Third ClassShared Rule

Main Questions:

Who governs whomLaw makingJudiciary

Who decides who should govern whomConstitution making

Procedure of decision making process ofElections

Main issue: Legitimacy

Legislatures

Legislatures are the first of the governance institutions

Others are:Head of States

ExecutivesCourts

Legislatures exist in both federal & unitary statesAll are necessarily affected by federalism

NB: need to consider both spheres

Competing Principles andValues:

Legitimacy:Democracy (representation of the people overall)Federalism (representation of the people federally organised)

Federalism versus Democracy or Democratic Fe-deralism?Effectiveness

Capacity to do the jobIn a way that reflects the federal character of the polity

Dependencies

Legislatures are affected by:Form of executive government

PresidentialParliamentaryDirectory and Other

Use of direct democracyChoice of electoral systemConcept of federal division of powerJurisdiction of the Judiciary

Tasks of Federal Legislatures

Make/approve lawRole in constitutional changeAuthorise tax/expenditure/budgetsAccountability roleTreaty ratification?Role in executive/judicial appointments? Other specifically federal functions?

Federal intervention; interstate compacts, grant distribution etc

What federal legislaturesDon’t do

Have final authority over all subjects of legislationHave final authority over the constituent unitsPreparation of Legislation

Other federal limits on the manner in which they exercise their powers?

Requirement of uniformity?Principle of federal comity?

Issues to design a federallegislature

Competing values:Legitimacy – EffectivenessDemocracy – FederalismInclusiveness – ExclusionEquality of individuals – equality of CollectivitiesCompromise as asset or as weaknessJustice versus winner takes all principle

Federal solutions:

- Self rule- A bicameral legislature,

A popular chamber, performing the traditional democratic roleA federal chamber, performing a specifi-cally federal roleElectorial system for the national chamber

- Directorial system

Unitary Legislatures

One Chamber – two chambersElectoral SystemFunction of Second ChamberDecentralization and local legislationDecentralization and ImplementationMinorities with regard to substantial interests

Forms of Federal Executives and Legislatures in Selected Federations

Federation

Executive Legislature

Head of Government

Head Fe- deration

Bicameral unic. Leg.

Austr. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Austria Cabinet Chancellor El. Presid. Bicamer.

Belgi. Cabinet Prime Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Canada Cabinet Prime. Mini. Monarch Bicamer.

Germa. Cabinet Chancellor Pres. El. Assembly

Bicamer.

Malays. Cabinet Prime.Min. Sel. Her. rulers

Bicamer.

Spain Cabinet Prime.Min. Monarch Bicamer.

CH Fixed termExec.Dire.

Rot. Pres. Rot. Pres. Bicamer.

US Sep. Pres. Congress

President Pres. Elected

Bicamer.

Variations in Selection, Composition and Powers of

Second Chambers S. Watts

Selection Composition Powers Role

App. By Fed. Gov. CA Mal.63% Seats

Equal Regio.Repr. CA

Absol VetoMediation US, CH

Legislature CH; US, AT AU MY

App. By F.Gv. Nom. Provinc.

Equ. St. Re. AU, US,CH

Abs. Veto f. some Leg.

Legis.; int. Gvt Rel ZA

App. State Gov. GE

2 Cat. Of St. Repres. CH

Susp. Veto time ES MY

Interpret.Const. Ethi.

Ind. El. State legis. AT IN MY

Weighed. St. Repr. AU. IN.

Susp.Veto GE

Dir.El. Simpl. Plur. CH, US

Weighed St. Repr. IN, AT

Deadlock: joint Sitting

Dir. El. Prop. AU Ad.repr.for other IN,MY

Deadlock: Diss. Joint Sit.

Choice left to Cantons CH

Min. reg. repr. ES,BE

Money Bill Sus Veto IN,My

Mixed. BE.ES, MY

Repr. NationEhtiop.

Judic. Funct.Ethiop.

Executive Structure

Westminster System

Head of State

Cabinet

Parliament

Prime-min.

People

Interg

overn

menta

l Relatio

nship

Switzerland:CooperationOf powers

US:Checks and

Balances

Fixed Term Government

Two Cases:

Congress

House Senat PresidentSupreme

Court

USA

Legislative sovereingty Executivesovereignty

Judiciarysovereignty

Checks and Balances

One PersonOne Vote

Nation

One CantonOne Vote

Federal Assembly

NationalCouncil

StateCouncil

FederalCouncil Lobbies

Parties

Challenge forall Institutions

Conflict Management

Education

(semi-)direct democracy

initiative - Referendum

CH

CouncilHead of States

States

Councilof Ministers

Parliament

Peoples

Presi-dent

Commission

President

Foreign Aff.

European UnionConstitutional

Draft

People of the Union?

Challenge of the International Community

International Cooperation and Federalism

Implementation of International Law

LegislationJudicial actsDirectives

Federations as actors in international legalCases: e.g. European Court on Human Rights

Judiciary

Problems andIssues:

Power of the Courts

Jurisdiction of Courts

Procedure of Courts

Remedies to the Courts

Organisation of JudiciarySpecial Courts: Constitutional Courts Kelsen

Election / Appointment / Nomination of Judges

Common Law – Civil Law (Public Law)