Thit k cc m hnh v t tn

1

chng ny tp trung vo giao thc

Internet ( IP) a ch v t tn

s dng mt m hnh cu trc cho lp mng

v t tn.

s dng cc a ch v tn l rt kh qun l,

nn gn a ch v tn h thng.

Thng tin ny l hu ch khi lp k hoch a ch

v t tn.

t tn theo cc bc ca top-down, trong qu

trnh thit k mng.

Cc a ch v t tn bc i trc la chn

nh tuyn v chuyn i giao thc.

2

u im ca cu trc m hnh & t

tn

Lm cho n d dng hn c bn mng.

Hot ng phn mm qun l mng.

Nhn ra thit b trong giao thc phn tch du vt.

p ng mc tiu cho kh nng s dng b lc thit

k trn tng la v cc thit b nh tuyn .

Thc hin tng kt tuyn ng.

3

Danh sch cung cp mt s quy tc

n gin cho lp mng

Thit k mt m hnh cu trc gii quyt trc khi

gn bt k a ch

li cho s tng trng trong m hnh gii quyt.

Ch nh cc khi a ch mt cch phn cp thc

y kh nng m rng tt v sn c.

Ch nh cc khi a ch da trn mng vt l.

4

Danh sch cung cp mt s quy tc

n gin cho lp mng (tt)

ti a ha tnh linh hot v gim thiu cu hnh

ti a ha an ninh v kh nng thch ng , s dng

a ch ring vi a ch mng (NAT) trong mi trng

IP .

5

S dng mt m hnh cu trc cho

Network Layer

Khi khng c m hnh v a ch c phn cng

mt cch ba bi , cc vn sau y c th xy

ra:

Mng trng lp v a ch my ch

a ch bt hp php m khng th c nh

tuyn trn Internet

Khng a ch trong tng s, hoc theo nhm

Ngi nhn m khng th c s dng, v nh

vy l lng ph

6

a ch qun l bi mt C quan trung

ng

Qu trnh thit k gii quyt cn phi tr li cc cu hi sau y v a ch.

Lm th no nhiu h thng kt thc ch cn truy cp vo

mng ring?

Lm th no nhiu h thng cui cn phi c hin th

cho cc mng cng cng?

Lm th no dch gia cc a ch t nhn v cng cng

s xy ra?

Trng hp trong cu trc lin kt mng s ranh gii

gia a ch t nhn v cng cng tn ti?

7

DHCP gim thiu cng vic cu hnh

cho cc h thng u cui IP.

Nhiu mng s dng mt s kt hp ca tnh v ng

gii quyt.

a ch tnh thng c s dng cho cc my ch.

Thit b nh tuyn, v cc h thng qun l mng.

a ch tnh cng c s dng doanh nghip trong

thng mi in t, VPN / truy cp t xa

8

DHCP Relay

Khch hng DHCP gi tin nhn ca h nh l chng

trnh pht sng

Khng vt qua b nh tuyn v vn a phng n mt subnet

Mi subnet cn mt my ch DHCP

Mt router c th hot ng nh mt tc nhn chuyn tip DHCP

iu ny c ngha rng cc b nh tuyn DHCP pht sng tin nhn t

khch hng n cc my ch DHCP m khng phi l trn cng mt

subnet

Mt a ch tham s cho lnh phi tr n a ch IP ca my ch DHCP

9

DHCP Relay

Bn c th s dng lnh ip helper - a ch trn mi giao

din b nh tuyn ni khch hng c tr gy ra cc b

nh tuyn tr thnh DHCP relay

Ngoi ra, a ch c th l mt a ch qung b cc b

nh tuyn chng trnh pht sng DHCP khm ph

thng ip vo mng quy nh.

Thn trng Khi bn kch hot mt a ch IP helper.

cu hnh cc b nh tuyn c sng sut hn

trong chuyn tip ca n, s dng lnh ip forward-

protocol

10

S dng a ch c nhn trong mt mi

trng IP

a ch IP ring l nhng a ch m mt qun tr mng doanh

nghip giao cho mng ni b v my ch m khng cn c s phi

hp t mt ISP hoc mt trong cc RIR.

IETF bo lu cc s sau y gii quyt cc nt trn ni b

mng ring:

10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255

Mt li th ca s mng ring l an ninh.

S mng t nhn khng qung co Internet

S mng ring khng c qung co cho Internet bi v h

khng phi l duy nht ton cu

11

12

Hai b phn ca mt a ch IP

Prefix Host

32 Bits

Prefix Length

Prefix Length

Mt a ch IP c i km vi mt du hiu ca chiu

di tin t

Subnet mask

/Length

Examples

192.168.10.1 255.255.255.0

192.168.10.1/24

13

Subnet Mask

32 bits, Quy nh c th l mt phn ca mt a ch

IP l lnh vc mng / mng con v l mt phn ca

lnh vc my ch.

Phn mng / subnet mask l tt c 1s trong h nh phn.

Phn host ca mt n l tt c cc s 0 trong h nh phn.

Chuyn i biu thc nh phn tr li k hiu chm thp

phn nhp vo cu hnh.

S dng k hiu gch cho (v d / 24)

14

Thit k mng vi Subnet

Xc nh kch thc subnet

Tnh subnet mask

Tnh ton a ch IP

15

a ch cn trnh khi Subnetting

Mt a ch nt ca tt c nhng ngi (pht sng)

Mt a ch nt ca tt c cc s (mng)

Mt a ch mng con ca tt c nhng ngi thn (tt c

cc mng con)

Mt a ch mng con ca tt c cc s khng (kh hiu)

Cu hnh Cisco IOS cho php mt a ch subnet ca tt

c cc s vi ip subnet-zero

16

Practice

Mng l 172.16.0.0

Bn mun chia mng thnh cc mng con.

Bn s cho php 600 nt cho mi subnet.

Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?

a ch ca nt u tin trn mng con u tin l g?

17

Thc Hnh

Mng l 172.16.0.0

Bn c tm mng LAN, mi trong s s l mng con

ring ca mnh.

Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?

a ch ca nt u tin trn mng con u tin l g?

a ch g s nt ny s dng gi cho tt c cc thit

b trn mng con ca n?

18

One More

Mng l 192.168.55.0

Bn mun chia mng thnh cc mng con.

Bn s c khong 25 nt cho mi subnet.

Subnet mask nhng g bn nn s dng?

a ch ca nt cui cng trn mng con cui cng l g?

a ch g s nt ny s dng gi cho tt c

cc thit b trn mng con ca n?

19

B phn ca Address Space Classful

20

Class First First Byte Prefix Intent

Few Bits Length

A 0 1-126* 8 Very large networks

B 10 128-191 16 Large networks

C 110 192-223 24 Small networks

D 1110 224-239 NA IP multicast

E 1111 240-255 NA Experimental

a ch bt u vi 127 c dnh ring cho lu lng IP a phng

n mt my ch

21

Class Prefix Number of Addresses

Length per Network

A 8 224-2 = 16,777,214

B 16 216-2 = 65,534

C 24 28-2 = 254

B phn ca Address Space

Classful

Classful IP is Wasteful

Lp A s dng 50% khng gian a ch

Lp B s dng 25% khng gian a ch

Lp C s dng 12,5% khng gian a ch

Lp D v E s dng 12,5% khng gian a ch

22

giai cp biu

Tin t ranh gii / my ch c th c bt c ni no

t lng ph

H tr tng kt tuyn ng

- Cn c gi l:

Tp hp

Supernetting

nh tuyn Classless

Classless nh tuyn lin min (CIDR)

Tin t nh tuyn

23

24

Supernetting

Di chuyn ranh gii tin t bn tri

Qung co vn phng chi nhnh 172.16.0.0/14

172.16.0.0

172.17.0.0

172.18.0.0

172.19.0.0

Branch-Office NetworksEnterprise Core

Network

Branch-Office Router

25

Bn cng nn chuyn i cc con s 16 n 19 nh

phn, nh th hin trong biu sau:

16 00010000

17 00010001

18 00010010

19 00010011

Ch rng 6 bit tn cng bn tri cho cc s t 16 n 19 l ging ht nhau. y

l nhng g lm cho tng kt tuyn ng vi chiu di tin t ca 14 c th

trong v d ny.8 bit cho cc mng l ging ht nhau (tt c cc mng c 172 cho

octet u tin), v 6 bit tip theo cng ging ht nhau.

172.16.0.0/14 Summarization

Vi mt giao thc nh tuyn classful nh RIP phin bn 1

hoc IGRP, Router A trong hnh 6-3 qung co rng n c

th nhn c vo mng 10.0.0.0. Router B b qua qung

co ny bi v n c th nhn c vo mng 10.0.0.0.

N l trc tip gn lin vi mng 10.0.0.0. ngc li cng

ng: Router B qung co rng n c th nhn c vo

mng 10.0.0.0, nhng Router A b qua thng tin ny. iu

ny c ngha rng cc b nh tuyn khng th tip cn

mng con t xa ca mng 10.0.0.0.

Hnh 6-3 cho thy mt mng doanh nghip vi mng con

k.

26

Discontiguous Subnets

27

Discontiguous Subnets

Area 1

Subnets 10.108.16.0 -

10.108.31.0

Area 0

Network

192.168.49.0

Area 2

Subnets 10.108.32.0 -

10.108.47.0

Router A Router B

Hnh 6-3

Mobile Hosts

My ch in thoi di ng nh tuyn khng giai cp v h tr mng con k thit b di ng.

Trong hnh 6-4, v d, my ch 10.108.16.1 chuyn

sang mt mng khc nhau. mc d Router A qung co

rng mng 10.108.16.0/20 l ng sau n, Router B c

th qung co m 10.108.16.1/32 l ng sau n.

Khi a ra quyt nh nh tuyn, giao thc nh tuyn

ph hp vi tin t di nht.

Cc b nh tuyn trong v d c trong bng

10.108.16.0/20 v 10.108.16.1/32.

28

29

A Mobile Host

Subnets 10.108.16.0 -

10.108.31.0

Router A Router B

Host 10.108.16.1

hnh 6-4

Trong hnh 6-4, mt thit k tt hn s c s dng DHCP my ch c th

c di chuyn m khng cn yu cu bt k cu hnh li trn cc my ch

hoc b nh tuyn

H thng phn cp trong IP phin bn 6

a ch

30

3 13 8 24 16 64 bits

FP TLA

ID

RES NLA

ID

SLA

ID

Interface ID

Public topologySite

Topology

nh dng FP Tin t (001)

TLA ID Top-Level Aggregation nh danh

RES Dnh cho s dng trong tng lai

NLA ID Tip Cp tp hp nh danh

SLA ID trang web-Level Aggregation nh danh

Giao din ID giao din nh danh

Nng cp ln IPv6

Dual stack.

ng hm.

Dch.

Dual stack: C IPv4 v IPv6 ngn xp chy trn h thng. H thng c th lin

lc vi c IPv6 v cc thit b IPv4. La chn phin bn IP da trn tra cu tn

v s thch