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Think About
What policies might help address the population issues in your region?
Population PoliciesHow nations have attempted to increase, decrease and perfect
populations
Expansionist Policies
PronatalistIncentives:
– Subsidies, childcare, preferential treatment
Penalties:– Punishment for using/teaching about
contraceptionPropaganda
France
France
Post- WWII
Propaganda
Incentives
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Romania
Nikolai Ceausescu
Romania
Concerned with falling birthrate
Economy
Racist
Romania, 1967-89
Methods– Abortion illegal– Contraception banned– Divorce very difficult– Monthly gynecological checkups for all
women– Some financial incentives for multiple
children– Punitive taxes for over 25 with no children
Romania: Results
Short-term rise in birth rate
Big increase in maternal mortality
Huge number of orphans
Critical Thinking
What makes for good pronatalist policy?
Restrictive Policies
AntinatalistConcerned with overpopulationIncentives
– Better resources, preferential treatment– Access to family planning services
Penalties– Loss of opportunities, status– Criminal prosecution
China
Under Mao, population growth encouraged
Communist government introduces “One Child” policy
China
One Child Policy, 1979-Now
Families are “encouraged” to only have one child
Incentives for one-child families
Punitive measures
One Child Policy, 1979-Now
“Where there are evil people who actually sabotage or undermine the policy of family planning, we must mobilize the masses to expose them in a timely way and subject them to severe treatment by the judiciary and related departments”
– Government of China directive
One Child Policy, 1979-Now
Burden falls mostly on women
China in danger of having a shortage of women
Critical Thinking
What makes for good antinatalist policy?
Eugenics
“Perfecting” the population
Breeding
Denying some ability to reproduce
Brazil
Brazil
1890-1930
The “Whitening”– Pro-European
Immigration
– Encouraged miscegenation
– “Brazilian Man”
Brazil: Results
“Race” is much harder to define
Darker-skinned people discriminated against
Recent resurgence of “Afro-Brazilian” identity
Sweden 1934-76
Forced sterilization– Mentally ill– Roma (Gypsies)– “loose” women– orphans
Over 62,000 sterilized
