South India. Online J Health
Allied Scs. 9(4): 11
Demers PA and Boffetta P. (1998) Cancer risk from occupational exposure to
wood dust: a pooled analysis of epidemiological studies. International
Agency for Research on Cancer: Lyon, France; IARC Technical Report 30.
Dettenkofer M, Scherrer M, Hoch V, Glaser H, Schwarzer G, Zentner J, Daschner
ED. (2003) Shutting down operating theater ventilation when the theater is
not in use: infection control and environmental aspects. Infect Control Hosp
Epidemiol. 24: 596-600.
Diglisic G, Rossi CA, Doti A, Walshe DK. (1999) Seroprevalence study of
Hantavirus infection in the community based population. Md Med J. 48:
303-306.
Diwakar A, Panjabi C, Shah A. (2008) Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Allergic Aspergillus Sinusitis and their Co-occurrence. The Open Allergy
Journal. 1: 52-61.
Douwes J and Heederik D. (1997) Epidemiologic investigations of endotoxins. Int
J Occup Environ Health. 3: 26-31.
Douwes J, Thorne P, Pearce N, Hederik D. (2003) Bio-aerosol Health Effects and
Exposure Assessment: Progress and Prospects. Ann occup Hyg. 47: 187-
200.
Douwes J, van der Sluis B, Doekes G, van Leusden F, Wijnands L, van Strien R
Verhoeff A, Brunekreef B. (1999) Fungal extracellular polysaccharides in
house dust as a marker for exposure to fungi: Relations with culturable
fungi, reported home dampness, and respiratory symptoms. J Allergy Clin
Immunol. 103: 494-500.
Douwes J, Wouters I, Dubbeld H, van Zwieten L, Steerenberg P, Doekes G,
Heederik D. (2000a) Upper airway inflammation assessed by nasal lavage
170
in compost workers: a relation with bio-aerosol exposure. Am J Ind Med.
37: 459-469.
Douwes J, Zuidhof A, Doekes G, van der Zee S, Wouters I, Boezen M,
Brunekreef B. (2000b) (1→3)-β-D-glucan and endotoxin in house dust and
peak flow variability in children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 162: 1348-
1354.
Duchaine C, Thorne PS, Me´Riaux A, Grimard Y, Whitten P, Cormier Y. (2001)
Comparison of Endotoxin Exposure Assessment by Bioaerosol Impinger
and Filter-Sampling Methods. Appl Environ Microbiol. 67: 2775-2780.
Dunklin EW and Puck TT. (1948) The lethal effect of relative humidity on air-
borne bacteria. J. Exp. Med. 87: 87-101.
Eduard W, Omenaas E, Bakke PS, Douwes J, Heederik D. (2004) Atopic and
non-atopic asthma in a farming and a general population. Am J Ind Med.
46: 396-399.
Eickhoff TC. (1994) Airborne nosocomial infection: A contemporary perspective.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 15: 663-672.
Ekhaise FO, Ighosewe OU, Ajakpovi OD. (2008) Hospital Indoor Airborne
Microflora in Private and Government Owned Hospitals in Benin City,
Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 3: 19-23.
Ekhaise FO, Isitor EE, Idehen O, Emoghene AO. (2010) Airborne Microflora in
the Atmosphere of an Hospital Environment of University of Benin Teaching
Hospital (UBTH), Benin City, Nigeria. World J Med Sci. 6: 166-170.
Erkara IP, Asan A, Yilmaz V, Pehlivan S, Okten SS. (2008) Airborne Alternaria
and Cladosporium species and relationship with meteorological conditions
in Eskisehir City, Turkey. Environ. Monit. Assess. 144: 31-41.
Etzel RA, Balk SJ, Bearer CF, Miller MD, Shannon MW, Shea KM. (1998).
American Academy of Pediatrics: Toxic Effects of Indoor Moulds.
Pediatrics. 101: 712-714.
171
Eugenie B.B. (2001). The Increasing Role of Acinetobacter Species as
Nosocomial Pathogens: Current Infectious Disease Reports. 3, 440-444.
Farrington M, Ling J, Ling T, French GL. (1990). Outbreaks of infection with
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus on neonatal and burns units of
a new hospital. Epidemiol Infect. 105, 215-228.
Felts SK, Schaffner W, Melly MA, Koenig MG. (1972). Sepsis caused by
contaminated intravenous fluids: epidemiologic, clinical, and laboratory
investigation of an outbreak in one hospital. Ann Intern Med. 77, 881-890.
Finney DJ. (1978) Statistical Method in Biological Assay. 3rd edn. Charles Griffin
and Company Ltd.: London.
Fletcher LA, Noakes CJ, Beggs CB, Sleigh PA. (2004) The importance of
bioaerosols in hospital infections and the potential for control using
germicidal ultraviolet irradiation. In: Proceedings of the 1st seminar on
Applied Aerobiology. Murcia, Spain.
Frisvad J and Thrane U. (2000) Mycotoxin production by common filamentous
fungi. In: Introduction to food and airborne fungi, 6th edn. Samson et al.
(Eds). Centraal bureau voor Schimmelcultures. pp. 321-331.
Getchell-White SI, Donowitz LG, Groschel DH. (1989) The inanimate
environment of an intensive care unit as a potential source of nosocomial
bacteria: evidence for long survival of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Infect
Control Hosp Epidemiol. 10(9): 402-407.
Gilardi GL. (1972) Infrequently encountered Pseudomonas species causing
infection in humans. Ann Intern Med. 77: 211-215.
Gniadek A and Macura AB. (2007) Intensive care unit environment contamination
with fungi. Adv Med Sci. 52.
Goetz A, Yu VL, Hanchett JE, Rihs JD. (1983) Pseudomonas stutzeri bacteremia
associated with hemodialysis. Arch Intern Med. 143: 1909-1912.
172
Goldenberger D, Perschil I, Ritzler M, Altwegg M. (1995) A simple "universal"
DNA extraction procedure using SDS and proteinase K is compatible with
direct PCR amplification. Genome Res. 4: 368-370.
Gruendemann BJ and Mangum SS. (2001) Surgical environments and traffic. In:
Infection Prevention in Surgical settings. Elsevier Publications:
Philadelphia; pp. 22-23.
Gupta S, Kakar A, Byotra SP, Prakash V. (2004) Invasive Aspergillosis in an
Immunocompetent Host. JK Science. 6(2): 103-105.
Hayes RB, Van Nieuwenhuize JP, Raatgever JW, Kate FJW. (1984) Aflatoxin
exposures in the industrial setting: An epidemiological study of mortality.
Food Chem Toxicol. 22: 39-43.
Heber AJ. (1995) Bioaerosol Particle Statistics. In: Cox CS, Wathes CM. eds.
Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: Boca Raton, FL; p. 55.
Hensel A and Petzoldt K. (1995) Biological and Biochemical Analysis of Bacteria
and Viruses. In: Cox CS, Wathes CM. eds. Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis
Publishers: New York; pp. 335-360.
Hodgson M. (2004) Basic Indoor Environmental Quality and Microbiology. In:
Hodgson M and Shenold CL (eds.) Healthcare Mold Management: A
Prevention, Assessment, and Remediation Training Guide. HCPro, Inc:
Marblehead, MA; p. 14.
Hurley JC. (1995) Endotoxemia: Methods of Detection and Clinical Correlates.
Clin Microbiol Rev. 8: 268-292.
Indoor Environment Department of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
(2009) Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Scientific Findings Resource Bank (SFRB) -
Overview of IAQ. Available at: http://www.iaqscience.lbl.gov/overview.html
(Last accessed 27th April 2012).
Ivens UI, Breum NO, Ebbehoj N, Nielsen BH, Poulsen OM, Wurtz H. (1999)
Exposure-response relationship between gastrointestinal problems among
173
waste collectors and bio-aerosol exposure. Scand J Work Environ Health.
25: 238-245.
Jaffal AA, Nsanze H, Bener A, Ameen AS, Banat IM, El-Mogheth AA. (1997)
Hospital airborne microbial pollution in a desert country. Environment
International. 23: 167-172.
Jarvis WR and Martone WJ. (1992) Predominant pathogens in hospital infections:
J Antimicrob Chemother. 29: 19-24.
Jensen PA, Schafer MP. eds. (1998) Sampling and characterization of
bioaerosols. In: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods. pp. 82-112.
Jones AM, Govan JR, Doherty CJ, Dodd ME, Isalska BJ, Stanbridge TN, Webb
AK. (2003) Identification of airborne dissemination of epidemic
multiresistant strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a CF centre during a
cross infection outbreak. Thorax. 58: 525-527.
Kamath S, Mallaya S, Shenoy S. (2010) Nosocomial Infections in Neonatal
Intensive Care Units: Profile, Risk Factor Assessment and Antibiogram.
Indian J Pediatr. 77: 37-39.
Karra S and Katsivela E. (2007) Microorganisms in bioaerosol emissions from
wastewater treatment plants during summer at a Mediterranean site. Water
Res. 41: 1355-1365.
Kaur N and Hans C. (2007) Air bacterial isolations from operation theatres in a
tertiary care hospital in India. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research.
2: 87-89.
Kelkar U, Bal A.M, Kulkarni S. (2005) Fungal contamination of air conditioning
units in operating theatres in India. Journal of Hospital Infection. 60: 81-84.
Kelkar U, Kelkar S, Bal AM, Kulkarni S, Kulkarni S. (2002) Microbiological
Evaluation of Various Parameters in Ophthalmic Operating Rooms. The
Need to Establish Guidelines. Indian J Ophthalmol. 51: 171-76.
174
Keys TF, Melton LJ III, Maker MD, Ilstrup DM. (1983) A suspected hospital
outbreak of pseudobacteremia due to Pseudomonas stutzeri. J Infect Dis.
147: 489-493.
Khadri H and Alzohairy M. (2010) Prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern
of methicillin-resistant and coagulase-negative staphylococci in a tertiary
care hospital in India. International Journal of Medicine and Medical
Sciences. 2(4): 116-120.
Kimura H. (1976) Measurement of endotoxin. I. Fundamental studies on
radioimmunoassay of endotoxin. Acta Med. Okayama. 30: 245-255.
Kirmeyer GJ, Foust GW, Pierson GL, Simmler JJ, LeChevalier MW. (1993)
Optimizing Chloramine Treatment. American Water Works Research
Foundation: Denver, CO.
Kiska DL and Gilligan PH. (2003) Pseudomonas. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ,
Jorgensen JH,Pfaller MA, Yolken RH, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology.
8th edn. Vol. 1. American Society for Microbiology Press: Washington, DC;
pp. 719-728.
Klich, MA. (2002). Identification of common Aspergillus species. Central bureau
voor Schimmelcultures: Utrecht, The Netherlands.
Kline JN, Cowden JD, Hunninghake GW, Schutte BC, Watt JL, Wohlford-Lenane
CL, Powers LS, Jones MP, Schwartz DA. (1999) Variable airway
responsiveness to inhaled lipopolysaccharide. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
160: 297-303.
Kool JL, Bergmire-Sweat D, Butler JC, Brown EW, Peabody DJ, Massi DS,
Carpenter JC, Pruckler JM, Benson RF, Fields BS. (1999) Hospital
characteristics associated with colonization of water systems by Legionella
and risk of nosocomial legionnaires’ disease: a cohort study of 15 hospitals.
Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 20: 798-805.
175
Korpi A, Kasanen JP, Alarie Y, Kosma VM, Pasanen AL. (1999) Sensory irritating
potency of some microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) and a
mixture of five MVOCs. Arch Environ Health. 54: 347-352.
Kothari A and Sagar V. (2008) Epidemiology of Candida Bloodstream Infections
in a Tertiary Care Institute in India. Indian J Med Microbiol. 27(2): 171-2.
Kowalski WJ. (2007) Air-Treatment Systems for Controlling Hospital-Acquired
Infections. The epidemiology and aerobiological pathways of airborne
nosocomial infections and methods of air and surface disinfection. HPAC
Engineering. Available at: http://hpac.com/ventilation-iaq/air-
treatment_controlling_hopital/ (Last accessed 27th April 2012)
Kramer A, Schwebke I, Kampf G. (2006) How long do nosocomial pathogens
persist on inanimate surfaces? A systematic review. BMC Infectious
Diseases. 6: 130
Kristensen P, Andersen A, Irgens LM. (2000) Hormone-dependent cancer and
adverse reproductive outcomes in farmers’ families- -effects of climatic
conditions favouring fungal growth in grain. Scand J Work Environ Health.
26: 331-337.
Lacey ME and West JS. Eds. (2006) The Aerobiology Pathway. In: The air spora:
a manual for catching and identifying airborne biological particles. Springer:
Netherlands; pp. 15-34.
Lalucat J, Bennasar A, Bosch R, Garcı´a-Valde´s E, Palleroni NJ. (2006) Biology
of Pseudomonas stutzeri, Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 70: 510-547.
Lawande RV, Abraham SN, John I and Egler LJ. (1979) Recovery of soil
Amoebas from the nasal passages of children during the dusty harmattan
period in Zaria. Am J Clin Pathol. 71: 201-203.
Lee N, Hui D, Wu A, Chan P, Cameron P, Joynt GM. (2003) A Major Outbreak of
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome in Hong Kong. N Engl J Med. 348:
1986-1994.
176
Li CS and Kuo YM. (1994) Characteristics of airborne microfungi in subtropical
homes. Sci. Total Environ. 155: 267-271.
Liu AH. (2002) Endotoxin exposure in allergy and asthma: reconciling a paradox.
J Allergy Clin Immunol. 109: 379-392.
Liu J, Pankhurst LJ, Deacon LJ, Abate W, Hayes ET, Drew GH, Longhurst PJ,
Pollard S, Longhurst J, Tyrrel SF, Jackson SK. (2011). Evaluation of
inflammatory effects of airborne endotoxin emitted from composting
sources. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 30: 602-606.
Lugauskas A. (2004) Filamentous Fungi Isolated in Hospitals and Some Medical
Institutions in Lithuania. Indoor Built Environ. 13: 101-108.
Macher J, Ammann HA, Burge HA, Milton DK, Morey PR. eds. (1999)
Bioaerosols: Assessment and Control. American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists: Cincinnati; pp. 1-5.
Macher JM, Streifel AJ, Vesley D. (1995) Problem buildings, Laboratories and
Hospitals. In: Christopher S. Cox and Christopher M. Wathes. eds.
Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: New York; pp. 505-530.
Madelin TM and Madelin MF. (1995) Biological Analysis of Fungi and Associated
Molds. In: Cox CS and Wathes CM eds. Bio-aerosols Handbook. Lewis
Publishers: New York; pp. 361-386.
Marshall JC, Foster D, Vincent JL, Cook DJ, Cohen J, Dellinger RP, Opal S,
Abraham E, Brett SJ, Smith T, Mehta S, Derzko A, Romaschin A, MEDIC
study. (2004) Diagnostic and prognostic implications of endotoxemia in
critical illness: Results of the MEDIC study. J Infect Dis. 190(3): 527-534.
Marshall JC, Walker PM, Foster DM, Harris D, Ribeiro M, Paice J, Romaschin
AD, Derzko AN. (2002) Measurement of endotoxin activity in critically ill
patients using whole blood neutrophil dependent chemiluminescence.
Critical Care. 6: 342-348.
177
Marshall JC. (2010) Endotoxin in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis. In: Ronco C,
Piccinni P, Rosner MH. eds. Endotoxemia and Endotoxin Shock: Disease,
Diagnosis and Therapy. Contrib Nephrol. Basel, Karger. 167: 1-13.
Martineau F, Picard FJ, Ke D, Paradis S, Roy PH, Ouellette M, Bergeron MG.
(2001) Development of a PCR Assay for Identification of Staphylococci at
Genus and Species Levels. J Clin Microbiol. 39: 2541-2547.
McDougal LK, Steward CD, Killgore GE, Chaitram JM, McAllister SK, Tenover
FC. (2003) Pulsed-field Gel Electrophoresis Typing of Oxacillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus Isolates from the United States: Establishing a
National Database. J Clin Microbiol. 41: 5113-5120.
Mertsola J, Cope LD, Munford RS, McCracken GH Jr., Hansen EJ. (1989)
Detection of experimental Haemophilus influenzae type B bacteremia and
endotoxemia by means of an immunolimulus assay. J. Infect. Dis. 164:
353-358.
Michel O, Duchateau J, Sergysels R. (1989) Effects of inhaled endotoxin on
bronchial reactivity in asthmatic and normal subjects. J Appl Physiol. 66:
1059-1064.
Michel O, Kips J, Duchateau J, Vertongen F, Robert L, Collet H, Pauwels R,
Sergysels R. (1996) Severity of asthma is related to endotoxin in house
dust. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 154: 1641-1646.
Miesen WMAJ, Van der Heide S, Kerstjens HAM, Dubois AEJ, de Monchy JGR.
(2003) Occupational asthma due to IgE mediated allergy to the flower
Molucella laevis (Bells of Ireland). Occup Environ Med. 60: 701-703.
Mohanasoundaram KM. (2010) Retrospective Analysis of the incidence of
Nosocomial Infections in the ICU - associated risk factors and
microbiological profile. JCDR. doi:1354.
Mohr AJ. (2002). Fate and Transport of Microorganisms in Air. In: Hurst CJ,
Crawford RL, Knudsen G, McInerney M, Stetzenbach LD. eds. Manual of
178
Environmental Microbiology, 2nd edn. ASM Press: Washington DC; pp.
827-838.
Morris KJ. (1995) Modern microscopic methods of bioaerosol analysis. In: Cox
CS, Wathes CM, eds. Bioaerosols Handbook. Lewis Publishers: Boca
Raton, FL; p. 285.
Mota LC, Gibbs SG, Green CF, Payan F, Tarwater PM, Ortiz M. (2008)
Characterization of seasonal indoor and outdoor bioaerosols in the arid
environment of El Paso, Texas. J Environ Health. 70: 48-53.
Mukhopadhyay C, Payyanur P, Bairy I. (2008) Systemic Invasive Aspergillosis in
a tertiary health care system. Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine. 3(2):
87-91.
Nei M and Li WH. (1979) Mathematical model for studying genetic variation in
terms of restriction endonucleases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 76: 5269-5273.
Nelson PE, Dignani MC and Anaissie EJ. (1994) Taxonomy, biology, and clinical
aspects of Fusarium species. Clin Microbiol Rev. 7: 479-504.
New Jersey State Department of Health and Senior Services (NJDHSS) Public
Employees Occupational Safety and Health (PEOSH) Program (2004)
Indoor air quality. Available at:
http://www.state.nj.us/health/peosh/documents/iaqdoc.pdf (Last accessed
27th April 2012)
Noble RC and Overman SB. (1994) Pseudomonas stutzeri infection: A review of
hospital isolates and a review of the literature. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis.
19: 51-56.
Nucci M and E Anaissie. (2002) Cutaneous infection by Fusarium species in
healthy and immunocompromised hosts: implications for diagnosis and
management. Clin Infect Dis. 35: 909-920.
Obbard JP and Fang LM. (2003) Airborne concentrations of bacteria in a hospital
environment in Singapore. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution. 144: 333-341.
179
Panagea S, Winstanley C, Walshaw MJ, Ledson MJ, Hart CA. (2005)
Environmental contamination with an epidemic strain of Pseudomonas
aeruginosa in a Liverpool cystic fibrosis centre, and study of its survival on
dry surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 59: 102-107.
Parillo JE. (1993) Pathogenic mechanisms of septic shock. N Engl J Med. 328:
1471-1477.
Park JH, Gold DR, Spiegelman DL, Burge HA, Milton DK. (2001) House dust
endotoxin and wheeze in the first year of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
163: 322-328.
Pasanen AL, Yli-Pietila K, Pasanen P, Kalliokoski P, Tarhanen J. (1999)
Ergosterol Content in Various Fungal Species and Biocontaminated
Building Materials. Appl Environ Microbiol. 65: 138-142.
Pasanen P, Pasanen AL, Janunen M. (1993) Water condensation promotes
fungal growth in ventilation ducts. Indoor Air. 3: 106-112.
Pasquarella C, Pitzurra O, Savino A. (2000) The index of microbial air
contamination. J Hosp Infect. 46: 241-256.
Pearson FC, Dubczak J, Weary M, Bruszer G, Donohue G. (1985) Detection of
Endotoxin in the Plasma of Patients with Gram-Negative Bacterial Sepsis
by the Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate Assay. J Clin Microbiol. 21: 865-868.
Pei-Chih W, Huey-Jen S, Chia-Yin L. (2000) Characteristics of indoor and
outdoor airborne fungi at suburban and urban homes in two seasons. Sci.
Total Environ. 253: 111-118.
Peiris JSM, Yuen KY, Osterhaus ADME, Stohr K. (2003) The Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome. N Engl J Med. 349: 2431-2441.
Pernis B, Vigliani EC, Cavagna C. (1961) The role of bacterial endotoxins in
occupational diseases caused by inhaling vegetable dusts. Br J Ind Med.
18: 120-129.
180
Peterson RD, Wicklund PE, Good RA. (1964) Endotoxin activity of a house dust
extract. Allergy. 35: 134-142.
Piette A and Verschraegen G. (2009) Role of coagulase-negative Staphylococci
in human disease. Vet Microbiol. 134 (1-2): 45-54.
Poulsen AB, Skov R, Pallesen LV. (2003) Detection of methicillin resistance in
coagulase-negative staphylococci and in staphylococci directly from
simulated blood cultures using the EVIGENE MRSA Detection Kit.
Antimicrob Chemother. 51: 419-421.
Poulsen OM, Breum NO, Ebbehøj N, Hansen AM, Ivens UI, van Lelieveld D,
Malmros P, Matthiasen L, Nielsen BH, Nielsen EM, Schibyea B, Skov T,
Stenbaeka EI, Wilkins KC. (1995) Sorting and recycling of domestic waste.
Review of occupational health problems and their possible causes. Sci
Total Environ. 168: 33-56.
Qudiesat K, Abu-Elteen K, Elkarmi A, Hamad M, Abussaud M. (2009)
Assessment of airborne pathogens in healthcare settings. Afr J Microbiol
Res. 3: 66-76.
Radon K. (2006) The two sides of the “endotoxin coin”. Occup Environ Med. 63:
73-78.
Ravisankar S, Srikanth P, Steinberg R, Balakrishnan K. (2005) Characterization
of Bio-aerosols in a HealthCare Facility in India. In: ACGIH-AIHce 2005:
International Occupational Safety and Health Issues. Anaheim, California;
poster session 402, abstract no. 277.
Regional Meteorological Centre, Chennai – Seasons. Available at:
http://www.amsschennai.gov.in/Seasons.html (Last accessed 27th April
2012).
Rodriguez-Rajo FJ, Iglesias I, Jato V. (2005) Variation assessment of airborne
Alternaria and Cladosporium spores at different bioclimatical conditions.
Mycol. Res. 109: 497-507.
181
Rylander R. (2006) Endotoxin and occupational airway disease. Curr Opin
Allergy Clin Immunol. 6: 62-66.
Sabariego S, Diaz de la Guardia C, Alba F. (2000) The effect of meteorological
factors on the daily variation of airborne fungal spores in Granada
(southern Spain). Int. J. Biometeorol. 44: 1-5.
Sakai K, Tsubouchi H, Mitani K. (2003) Airborne concentrations of fungal and
indoor air pollutants in dwellings in Nagoya, Japan. Nippon Koshu Eisei
Zasshi. 50: 1017-1029.
Sandiford CP, Tee RD, Taylor AJ. (1994) The role of cereal and fungal amylases
in cereal flour hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy. 24: 549-57.
Sarca S, Asan A, Otkun MT, Ture M. (2002) Monitoring Indoor Airborne Fungi
and Bacteria in the Different Areas of Trakya University Hospital, Edirne,
Turkey. Indoor and Built Environment. 11(5): 285-292.
Sautour M, Sixt N, Dalle F, L'Ollivier C, Fourquenet V, Calinon C, Paul K, Valvin
S, Maurel A, Aho S, Couillault G, Cachia C, Vagner O, Cuisenier B, Caillot
D, Bonnin A. (2009) Profiles and seasonal distribution of airborne fungi in
indoor and outdoor environments at a French hospital. Sci Total Env. 407:
3766-3771.
Saxen H, Vuopiovarkila J, Luk J, Lindberg A, Lang A, Dipadova F, Cryz SJ Jr.,
Mertsola J, McCracken GH Jr., Hansen EJ. (1993) Detection of
enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides and experimental endotoxemia by
means of an immunolimulus assay using both serotype-specific and cross-
reactive antibodies. J. Infect. Dis. 168: 393-399.
Schaal KP. (1991) Medical and microbiological problems arising from airborne
infection in hospitals. J Hosp Infect. 18(Suppl.A): 451-459.
Sepehri G, Talebizadeh N, Mirzazadeh A, Mir-shekari TR and Sepehri E. (2009)
Bacterial Contamination and Resistance to Commonly Used Antimicrobials
of Healthcare Workers' Mobile Phones in Teaching Hospitals, Kerman, Iran.
Am. J. Applied Sci. 6: 693-697.
182
Shiomori T, Miyamoto H, Makishima K. (2001) Significance of Airborne
transmission of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an
Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery Unit. Arch Otolaryngol Head
Neck Surg. 127: 644-648.
Shivakumar KM, Prashant GM, Madhu Shankari GS, Subba Reddy VV, Chandu
GN. (2007) Assessment of atmospheric microbial contamination in a mobile
dental unit. Indian J Dent Res. 18: 177-180.
Shnyra A, Hultenby K, Lindberg AA. (1993) Role of the physical state of
Salmonella lipopolysaccharide in expression of biological and endotoxic
properties. Infect. Immun. 61: 5351-5360.
Sigsgaard T, Malmros P, Nersting L, Petersen C. (1994) Respiratory disorders
and atopy in Danish refuse workers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 149:
1407-1412.
SKC BioSampler. Available at : http://www.skcinc.com/prod/225-9594.asp (Last
accessed 27th April 2012)
SKC Personal Sampling Pump - Universal XR Pump Model PCXR8 (5 to 5000
ml/min). Available at : http://www.skcinc.com/pumps/224-PCXR8.asp (Last
accessed 27th April 2012).
Smith KJ, Neafie R, Yeager J, Skelton HG. (1999) Micrococcus folliculitis in HIV-
1 disease. Br J Dermatol. 141: 558-561.
Sorenson WG, Jones W, Simpson J, Davidson JI. (1984) Aflatoxin in respirable
airborne peanut dust. J Toxicol Environ Health. 14: 525-533.
Spilker T, Coenye T, Vandamme P, LiPuma JJ. (2004) PCR-Based Assay for
Differentiation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from Other Pseudomonas
Species Recovered from Cystic Fibrosis Patients. J Clin Microbiol. 42:
2074-2079.
Srikanth P, Rajaram E, Sudharsanam S, Lakshmanan A, Mariappan USS,
Jagannathan K. (2010). Mobile Phones – Emerging Threat for Infection
Control. Journal of Infection Prevention. 11(3): 87-90.
183
Srikanth P, Sudharsanam S, Steinberg R. (2008) Bioaerosols in Indoor
Environments – Composition, Health Effects and Analysis. Indian J Med
Microbiol. 26: 302-312.
Stennett PJ and Beggs PJ. (2004) Alternaria spores in the atmosphere of
Sydney, Australia, and relationships with meteorological factors. Int. J.
Biometeorol. 49: 98-105.
Stetzenbach LD, Buttner MP, Cruz P. (2004) Detection and enumeration of
airborne biocontaminants. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 15: 170-174.
Stetzenbach LD. (2002) Introduction to Aerobiology. In: Hurst CJ, Crawford RL,
Knudsen G, McInerney M, Stetzenbach LD. eds. Manual of Environmental
Microbiology. 2nd edn. ASM Press: Washington DC; pp. 801-813.
Stetzenbach LD. (2005). Airborne Bacteria. In: Borriello PS, Murray PR, Funke G,
eds. Topley and Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections:
Bacteriology-I, 10th edn. ASM Press: Washington DC; pp. 185-194.
Sudharsanam S, Srikanth P, Sheela M, Steinberg R. (2008) Study of Indoor Air
Quality in Hospitals in South Chennai, India – Microbial Profile. Indoor Built
Environ. 17(5): 435-441.
Tamura K, Dudley J, Nei M, Kumar S. (2007) MEGA4: Molecular evolutionary
Genetics Analysis (MEGA) software version 4.0. Molecular Biology and
Evolution. 24: 1596-1599.
Tang JW. (2009). The effect of environmental parameters on the survival of
airborne infectious agents. J R Soc Interface. 6(Suppl.6): S737-S746. doi:
10.1098/rsif.2009.0227.focus
Thompson JD, Gibson TJ, Plewniank F, Jeanmougin F, Higgins DG. (1997) The
ClustalX windows interface: flexible strategies for multiple sequence
alignment aided by quality analysis tools. Nucleic Acids Research. 24:
4876-4882.
Thorn J and Rylander R. (1998) Airways inflammation and glucan exposure
among household waste collectors. Am J Ind Med. 33: 463-470.
184
Traeger MS, Wiersma ST, Rosenstein NE, Malecki JM, Shepard CW,
Raghunathan PL, Pillai SP, Popovic T, Quinn CP, Meyer RF, Zaki SR,
Kumar S, Bruce SM, Sejvar JJ, Dull PM, Tierney BC, Jones JD, Perkins
BA, Florida Investigation Team. (2002) First Case of Bioterrorism- Related
Inhalational Anthrax in the United States, Palm Beach County, Florida,
2001. Emerg Infect Dis. 8: 1029-1034.
Turunen U, Malkamäki M, Valtonen VV, Larinkaŕi U, Pikkarainen P, Salaspuro
MP, Mäkelä PH. (1981) Endotoxin and liver diseases: High titres of
enterobacterial common antigen antibodies in patients with alcoholic
cirrhosis. Gut. 22: 849-853.
Van Tongeren M, van Amelsfoort L, Heederik D. (1997) Exposure to organic
dusts, endotoxins, and microorganisms in the municipal waste industry. Int
J Ind Med. 33: 384-391.
Verma KS, Jain V, Rathore AS. (2003) Role of Aspergillus spp. in causing
possible Nosocomial Aspergillosis among Immunocompromised Cancer
Patients. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol. 17(2): 77-83
Vogelzang PF, van der Gulden JW, Folgering H, Kolk JJ, Heederik D, Preller L,
Tielen MJ, van Schayck CP. (1998) Endotoxin exposure as a major
determinant of lung function decline in pig farmers. Am J Respir Crit Care
Med. 157: 15-18.
von Eiff C, Proctor RA, Peters G. (2001) Coagulase-negative staphylococci.
Pathogens have major role in nosocomial infections. Postgrad Med. 110:
63-76.
Von Essen S, Robbins RA, Thompson AB, Rennard SI. (1990) Organic dust toxic
syndrome: an acute febrile reaction to organic dust exposure distinct from
hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Clin Toxicol. 28: 389-420.
von Mutius E, Braun-Fahrländer C, Schierl R, Riedler J, Ehlermann S, Maisch S,
Waser M, Nowak D. (2000) Exposure to endotoxin or other bacterial
components might protect against the development of atopy. Clin Exp
Allergy. 30: 1230-1234.
185
Walinder R, Norback D, Wessen B, Venge P. (2001) Nasal lavage biomarkers:
effects of water damage and microbial growth in an office building. Arch
Environ Health. 56: 30-36.
Webb SJ. (1959) Factors affecting the viability of air-borne bacteria. I. Bacteria
aerosolized from distilled water. Can. J. Microbiol. 5: 649-669.
WHO. (2002) Environment. In: Ducel G, Fabry J, Nicolle L. eds. Prevention of
hospital acquired infections: A practical guide. 2nd edn. WHO: Malta; p. 48.
WHO. (2009) WHO guidelines for indoor air quality: dampness and mould.
Druckpartner Moser: Germany.
WHO. (2011) Report on the Burden of Endemic Health Care-Associated Infection
Worldwide. WHO: Geneva; p. 6.
Won WD and Ross H. (1966) Effect of diluent and relative humidity on apparent
viability of airborne Pasteurella pestis. Appl. Microbiol. 14: 742-745.
Wouters IM, Hilhorst SK, Kleppe P, Doekes G, Douwes J, Peretz C, Heederik D.
(2002) Upper airway inflammation and respiratory symptoms in domestic
waste collectors. Occup Environ Med. 59: 106-112.
Xess I, Jain N, Hasan F, Mandal P, Banerjee U. (2007) Epidemiology of
candidemia in a tertiary care centre of north India: 5-year study. Infection.
35(4): 256-9.
Yu IT, Li Y, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee JH, Leung DY, Ho T. (2004)
Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome Virus. N Engl J Med. 350: 1731-1739.