Things Statisticians Wanted To Know About

the Tourism Satellite Account

But Were Afraid To Ask

By Romulo A. Virola, Regina S. Reyes,

Florande S. Polistico and Aileen S. Oliveros

Presented during the Philippine Statistical Association-Department of Tourism Annual Conference 2011 26-27 September 2011 Sarabia Manor Hotel and Convention Center Iloilo City

NATIONAL STATISTICAL COORDINATION BOARD Date of Release June 2012 Reference Code 2012-001

Table of Contents

I. Tourism statistics and tourism satellite account: An overview . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Trends of tourism: Globally and locally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Importance of tourism statistics/indicators

and tourism satellite account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

II. Tourism statistics and tourism satellite account: Methodological framework, concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

2.1 International frameworks and standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Basic concepts and definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.3 Development of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.4 The TSA and the System of National Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 TSA Tables and Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

III. Philippine Tourism Satellite Account (PTSA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 3.1 The role of global development in tourism statistics and TSA in Philippine setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 14 3.2 Framework of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account . . . . . . . . . 15 3.3 Institutional initiatives in the Philippine Statistical System on the PTSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.4 Data support and relevant agencies in the compilation of the PTSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.5 PTSA milestones over the years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

IV. Results and discussion (PTSA estimates, 2000-2010) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

4.1 Demand side: Tourism consumption/expenditure . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 4.2 Supply side: Production of tourism goods and services . . . . . . . . 29 4.3 Employment in tourism industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

V. Challenges and areas of future concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

List of Figures Figure A. Visitor Arrival to ASEAN Countries, 2004-2010 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Figure B. The Philippine Statistical System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

List of Tables Table A. International Tourist Arrivals by Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Table B. Visitor Arrivals to the Philippines and Visitor Receipts . . . . . . . . 4 Table C. Visitor Arrivals and Receipts, Boracay……………………………... 5 Table D. Foreign Visitor Arrivals, Boracay, Bali, Phuket …………………… 6

Annex Annex A Initiatives Towards the Development of Philippine Tourism Satellite

Account Annex B PTSA Estimates, 2000-2010 Table 1. Inbound Tourism Expenditure by Product, 2000-2010 Table 2. Domestic Tourism Expenditure by Product, 2000-2010 Table 3. Outbound Tourism Expenditure by Product, 2000-2007 Table 4. Internal Tourism Expenditure by Product, 2000-2010 Table 5 Production accounts on tourism industries and other industries, 2000 Table 6a Gross Value Added of Tourism Industries (GVATI), 2000-2010 Table 6b Tourism Direct Gross Value Added (TDGVA), 2000-2010 Table 7 Total Employment in the Philippines and Employment in Tourism Industries, 2000-2010

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Things Statisticians Wanted To Know About the Tourism Satellite Account But Were Afraid To Ask1

by

Romulo A. Virola, Regina S. Reyes, Florande S. Polistico, & Aileen S. Oliveros

ABSTRACT

Tourism, widely considered as a powerful driver of economic growth is one of the key priority areas of the Philippine Development Plan 2011-2016. With many attractive destinations to offer to tourists, tourism is one industry where the country enjoys comparative advantage. Like any other industry, there is a need to come up with reliable statistics and indicators by which the industry’s economic contribution can be measured and which will be useful in the formulation of policies and programs for the sector. However unlike other industries such as mining, manufacturing, transportation, storage and communication, etc. which are well-delineated in the classification systems used in the compilation of the national accounts, tourism cuts across many economic sectors, making it difficult to directly measure its economic contribution. Using the framework of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA), it is possible to quantify the contribution of tourism to the economy within the context of the Philippine System of National Accounts (PSNA).

The Philippines, through the leadership of the National Statistical Coordination Board and the Department of Tourism, and in collaboration with many agencies, is one of the countries that have pioneered the compilation of the TSA. This paper discusses the development of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account PTSA), the PTSA conceptual framework, its operationalization in the Philippine Statistical System (PSS), and some results.

KEYWORDS: tourism, visitor, economic contribution, system of national accounts,

tourism satellite account, demand perspective, supply perspective

I. Tourism statistics and tourism satellite account: An overview

1.1 Trends of tourism: Globally and locally Over the decades, the world has experienced continued development because of the advances in transportation and technology. In addition, the liberalization of trade has made the world truly global that allows people to transact business in ways previously unimaginable. With the fast-paced globalization, a person can now travel back and forth to a neighboring country instantly.

An important industry that has taken advantage of the benefits of the fast-paced globalization is travel and tourism – a demand oriented industry that cuts across other industries. A traveler avails of products and services of industries that are related to tourism, directly or indirectly. A traveler would need transportation and its infrastructures, accommodation, food and other personal items, souvenirs and indigenous products of the destination, and services for activities like sports, cultural shows, health and spa treatments,

1 Presented during the Philippine Statistical Association-Department of Tourism Annual Conference 2011,

conducted on 26-27 September 2011 at the Sarabia Manor Hotel and Convention Center, Iloilo City

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etc. Thus, development of the tourism sector would mean that there has to be a corresponding development in other industries servicing tourism – from micro to large business enterprises, without which tourism activities would be unsustainable. Each destination has to have an environment suitable to tourism, thereby creating opportunities for other industries to flourish. Travel and tourism has become sort of an umbrella industry, touching many other production sectors in a country. Therefore, it would be more accurate to describe tourism not as an industry in its strict definition but as an economic activity that cross-cuts many industries2.

Tourism plays a role “in fostering global competitiveness on international trade, wealth creation and regional development” and is recognized for its great potential in helping countries achieve the Millennium Development Goals set by the international community in 20003, specifically on poverty alleviation (IRTS 2008). Further, tourism can contribute towards a better understanding and appreciation of the differences and similarities of our various cultures – towards world peace. The United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the leading international organization in the field of tourism serves as the global forum for tourism policy issues and a practical source of tourism know-how. The UNWTO4 describes tourism as an economic and social phenomenon that has experienced continued growth and diversification to become one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors of the world. The UNWTO5 reported that in 2010, international tourism worldwide rebounded with international tourist arrivals expanding by 6.6 percent from a decline of 3.8 percent in 2009 (Table A), and grew at an average of 3.4 percent annually in 2000 – 2010. Over the past decades, in spite of occasional shocks, international tourist arrivals have shown virtually uninterrupted growth: from 25 million in 1950, to 277 million in 1980, to 435 million in 1990, to 675 million in 2000. and 940 million in 2010. For the 6-year period from 2004-2010, tourist receipts grew at an average of 6.4 percent annually. The report further noted that the overall export income generated by inbound tourism, including passenger transport, exceeded US$ 1 trillion in 2010, or close to US$ 3 billion a day. Tourism exports account for as much as 30 percent of the world‟s exports of commercial services and 6.0 percent of overall exports of goods and services.

REGIONMarket

Share (%)

Average

Annual

Growth (%)

1990 1995 2000 2005 2008 2009 2010* 2010 08-09 09-10* 00-10*

World 435 528 675 798 917 882 940 100 -3.8 6.6 3.4

By UNWTO regions

Europe 261.5 304.1 385.6 439.4 485.2 416.5 476.6 50.7 -4.9 3.3 2.1

Asia and Pacific 55.8 82.0 110.1 153.6 184.1 180.9 203.8 21.7 -1.7 12.7 6.3

Americas 92.8 109.0 128.2 133.3 147.8 140.6 149.8 15.9 -4.9 6.4 1.6

Africa 14.8 18.9 26.5 35.4 44.4 46.0 49.4 5.2 3.7 7.3 6.4

Middle East 9.6 13.7 24.1 36.3 55.2 52.9 60.3 6.4 -4.3 14.1 9.6

* provisional f igure

Source: Tourism Highlights 2011 Edition, World Tourism Organization (UNWTO(

INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS

(in million)Change (%)

Table A INTERNATIONAL TOURIST ARRIVALS BY REGION

(in million)

2 The International Recommendations on Tourism Statistics (IRTS) 2008 has a list of tourism industries based on the

International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) Rev 4. . 3 United Nations General Assembly adopted the Millennium Development Goals in its 55

th Session on 18 September 2000

4 http://www2.unwto.org/en/content/why-tourism Why Tourism?, UNWTO.

5 http://unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm. Tourism Highlights, Edition 2011, UNWTO. Tourism Highlights presents a concise

overview of international tourism in the world based on the results for the year 2010.

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The UNWTO's Tourism 2020 Vision recognizes the great potential of tourism, and forecasts that international arrivals will reach nearly 1.6 billion by the year 20206. But while the positive contributions of tourism are obvious, it is recognized that “tourism, like many other activities, might also contribute in creating irreversible damage to the environment, through pressure on fragile ecosystems, through construction of resorts or roads that destroy the natural sights and heritage, through the pressure that is exerted on land, water and air and through diverse processes of all kinds generating pollution, discharge of residuals, erosion, deforestation, etc.”; it is thus recommended that linking tourism and sustainability be considered as a priority in further IRTS development. (IRTS 2008) In the Philippines, tourism is considered a top priority for national development in view of its potential in boosting the country‟s economy. In recognition of its importance to the country, a national policy on tourism was passed – the Republic Act Numbered 9593 otherwise known as Tourism Act of 2009. With this Act, the State declares tourism “as an indispensable element of the national economy and an industry of national interest and importance, which must be harnessed as an engine of socio-economic growth and cultural affirmation to generate investment, foreign exchange and employment and to continue to mold an enhanced sense of national pride for all Filipinos”. The Philippine Development Plan (PDP)7 2011-2016 has put tourism as one of the key priority areas that are job generating and where the country enjoys comparative advantage, and with high growth potential. To enhance the country‟s competitiveness as a tourist destination, the Plan has identified strategic destination areas for tourism, and listed down proactive measures that the government needs to undertake which include among others, the formulation of a national tourism development plan (NTDP) as the framework for the identification of tourism destinations and products, tourism infrastructure, marketing and promotion strategies, and basis for the formulation of local tourism development plans of the local government units (LGUs). The Department of Tourism (DOT) reported that despite the global, national economic, political and social upheavals, the tourism sector remained resilient. As a result of continued efforts to boost the tourism sector, visitor arrivals in the Philippines have been growing at more than seven percent annually since 2004, reaching 3.52 million visitors by the end of 2010. Looking at the tourist receipts, income generated from inbound visitors grew at an average annual rate of 3.8 percent, from US$ 1.99 billion in 2004 to US$ 2.49 billion in 2010 (Table B). Ratio of tourism receipts to total exports averaged 4.2 percent annually from 2000-2010. Indeed, tourism offers excellent opportunities for economic growth brought about by the influx of foreign exchange earnings coming from tourist expenditures

6 http://unwto.org/facts/eng/vision.htm Tourism 2020 Vision is the World Tourism Organization's long-term forecast and

assessment of the development of tourism up to the first 20 years of the new millennium. 7 A plan based on President Aquino‟s “Social Contract with the People” with the vision of achieving inclusive growth, creating

employment opportunities, and reducing poverty.

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Table B VISITOR ARRIVALS TO THE PHILIPPINES AND VISITOR RECEIPTS

Levels % Growth US$ % Growth PhP % Growth

2004 2,291,352 1,990.8 111,569.5

2005 2,623,084 14.5 2,236.1 12.3 123,058.7 10.3

2006 2,843,345 8.4 3,465.0 55.0 177,572.8 44.3

2007 3,091,993 8.7 2,957.1 -14.7 136,664.3 -23.0

2008 3,139,422 1.5 2,428.7 -17.9 106,081.8 -22.4

2009 3,017,099 -3.9 2,235.9 -7.9 106,380.6 0.3

2010 3,520,472 16.7 2,490.2 11.4 112,324.1 5.6

2004-2010 7.4 3.8 0.1Source: Department of Tourism (DOT)

VISITOR ARRIVALS TO THE PHILIPPINES AND VISITOR RECEIPTS

Arrivals Receipts (in million)

In terms of market share, the Philippines is slowly increasing its share of world tourist arrivals from 0.30 percent in 2004 to 0.37 percent in 2010, and to Asia and the Pacific arrivals from 1.59 percent in 2004 to 1.73 percent in 2010. However, among our seven ASEAN neighbors, the Philippines has the 2nd lowest number of visitor arrivals during the period 2004-2010, and shared around 5.0 to 5.2 percent of visitor arrivals. (Figure A). Malaysia consistently topped the list, receiving on the average 35.9 percent of the total visitors in the region, followed by Thailand with 24.7 percent; Singapore, 13.8 percent; and Indonesia and Viet Nam with 10.3 percent and 7.0 percent, respectively. Cambodia ranked seventh, cutting in 3.1 percent of the pie. Worth noting is that between 2004 and 2010, growth of visitor arrivals in the Philippines was higher than Singapore, Thailand, and Indonesia. Source: World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)

Malaysia36%

Thailand 25%

Singapore14%

Indonesia10%

Vietnam7%

Philippines5%

Cambodia3%

Figure A. Visitor Arrivals to ASEAN Countries2004-2010 (% Share)

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% Receipts

Foreign Domestic OFs Total Change (in Php)

2001 76,475 188,332 0 264,807 15.21 4,868,053,004

2002 77,892 221,600 1,300 300,792 13.59 5,529,579,653

2003 84,747 251,704 2,983 339,434 12.85 6,239,950,995

2004 121,023 291,279 16,453 428,755 26.31 7,881,974,666

2005 155,744 321,893 21,820 499,457 16.49 9,181,717,814

2006 183,427 340,602 30,152 554,181 10.96 10,187,730,995

2007 208,870 359,433 28,404 596,707 7.67 10,969,503,464

2008 197,376 404,807 32,080 634,263 6.29 11,659,910,434

2009 192,873 432,271 24,415 649,559 2.41 11,941,102,921

2010 278,531 474,097 27,038 779,666 20.03 14,332,911,944Source publication: Factsheet, NSCB Region VI

Souce of Basic Data: Department of Tourism (DOT) Region VI

Year

Visitor Arrivals

Visitor Arrivals & Receipts, Boracay: 2001-2010 Boracay Bali Phuket

Foreign Foreign Interntl

2001 76,475

2002 77,892

2003 84,747

2004 121,023 1,525,994

2005 155,744 1,454,804

2006 183,427 1,328,929

2007 208,870 1,741,935

2008 197,376 2,081,786

2009 192,873 2,384,819 1,183,635

2010 278,531 2,546,023 1,692,598

Source: Bali - Directorate General of Immigration

and Center Statistic Board

Phuket- Phuket Magazine, May 23, 2011

Year

The DOT reports that of the total of 19.13 million visitors who stayed in accommodation establishments in 2010, about 14.93 million or 78.1 percent were domestic visitors, 4.0 million or 20.9 percent were foreign visitors, and 0.2 million or 1.0 percent were “balikbayan”. Based on the same set of data obtained from accommodation establishments, the province of Camarines Sur topped all provinces with 2.3 million visitors in 2010, 48.8 percent higher than the 1.6 million visitors in 2009. Metro Manila and Cebu province came in next with 2.3 million and 1.8 million visitors, respectively. Boracay island registered 0.8 million and Baguio City, 0.7 million visitors. Puerto Princesa City registered the highest growth at 50.7 percent, from 268.9 thousand visitors in 2009 to 405.4 thousand visitors in 2010. Meanwhile, statistics generated by the DOT Regional Office VI, Boracay, the beach capital of the Philippines, showed that visitor head count and tourist receipts in the world-famous island have been consistently increasing for the last 10 years since year 2001. The highest increase in visitor arrivals was in 2004 with 26.3 percent from 339,434 visitors in 2003 to 428,755. In 2010, Boracay received a total of 779,666 visitors up by 20.0 percent from 649,559 visitors in 2009. Correspondingly, tourist receipts have been steadily increasing from PhP 4.9 billion in 2001 to PhP 14.3 billion in 20108 or at an average rate of

12.7 percent (Table C). Table C. Visitor Arrivals and Receipts, Boracay Table D. Foreign Visitor Arrivals Boracay, Bali, Phuket

Between the period 2004 and 2010, growth of foreign visitor arrivals in Boracay was higher than in Bali. However, compared to Bali and Phuket, Boracay received only 0.3 million foreign visitors while Bali and Phuket received 2.5 million and 1.7 million foreign visitors, respectively, in 2010 (Table D). It should be noted though, that Bali and Phuket have international ports that provide direct access to travellers. 1.2 Importance of tourism statistics/indicators and tourism satellite account (TSA)

8 Based on NSCB RD6 Factsheet posted on May 12, 2011 http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru6/FS-Tourism-Boracay2011.htm

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Like any other industry, there is a need to come up with reliable statistics and indicators by which we can determine the viability and the performance of tourism. Qualitative observation is neither suitable nor sufficient for potential investors and for development planners. The relevance of statistics and indicators is without doubt immense for those interested in determining the contribution of tourism, whether in the public or the private sector. According to UNWTO/UNEP9, indicators illustrate the following five (5) points:

1. Current state of the industry 2. Stresses on the current system 3. Impact of tourism 4. Management efforts and 5. Effect of management actions For managers and investors, it is important to know the current trends of the industry.

The trends will show what market is flourishing and what market needs attention. The current state may also indicate the availability of products needed by tourists and what needs are not being addressed. The steady growth of influx of tourists will mean a corresponding growth in tourism-related establishments. And a tourism statistical framework should be able to show that the development of a tourism product is largely dependent on the characteristics or actions or even the lack thereof of consumers.

Knowing the stresses, impacts, and current state would clarify the goals of the

tourism sector stakeholders. Management interventions are adjustments to the administration or to the implementation strategy of tourism-related programs or projects. Reliable data make it possible to make good decisions on the appropriate interventions to make.

Regular and updated tourism statistics would likewise enable the evaluation of management efforts and make them more effective. Management of the tourism sector should be an ongoing spiral of progress as it is with the development of the tourism statistical system.

The identification of the stresses and impact of tourism to the current system can be

enhanced by a good tourism database. It is important to know for example if the community is responding well to tourism activities. While it may be true that tourism is a financially rewarding activity, it may be a threat to the community‟s current sources of basic needs or to the environment hosting the activity. Limits should be identified and a good measurement system must be in place. Statistical inferences regarding trade-offs in tourism activities enable objective decisions and they are helped by the availability and accessibility of a sound tourism database.

Surely, individual countries have tried in varying degrees to develop ways to measure

tourism. As the IRTS 2008 says, “Tourism Statistics are necessary for designing marketing strategies, strengthening inter-institutional relations, evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of management decisions, and measuring tourism throughout the national economy”.

Specifically, tourism statistics and tourism satellite accounts provide us the means by which we can measure the size, economic contribution, and social impact of tourism.

9 UNWTO / UNEP Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers

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II. Tourism Statistics and Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) Methodological Framework: Concepts and Definitions

2.1 International Frameworks and Standards

To aid countries in their compilation of tourism statistics, the UNWTO together with

the Commission of the European Communities (Eurostat), Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), has come up with international standards in order to make tourism statistics comparable worldwide, such as the: a) International Recommendations in Tourism Statistics (IRTS), and b) Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework (TSA: RMF). The IRTS and TSA: RMF are continuously updated, the latest of which are the IRTS 2008 and TSA: RMF 2008. The Philippines participated in the worldwide consultation on the revision of the IRTS and the TSA: RMF by providing series of responses to the questionnaires sent by the UNWTO.

The main objective of IRTS 2008 is to present a system of definitions, concepts,

classifications and indicators that are internally consistent and that facilitate the link to the conceptual frameworks of the Tourism Satellite Account, national accounts, the balance of payments and labour statistics, among others. In addition, general guidance with respect to data sources and data compilation methods is also provided. Complementing the IRTS 2008 in providing practical guidelines to countries in the development of their tourism statistics, is the IRTS 2008 Compilation Guide. Because the IRTS 2008 already provides basic conceptual consistency with other statistical frameworks (IRTS 2008, para. 1.31) such as the 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA) and the Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual (BPM6), the TSA: RMF 2008 builds upon this consistency and provides an additional resource to link tourism statistics to the standard tables of the 2008 SNA.

The TSA: RMF 2008 is aimed at integrating the measurement of tourism as an economic phenomenon within the mainstream of macroeconomic statistics. Its history and development is strongly related to that of IRTS 2008. Hence, it should be considered from two different perspectives:

As a statistical tool that complements the concepts, definitions, aggregates, classifications already presented in the IRTS 2008, and articulate them into analytical tables for regions, countries or groups of countries, and at the same time, make these estimates comparable with other internationally recognized macroeconomic aggregates and compilations;

As the framework to guide countries in the further development of the system of tourism statistics, the main objective being the completion of the TSA, which could be viewed as a synthesis of such a system.

2.2 Basic concepts and definitions

Tourism satellite account can be viewed from two perspectives, from the demand side, which refers to the demand for goods and services associated with tourism, and from the supply side, which refers to the supply of these goods and services. 2.2.1 The Demand Perspective

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The demand perspective of the TSA introduces the concept of tourism expenditure and tourism consumption, as well as tourism collective consumption and tourism gross fixed capital formation; hence, the following concepts need to be understood.

Travel/traveler - Travel refers to the activity of travellers. A traveller is someone who moves between different geographic locations, for any purpose and any duration (IRTS 2008, para. 2.4). Travel within a country by residents is called domestic travel. Travel to a country by non-residents is called inbound travel, whereas travel outside a country by residents is called outbound travel (IRTS 2008, para. 2.5).

Trip refers to the travel by a person from the time of departure from his usual

residence until he/she returns: it thus refers to a round trip. A trip is made up of visits to different places (IRTS 2008, para. 2.33).

An inbound trip will correspond to the travel between arriving in a country and leaving, whereas a domestic trip or an outbound trip will correspond to the travel between leaving the place of residence and returning. A domestic trip has a main destination in the country of residence of the traveller, while an outbound trip has a main destination outside this country (IRTS 2008, para. 2.31)

A visitor is a traveler taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resident entity in the country or place visited. These trips taken by visitors qualify as tourism trips. Tourism refers to the activity of visitors (IRTS 2008, para 2.9).

The usual environment of an individual, a key concept in tourism, is defined as the geographical area (though not necessarily a contiguous one) within which an individual conducts his/her regular life routines (IRTS 2008, para 2.21). The purpose of introducing the concept of usual environment is to exclude from visitors those travelers commuting regularly between their place of usual residence and place of work or study, or frequently visiting places within their current life routine, for instance homes of friends and relatives, shopping centers, religious, health-care or any other facilities that might be at a substantial distance away or in a different are but are regularly and frequently visited (IRTS 2008, para 2.23).

Tourism is a subset of travel and visitors are a subset of travellers. These

distinctions are crucial for the compilation of data on flows of travellers and visitors and for the credibility of tourism statistics (IRTS 2008, para 2.12).

A visitor (domestic, inbound or outbound) is classified as a tourist (or overnight

visitor) if his/her trip includes an overnight stay, or as a same-day visitor (or excursionist) otherwise (IRTS 2008, para 2.13).

Forms of tourism In relation to the country of reference, there are three basic forms of tourism:

(a) Domestic tourism, which comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the country of reference either as part of a domestic tourism trip or part of an outbound tourism trip (IRTS 2008, para 2.39a);

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(b) Inbound tourism, which comprises the activities of a non-resident visitor within the country of reference on an inbound tourism trip (IRTS 2008, para 2.39b) ; and

(c) Outbound tourism, which comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the country of reference, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a domestic tourism trip (IRTS 2008, para 2.39c).

The three basic forms of tourism set forth above can be combined in various ways to

derive other forms of tourism, in which case the following definitions should be used:

(a) Internal tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is, the activities of resident and non-resident visitors within the country of reference as part of domestic or international tourism trips (IRTS 2008, para 2.40a);

(b) National tourism, which comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that

is, the activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference, either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips (IRTS 2008, para 2.40a);

(c) International tourism, which comprises inbound tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the activities of resident visitors outside the country of reference either as part of domestic or outbound tourism trips and the activities of non-resident visitors within the country of reference on inbound tourism trips (IRTS 2008, para 2.40c).

Tourism expenditure is the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services as well as valuables, for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips. It includes expenditures by visitors themselves as well as expenses that are paid for or reimbursed by others (IRTS 2008, para. 2.21) Tourism consumption has the same formal definition as tourism expenditure. Nevertheless, the concept of tourism consumption used in the TSA goes beyond that of tourism expenditure. Actually, besides “the amount paid for the acquisition of consumption goods and services, as well as valuables for own use or to give away, for and during tourism trips” that corresponds to monetary transactions (the focus of tourism expenditure), it also includes services associated with vacation accommodation on own account, tourism social transfers in kind and other imputed consumption. (IRTS 2008, para. 2.25)

2.2.2 The Supply Perspective

The supply perspective of the TSA requires the identification of resources used by visitors on their trips, the consumption of goods and services that they avail of, and the identification of the economic units that provide these goods and services. Related concepts in the collection of statistics on the supply side include: Goods and services (products) can be specific or non-specific to tourism. Non-specific products are those that may be consumed incidentally (like toothpaste) by tourist but are not of significant to tourism analysis in an economic sense. Products considered specific to tourism can be categorized as either characteristic or connected.

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Tourism characteristic goods and services refer to products that are typical for tourism, which in the absence of visitors, in most countries would probably cease to exist in meaningful quantity or for which the level of consumption would be significantly reduced and for which it seems possible to obtain statistical information (IRTS 2008, para 5.10).

Tourism connected goods and services, a residual category, including those that have been identified as tourism specific in a given country but for which this attribute has not been acknowledged on a worldwide basis. Countries determine its list of tourism connected products on the basis of their importance for the understanding of tourism. Examples of tourism connected products in the Philippine Tourism Statistical Classification System (List of Tourism Specific Products in the Philippines) are: credit card services, on-line access services (e-ticketing; on-line booking of airline, hotels, tour packages, etc.; pre-travel arrangements), atlases and other books of maps or charts. Tourism characteristic activities are the activities that typically produce tourism characteristic products. (IRTS 2008, para 5.11). A tourism industry represents the grouping of those establishments whose main activity is the same tourism characteristic activity. (TSA: RMF 2008, para. 3.11) The statistical unit – establishment is defined operationally as “an enterprise or part of an enterprise that engages in one or predominantly one kind of activity at or from one location or within one geographical area, for which data are available or can meaningfully be compiled, that allow the calculation of the operating surplus.” (SNA 1993,para 5.2). The 1993 SNA recommends the use of establishment when describing production processes. Classification of tourism industry. Tourism industries necessarily serve visitors directly. Thus, each tourism industry is composed of all establishments whose main activity is a particular tourism-characteristic activity. As the classification of the establishments is based on their main activity, establishments having a particular tourism-characteristic activity as a secondary activity should not be included in this tourism-characteristic industry. Example: If a travel agency activity (tourism-characteristic activity) is carried out by a supermarket (not a tourism industry) and this activity has not been delineated as a separate establishment, then the travel agency services will remain part of the total output of the retail trade industry and will not appear as part of the travel agency industry. By the same token, many establishments belonging to tourism industries have secondary activities that are not tourism-characteristic or have other tourism-characteristic secondary activities. Tourism industries might produce a mix of different tourism-characteristic products: this is typically the case of the hotel industry that also has an important activity as provider of food and beverage serving services Variables characterizing the tourism industries

(a) Gross value added (GVA). The 1993 SNA defines GVA as the value of output less

the value of intermediate consumption. It is derived by deducting the cost of goods and services used in the process of production (intermediate inputs) from the total value of goods and services produced (gross output) during the period. As for all economic activities within the conceptual framework of the 1993 and 2008 SNA, production of tourism industries is best described by tables showing the product composition of the outputs, the product composition of the inputs and the remuneration to the factors of production involved in the process (TSA: RMF 2008, para 3.31).

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(b) Employment is an important variable in the economic analysis of productive activities. The compilation of employment generated by the tourism industries is an equally important endeavor in establishing the contribution of tourism in the economy. (TSA: RMF 2008, para. 3.36)

(c) Gross fixed capital formation. The 1993 SNA defines gross fixed capital

formation (GFCF) as the “total value of a producer‟s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realized by the productive activity of institutional units. Tourism GFCF includes GFCF of tourism industries as well as those of government agencies providing tourism services. Also included are public investments on infrastructure such as roads constructed specifically to support tourism activities.

2.3 Development of the Tourism Satellite Account (TSA) Although statistical work on tourism may have started in 1937 when the Council of the League of Nations recommended a definition of “international tourist” for statistical purposes, work towards the compilation of satellite accounts on tourism started in the late 1970s when France developed plans for the quantification of tourism‟s economic impacts. This was followed by the efforts of the UNWTO in 1982 to describe tourism following concepts from the 1968 System of National Accounts (SNA) with the view of achieving international comparability of tourism statistics. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) also attempted to describe the role of tourism in the OECD economies and came up in 1991 with the Manual on Tourism Economic Accounts. During the International Conference on Travel and Tourism in Ottawa in 1991, Statistics Canada presented a scheme to develop a framework to assess tourism economic activities in relation to other industries in a domestic economy taken from its May 1987 report on a proposed Tourism Satellite Account10. In 1993, the UN Statistical Commission (UNSC) adopted the Recommendations on Tourism Statistics as well as the UNWTO‟s Standard international Classification of Tourism Activities (SICTA). In 1998, the UNWTO Steering Committee on Statistics approved the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA): The Conceptual Framework.11 Subsequently, the TSA: Recommended Methodological Framework which was produced through the collaborative efforts of the Commission of the European Communities, OECD, UNWTO and the UN was approved by the UNSC during its 31st session in 2000. The TSA: RMF 2000 was later updated to 2008. 2.4 The TSA and the System of National Accounts

As an internationally prescribed standard, the TSA is aligned with international macroeconomic frameworks such as the System of National Accounts (SNA) and Balance of Payments (BOP). The 1993 and 2008 System of National Accounts (SNA) provide concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules, accounts and tables that constitute a comprehensive, integrated framework for the estimation of production, consumption, capital investment, income, stocks and flows of financial and non- financial wealth and other related economic variables. The 1993 and 2008 SNA include a specific framework showing the interface between demand for goods and services and the supply of these goods and services within an economy, namely the supply and use tables.

10 The first results of the Canadian TSA were published in 1994. Other countries that have produced TSAs are

Dominican Republic, Norway, Sweden, Singapore, Mexico, and the United States. 11 The Philippines through DOT Secretary Gemma Cruz-Araneta and Rene R. de los Santos, and NSCB Secretary General

Romulo A. Virola participated in the Steering Committee Meetings.

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One element of flexibility introduced in the 1993 SNA is the extension of the system to the so-called functionally-oriented satellite accounts to incorporate new development concerns. Satellite accounts expand the analytical capacity of the SNA for selected areas of concerns like education, health, tourism, environment, etc., without overburdening the central framework. Satellite accounts are linked to but distinct from the central system of the SNA. In the SNA, tourism is not an identified industry due to its unique but significant characteristics. What makes it different from other traditional industries is that of its demand driven value, rather than the more traditional supply side value. Tourism is what the visitor does, what the visitor consumes, and what the visitor uses, defined mainly by the purpose of the activity or the travel trip. Identified tourism products and services are embedded in different sectors included in the national account. The consumer (the visitor) is also characterized as temporary wherein at the end of the travel trip, the visitor ceases to exist contrary to the definition of transactors/consumers in the SNA, making it harder to state it plainly in the standard system. (TSA: RMF 2008). On the other hand, the industries enumerated in the SNA are usually defined using the output as its foundation. These specific characteristics of the visitor cannot be made explicit within the core of the SNA, where transactors are classified according to relatively permanent characteristics, one of them being their country of residence (TSA:RMF 2008, para. 1.10). In order to deal with such situations, the 1993 SNA suggests the use of satellite accounts, annexed to its core, and which, to an extent to be defined in each case, share its basic concepts, definitions, classifications and accounting rules (TSA:RMF 2008, para 1.11). Tourism satellite accounts (TSA) are analytical tools that provide elaboration to the tourism sector in the context of the SNA. They involve some rearrangement of central classifications used in the SNA. They may involve some differences from the central system but they do not change the underlying concepts of the SNA in a fundamental way. Many elements shown in the TSA are invisible in the central accounts. Either they are explicitly estimated in the making of the central accounts, but they are for presentation in more aggregated figures, or they are only implicit components of transactions which are estimated globally (2008 SNA, para 29.4 - 29.8) The complete Tourism Satellite Account provides:

Macroeconomic aggregates that describe the size and the economic contribution of tourism, consistent with similar aggregates for the total economy and for other productive economic activities and functional areas of interest;

Detailed data on tourism consumption, a more extended concept associated with the activity of visitors as consumers, and a description of how this demand is met by domestic supply and imports, integrated within tables derived from supply and use tables which can be compiled both at current and constant prices;

Detailed production accounts of the tourism industries, including data on employment, linkages with other productive economic activities and gross fixed capital formation;

Link between economic data and non-monetary information on tourism, such as number of trips (or visits), duration of stay, purpose of trip, modes of transport, etc., which is required to specify the characteristics of the economic variables (TSA: RMF 2008, para 1.15).

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2.5 TSA Tables and Accounts The ten tables that make up the TSA are derived from and related to the supply and use tables (SUT) of the 1993 SNA. These tables are aggregate tables intended to promote homogeneity among countries. In them, visitors are broken down into two types, and products and industries are presented in aggregated categories. The ten recommended tables based on the TSA: RMF 2008 are the following: Table 1 Inbound tourism expenditure Refers to the expenditures of a non-resident visitors (foreign visitors and Philippine

passport holders permanently residing abroad) within the Philippines Table 2 Domestic tourism expenditure Refers to the expenditures of resident visitors within the country either as a domestic

trip or part of an international trip Table 3 Outbound tourism expenditure Refers to the expenditures of Filipino residents outside the Philippine economy Table 4 Internal tourism consumption

Refers to the tourism consumption of both resident and non-resident visitors within the Philippine economy or the sum of inbound tourism expenditure (Table 1) and domestic tourism expenditure (Table 2).

Table 5 Production accounts of tourism industries and other industries Table 5 is the supply table, which, though focusing on tourism characteristic products

and tourism industries, includes all products that circulate in the economy of reference as well as other industries.

Table 6 Total domestic supply and internal tourism consumption Table 6 presents an overall reconciliation of internal tourism consumption with

domestic supply.

Table 7 Employment of Tourism Industries This table presents employment in tourism characteristic industries

Table 8 Tourism gross fixed capital formation of tourism industries and other industries

The 1993 SNA (para 10.33) defines gross fixed capital formation as the “total value of producer‟s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed assets during the accounting period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realized by the productive activity of institutional units. Fixed assets are tangible or intangible assets produced as outputs from processes of production that are themselves used repeatedly or continuously in other processes of production for more than one year.” Tourism investments can be: a) tourism specific fixed assets used exclusively in the production of tourism characteristic goods and services (e.g., cruise ships, convention centers), b)

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investment by tourism industries in non tourism specific fixed assets which are fixed assets considered as tourism-related, not due to the nature of the assets themselves, but due to the use which is made of them by a tourism industry (e.g., hotel or travel agency computer system, hotel laundry facilities), and c) tourism related infrastructure put in place by the government to facilitate tourism (e.g., special road to service a resort).

Table 9 Tourism collective consumption by products and levels of government Refers to the provision of non-market services (e.g., legislation, maintenance of order

and security, tax incentives or subsidies to support tourism) by the general government to create a favorable environment for the development of tourism.

Table 10 Non-monetary indicators Table 10 presents a few quantitative indicators that are related to the previous tables

and are important for the interpretation of the monetary information presented. The indicators include number volume, classes of visitors and duration of the stay; physical indicators regarding types of accommodation; and modes of transport used by non-resident visitors travelling to the economic territory of the country.

III Philippine Tourism Satellite Account (PTSA)

3.1 The role of global development in tourism statistics and TSA in Philippine

setting

The Philippine Tourism Satellite Account (PTSA) was developed in response to the need to create a statistical framework wherein tourism‟s economic contribution can be derived from internationally accepted macroeconomic statistical frameworks. By connecting tourism statistics to a national macroeconomic system, users may see the total value of tourism to the whole economic growth and its relationship to the other economic sectors in the Philippine System of National Accounts (PSNA).

The relationship of tourism with a great variety of economic activities has fostered

interest in measuring its economic contribution, mostly in the places visited, and in assessing its interdependence with other social and economic activities. As a consequence, a number of countries including the Philippines and international organizations have been involved in the development of concepts, frameworks, databases and techniques to make this measurement possible (TSA: RMF 2008 para 1.2). The Philippines (NSCB/DOT) was invited along with Austria, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, Japan, Morocco, New Zealand, and South Africa by the UNWTO to be a member of the newly created Technical Advisory Board (TAB) to the UNWTO Statistics and TSA Unit. The TAB has been tasked to: (1) provide recommendations focusing on the construction of a set of guidelines for the development of the System of Tourism Statistics and the TSA in accordance with the UN 2008 Recommendations; 2) identify issues in the UN 2008 Recommendations that would require clarification beyond dispute; and 3) provide comments and suggestions on the priorities for statistical initiatives in the UNWTO Programme of Work. More recently, the Philippines (NSCB Secretary General) was once again recognized as a national and international leader on tourism statistics, and was invited to be a Steering Committee Member of the Committee on Tourism Statistics (COTS) in the International Statistical Institute (ISI). The COTS whose general goal is to improve the collection, analysis, publication, and use of statistics on tourism demand, supply, and other economic measures, is an informal association of

persons who have technical, scientific, or professional interest in tourism statistics.

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3.2 Framework of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account

With IRTS 2008 and TSA: RMF 2008 as the basic reference for the Philippine TSA, the PTSA follows the same structure as that of the TSA: RMF 2008 which starts with a discussion on the demand perspective followed by the supply perspective. The PTSA tables are likewise patterned after the 10 tables recommended by UNWTO as the centre of the process of reconciliation of the most relevant economic information related to tourism and of international comparisons of the economic contribution of tourism to development and growth. Derived from these tables are the main aggregates which are comparable with other macro-indicators relating to consumption and value added in a country. These aggregates are very useful because they provide summary indicators of the size of tourism.

The derived aggregates from the PTSA tables include:

Internal tourism consumption

Since tourism is a demand-side concept, it is proper to give particular relevance to the aggregates that focus on expenditure and consumption within an economy. Internal tourism consumption (recorded in Table 4) characterizes globally the acquisitions by visitors within the economy of reference.

Gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI)

GVATI simply sums the total gross value added of all establishments belonging to tourism industries, regardless of whether all their output is provided to visitors and the degree of specialization of their production process. It leaves out the value added from other non-tourism industries whose outputs have been acquired by visitors or by others for their benefit.

Tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA)

TDGVA adds the part of gross value added generated by tourism industries and other industries of the economy that directly serve visitors in response to internal tourism consumption. TDGVA also includes the part of gross value added associated with the output of other (non-tourism) industries as long as this output responds to tourism consumption.

Comparing with GVATI, the latter is a measure of the supply side of tourism, but its lack of direct links to tourism consumption prevents it from being an acceptable measure of the importance of tourism for supply. In contrast, TDGVA can provide measures of the direct economic contribution of tourism in the economy of reference in the same sense as GVA of any industry does and can be expressed as shares of total GVA the economy.

Tourism employment

As in any other sector of the economy, employment is an important dimension in the characterization of tourism and in the acknowledgement of its importance from the productive, social and strategic points of view.

3.3 Institutional Initiatives in the Philippine Statistical System on the PTSA

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3.3.1 The Philippine Statistical System (PSS)

The Philippine Statistical System (PSS) is a government-wide system of providing statistical information and services to the public. The present system as defined in Executive Order No. 121 - Reorganizing and Strengthening the Philippine Statistical System (PSS) and for Other Purposes dated October 1, 1987, consists of the statistical organizations at all administrative levels, the personnel therein and the national statistical program.

These organizations include a policy-making and coordinating body, a statistical research and training center, a single general purpose statistical agency, and all the departments, bureaus, offices, agencies and instrumentalities of the national and local government and government-owned or controlled corporations and their subsidiaries that are engaged in statistical activities either as their primary functions or part of their administrative or regulatory functions. Each institution has its own role and responsibility in the System. The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) is the highest policy and coordinating body in the PSS while agencies like the National Statistics Office (NSO), Bureau of Agricultural Statistics (BAS), Bureau of Labor and Employment (BLES) and various other departments/agencies that generate statistics as their primary function or as by-products of their primary functions such as DOT are the data producers. The key players and corresponding linkages are shown in the chart below:

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Figure B. The Philippine Statistical System

3.3.2 National Statistical Coordination Board

The NSCB is the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters in the country. It was created by virtue of Executive Order No. 121 to:

• Promote and maintain an efficient statistical system in the government; • Formulate policies on all matters relating to government statistical operations; • Recommend executive and legislative measures to enhance the development and

efficiency of the system, including the internal structure of statistical agencies; • Establish appropriate mechanism for statistical coordination at the regional, provincial

and city levels; • Approve the Philippine Statistical Development Program; • Allocate statistical responsibilities among government agencies by designating the

statistics to be collected by them, including their periodicity and content; • Review budgetary proposals involving statistical operations and submit an integrated

budget for the PSS to the DBM; • Review and clear, prior to release, all funds for statistical operations;

3.3.3 NSCB Statistical Coordination Mechanisms 3.3.3.1 Philippine Statistical Development Program (PSDP)

One of the major statistical coordination mechanisms instituted towards the

development of PTSA is the Philippine Statistical Development Program (PSDP). The PSDP defines the priority statistical programs and activities to be undertaken during the program period to improve the generation of sectoral statistics. Prepared every six years by the NSCB in collaboration with various government agencies, the PSDP provides vital information support for the Philippine Development Plan (PDP) as well as promote efficiency of statistical operations through an optimum use of available resources and adoption of cost effective measures.

The preparation of the PSDP takes into consideration the guidelines in the design of

a National Strategy for the Development of Statistics (NSDS) formulated by the Partnership

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in Statistics for the Development in the 21st Century (PARIS21). The NSDS is a strategic approach being advocated by PARIS21 to provide the information requirements and improve the statistical base of the countries in monitoring and evaluating national development programs.

The PSDP 2005-2010 is currently being updated to cover the years 2011 to 2017.

Tourism Statistics is one of the chapters of the PSDP and under this chapter are statistical development programs on the tourism industry which are aimed at addressing issues and challenges such as: (1) need for improved data system that will provide for more timely, reliable and relevant information on tourism; (2) need to improve accessibility of tourism statistics by all stakeholders at all levels; (3) need to develop/compile new and relevant statistics/indicators to address emerging concerns and information demands of data users and stakeholders; (4) inadequate statistical coordination at the sub-national level; (5) need to enhance appreciation and meaningful utilization of tourism statistics in policy formulation; and (6) need for statistical capacity building of tourism institutions and local government units.

Implementation of activities lined up during the program period are being monitored by the NSCB. Through the PSDP, activities relevant to the compilation of the PTSA were pursued. These include the: (1) formulation of standard concepts and definitions on tourism that are consistent with those in IRTS and TSA: RMF; (2) development of Philippine Tourism Statistical Classification System (PTCSS) which identifies the characteristic and connected tourism products and services based on the UNWTO-recommended List of Tourism Characteristics Activities, Products and Durable Goods, the 1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC), and the 2002 Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC); (3) generation/compilation of new/emerging statistics and indicators such as the conduct of Household Survey of Domestic Visitors by DOT and NSO; and (4) conduct of activities for wider dissemination of tourism statistics such as development of Philippine tourism statistics website, and preparation of Philippine Compendium of Tourism Statistics. The Compendium presents a wide range of available tourism statistics on: (a) inbound tourism; (b) outbound tourism; (c) domestic tourism; (d) tourism facilities and services; (e) international tourism; and (f) eco-tourism. It does not only provide the necessary data support to PTSA compilation but is also an essential tool for better planning and policy formulation in the Philippine tourism industry. The Compendium likewise include a glossary of tourism terms used for statistical purposes, and features demographic profile and travel characteristics of visitors and statistics relating to Meetings, incentive, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE). Meanwhile, statistical development programs on the tourism industry that will be pursued under PSDP 2011 - 2017 include: (1) regular conduct of the Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV) as source of data on domestic and outbound tourism; (2) regular conduct of Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines (STEP) as source of data on tourism supply; (3) improvement of data on travel services in the balance of payments (BOP); (4) development of data collection systems to generate new indicators such as same day visitors, statistics on eco-tourism, medical tourism, performance of holiday economics, etc. (5) development of mechanisms to generate local tourism statistics in key/priority tourist destination areas such as the implementation of local visitor surveys and improvement of the basic tourism databases of LGUs; (6) enhancement of the Local Tourism Statistics System - Local Governance Performance Management System (LTSS – LGPMS); and (7) development of Regional TSAs or TSA in specific tourism destinations

3.3.3.2 Interagency Committee on Tourism Statistics Inter-agency committees are effective tools for coordination and provide the forum for meaningful exchanges of views and expertise To sustain the endeavors initiated by NSCB

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and DOT towards the development of a Philippine Tourism Satellite Account, the NSCB, as the statistical policy-making and coordinating body of the Philippine Statistical System created an Inter-Agency Committee on the Development of a Satellite Account on Tourism (IAC-DSAT) on 7 February 1997 to provide direction and support in the development of a satellite account on tourism, and to recommend measures for the institutionalization of said account and provide assistance in the regular generation of the tourism account. The IAC-DSAT is composed of representatives from government and non-government organizations involved in the production and use of tourism statistics. It is chaired by the NSCB Secretary General and co-chaired by the Undersecretary of DOT. By virtue of Executive Order 121 - Reorganizing and Strengthening the Philippine Statistical System (PSS) and for Other Purposes, the NSCB is mandated to develop socio-economic frameworks including satellite accounts on tourism, labor, health and education for effective planning and policy formulation. The DOT, on the other hand, is tasked to undertake studies and surveys for the continuing analysis of economic conditions and trends relating to tourism and travel. The technical staff of NSCB and DOT serves as the secretariat of the Committee. The IAC-DSAT reports its outputs and recommendations to the Executive Board of the NSCB. Under the stewardship of the IAC-DSAT, a conceptual framework of the PTSA was formulated, and initial compilation of PTSA was pursued. The resulting estimates covering the years 1994 and 1998 were subsequently presented in various national and international forums.

In order for the PTSA to keep attuned with the international recommendations on TSA compilation, particularly the TSA: Recommended Methodological Framework (RMF) developed jointly by Commission of the European Communities Eurostat, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD), and World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), the terms of reference of the IAC-DSAT was expanded to address the concerns on the improvement of tourism statistics and tourism satellite account through a well established tourism statistical system. The IAC-DSAT was thus reconstituted and renamed to Inter-Agency Committee on Tourism Statistics (IACTS) through NSCB Memorandum Order No. 011 Series of 2003. The reconstituted IACTS is composed of the NSCB as Chair and DOT as Co-Chair. Its members include Asian Institute of Management, Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, Bureau of Immigration, Civil Aeronautics Board, Department of Interior and Local Government, National Economic and Development Authority, NSO and private associations (Hotel and Restaurant Association of the Philippines, Board of Airline Representatives, Philippine Tour Operators Association, and Philippine Travel Agencies Association).

Under the overall supervision and guidance of the IACTS, (1) concepts and definitions

of terms for statistical purposes for the tourism sector, more particularly in the areas of travel and tours were formulated and approved by the NSCB Executive Board; (2) a standard classification system that will characterize the tourism industry in the context of the Philippine System of National Accounts (PSNA) was developed and approved by the NSCB Executive Board through NSCB Resolution No. 4 Series of 2005 “Approving and Adopting the Philippine Tourism Statistical Classification System (PTSCS)”; (3) data support to the compilation of the PTSA was institutionalized such as the improvement and revision of arrival/departure cards of the Bureau of Immigration, as basic source of visitor arrivals, conduct of the Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV), and Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines (STEP), (4) technical assistance to LGUs on the development of administrative forms to collect tourism data was provided, and (5) methodologies for the compilation of PTSA were continuously reviewed and improved. The methodology for compiling the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account was approved through NSCB Resolution No. 6 Series of 2009.

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It is interesting to note that compared to other countries, the Philippines has established strong inter agency collaboration through the IACTS which has placed the Philippines among the internationally recognized leaders in tourism statistics and tourism satellite accounts. 3.3.3.3 Statistical Survey Review and Clearance System

The Statistical Survey Review and Clearance System (SSRCS) is a mechanism instituted by the NSCB through Memorandum Circular Nos. 4-88 and 04-95. The SSRCS involves the process of evaluating the design and instruments of statistical surveys or censuses sponsored and/or to be conducted by government agencies including government corporations at the national and/or subnational level. It aims to: (1) ensure sound design for data collection, (2) minimize the burden placed upon respondents, (3) effect economy in statistical data collection, (4) achieve better coordination of government statistical activities, and (5) inform the private sector and the public in general that a government survey operation has passed clearance and enjoin their cooperation in the conduct of the survey.

Among the survey instruments related to tourism that were reviewed and granted clearance by the NSCB were the: (1) Visitor Sample Survey (VSS) conducted by DOT to: (a) generate information on visitor characteristics and preferences to serve as input to tourism development planning and policy formulation; and (b) derive parameter estimates for measuring foreign exchange earnings from tourist travel; (2) Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV); and (3) Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines (STEP).

3.3.3.4 Statistical Advocacy Mechanisms

To enhance awareness and appreciation of available statistics, the NSCB regularly

conducts statistical conferences/conventions/workshops and various forums for exchange/sharing of good practices and methodologies, discussion of current and new trends in the generation and dissemination of statistics, among which pertain to tourism.

The celebration of the 14th National Statistics Month in 2003, for instance, focused

on the theme “Sustaining Tourism‟s Competitive Edge Through Statistics” and was hosted by the DOT. Further, the National Convention on Statistics (NCS), conducted biennially usually hold sessions on tourism. The DOT has sponsored tourism sessions for the past three NCS conducted in 2001, 2004 and 2007. In 2007, papers on tourism were presented, namely: (1) Developing the Survey instruments for the Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV); (2) Understanding the Visiting Friends/Relatives Travel Market; (3) Sustainability of Tourism Statistics: Issues in Statistics; (4) Measuring Health and Wellness Tourism in the Philippines.

Recognizing the important role of statistics in the development of tourism in the

country, professional organizations like the Philippine Statistical Association (PSA) together with the DOT recently organized its 2011 Annual Conference with “Tourism and Statistics” as theme. One of the papers presented is the paper, „Things Statisticians Wanted To Know About the Tourism Satellite Account But Were Afraid To Ask.”

The conduct of various statistical advocacy programs/activities proved effective in

getting the cooperation of stakeholders in generating statistics to support compilation of PTSA.

3.3.3.5 Institutional linkages/collaborative efforts

The emergence of certain markets and tourism products required the DOT to develop data gathering and estimation methodologies in addition to the regular data gathering

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activities. Hence, services and partnerships with statistics and research organizations are being sought from time to time. To note, some of the regular data gathering activities of DOT started as collaborations or contracted services with other agencies. 3.3.3.5.1 Department of Tourism and National Statistics Office

A major collaboration between the DOT and the NSO is the conduct of the 2005 the

Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV) to collect information on the volume of domestic tourism, determine the profile and travel characteristics of domestic visitors, and identify the travel patterns of the Filipino households. The HSDV was again conducted in 2009, and in 2010.

3.3.3.5.2 Department of Tourism and the Bureau of Immigration

Among the regular collaborations made for tourism statistics is the partnership of the

DOT and the Bureau of Immigration (BI) specifically, in the processing of the arrival/departure (A/D) cards as source of information for visitor arrivals. Based on the system of designated statistics maintained by NSCB, BI is the agency responsible for the collection of data through the administration of the A/D cards in the Philippine airports and seaports. DOT was designated to process the forms to generate and release monthly visitor statistics.

3.3.3.5.3 Department of Tourism and National Statistical Coordination Board

The DOT and NSCB have collaborated to develop the PTSA and the Compendium of Philippine Tourism Statistics, as well as in the preparation of the chapter on tourism statistics of the PSDP; hosting and participation in conferences/workshops/ conventions on tourism statistics and TSA; provision of data in the compilation of national accounts, particularly, exports of services, and the Leading Economic Indicators; and inclusion of tourism indicators in NSCB publications such as the Philippine Statistical Yearbook and Monthly Economic Indicators. 3.3.4 Other Institutional Mechanisms

3.3.4.1 Capacity Building

To ensure the generation of quality tourism data, and improve on existing methodologies on the PTSA compilation, there is a need to continuously build the human capacity of the agencies involved in the production of tourism statistics and indicators. The Philippines‟ Statistical Research and Training Center (SRTC) has been conducting basic training on collection, generation, compilation and analysis of tourism statistics for national and field personnel of DOT as well as staff of LGUs. Specific capacity building programs conducted by SRTC for DOT involved Training on Basic Tourism Data Gathering and Reporting System in the provinces of Bohol and Cebu; and development of Tourism Statistics Manual for LGUs.

The Philippines has also received technical assistance from different international

organizations, such as: (1) UNWTO-sponsored Workshop on Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations conducted in Bohol; (2) Development of Tourism Statistics System for LGUs sponsored by the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA); (3) UNWTO Tourism Statistics Capacity Building Program, Workshop I conducted in Bangkok, Thailand in 2010, and (4) UNWTO Tourism Statistics Capacity Building Program, Workshop II conducted in 2011 in Manila.

3.3.4.2 Involvement in International Efforts

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The Philippines has benefited from the technical assistance accorded to by the

international organizations (UNWTO, UNSD, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific) through missions, conduct of international seminars/ workshops aimed at developing the capacity of participating countries in the field of tourism statistics. Specifically, the development of the PTSA to measure the economic contribution was made possible with the assistance provided by UNWTO and World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC). In the compilation of tourism statistics/indicators and tourism satellite account, the Philippines has been guided by IRTS and TSA: RMF, and has been actively participating in workshops and forums for the improvement of tourism statistics and development of TSA12. It is likewise actively involved in the worldwide consultation for the revision of the IRTS and the TSA: RMF, as well as in responding to UNWTO questionnaires. In addition to participation in various workshops/conferences on tourism statistics and TSA organized by the UNWTO, and expert group meetings organized by the United Nations, the Philippines has likewise hosted international conferences and workshops such as: (1) Second Sub - Regional Workshop on Tourism Statistics and Elaboration of a Tourism Satellite Account held in Manila in 2003; (2) Workshop on Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism Destinations conducted in Bohol in 2007; (3) Technical Workshop on Tourism Statistics and Tourism Satellite Accounts conducted by DOT in collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Cebu City in 2008; and (4) UNWTO Statistics 2011 Capacity-building Programme for Asia-Pacific Region: Workshop II held in Manila, in 2011. 3.4 Data Support and Relevant Agencies in the Compilation of the PTSA 3.4.1 Department of Tourism The Department of Tourism (DOT) is the primary government agency charged with the responsibility to encourage, promote, and develop tourism as a major socio-economic activity to generate foreign currency and employment and to spread the benefits of tourism to both the private and public sector. The DOT has been a long partner of the NSCB in developing/improving the country‟s tourism statistics and indicators, and the Philippine Statistical System as a whole. Apart from co-chairing the IACTS, the DOT hosted the 14th

National Statistics Month in 2003 with the theme “Sustaining Tourism’s Competitive Edge Through Statistics,” and has regularly sponsored sessions during the National Convention on Statistics. With the support of the DOT Secretaries and Undersecretaries, particularly, Secretaries Gemma Cruz Araneta, Mina Gabor, Richard Gordon, Joseph Durano, Alberto Lim, Undersecretaries Evelyn Pantig and Daniel Corpuz, the Philippines has been recognized in the international arena as one of the pioneers in the development of tourism satellite account along with the statistically developed countries, and has been consistently invited in international forums/meetings to share technical expertise on tourism statistics and tourism satellite account, and to provide expert advise/inputs to the updating of internationally recommended standards and frameworks such as the UNWTO IRTS 2008 and its Compilation Guide, and the TSA Recommended Methodological Framework

12

The principal author attended the 1998 World Conference on the Measurement of the Economic Impact of Tourism and the

2006 International Workshop on Tourism Statistics in Madrid, Spain while one of the other authors attended the Expert Group Meeting on Tourism Statistics in New York in June 2007.

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The DOT conducts the following data gathering activities to collect information on tourism such as the characteristics, behavior and expenditure of visitors as well as accommodation statistics that serve as inputs to the compilation of the PTSA: 3.4.1.1 Visitor Sample Survey (VSS)

The Visitor Sample Survey (VSS) is one of the regular data gathering activities done by the DOT. It complements the data sourced from the arrival/departure (A/D) cards and is the major source of data for preferences, ratings, psychographic profile, as well as length of stay and expenditures of inbound visitors which are parameters used in computing the earnings from tourism. .

VSS is a personal interview of randomly selected sample of departing visitors in international airports nationwide. An average of more than 600 respondents are interviewed every month at the Ninoy Aquino International Airport where 90 percent of the total respondents are sourced out. There are also regular schedules of regional VSS in the following airports: Mactan Cebu International Airport (Lapu-lapu City, Cebu), Laoag International Airport (Ilocos Norte), Diosdado Macapagal International Airport (Angeles, Pampanga), Francisco Bangoy International Airport (Davao City), and Kalibo International Airport (Aklan). For 2007, the total number of respondents was 7,376, a significant 27% percent increase from the total respondents in 2006.

Due to the increasing demand of monthly data like average visitor expenditure, DOT

has improved the processing of the VSS. Moreover, the Department has looked into ways on how to make the indicators generated from the survey more relevant and consistent with other current tourism data gathering system.

The VSS report is released annually. Partial data are also being generated monthly which are utilized in the computation of visitor receipts 3.4.1.2 Regional Travelers’ Report

The DOT generates the Regional Travelers‟ Report based on the reporting forms accomplished regularly by accommodation establishments and submitted to DOT regional offices. Information obtained from the forms include number of visitors, both international and domestic distributed across regions and provinces. Data are compiled annually and posted in the DOT website.

3.4.1.3 Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE)

The Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE) generates statistics

needed in the compilation of business expenditures for tourism such as those on average daily expenditures of delegates, host associations and exhibitors. It also provides non-monetary data such as the number of delegates, length of stay, and duration of the events.

The MICE Study is conducted every year and has three survey components. The

first component is the Survey on Convention Utilization which gathers data on the number of events and participants. The Survey on Convention Income and Expenditure generates statistics on expenditures on conventions in the country, while the third component, the Survey on Incentive Travel generates data on the profiles of incentive travelers coming to the Philippines.

Last August 11, 2011 the Philippine MICE Conference (MICECON) 2011 was conducted in Cebu City. MICECON 2011 is the Philippines main tourism event which caters mainly to the MICE industry, specifically the meetings, incentive, travel, conventions,

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exhibitions/events market. The event was participated by MICE experts and guests from the United States, France, Ireland, Australia, Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, China, and Vietnam as well as local tour operators. In his keynote message, former DOT Secretary Lim emphasized DOT‟s thrust to reposition the Philippines as a preferred MICE destination as it used to be, and with the private sector supporting a MICE infrastructure boom, the Philippines is again poised to elevate its position as a destination for international events.

3.4.2 Bureau of Immigration

The Bureau of Immigration (BI) is one of the important sources of data re required in establishing the PTSA through the data collected from the arrival/departure cards administered by BI.

3.4.2.1 Arrival/Departure Card The arrival/departure (A/D) card is a legal document used by the authorities to provide passenger identification and an effective record of a person‟s entry to and departure from the country. The A/D card is the primary source of information on the volume of inbound visitors in the country as well as characteristics of the visitors such as name, nationality, purpose of visit, and others. Monitoring the movements of incoming and outgoing air passengers in the country‟s international airports through the A/D cards is a joint undertaking of DOT and the Bureau of Immigration. The processed A/D cards generate statistics on visitor arrivals in terms of country of origin, length of stay in the country, port of entry, etc.

Results are made available by DOT every month, and featured in the DOT‟s Annual Statistical Report, and DOT website (http://www.wowphilippines.com.ph/dot/statistics.asp 3.4.3 National Statistics Office Another important source of data for the PTSA is the National Statistics Office (NSO), the general purpose data collecting agency mandated to undertake censuses and surveys as may be designated by the NSCB. The NSO conducts the following censuses and surveys that provide vital information for the compilation of PTSA: 3.4.3.1 Household Survey on Domestic Visitors

The conduct of the Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV) is a partnership between DOT and NSO. It is a rider to the NSO‟s Labor Force Survey and is conducted to provide baseline data to measure the volume of domestic tourism, determine the profile and travel characteristics of domestic visitors, identify the travel patterns of the Filipino households, and estimate the extent and economic contribution of domestic tourism in the country.

The first HSDV was conducted in 2005, and was followed in 2009 and 2010. The 2010 HSDV collected information on outbound travelers. The regular conduct of the HSDV is one of the statistical programs identified in the PSDP 2011-2017.

Regular conduct of HSDV can enhance the compilation of PTSA specifically for domestic and outbound tourism 3.4.3.2 Census of Philippine Business and Industry

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The Census of Philippine Business and Industry (CPBI) conducted by the NSO is one of the primary sources for benchmark estimates for tourism industries (supply side of the PTSA), as well as parameters on employment in tourism industries. The CPBI is conducted every five years and covers all establishments in the Philippines regardless of ownership and economic organization. The latest establishment census is the 2006 CPBI. 3.4.3.3 Labor Force Survey The Labor Force Survey (LFS) provides information on employment generated by industries related to tourism. It is conducted every quarter by the NSO with “past week” as the reference period, and households as survey respondents. The LFS is designed to produce statistics on the country‟s labor force with national and subnational disaggregation. Survey results are released six weeks after the end of the reference period and disseminate through NSO quarterly press releases. 3.4.3.4 Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines The Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines (STEP) is a collaborative effort of the DOT and NSO to provide information on tourism activities relating to supply and capacity of tourism establishments. The indicators derived from the survey include: (1) number of establishments engaged in activities catering to tourism industry; (2) number of employees of tourism establishments by nationality and sex, by region and industry group; (3) available facilities/amenities by region and industry group; (3) revenue/sales and the percent share generated from tourism by region and industry group; (4) number of tourism establishments with plans for expansion/renovation within the next five years by region and industry group; and (5) distribution of tourism establishments with DOT accreditation by region and industry group.

Understanding supply of consumption goods and services to visitors will lead to determination how much goods and services must be available in the form and quantity that visitors might demand.

Timely indicator/statistics on tourism supply will alert planners and policy makers how much supply needed vis-à-vis demand of visitors. 3.4.4 National Statistical Coordination Board The National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB), the highest policy-making and coordinating body on statistical matters, is the official compiler of the Philippine System of National Accounts (PSNA). The NSCB, as the compiler of the PSNA, is also the lead agency in the institutionalization of the various satellite accounts, including the PTSA13. In addition, the NSCB Technical Staff also serve as the secretariat of the IAC on Tourism Statistics. The NSCB produces the following outputs relevant to the compilation of the PTSA:

3.4.4.1 National Accounts of the Philippines The National Accounts of the Philippines (NAP) serves as the fundamental framework for compiling the Philippine TSA. Together with the Input-output (IO) Table, the NAP provides the output indicators (derived from sales, revenues, value/volume of production, etc.) used in deriving the production component of PTSA. The NAP is compiled by the NSCB every quarter and is released 60 days after the reference quarter, except for

13

Aside from the PTSA, the NSCB also took initiatives to compile satellite accounts on environment, health, education and research and development.

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the fourth quarter which, together with the preliminary annual national accounts, is released 30 days after the reference period 3.4.4.2 Input-Output Table

The Input-Output (IO) Table is the primary data source for the benchmark estimation of the production accounts of tourism and non-tourism industries. The IO Table provides disaggregative measures of the economic structure of the country, which are not shown in the national accounts. The 2000 IO provided the benchmark ratios used in estimating the production account on tourism industries (gross value added of tourism industries and tourism direct gross value added). 3.5 PTSA milestones over the years

The Philippines has been one of the pioneers in developing the tourism satellite account (TSA) along with the statistically developed countries like Australia, Brazil, Canada, Ireland, New Zealand, Spain, etc. Efforts to assess the economic impact of tourism in the Philippines started in 1988 with the conduct of research study to look at contribution of tourism to the economy using the input-output analysis approach. The study was undertaken by the Department of Tourism (DOT) with technical assistance and funds from the National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB) through its Grants-in-Aid statistical development program. In 1996, NSCB, DOT and the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC) worked together to come up with a simulated satellite account on tourism for the Philippines. The study showed that travel and tourism accounted for 8.7 percent of the Philippine GDP in 1997. On the same year (1996), NSCB and DOT signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) to support the development of a PTSA.

On the following year (1997), the NSCB created the Inter-Agency Committee on the Development of a Satellite Account on Tourism (IAC-DSAT), which formulated the conceptual framework of a Philippine TSA; and in 1998, the Philippines participated in the Seventh Meeting of the Steering Committee, World Conference on the Measurement of the Economic Impact of Tourism, UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain.

In 1999, the DOT and NSCB released the preliminary results of the PTSA covering

the years 1994 and 1998. However, the estimates are subject to the following limitations: (1) linkage of tourism consumption and supply was not established; (2) domestic tourism was based on accommodation data only; 3) outbound tourism (Table 3) was not compiled; 4) estimates on the supply of goods and services were limited to the Value Added of Tourism Industries (VATI) only. Consequently a PTSA webpage in the NSCB website was launched and it contains information on the development of TSA in the Philippines, and the 2994 and 1988 estimates.

Virola, et. al presented the interim results and the Philippines experience in the Joint

WTO/ESCAP Regional Seminar on Tourism Statistics and the Development of Tourism Satellite Accounts held in Bangkok, Thailand on , 21-24 February 2001. In December 2001, the paper, “Measuring the Contribution of Tourism to the Economy: The Philippine Tourism Satellite Account” was presented in the 8th National Convention on Statistics held in Manila, Philippines.

On the following year, the Philippines was among those invited in the First

International Workshop on Tourism Statistics and The Development of Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA) held at the UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain on 8-13 September 2002.

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One important milestone in the development of Philippine TSA was the Philippine hosting of the Second Sub-Regional Workshop on Tourism Statistics and the Elaboration of a Tourism Satellite Account held in Manila in June 2003 which ran back to back with the Asia-Pacific Ministerial Summit on Crisis Management, and the Joint Meeting of the WTO Commission for East Asia and the Pacific and the WTO Commission for South Asia. During the Workshop, the papers, “Status of the Development of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Account (PTSA,)” and “Case Study on Measuring Visitor Expenditure for Inbound Tourism: The Philippines” were presented.

In 2003, the IACDSAT was reconstituted to expand the Committee‟s terms of

reference to address the concerns on the improvement of tourism statistics and tourism satellite account, and renamed to Inter-agency Committee on Tourism Statistics (IACTS) per NSCB Memorandum Order No. 04 Series of 2003. The IACTS came up with definitions of selected terms related to tourism that are used for statistical purposes and had these approved by the NSCB Executive Board for official adoption by all concerned through NSCB Resolution No. 11, Series of 2003. The second set of official concepts and definitions on tourism statistics were formulated and approved through NSCB Resolution No. 12, Series of 2004.

Subsequent efforts include the assessment of the status of the development of PTSA, evaluating the available indicators and the needs and challenges to compile the PTSA. (Virola, et. al., 2003)

Recognizing the need to formulate a standard classification system that will

characterize the tourism industry in the context of the PSNA, the NSCB Executive Board14 approved NSCB Resolution No. 4 Series of 2005 “Approving and Adopting the Philippine Tourism Statistical Classification System (PTSCS)”. The PTCTS15 was formulated by the IACTS, through its Technical Working Group on Tourism Statistics (TWGTS), and NSCB technical staff based on the following standards: (a) UNWTO-recommended list, (b) 1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC), and (c) 2002 Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC) developed and maintained by the NSCB.

In the international arena, the Philippines was again invited to present a paper, “The

1993 Recommendations on Tourism Statistics and the Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts” during the International Workshop on Tourism Statistics held on 17-20 July 2006, at UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain. In 2007, the Philippines participated in the Expert Group Meeting in Tourism Statistics at the UN Headquarters, New York, USA. It has likewise actively participated in the worldwide consultation for the revision of the IRTS and the TSA: RMF through the accomplishment of questionnaires sent by UNWTO.

It was also during these years (2006, 2007, 2008) that the Philippine TSA was being

updated and improved based on the new IRTS and TSA: RMF. Improvements from the previous estimates include: (a) establishment of the link of internal tourism consumption with the supply of goods and services, (b) improvement of the coverage of domestic tourism using the results of the Household Survey on Domestic Visitors (HSDV), (c) compiling the outbound tourism expenditure (Table 3) which was not previously compiled, (d) availability of estimates for gross value added of tourism industries (GVATI), tourism direct gross value added (TDGVA) and tourism direct gross domestic product (TDGDP).

Statistics on emerging areas in tourism is also important. Realizing the importance of

emerging health and wellness tourism in the Philippines, Virola (2007) presented the initial efforts of the PSS in the measurement of this sector, with special focus on its relationship

14

The NSCB Executive Board formulates policy measures in the form of resolutions and memorandum orders designed to introduce new statistical frameworks and activities, enhance existing methodologies, and improve the quality and accessibility of government-produced statistics. 15

Appendix B list the products and industries in the PTSCS.

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with the national income accounts, particularly with the PTSA.. The paper was presented in the 10th National Convention on Statistics held in October 2007 at Manila, Philippines. It discussed the existing statistical data generated by the different institutions in the PSS and came up with recommendations to make their respective data collection schemes respond to the requirements of measuring health and wellness tourism.

A number of technical papers and articles on the PTSA were subsequently prepared

and presented in national and international conferences/workshops/meetings and featured in

NSCB website, among which are: (1) “Developing the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA):

The Philippine Experience” presented in Technical Workshop on Tourism Statistics and Tourism Satellite Accounts conducted in collaboration with the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) on 21-22 October 2008 in Cebu, (2) Labor Policies for the Philippine Hospitality Industry” presented in the Fifth UNWTO International 2009 Conference on Tourism Statistics held in Bali, Indonesia on 30 March – 2 April 2009 through paper presentation. During the Conference, the Philippines (NSCB Secretary General) likewise served as discussant for the keynote paper for Session III, Tourism Labour Market in the Asia Pacific Region, and chaired Session VI: Using TSA Data for Business and Policy Analysis; and (3) “Tourism as an Engine for Employment Creation”, an “Statistically Speaking” article posted in the NSCB website on April 13, 2009.

Meanwhile, the third batch of official concepts and definitions of tourism-related

statistics were approved through NSCB Resolution No. 9, Series of 2008.

In 2009, the IACTS reviewed the PTSA methodology and the corresponding data limitations, and endorsed for approval by the NSCB Executive Board the methodology for compiling the PTSA. The NSCB Executive Board approved the IACTS recommendation and issued Board Resolution No. 6 Series of 2009 Approving the Methodology for Compiling the Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts. The PTSA tables were consequently updated to cover the years, 2000-2010.

A chronology of the initiatives towards the development of Philippine TSA is shown in

Appendix A.

IV. Results and discussion (PTSA estimates, 2000-2010) 4.1 Demand side: Tourism consumption/expenditure 4.1.1 Inbound Tourism Expenditure (Table 1) Inbound tourism expenditure in 2010 reached PhP 109.2 billion, 9.6 percent higher than the PhP 99.7 billion recorded in 2009. Of the total expenditures of inbound tourists, shopping, food and beverage, and accommodation topped the list, sharing 28.3 percent, 28.0 percent and 21.8 percent, respectively. Inbound tourism expenditure for the period, 2000-2010 grew at an average of 2.1 percent. Meanwhile, share of inbound tourism expenditure to exports is on a downtrend – below 4.0 percent in the last three years, and 3.5 percent in 2010. 4.1.2 Domestic Tourism Expenditure (Table 2)

Domestic tourism expenditure posted double digit growth of 15.1 percent, compared

to 2.7 percent in 2009. For the period 2000-2010, domestic tourism expenditure recorded an annual average growth of 11.9 percent. Highest growth was observed in 2005 at 32.4

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percent followed by 23.8 percent, 23.7 percent and 22.8 percent recorded in 2004, 2007, and 2001, respectively. All other years exhibited increases except in 2008 and 2002 where total domestic tourism expenditure dropped to 10.0 percent and 2.9 percent, respectively. Miscellaneous, shopping on tourism characteristic goods, and accommodation topped the list of consumption products among domestic visitors, sharing 49.2 percent, 16.8 percent, and 10.6 percent, respectively.

With the competitive rates offered by various airlines and shipping lines as well as

holiday economics, share of domestic tourism expenditure to household final consumption expenditure has been increasing, sharing 14.5 percent in 2010

The economic importance of domestic tourism has grown substantially in recent

years. Its economic contribution is more important than that of inbound tourism, as domestic tourism expenditure is observed to be about 6 times as much as inbound tourism expenditure.

4.1.3 Outbound Tourism Expenditure, 2000-200716 (Table 3)

After a series of positive growth from 2001 to 2006, outbound tourism expenditure

dropped to PhP 79.6 billion in 2007, 12.0 percent lower than the PhP 90.5 billion in 2006. Top on the list of outbound visitors is shopping, sharing an average of 34.0 percent

for the period 2000-2007, followed by accommodation at 26.8 percent; food and beverage, 16.3 percent; transport, 9.6 percent; entertainment and recreation 6.9 percent; miscellaneous 3.6 percent; and travel agencies, 2.7 percent.

On the average, outbound tourism expenditure accounted for about 3.0 percent of total Imports of the country.

4.1.4 Internal Tourism Expenditure (Table 4)

Internal tourism expenditure reached the trillion peso mark in 2010 at PhP 1.04

trillion, posting double digit growth of 14.5 percent. Internal tourism was more adversely affected than the total economy during the

global crisis in 2008, but it has since caught up with the GDP growth. Internal tourism expenditure in 2010 is dominated by domestic tourism cutting in 84.5

percent of the pie, compared to only 15.5 percent of inbound tourism expenditure. The expenditures paid by organizers in behalf of the visitors that form part of both domestic and inbound tourism expenditure, account only around 1 percent of the total internal tourism consumption.

Miscellaneous, shopping and accommodation are the biggest components of Internal

tourism consumption.

4.2 Supply side: Production of tourism goods and services 4.2.1 Gross Value Added of Tourism Industries (GVATI)

Using the IO table, GVATI for the year 2000 was estimated at PhP 340.9 billion (Table 6a). The top contributors to total GVATI are: (a) transportation services which cover

16 Data from the sources are available only for 2000-2007

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land, air and water transportation, comprising 30.1 percent of GVATI or PhP 102.7 billion; (b) miscellaneous industries, which include all other industries not explicitly shown (i.e., foreign exchange dealers, health and wellness services, etc.), sharing about 23.2 percent of GVATI or PhP 79.1 billion; and (c) food and beverage, contributing 13.2 percent, or PhP 45.2 billion.

Completing the 2000 GVATI were: shopping with PhP 42.7 billion or 12.5 percent

share; accommodation, PhP 31.2 billion or 9.1percent; entertainment and recreation, PhP 28.4 billion or 8.3 percent; and travel agencies, PhP 11.7 billion or 3.4 percent. 4.2.2 Tourism Direct Gross Value Added (TDGVA) Benchmark estimates for the year 2000 showed TDGVA at PhP 210.1 billion (Table 6b). This amount represented the total GVA on both tourism-characteristic products and other products consumed by visitors that are produced by both tourism-characteristic industries and other industries. Among the tourism-characteristic industries, shopping had the biggest share to TDGVA at 20.3 percent, followed by accommodation with 14.8 percent, and entertainment and recreation with 6.8 percent. Other industries and their corresponding shares include: travel agencies (5.6%), food and beverage (5.3%), transport (3.5%), and miscellaneous (0.9%). Tourism-characteristic industries accounted for 57.2 percent of the TDGVA while other industries producing products incidentally consumed by visitors for 42.8 percent. TDGVA posted double digit growth of 13.0 in 2010, from PhP 459.0 billion in 2009 to PhP 518.5 billion. Average annual growth rate of TDGVA for the period 2000-2010 is 9.4 percent. TDGVA‟s share to total GDP provides measure of the economic contribution of tourism to the economy. For 2010, the contribution of tourism to the Philippine economy was estimated at 5.8 percent. On the average, for the years 2000 to 2010, the average share of TDGVA to GDP stood at 5.8 percent. 4.3 Employment in tourism industries (Table 7)

Considered as employment generator than income generator, share of tourism employment to total employment has been on the rise, averaging 9.7 percent for the years 2000-2010.

Employment in tourism industries was estimated at 3.7 million in 2010, up by 4.1

percent from last year‟s 3.5 million. Employment in tourism industries has been growing at an annual average of 3.7 percent in 2000-2010.

Transport service industry employed the most number of people, averaging 42.1

percent of the total employed in tourism industries during the period 2000-2010. Food and beverage serving industry came in next sharing 23.5 percent, followed by miscellaneous at 10.2 percent. Other industries such as entertainment and recreation accounted .for 9.0 percent; shopping, 7.5 percent; travel agencies and other reservation services, 4.7 percent, and accommodation, 3.0 percent.

Of the 3.7 million employed in tourism industries in 2010, 1.5 million are in the

transport service industry, and 0.9 million are in food and beverage serving industry.

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V. Challenges and Areas of Future Concern

For the continuing development of the PTSA, a corresponding development in the

tourism statistics system must also be in place. After all, the output of the PTSA depends on the quality of input by the tourism statistics system.

The PTSA can serve as a focal point for the development of the tourism statistical

system. The data sources will have to be revisited and improved in order to meet the information needs of the PTSA. New data gathering activities/methodologies may have to be developed to fill in data gaps.

5.1 Need for improved data collection system that will provide for more timely, more

reliable and more relevant information for the PTSA compilation. 5.1.1 Arrival/Departure Cards

The A/D card is the basic source of information on the volume of international visitors. It is thus necessary to introduce new technological methodologies to improve processing of both inbound and outbound visitors. For a wider coverage, the A/D cards should be implemented in international seaports as well to capture detailed information on sea travelers.

The A/D card should be revised to incorporate matching of arrival and departure,

which could provide reliable estimates on the length of stay of travelers .

5.1.2 Visitor Sample Survey (VSS)

Areas for consideration in the improvement of the VSS would be in terms of: (a) increasing its coverage to include other Philippine international airports and major seaports where passenger volume has become significant; (b) sampling methodology to accommodate more diverse respondents to represent different niche markets; and (c) processing of survey results.

Specifically, the sampling methodology needs to be revisited to consider: (a) quality

of respondents as the data they provide is crucial in the estimation of important indicators such as average expenditure per nationality or per item, and (b) quantity or diversity of nationalities included in the sample. While technology has made data processing faster through use of appropriate software, the processing time between the report and the reference month should always be a concern to make the VSS more relevant to end users.

5.1.3 Household Survey of Domestic Visitors (HSDV)

As the basic source of information of domestic and outbound tourism, the HSDV

should be regularly conducted for a regular updating of the PTSA estimates. Tourism stakeholders and industry players could be tapped to validate the HSDV results.

5.1.4 Survey of Tourism Establishments in the Philippines (STEP)

Understanding supply of consumption goods and services to visitors will lead to determination how much goods and services must be available in the form and quantity that visitors might demand. Timely indicator/statistics on tourism supply will alert planners and policy makers how much supply needed vis-à-vis demand of visitors. There is thus a need to conduct STEP on a regular basis.

5.1.5 Regional Travelers Report

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Another source of data on domestic tourism is the regional travelers report submitted

by DOT regional offices based on the administrative data from accommodation establishments and popular places of attraction. The Accommodation Capacity Survey (ACS), a more recent survey17 done by DOT in major destinations provides a more reliable inventory of available accommodation establishments as compared to the volume of accommodation establishments submitted by the regional offices which are of voluntary nature and which are mostly DOT accredited only. Capturing the data from non-accredited establishments would greatly improve the Regional Report not only of the volume and profile of visitors but also the regional occupancy reports of accommodation establishments. Moreover, the ACS could be further improved by producing capacity statistics by type and classification of accommodation establishments

Another future concern with regards to the Regional Travelers Report is the

segregation of same-day visitors (excursionists). Not all DOT regional offices maintain a database of same-day visitors.

5.1.6 Meetings, Incentives, Conventions and Exhibitions (MICE)

As in the case of the Regional Travelers Report, the MICE Report also lacks wider coverage of establishments and destinations. By observation18, there are places that are emerging MICE destinations. Others are simply not known nationwide but are popular in the regional level for relatively a long time already. These destinations would have to be accounted for in order to present a more reliable MICE statistics 5.2 Need to improve the estimation methodology of the Philippine Tourism Satellite

Accounts (PTSA)

The present methodology to compile Philippine TSA could be further improved in terms of: 5.2.1 Explicit characterization of expenditures by each class of visitor

The current estimates do not distinguish expenditures of same-day visitors from the tourists. This concern is especially relevant in domestic tourism where same-day visitors constituted a significant part of the total domestic visitors. With the availability of the 2009 and 2010 HSDV, a comparative performance of each class of visitors across years could now be done 5.2.2 Enhancement of the measurement of domestic tourism expenditure

Since expenditure data was only available through the HSDV, average expenditure per visitor for other years were derived using the price movements from specific indicators for each particular consumption items. Hence, shift in spending pattern among domestic visitors might not have been captured. Conduct of more frequent HSDV will certainly improve the methodology. 5.2.3 Use of 2010 HSDV results on outbound tourism to update PTSA table on

outbound tourism expenditure

17

ACS is an inventory survey of accommodation establishments in major and emerging destinations in the Philippines that was started by DOT in 2006. As of the present, ACS has covered Albay, Bohol, Boracay Island, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Catanduanes, Cebu, Negros Oriental, Palawan and Siquijor. 18

These observations were made during personal meetings and trainings between local officials and DOT.

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Currently, expenditures of outbound tourists were based only from four destination countries: USA, Hong Kong, Singapore and Thailand. The use of data on outbound tourism from the 2010 HSDV would validate the current PTSA estimates. 5.2.4 Inclusion of other components of tourism consumption

Due to data constraints, the estimates exclude services associated with vacation accommodation on own account, tourist social transfers in kind, other imputed consumption and tourism single purpose consumer durables purchased outside the context of a trip or for a trip.

5.2.5 Refinements in output indicators for tourism industries

The benchmark estimates of production used the 2000 IO as the main source of data. The internal tourism consumption was reconciled with the output to come up with consumption-to-output ratios which are eventually used to derive TDGVA. For other years, TDGVA was derived by extrapolating the GVA of industries by the output indicators. The accuracy of the results depends highly on the output indicators used. Most often tourism industries require indicators from a more detailed classification of industries. The conduct of the STEP will further improve the current estimates.

5.2.6 Employment

The Labor Force Survey (LFS), which is the major data source for Philippine employment lacks detailed information to provide estimates for tourism industries. Employment in tourism industries rely on number of assumptions and fixed ratios derived from the 1999 CPBI, hence special care must be taken when using or interpreting the data. 5.3 Need to develop/compile new and relevant statistics/indicators to address

new/emerging concerns and the information demands of data users and stakeholders

5.3.1 Develop mechanisms to generate local tourism statistics in key/priority tourist

destination areas such as the implementation of local visitor surveys and improvement of the basic tourism databases of LGUs The local level tourism stakeholders have been progressively more enthusiastic in

knowing the condition of their own tourism industries. For a long time, the local authorities have been relying on DOT for tourism data even for their locality. However, the available data from DOT is limited when it comes to local data. DOT is confident in enumerating national up to regional figures and to some extent, provincial level. Disaggregated data down to the municipal/city level is unavailable to provide further analysis. DOT along with its Regional Offices has little capacity to cover each and every locality in the Philippines. The manpower and the financial resources is not enough for such great endeavor aside from the fact that the power over business establishments and local tourism planning has been devolved to the local government since 199119.

Accordingly, local government must step up in the collection of their own tourism

statistics which they can use without having to rely on national agencies. For one, they have more authority over businesses in their localities. Another is that since they are already located in the tourism destinations, they are in a better position to know their products.

19

Local Government Code of 1991. Republic Act 7160.

[34 / 36]

In support to the local authorities, DOT has been a long time advocate in building the capacity of the local authorities in tourism development planning as well as in tourism statistics databank building. Understanding the fact that by improving the local level statistics will lead to the improvement of national statistics particularly with regards to internal tourism and tourism capacity, the DOT co-sponsored trainings with public and private sector in the local level.

Related to local level statistics capacity building is the ongoing DOT project with

Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) that aims to establish a standard local tourism statistics system as well as provision of training on tourism development planning. The Project started in 2009 with major tourism destinations as pilot areas. The approach leads to the development of standard or common measurement system which can be comparable by region or destination. The standard measurement would eventually be linked up together and identify its relationship to the national tourism statistics.

These efforts only emphasize the point that along with the continuing improvements

of the national statistical system, the development of sub-national statistical system must also be given importance.

When data sources are adequate at the local level, it would be possible to develop

some form of regional or tourism destination TSA. The policymakers in the local level are just as fervent in knowing the contribution of the tourism sector in the economic development of their locality. 5.3.2 Development of Regional TSAs or TSA in specific tourism destinations Subnational or TSA in specific tourism destinations such as Baguio City, Puerto Princesa or Boracay would provide useful indicators for tourism enterprises and organizations in (1) identifying possible business opportunities; (2) assessing the volume and intensity of tourism business; and (3) determining the extent to which private and public regional tourism networks and clusters are interconnected.

If full TSA is not possible, subnational TSA could be limited to major indicators such

as: (1) inbound tourism expenditure, (2) domestic tourism expenditure, (3) outbound tourism expenditure, (4) gross value added of tourism industries, and (5) tourism employment. 5.4 Inadequate statistical capability among tourism institutions and personnel 5.4.1 Conduct of statistical and related technical training for agencies/institutions involved

in the collection, management, reporting/dissemination and analysis of tourism statistics as well as for the data users and stakeholders.

5.4.2 Actual policy uses of tourism statistics/tourism accounts must be demonstrated. 5.5 Resources constraints 5.5.1 Advocate for better appreciation by government on the need to provide budget for

statistical activities. 5.5.2 Allow statistical offices to hire and increase number of statistical positions in

government (including those in line departments like the DOT). It is very disappointing that while the Philippine Development Plan has identified tourism as a key sector in our development agenda, the regional offices of the DOT have very limited manpower resources.

[35 / 36]

5.5.3 Invest in statistics, invest in statistical offices and invest in statisticians! The above cited challenges and courses of actions were included in the PSDP 2011-2017

[36 / 36]

REFERENCES Commission of the European Communities, International Monetary Fund, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, United Nations and World Bank (1993). System of National Accounts (SNA) 1993 Commission of the European Communities, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, World Tourism Organization (2008). Tourism Satellite Accounts: Recommended Methodological Framework. Luxembourg, Madrid, New York, Paris Department of Tourism (2009). Republic Act 9593 (Tourism Act of 2009) Department of Tourism (2011). Statistical Reports National Economic Development Authority (2011). Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2011 – 2016 National Statistical Coordination Board Regional Office 6 (2011). Fact Sheet http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ru6/FS-Tourism-Boracay2011.htm National Statistics Office. Technical Notes for CPBI and LFS http://www.census.gov.ph/data/technotes/index.html United Nations World Tourism Organization (2008). Tourism 2020 Vision http://www.unwto.org/facts/menu.html United Nations World Tourism Organization (2008). 2008 International Recommendations for Tourism Statistics (IRTS 2008). Madrid, New York United Nations World Tourism Organization (2011). Tourism Highlights, Edition 2011 http://unwto.org/facts/eng/highlights.htm. Madrid Virola, Romulo A., Lea Amoro (2003). Status of the Development of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts (PTSA). Country paper prepared for the 2nd Sub-regional Workshop on Tourism Statistics and the Elaboration of a Tourism Satellite Account, Shangri-la Hotel, Makati Philippines 16-18 June 2003 Virola, R., M. Remulla, L. Amoro and M. Say (2001). Measuring the Contribution of Tourism to the Philippine Economy: The Philippine Tourism Satellite Account. Convention Papers, 8th National Convention on Statistics, Westin Philippine Plaza, Manila 1-2 October 2001

ANNEXES

ANNEX A

Initiatives towards Development of the Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts

(PTSA)

Activity Period

The NSCB, thru its Grants-in-Aid statistical development program, provided

funds and technical assistance to DOT in the conduct of research study,

which aimed to explore contribution of tourism to the economy using the

input-output analysis approach.

1988

DOT and WTTC collaborated to come up with a simulated satellite account

on tourism for the Philippines, which showed that travel and tourism

accounted for 8.7 percent of the GDP in 1997. The estimation procedure was

developed by the Wharton Econometric Forecasting Association (WEFA)

under the direction of the WTTC.

NSCB and DOT signed a MOA to support the development of the PTSA.

1996

NSCB created an Inter-Agency Committee on the Development of a Satellite

Account on Tourism (IAC-DSAT) that shall oversee the development of a

TSA for the country.

IAC-DSAT conceptualized the framework for the PTSA

1997

Participated in the Seventh Meeting of the Steering Committee, World

Conference on the Measurement of the Economic Impact of Tourism, WTO

Headquarters, Madrid, Spain

1998

NSCB and DOT forged a project that operationalized the PTSA conceptual

framework

NSCB and DOT released the preliminary results of the Philippine Tourism

Satellite Account (PTSA) covering the years 1994 and 1998. However, the

estimates are subject to the following limitations:

1) linkage of tourism consumption and supply was not established;

2) domestic tourism was based on accommodation data only;

3) outbound tourism (Table 3) was not compiled;

4) estimates on the supply of goods and services were limited to the

Value Added of Tourism Industries (VATI) only

1999

The Philippine experience in developing tourism satellite account was

presented in a joint UN-ESCAP/WTO workshop in Thailand

The paper “Measuring the Contribution of Tourism to the Economy: The

Philippine Tourism Satellite Account” was presented in the 8th National

Convention on Statistics

2001

The Philippines participated in the 1st International Workshop on Tourism and

the Preparation of TSA in Madrid, Spain

2002

The Philippines hosted the “Second Sub-Regional Workshop on Tourism

Statistics and the Elaboration of a Tourism Satellite Account” held in Manila.

The country paper “Status of the Development of the Philippine Tourism

Satellite Account (PTSA)” was presented in that workshop.

The IACDSAT was reconstituted and renamed to Inter-agency Committee on

Tourism Statistics (IAC-TS) per NSCB Memorandum Order No. 04 Series of

2003.

2003

The NSCB Executive Board approved the NSCB Resolution No. 4 Series of

2005 “Approving and Adopting the Philippine Tourism Statistical Classification

System (PTSCS)”. The PTSCS was based on the following:

UNWTO-recommended list

1994 Philippine Standard Industrial Classification (PSIC)

2002 Philippine Central Product Classification (PCPC)

International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC) Rev

2005

Presented the country paper “The 1993 Recommendations on Tourism

Statistics and the Philippine Tourism Satellite Accounts” during the

International Workshop on Tourism Statistics, UNWTO Headquarters, Madrid, Spain,

17-20 July 2006.

2006

The Philippines participated in the worldwide consultation for the revision of

the IRTS and the TSA: RMF by providing response to the questionnaires sent

by the UNWTO

Participated in the Expert Group Meeting in Tourism Statistics,

UN Headquarters, New York, USA

2007

Presented the paper “The Philippine Tourism Satellite Account”

during the Workshop on Indicators of Sustainable Development for Tourism

Destinations conducted in Bohol on 15-18 October 2007.

2007

Presented the paper “Measuring Health and Wellness Tourism in the

Philippines” in the 10th National Convention on Statistics. EDSA Shangri-La

Hotel, Manila.

2007

The Philippines participated in the worldwide consultation for the revision of

the IRTS and the TSA: RMF by providing response to the questionnaires sent

by the UNWTO

Participated in the Expert Group Meeting in Tourism Statistics,

UN Headquarters, New York, USA

2007

Updating and refining the PTSA estimation using the IRTS 2008 and

TSA: RMF 2008. Improvements from the previous estimates include:

Establishment of the link of internal tourism consumption with the

supply of goods and services

Improvement of the coverage of domestic tourism using the results of

the Household Survey on Domestic Visitors (HSDV)

Compiling the outbound tourism expenditure

Availability of estimates for GVATI, TDGVA and TDGDP

2008

Presented the paper “Developing the Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA):

The Philippine Experience” in the Technical Workshop on Tourism Statistics

and Tourism Satellite Accounts conducted by DOT in collaboration with the

Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) on 21-22 October 2008 in Cebu

City, 2008

2008

The Philippines (NSCB and DOT) was specifically invited (and the only country from the region to be invited) by the UNWTO to be a member of the newly created Technical Advisory Board (TAB) to the UNWTO Statistics and TSA Unit.

2010

The Philippines participated in the UNWTO Statistics Capacity-building Programme for Asia-Pacific Region (2010-2011): Workshop I held in Bangkok, Thailand, 22-26 November 2010

2010

The Philippines participated in the UNWTO Statistics Capacity-building Programme for Asia-Pacific Region (2010-2011): Workshop II held in Manila on 4-6 July 2011

2011

Recognized as a national and international leader on tourism statistics, the Philippines (NSCB Secretary General) was invited to be a Steering Committee Member of the Committee on Tourism Statistics (COTS) in the International Statistical Institute (ISI).

2011

Updated the PTSA estimates to 2000-2010 using the revised/rebased national accounts of the Philippines

2011

Participated in The Fifth UNWTO International Conference on Tourism

Statistics held in Bali, Indonesia on 30 March – 2 April 2009

Presented the paper “Labor Policies for the Philippine Hospitality Industry”

Served as discussant for the keynote paper for Session III, Tourism

Labour Market in the Asia Pacific Region

Chaired the session on “Using TSA data for Business and Policy Analysis”

2009

“Tourism as an Engine for Employment Creation”, an “Statistically

Speaking” article posted in the NSCB website on April 13, 2009

2009

Annex B. PTSA Estimates, 2000-2010

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

A. C

on

su

mp

tio

n P

rod

ucts

A.1

To

uri

sm

Ch

ara

cte

risti

cs p

rod

ucts

1-

Acco

mo

dati

on

Serv

ices f

or

vis

ito

rs29,9

50

34,8

69

34,9

23

30,8

13

35,8

11

31,9

53

41,1

89

38,3

41

28,4

79

25,7

74

23,8

00

2-F

oo

d a

nd

Bevera

ge s

erv

ing

serv

ices

16,1

47

16,9

90

15,4

91

15,9

04

22,8

85

23,1

06

34,5

18

39,5

87

26,0

38

27,0

03

30,5

31

3-T

ran

sp

ort

serv

ices

3,1

00

5,8

18

5,4

17

5,7

92

7,1

93

8,4

73

7,7

19

6,1

96

3,9

81

3,5

77

3,7

18

4-T

ravel ag

en

cie

s a

nd

oth

er

reserv

ati

on

serv

ices

189

229

84

96

142

486

591

118

363

1,6

15

806

5-E

nte

rtain

men

t an

d R

ecre

ati

on

11,9

44

10,1

87

8,3

95

8,2

29

11,6

56

13,3

54

11,0

19

7,9

91

7,9

60

8,3

86

17,5

38

6-C

ou

ntr

y-s

pecif

ic t

ou

rism

ch

ara

cte

risti

c s

erv

ices

6.a

-Shoppin

g11,8

96

11,7

72

13,4

33

14,4

97

20,1

60

23,4

16

37,3

60

27,6

49

31,2

04

31,8

00

30,8

86

7-M

iscellan

eo

us

15,1

31

8,3

82

12,4

86

7,5

74

7,9

70

2,5

91

4,7

56

2,2

14

1,5

97

1,5

03

1,9

47

A.2

To

uri

sm

co

nn

ecte

d p

rod

ucts

A.3

No

n t

ou

rism

rela

ted

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

rod

ucts

B.1

Valu

ab

les

TO

TA

L IN

BO

UN

D T

OU

RIS

M E

XP

EN

DIT

UR

E88,3

58

88,2

46

90,2

29

82,9

05

105,8

16

103,3

80

137,1

52

122,0

95

99,6

22

99,6

58

109,2

26

2000-0

12001-0

22002-0

32003-0

42004-0

52005-0

62006-0

72007-0

82008-0

92009-1

0

A. C

on

su

mp

tio

n P

rod

ucts

A.1

To

uri

sm

Ch

ara

cte

risti

cs p

rod

ucts

1-

Acco

mo

dati

on

Serv

ices f

or

vis

ito

rs16.4

0.2

(11.8

)

16.2

(10.8

)

28.9

(6.9

)

(25.7

)

(9.5

)

(7.7

)

2-F

oo

d a

nd

Bevera

ge s

erv

ing

serv

ices

5.2

(8.8

)

2.7

43.9

1.0

49.4

14.7

(34.2

)

3.7

13.1

3-T

ran

sp

ort

serv

ices

87.6

(6.9

)

6.9

24.2

17.8

(8.9

)

(19.7

)

(35.8

)

(10.1

)

3.9

4-T

ravel ag

en

cie

s a

nd

oth

er

reserv

ati

on

serv

ices

20.8

(63.3

)

14.6

48.1

241.9

21.5

(80.1

)

208.7

344.4

(50.1

)

5-E

nte

rtain

men

t an

d R

ecre

ati

on

(14.7

)

(17.6

)

(2.0

)

41.6

14.6

(17.5

)

(27.5

)

(0.4

)

5.3

109.1

6-C

ou

ntr

y-s

pecif

ic t

ou

rism

ch

ara

cte

risti

c s

erv

ices

6.a

-Shoppin

g(1

.0)

14.1

7.9

39.1

16.2

59.6

(26.0

)

12.9

1.9

(2.9

)

7-M

iscellan

eo

us

(44.6

)

49.0

(39.3

)

5.2

(67.5

)

83.5

(53.4

)

(27.9

)

(5.9

)

29.5

A.2

To

uri

sm

co

nn

ecte

d p

rod

ucts

A.3

No

n t

ou

rism

rela

ted

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

rod

ucts

B.1

Valu

ab

les

TO

TA

L IN

BO

UN

D T

OU

RIS

M E

XP

EN

DIT

UR

E(0

.1)

2.2

(8.1

)

27.6

(2.3

)

32.7

(11.0

)

(18.4

)

0.0

4

9.6

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

A. C

on

su

mp

tio

n P

rod

ucts

A.1

To

uri

sm

Ch

ara

cte

risti

cs p

rod

ucts

1-

Acco

mo

dati

on

Serv

ices f

or

vis

ito

rs0.3

39

0.3

95

0.3

87

0.3

72

0.3

38

0.3

09

0.3

00

0.3

14

0.2

86

0.2

59

0.2

18

2-F

oo

d a

nd

Bevera

ge s

erv

ing

serv

ices

0.1

83

0.1

93

0.1

72

0.1

92

0.2

16

0.2

24

0.2

52

0.3

24

0.2

61

0.2

71

0.2

80

3-T

ran

sp

ort

serv

ices

0.0

35

0.0

66

0.0

60

0.0

70

0.0

68

0.0

82

0.0

56

0.0

51

0.0

40

0.0

36

0.0

34

4-T

ravel ag

en

cie

s a

nd

oth

er

reserv

ati

on

serv

ices

0.0

02

0.0

03

0.0

01

0.0

01

0.0

01

0.0

05

0.0

04

0.0

01

0.0

04

0.0

16

0.0

07

5-E

nte

rtain

men

t an

d R

ecre

ati

on

0.1

35

0.1

15

0.0

93

0.0

99

0.1

10

0.1

29

0.0

80

0.0

65

0.0

80

0.0

84

0.1

61

6-C

ou

ntr

y-s

pecif

ic t

ou

rism

ch

ara

cte

risti

c s

erv

ices

6.a

-Shoppin

g0.1

35

0.1

33

0.1

49

0.1

75

0.1

91

0.2

27

0.2

72

0.2

26

0.3

13

0.3

19

0.2

83

7-M

iscellan

eo

us

0.1

71

0.0

95

0.1

38

0.0

91

0.0

75

0.0

25

0.0

35

0.0

18

0.0

16

0.0

15

0.0

18

A.2

To

uri

sm

co

nn

ecte

d p

rod

ucts

A.3

No

n t

ou

rism

rela

ted

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

rod

ucts

B.1

Valu

ab

les

TO

TA

L IN

BO

UN

D T

OU

RIS

M E

XP

EN

DIT

UR

E1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

1.0

00

Gro

wth

Rate

s

In M

illio

n P

hP

Perc

en

t sh

are

Tab

le 1

Inb

ou

nd

To

uri

sm

Exp

en

dit

ure

by p

rod

ucts

, 2000 -

2010

Pro

du

cts

Pro

du

cts

Pro

du

cts

Tab

le 2

Do

mesti

c T

ou

rism

Exp

en

dit

ure

by p

rod

ucts

, 2000 -

2010

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

A.

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n P

rod

ucts

A.1

To

uri

sm

Ch

ara

cte

risti

cs p

rod

ucts

1-

Acco

mo

dati

on

Serv

ices f

or

vis

ito

rs33,9

10

41,5

41

41,3

04

48,6

35

56,4

65

76,0

14

77,8

13

96,1

24

82,7

20

86,5

89

98,7

68

2-F

oo

d a

nd

Bevera

ge s

erv

ing

serv

ices

14,8

47

17,2

45

18,2

25

19,7

12

25,6

84

32,2

44

32,6

49

39,3

54

38,4

07

39,0

56

43,3

73

3-T

ran

sp

ort

serv

ices

15,1

28

19,4

96

18,5

20

20,7

91

27,3

80

40,3

73

45,2

39

54,5

93

50,1

12

47,9

13

56,2

92

4-T

ravel

ag

en

cie

s a

nd

oth

er

reserv

ati

on

serv

ices

25,7

60

32,1

84

30,7

14

34,3

81

43,3

56

59,1

29

65,4

31

79,6

68

70,7

44

70,2

45

80,9

23

5-E

nte

rtain

men

t an

d R

ecre

ati

on

15,0

38

18,0

89

17,3

72

19,3

57

23,2

46

29,5

65

31,1

26

38,4

06

32,8

48

34,2

80

38,6

09

6-C

ou

ntr

y-s

pecif

ic t

ou

rism

ch

ara

cte

risti

c s

erv

ices

6.a

-Shoppin

g52,3

82

63,4

49

60,2

66

67,0

68

82,7

25

108,4

04

117,8

49

146,2

64

133,0

84

136,4

56

156,2

72

7-M

iscell

an

eo

us

144,7

05

178,5

42

173,5

74

195,2

88

242,9

16

318,7

27

339,1

67

422,8

54

381,4

84

396,2

66

458,6

01

A.2

To

uri

sm

co

nn

ecte

d p

rod

ucts

A.3

No

n t

ou

rism

rela

ted

co

nsu

mp

tio

n p

rod

ucts

B.1

Valu

ab

les

TO

TA

L D

OM

ES

TIC

TO

UR

ISM

EX

PE

ND

ITU

RE

301,7

70

370,5

46

359,9

73

405,2

32

501,7

71

664,4

56

709,2

73

877,2

63

789,4

00

810,8

05

932,8

38

2000-0

12001-0

22002-0

32003-0

42004-0

52005-0

62006-0

72007-0

82008-0

92009-1

0

A.

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n P

rod

ucts

A.1

To

uri

sm

Ch

ara

cte

risti

cs p

rod

ucts

1-

Acco

mo

dati

on

Serv

ices f

or

vis

ito

rs22.5

(0.6

)

17.8

16.1

34.6

2.4

23.5

(13.9

)

4.7

14.1

2-F

oo

d a

nd

Bevera

ge s

erv

ing

serv

ices

16.2

5.7

8.2

30.3

25.5

1.3

20.5

(2.4

)

1.7

11.1

3-T

ran

sp

ort

serv

ices

28.9

(5.0

)

12.3

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2001

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2004

2005

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2007

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2009

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A.

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2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

A.

Co

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To

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6

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6

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63

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89

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9

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45

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52

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32

76

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cella

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53

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41

Sh

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to

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10

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TC

Estim

ate

s

3

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6

3,1

55

3

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3

3

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3

4,9

55

5

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1

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4

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7

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13

43

71

% S

ha

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10

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9.9

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15

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15

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15

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13

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12

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12

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So

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e o

f d

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: L

ab

or

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rve

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Na

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TC

estim

ate

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r e

mp

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vis

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fr.

20

05

as p

er

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20

11

re

po

rt

GR

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RA

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S (

%)

01

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02

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03

-04

04

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05

-06

06

-07

07

-08

08

-09

09

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TO

TA

L E

MP

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EN

T IN

TH

E P

HIL

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1.9

3.2

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2.0

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1.6

2.8

2.8

TO

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ISM

CH

AR

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TE

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TIC

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RIE

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5.0

4.7

1.9

2.6

4.4

1.7

3.9

4.1

Hote

ls a

nd r

esta

ura

nts

3.8

8.2

7.5

6.8

2.9

2.3

5.1

5.9

3.5

Resta

ura

nts

and

Sim

ilar

3.8

8.2

7.5

6.8

2.9

2.3

5.1

5.9

3.5

Passe

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, to

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to

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14

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5.9

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(0.8

)

2.9

Recre

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nte

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nd

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es

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)

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17

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Reta

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sm

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(0.2

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4.8

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Mis

cella

neo

us

1.6

(3.9

)

(5

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(1.4

)

1.1

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2.3

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4.0