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Think Globally Act Locally
The Role of Forests in Energy and Climate
Change
Dave AtkinsForester and Forest Ecologist
TopicsContext
– Energy– Climate Change– Forest Health
• Future vs Current technologies• Overview of Critical Issues
– Local Champion– Fuel Quality, delivery, choices– Air Quality– Financing– Combustion Technologies
Community
Economics Environment
Sustainability
Role of Forests in Energy Security and Climate Change
• Embodied Energy• Fossil fuel offsets=Mitigation
– 1 BDT= 2.7 barrels of oil– 50 t/ac = 135 barrels/ac
• Sequestered C in live forests• Sequestered C in utilized wood• 20% C emissions from tropical
forest DEFORESTATION
Climate Change• Living in a C constrained world
– Energy Sources - Multiple distributed•No silver bullet – need all of them
– Forests provide solar collectors with wood batteries:•No mining needed to manufacture•Native habitat – plants & animals•Water purification system•Aesthetically pleasing
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Electri
c Power
Transp
ortatio
n
Industry
Agricu
lture
Commerc
ialRes
identia
l
Ag Soils
Landfill
ed U
rban
Was
teUrb
an Tr
ees
Forests
and W
ood Pro
ducts
Sectors
Perc
ent C
O2 E
q.
Note: Negative numbers denote sequestration. Forests and wood products sequester 11% U.S. GHG emissions annually.
Percent Total U.S. Greenhouse Gas Annual Emissions by Sector (EPA, 2003)
Asking Right Question?
Mountain Top Removal Coal Mining
No Free Lunches!
Don’t Ask Don’t Tell
Energy Choices• Tar Sands footprint
– Water quality– C 3x conventional oil
• Coal-Bed methane– Water quality/quantity
• Wind Farms – birds/bats, not firm• Solar Farms – huge expanses needed,
batteries, not firm• Geothermal – effects?• Tidal/Wave – marine life?• Nuclear – storage safety issue• Biomass – use trade-offs• Conservation/Efficiency ☺
Woody Biomass Potential368 million tons annually
Biomass as a feedstock for a bioenergy and bioproducts industry
Conservation – Embodied Energy
Stave church in Norway
More than 500 years old
Protected with wood tar
Biomass Rides Coattails
• Higher values brings biomass to the landing;– Flooring, windows, boards, posts & poles,
shavings, pulp, energy – pellets, chips
• OR – other objectives pay for treatment– Fire thinning– Wildlife Habitat– Watershed protection
Engineered Roundwood
Higher Value
Dance Studio
Larch Flooring
Douglas-fir
Blue Pine
ShavingsMoulder - Shaper
Dry Kiln – Flooring, Paneling, Studs Pellet Fuel
Treated vs. Untreated
“The sharp line in the aerial photograph is obvious, abrupt and dramatic: black forest on one side, green canopy on the other. “ Missoulian Sept. 2005. Camp 32 Fire Eureka, MT
Rodeo-Chediskeei Fire
Camp 32 Fire 2005
Fire Hazard & Bark Beetle Hazard Thinning Project
Slash, Pile and Burn or Pay to Thin Remove and Utilize
Woody Biomass Potential368 million tons annually
Using existing activities in 2004
Future Technologies• Cellulosic Ethanol and Diesel
– Fermentation ethanol only– Thermo – Chemical•Gasification – low O2• Fast Pyrolysis – Bio Oil - No O2 • Torrefied Wood – No O2 slow
• Biorefinery – ethanol, diesel, butanol, plastic• Pulp mills – half way there!
– American Forest and Paper Association’s “Agenda 2020” initiative
• Combine forest/ag & clean coal technology- capture C and store it geologically
Pyrolysis – Bio-oil & char
Heat or Cooling or PowerCombined Generation -Fuels For Schools And
Beyond
Existing Technologies
Lessons Learned• Local Champion!!!!• Matching combuster to fuel;
– Conveyance system;– Combustion system – grates, single vs two chamber
• Fuel Quality– Moisture content– Chips vs. ground vs. pellets– Oversize pieces, Dirt and rocks– Bark and needles = ash content
• Production Delivery - vendors?• Operation and Maintenance• What is the market potential?• Financing Options• Air Quality considerations• www.fuelsforschools.info
Efficiencies• Power production
– Dedicated – 25% efficient– w/o counting line loss
• Transportation– Cellulosic ethanol – 40%– Train vs. plane vs. car
• Thermal or CHP – 70-90%• Conservation – “Negawatts”
– Long-term vs. short bldg life– Embodied Energy
Biomass Energy Return
BTUs of Biomass Energy per BTU of Diesel
0
5
10
15
20
25
47 54 60 65 69 72 76 79 82 85
Average Haul Distance (miles)
BTU
s of
Bio
mas
s En
ergy
• 15 systems built.• 4 more design/construction.• Other states AK, CO, OR, PA, MA, GA, SC, SD, NE, etc.• Commercialization Studies.
Existing SystemsChadron State College – 15 yr University of Idaho -20+ yr
Industry – Wood Products
Food – Potatoes, Beer
Darby, MT – 5+ yrPulp Mill -CHP
Automated Facility
Darby, MT
Darby, MT
Offset Fuel Oil
Saved $140k in 2007-8
Pellet Systems• Solagen
• 750k btu/hr
• Utility grade pellets
Troy, MT School• 500k btu/hr Decton - $300k• 90 tons/yr• Offset fuel oil• 35 ton storage
17 Mega Watts – Smurfitt Stone - CHP
Clearwater Pulp Mill
65 MW
What are the Opportunities?
• Boiler databases by state• MT – 6700 boilers• UT – 12,000+• MI – 65,000 boilers
– 38k <750k btu/hr – 58%– 15k .75-2.5 mill btu/hr – 23%– 3k 2.5-5 mill btu/hr
• OR – 10,700 boilers• NEW vs retrofit
District Energy • Universities
– U of Idaho– Northwestern Missouri State– Chadron State College, NE– U of So. Carolina– UM Western, Dillon MT – Middlebury College
• Communities– St. Paul, MN – 80+% wood fired
• 31 mill sq ft heat• 21 mill sq ft of cooling• 25 MW of electricity
• Hospitals, Prisons, Shopping Centers, etc.
Financing• USDA Rural Development
– Community Facilities– Renewable Energy - REAP
• Municipal Bonds;• QZAB – low income schools• Carbon Offset sales• State Incentives – rebates, tax
credits• Foundations• Self- financed through savings
Fuel Cost Comparison
$3.2
5/ga
llon
$2.0
0/ga
llon
$11.
00/d
ecat
herm
$35.
00/to
n
$130
.00/
ton
$0.00
$5.00
$10.00
$15.00
$20.00
$25.00
Fuel Oil Propane Natural Gas Pellets Wood Chips
$ pe
r m
illio
n B
TU's
Storage• Do you need it?• Where to put it?• Moisture
management
Grinders, ChippersCost Initial vs maintenance
Size and production
Dump at Central Location
Slash Collection Report
Accumulation Yard
Moisture management
www.fuelsforschools.info
“Canned Wood” - Forwarders
Smoke Management• New PM 2.5 rules
–Health concerns–Big picture perspective–PCD’s
• New PM2.5 rules, New MACT• Fewer burn days• PCD for small systems – FS Technology Development Project
This
Or
This
Pollutant Emission Rates for Wood Boilers and Fire Activities
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Darby WoodBoiler
ThompsonFalls Wood
Boiler
Wildfire PrescribedBurning
Slash PileBurning
Poun
d of
pol
luta
nt e
mitt
ed p
er
ton
of w
ood
burn
edParticulate Matter Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide
Pollutant Emission Rates by Fuel Type (lb/MMBtu)
0.00.20.40.60.81.01.21.41.6
Fuels forSchools
Wood Boiler
Coal -Average
DistillateFuel Oil
No. 6 FuelOil
Natural Gas -Average
Propane
Particulate Matter Nitrogen Oxides Carbon Monoxide
Toxicity of PM Study from Switzerland 2007
• Comparison diesel engine vs. automated pellet vs. old wood stove;
• Toxicity of automated pellet is 5 times less than diesel and comparable to KCL;
• Old wood stove operated poorly is 10 times worse than diesel;
• Operation makes substantial differences in amount of pollution produced;
• PM is still an issue for total ambient PM load therefore control is still needed.
Take Home Message• Renewable energy source• Carbon Neutral• Developing a new Energy Sector
– selling btu’s• Coattails - integrated industry• Fuel Quality• Sustainable – Forests are green!