This annual report was made possible by donors to the … · 2017-07-23 · generous in our history. Others joined them, including the Massachusetts Society and Cliff Lewis (Pa.)

This annual report was

made possible by donors to the

Annual Giving Campaign.

Annual Report of The Society of the Cincinnati

2013for the Year Ending June 30, 2013

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RESEARCH AND SCHOLARSHIPResearch Services . . . . . 79

Fellowships and Internships . . . . . 80

SUPPORTThe Annual Giving Campaign . . . . . 83

Gifts to Honor Others . . . . . 91

Restricted Gifts . . . . . 91

Matching Gifts . . . . . 91

Gifts in Kind . . . . . 92

Volunteers . . . . . 92

The Henry Knox Council . . . . . 93

The George and Martha Washington Circle . . . . . 94

FINANCIAL STATEMENTSReport of the Independent Auditor . . . . . 95

Statement of Financial Position . . . . . 96

Statement of Activities . . . . . 97

Statement of Cash Flows . . . . . 98

Notes to Financial Statements . . . . . 99

COMMITTEES OF THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI (a corporation) . . . . . 110

COMMITTEES OF THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI (unincorporated) . . . . . 112

THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI STAFF . . . . . Inside Back Cover

ON THE COVER: Allegorical figure representing the South—a detail from the Key Room wall murals completed in 1909 by H. Siddons Mowbray.

ENDPAPERS: A View of Gravesend in Kent with Troops Passing the Thames to Tilbury Fort. London: Printed for Bowles & Carver …, [1780]. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection

THE INSTITUTION . . . . . 4

MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT . . . . . 6

OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS . . . . . 8

REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR . . . . . 10

MISSION STATEMENT . . . . . 15

STRATEGIC VISION STATEMENT. . . . . 15

EDUCATION Reviving the Revolution . . . . . 16

America in Revolution . . . . . 18

Master Teachers . . . . . 20

EXHIBITIONS AND PUBLIC PROGRAMSL’Enfant’s Vision . . . . . 23

Constitution Symposium . . . . . 28

Tours and Other Public Programs . . . . . 30

ACQUISITIONSSupplying Washington’s Army . . . . . 34

The Battle of Bunker Hill . . . . . 40

The Linn Eagle . . . . . 46

Selected Acquisitions . . . . . 50

The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection . . . . . 64

COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT AND CONSERVATIONThe Key Room Wall Murals . . . . . 66

The Mystery Officer . . . . . 72

Two Continental Army Orderly Books . . . . . 74

Centuries of Society Ephemera . . . . . 76

The Dining Room Clock . . . . . 78

Contents

The following principles shall be immutable

and form the basis of the Society of

the Cincinnati:

An incessant attention to preserve inviolate

those exalted rights and liberties of human

nature, for which they have fought and

bled, and without which the high rank of

a rational being is a curse instead of a blessing.

An unalterable determination to promote and cherish,

between the respective States, that union and national

honor so essentially necessary to their happiness,

and the future dignity of the American empire.

To render permanent the cordial affection

subsisting among the officers. This spirit

will dictate brotherly kindness in all things,

and particularly extend to the most

substantial acts of beneficence, according

to the ability of the Society, towards

those officers and their families,

who unfortunately may be under the

necessity of receiving it.

The Society of the Cincinnati

Instituted May 13, 1783

It having pleased the Supreme Governor of the Universe, in the disposition

of human affairs, to cause the separation of the colonies of North America

from the domination of Great Britain, and, after a bloody conflict of eight years,

to establish them free, independent and sovereign States, connected,

by alliances founded on reciprocal advantage, with some of the great princes

and powers of the earth.

To perpetuate, therefore, as well the remembrances of this vast event,

as the mutual friendships which have been formed under the pressure of

common danger, and, in many instances, cemented by the blood of the parties,

the officers of the American Army do hereby, in the most solemn manner,

associate, constitute and combine themselves into one

SOCIETY OF FRIENDS, to endure as long as they shall endure,

or any of their eldest male posterity, and, in failure

thereof, the collateral branches who may be judged

worthy of becoming its supporters and Members.

The officers of the American Army having

generally been taken from the citizens of

America, possess high veneration for the

character of that illustrious Roman, Lucius Quintius

Cincinnatus; and being resolved to follow his example,

by returning to their citizenship, they think they

may with propriety denominate themselves—

THE SOCIETY OF THE CINCINNATI

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Message from the President

Our ancestors won their independence andcreated a republic defined by respect for individual liberty, natural rights and the ruleof law—a republic where majorities governbut do not rule, in which the rights of minorities are protected and peaceful dissent isaccepted as a normal part of political life. This achievement led to the expansion of liberty to the enslaved, oppressed and disenfranchised. It released the creative energy of the American people and led to the growthof a continental nation of unprecedented prosperity. And it demonstrated to mankindthat free people are capable of governingthemselves in justice and peace.

They left us all with a marvelous inheritance—and the responsibility to preservethe memory of their accomplishment. Thisreport, which describes the varied work we didin the year ending June 30, 2013, documentsour progress in carrying out this great assignment. Our library collections havegrown, as have our education programs and

the audience for our museum and public programs. Our new education programs arefinding an audience—still modest but growingsteadily—in all parts of the country. Scholarsare finding our library, and a broad range ofvisitors are enjoying—and learning from—our exhibitions and public programs.

These accomplishments are a reflection of thegenerosity of our members, without whomnone of the work described here could havebeen done. 1,555 individual donors contributed to our 2012-2013 Annual Givingcampaign, as did the constituent societies ofFrance, Connecticut, Maryland, Pennsylvania,New York and New Jersey. Thank you.Unsolicited contributions from non-membersindicate that the value of our work is clear,even to people who do not enjoy the benefitsof membership. John Harvey (N.J.) and hiswife, Kazie, made a $50,000 matching challenge that drove the campaign to a successful conclusion—for which we aredeeply grateful to both of them. For the 2013-2014 Annual Giving campaign, I hope other donors will share in issuing amatching challenge.

An important part of the work described inthis report was supported by restricted gifts—contributions dedicated to particular projects.Chuck Coltman (Pa.) and his wife, Leslie,continued to be the most substantial supporters of our education programs in2012-2013. Their cumulative gifts for education over the last decade are the mostgenerous in our history. Others joined them,including the Massachusetts Society and Cliff

Lewis (Pa.) and his wife, Christine. Severaldonors made the restoration of the wonderfulmurals in the Key Room possible. TheRaifords—past President General Bill Raifordand his three sons (all members of the NorthCarolina Society)—donated the funds torestore the large and very elegant wall clock inthe dining room. And above all, a donor whoprefers to remain anonymous continues tomake large annual gifts to support the growthof the Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection in our library. Thanks to his support, it has become one of the world’s greatcollections on the art of war in the age ofWashington and Rochambeau—an invaluableresource for the study of our War forIndependence.

Our endowment—comprised of member giftsand reinvested income accumulated overdecades—continues to fund a significant partof our shared work. Our endowment needs togrow. We are doing more than ever to informour generation about the revolutionary struggle for freedom—and we want to do evenmore. This work requires treasure as well astime and talent. Gifts to our endowment arean important way for each of us to hand downto our posterity the means to tell the story ofthe American Revolution. Over one hundredmembers have made a bequest to the Societyand joined our planned giving group, the

George and Martha Washington Circle. Theircommitment to build our endowment ensuresthat our good work will continue indefinitely,as our founders intended.

“The voice of tradition,” Patrick Henry said,“will inform posterity of our struggles for freedom. If our descendants be worthy thename of Americans they will preserve andhand down to their latest posterity the transactions of the present times.”

Our Society speaks with the voice of tradition,and we are indeed “worthy the name ofAmericans.” Together we will convey the great story of the struggle for liberty to our generation and to generations yet unborn. I welcome your help in this work and thankall of you who have committed your owntime, talent and treasure to our historic mission.

Ross Gamble Perry

“The voice of tradition, I trust, will inform posterityof our struggles for freedom.”—Patrick Henry

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Officers

Ross Gamble PerryPresident

Jonathan Tufts WoodsVice President

William Pless LungerSecretary

John Christopher HarveyTreasurer

James Bradley BurkeAssistant Secretary

Frank Keech Turner, Jr.Assistant Treasurer

Other Officials

William Polk SkinnerSolicitor

Marion Tyus Butler, Jr.Counselor

Ray Donavon Munford, Jr.Counselor

James Thomas MartinCounselor Emeritus

Edwin Tillman StirlingCounselor Emeritus

Reverend Philip Burwell RouletteChaplain General

William Polk CheshireMarshal

Jack Duane Warren, Jr.Executive Director

Directors as of June 30, 2013

Richard Saltonstall Auchincloss, Jr.Francis Gorham Brigham IIIJohn Kirkland Burke, Jr.Robert Girard Carroon, Ph.D.Charles Lilly Coltman IIIRobert Gage DavidsonRoss Bayley Diffenderffer, Jr.Peter Mapes DodgeNicholas GilmanLane Woodworth GossHamelin, comte de La GrandièreHenry Ellerbe Grimball, Jr. Paul Douglas HulingClifford Butler LewisCapers Walter McDonaldAnthony Westwood MaupinFrank Mauran IVHollis Warren Merrick III, M.D.Charles Francis Middleton IIIFrederick Pope Parker IIIJames Keith PeoplesDominique, comte de RoquefeuilStephen Payson ShawJohn McKay SheftallNathaniel Reynolds Tingley, Jr.Robert Mosby TurnbullEdward Franklin Woods, D.M.D.Washington-Lafayette Eagle Laureate

William Frederick Yonkers

The Society of the Cincinnati A District of Columbia Corporation

Former Officers

Frank MauranPresident, 1989-1992

Frederick Lorimer GrahamPresident, 1992-1995

William McGowan MatthewPresident, 1995-1998Washington-Lafayette Eagle Laureate

William Russell RaifordPresident, 1998-2001

Jay Wayne JacksonPresident, 2001-2004

Robert Fillmore Norfleet, Jr.President, 2004-2007

George Forrest PragoffPresident, 2007-2010

Kleber Sanlin Masterson, Jr.President, 2010-2013

Raynald, duc de Choiseul PraslinVice President, 2010-2013

John Absalom Baird, Jr.Secretary, 1977-1980

Michael MillerSecretary, 1983-1986

Philippus Miller VSecretary, 1992-1995Died August 18, 2013

Andrew Pickens MillerSecretary, 1995-1998

Edward James Smith, Jr.Secretary, 1998-2001

Philippe, marquis de BaussetSecretary, 2001-2007

Henry Burnett Fishburne, Jr.Secretary, 2007-2010

Warren Masters LittleAssistant Secretary, 1998-2001

Ross Warne Maghan, Jr.Assistant Treasurer, 1995-1998

Brian Wesley BrookeAssistant Treasurer, 2004-2007

Charles Lilly Coltman IIIAssistant Treasurer, 2007-2010

Corporate Officers and members of the Board of Directors of The Society of the Cincinnati (a corporation) also serve as general officers,members and alternate members of the StandingCommittee of the unincorporated Society of theCincinnati, the historic body established in 1783.The president general of the unincorporatedSociety serves as president of the corporation, andthe other general officers of the unincorporatedSociety hold parallel positions in the corporation.

Past presidents general of the Society of the Cincinnati and other past officers areaccorded seat and voice, but no vote, in themeetings of the Board of the Directors of The Society of the Cincinnati (a corporation)and the Standing Committee of the Societyof the Cincinnati.

mansion, including the careful restoration andrefinishing of the century-old parquet floor inthe Ballroom. The most ambitious conservationproject carried out during the year under reviewwas the complete cleaning and restoration of theextraordinary murals in the Key Room. Wechose Olin Conservation—a second generation,

family run firm that carried out the restorationof the Gettysburg Cyclorama and the murals inthe National Archives—to do this essentialwork. The team from Olin Conservationremoved a thick layer of darkened varnish, citygrime and nicotine to reveal the original beautyof these remarkable paintings. They also repairedcracks and tears and reinforced the hundred-year-old glue fixing the murals to the walls. This is the kind of work that, if done properly—and it was done properly—only hasto be done once in a century.

Good stewardship is also reflected in how webuild our assets as well as how we care for whatwe have. The Society has been extremely fortunate in the dedication of its investmentcommittee and the skill with which our investment advisors have overseen the preservation and growth of the Society’s financial assets. Those assets have recovered

fully from the market downturn of 2008-2009and, thanks to skillful management, havereached new heights.

Similarly prudent choices characterize the collecting practices we follow in building ourlibrary and museum collections. We leave other

institutions to grab headlines with the purchaseof single, multi-million dollar books. Headlinesdon’t create collections of permanent value. We are building our library collections patiently,one book, one pamphlet, one map and onemanuscript at a time. We look for materials thatfit a plan formulated years ago. We look forvalue others don’t recognize, for quality othersoverlook. If this sounds a lot like sound investing, it should: the strategies we are usingto build a great library are very similar to thoseemployed in investment management. TheFergusson Collection—one of the nation’s foremost collections on the art of war in theeighteenth century—is the product of carefuldecision-making over a generation, led by thecareful stewardship of an anonymous donor who offers valuable intellectual guidance as wellas financial support.

Innovation—finding new ways to pursue our

This year we worked to preserve and protect ourshared inheritance as well as to find new andbetter ways to carry out the mission entrusted tous by the heroic men who founded the Society.

Great cultural institutions all do two things.They are good stewards of the cultural patri-mony entrusted to them, and they develop andembrace new ways to advance their mission.They preserve and they create. Great orchestrasperform Beethoven and Brahms as well as thelatest modern works, and they devote the samekind of attention to them all. Great operacompanies perform Verdi and Wagner onemonth and John Adams the next. Great universities teach the great books of theWestern tradition while promoting research inneuroscience and genetics. No less than agreat university or a great symphony orchestra,small institutions like ours must be good stewards and successful innovators.

During the year ending June 30, 2013, weworked very hard to be good stewards and todevelop new ways to advance our historic mission. This year’s annual report documentssome of the work we accomplished to preserveand protect our shared inheritance as well asour efforts to find new and better ways tocarry out the mission entrusted to us by theheroic men who founded the Society.

Good stewardship begins with the Society’shistoric fraternity, one of the most proudly traditional organizations in the world. Changecomes slowly to the Society, but it gradually

adapts to new circumstances. The 2013Triennial in Princeton, New Jersey, reflectedtraditions as old as the Society—and launcheda new tradition by offering every member ofthe Society the opportunity to participate forthe first time in the Society’s history.

We are also worked hard—and with remarkable success—to be good stewards ofAnderson House, which has been our headquarters for seventy-five years. I ampleased to report that Anderson House wasself-supporting in the year ending June 30,2013. This is due to prudent, cost-consciousmanagement, particularly by Susan Benjamin,our finance director, and energetic marketingby Glenn Hennessey, who manages the rentaluse of the property. Income from the rentaluse of the house, income from endowed fundsrestricted to the maintenance of mansion, andthe Annual Giving contributions of memberswho used the constituent society rooms,exceeded the cost of operating AndersonHouse—including all utilities, basic maintenance and payroll for our householdstaff. Anderson House was not a drag on theSociety’s resources—it was an income-generating asset.

This success made it possible to directresources to the long-term conservation of the

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Report of the Executive Director

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mission—has characterized our work in education. Our new education department isnot yet two years old and has few traditions toconserve, yet it must address, in a direct way,the most fundamental purpose of the Society:to promote the remembrance of what theInstitution calls “this vast event”—the achievement of American independence in “a bloody conflict of eight years.”

Success in education requires innovation.Without it, a small institution like ours cannotmake its voice heard. Fortunately we are livingthrough a period of revolution in the way edu-cational resources are created and delivered—arevolution that favors a forward looking, imaginative and nimble institution prepared toexploit new technology to deliver its message.

Consider just one revolutionary change.Twenty-five years ago, promoters of electronicbooks assumed that the machines to read themwould be expensive, stand-alone devicesrestricted to libraries, which would in turnpurchase and maintain enormous collectionsof compact discs. As innovative as they were,promoters of these first electronic books couldnot imagine that within a generation, thecompact disk would be obsolete and ordinarypeople, equipped with a wireless reader costinga few hundred dollars, would be able to callup thousands of books anytime by tapping atouch screen.

The rapid adjustment of schools to new technology is entirely in our favor, because itbreaks down the limits imposed by the cost ofprint and the laborious, uncertain and expensive ways printed materials make theirway into schools. As those limits disappear,our challenge is to find ways to reach teacherswith the materials they need. We are learninghow to build digital paths to classrooms by listening to teachers. Indeed a major purpose

of our week-long teacher seminars is for us tolearn from them how they and their colleaguesare navigating the new digital universe, so wecan position our materials where they will befound and put to good use.

The purpose of the materials we are developing for teachers is the founding purpose of the Society, pursued in a way ourfounders could not have imagined. In thiseffort, good stewardship and innovationmerge. Our methods may be new, but ourpurpose is centuries old. We seek above all, toinspire others with the great events that gaverise to liberty in the modern world and createdthe privileges and imposed the responsibilitiesof republican citizenship on us all. We takeheart from George Washington’s injunction:

“It should be the highest ambition of everyAmerican to extend his views beyond himself,and to bear in mind that his conduct will notonly affect himself, his country, and his immediate posterity; but that its influence maybe co-extensive with the world, and stamp political happiness or misery on ages yet unborn.”

This is a call—not just to the men and womenof Washington’s time—but to us as well, andto our children and our children’s children.The ultimate purpose of the Society of theCincinnati is to preserve and promote not justthe memory of the American Revolution, butalso to preserve and promote the highest idealsof that Revolution—“those exalted rights andliberties of mankind” of which the Institutionspeaks, and of which the Society is, and mustbe, a perpetual guardian and an inspiringevangelist.

Jack Duane Warren, Jr.

Success in education requires innovation.Without it, a small institution like ours cannot make its voice heard.

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c o m m i t t e e s

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Mission StatementThe Society of the Cincinnati is organized for patriotic, historical and educational purposes, and especially to perpetuate the memory of the patriots who by their service and sacrifice during the War of the American Revolution secured the independence of the American people. The members of the Society are representatives of revolutionary officers from the thirteen original states and France who meet the Society's membership requirements.

The Society seeks:

— to inspire the Society's members and the public at large with a profound reverence for the principles embraced by the patriots,

— to collect, preserve and display books, manuscripts, art and memorabilia pertaining to the Revolution and to the patriots,

—and to promote unity and fellowship among the descendants of the patriots.

The Society of the Cincinnati is the leading patriotic historical society promoting the memory of theheroes of the Revolutionary War and the enduring principles for which they fought.

To fulfill this role:

1. The Society maintains a leading, extensive, and accessible library of printed and manuscript materials used by scholars from around the world as the basis for publications on the RevolutionaryWar. These scholarly works stimulate public interest in and appreciation of the revolutionaryachievement.

2. The Society produces and promotes outreach educational programs and products to improve teaching on the American Revolution and particularly the Revolutionary War.

3. The Society cultivates the memory of the heroes of the Revolutionary War and brotherly affectionamong its members through programs and events at Anderson House and throughout the UnitedStates and France.

4. The Society maintains a select collection of Revolutionary War and Society artifacts and makes themaccessible to the public through special exhibitions at Anderson House and at traveling venues. TheSociety uses this collection and exhibition program to advance its broader goal of promoting public appreciation of the American Revolution and particularly the heroes of the Revolutionary War.

5. The Society sponsors major lectures on the American Revolution each year. These lectures highlightthe work of the Society and attract support for Society programs from foundations and other non-member donors.

6. The Society advocates the preservation of major historic places and artifacts associated with the American Revolution and the public recognition of the heroes of the Revolutionary War. Our advocacy is directly related to our overall mission and pertinent to our broad membership but isnot likely to involve ephemeral issues or financial support for plaques, statues, or buildings.

7. The Society maintains its headquarters at Anderson House, a Gilded Age mansion in Washington,D.C., and one of the premier attractions of the city, with an annual visitation of over 25,000 people. Anderson House is a visible symbol of the Society and the center of the historic fellowship of the descendents of the heroic officers of the American Revolution.

Strategic Vision Statement

Reviving the Revolution

The American Revolution is the most important event in modern history. It established the firstgreat republic since antiquity—the first great nation in which individual liberty was the highestvalue and in which civic participation replaced obedience to monarchical and aristocratic power.The American Revolution articulated the principles of freedom upon which just societies are based.Those principles have gradually spread from the United States to other nations, and will eventuallytransform the lives of people everywhere.

Despite its transcendent important, the American Revolution has been gradually disappearing from American classrooms for most of the last fifty years. The reasons are layered. Other subjects—chiefly science and mathematics—have claimed much of the time once devoted to history.Globalization has diverted attention once devoted to American history to the study of other cultures. In the time remaining forAmerican history, attention has shifted toevents since the American Civil War,including the growth of modern industrialsociety, America’s rise as a world power andthe civil rights movements of the last fifty years.

All of these things are well worth learningabout—but so is the American Revolution.Indeed understanding the Revolution isessential to understanding the issues atstake in the Civil War, the liberal economicsystem that facilitated the growth of industrial society, the sense of national mission that has shapedAmerican’s role as a world power and the principles of universal equality that fueled the civil rightsmovements of our time. The Revolution was an event of global significance and should be animportant part of any world history curriculum.

Our challenge is to persuade teachers that teaching about the American Revolution is vitally important, and to provide them with the resources they need to do it well. We have made a tacticaldecision to draw active, engaged and creative teachers into this process, on the assumption that theyknow better than we do what teachers find persuasive and what resources they need to be effective.This is the principle behind our annual Master Teachers Seminar. Summer enrichment seminars for teachers are a common way for private institutions—museums, libraries and advocacy organizations—to share their message and their mission with teachers. Nearly all are organized asintense college-level seminars, featuring a variety of experts lecturing on their specialties.

We are taking a different approach. We are working to recruit experienced teachers who are good atwhat they do—teachers from every part of the country who are already doing a good job teaching

E d u c a t i o n

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Education

The Revolutionary War still held a major place in schools in 1915 when the Lafayette Fund of Manhattan sponsored a pageantcalled “The Children’s Revolution.” Former President Theodore Roosevelt attended a performance and posed for this photo-graph with some of the young actors. Roosevelt wrote to one of the organizers, praising the program. “Washington’s career,”he wrote, “is a lesson in that kind of patriotism which translates words into deeds; and Lafayette’s career is a lesson in international morality.” Society of the Cincinnati Collection.

The Revolution was an eventof global significance andshould be an important part ofany world history curriculum.

The South in the American Revolution Professor Walter B. Edgar, University of South CarolinaCampaigns in the South included some of the most vicious battles and intense partisan struggles ofthe entire Revolutionary War. Victory was ultimately achieved in the South. This program wasrecorded at Anderson House.

The Revolutionary War at SeaProfessor William M. Fowler, Jr., Northeastern UniversityThe tiny Continental Navy was no match for the British Royal Navy, the most powerful navy in theworld. In this interview recorded in the Old North Church Parish House, Professor Fowler discussesContinental Navy hero John Paul Jones and the clash between the British and French fleets at theBattle of the Chesapeake.

Hardships of the Continental ArmyProfessor William M. Fowler, Jr., Northeastern UniversityContinental soldiers faced the terrors of combat and the privations of camp life. They were chronically undersupplied and went unpaid for extended periods. This program was recorded atMassachusetts Historical Society.

The Critical Time After Yorktown Professor William M. Fowler, Jr., Northeastern UniversityThe Revolutionary War did not end with the British surrender at Yorktown in October 1781. Peace was not restored until 1783. During the twilight of the war, discontented officers and mutinous soldiers, economic turmoil and the ineffectiveness of the Confederation Congress threatened the American republic. This program was recorded at Massachusetts Historical Society.

Slavery and America’s Revolutionary Leaders Professor James Hershman, Georgetown UniversityHow did revolutionary leaders reconcile the ideal of universal liberty with chattel slavery? ProfessorHershman discusses how George Washington, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton,Benjamin Franklin and others responded to this apparent paradox. This program was recorded atAnderson House. 19

E d u c a t i o n

about the American Revolution. We hope the seminar makes them even better, but our goal isto learn from them—what strategies they employ and what lessons they would teach about theAmerican Revolution if they had the resources to teach them. We seek to put those resources attheir disposal. In return we ask that they share with us a finished lesson we can mount in theprojected area of the Society’s website—which we will call Classroom—where other teachers canfind it and use it themselves.

We are learning from what teachers tell us. They need video resources to teach a generationborn to the Internet, so we are developing America in Revolution, an online series of lectures andconversations with some of the leading (and most engaging) historians of the period—shortenough for teachers to use in the classroom or assign to students to watch. These programs arebased in large part on the Society’s Revolutionary War literacy standards, so they address fundamental themes that should be familiar to all culturally literate Americans. Viers can watchthese programs on the Society of the Cincinnati channel of our Internet broadcasting partner,FORA.tv.

This is only the start of what we expect to become the most important education program onthe American Revolution promoted by any organization. The Institution of the Society directedus to preserve and promote the memory of the American Revolution. Like the officers and menof the Continental Army, we may be few in number, but our determination is boundless.

America in Revolution

We added eleven new programs to America in Revolution during the year under review, covering topics from the origins of the Revolution in Massachusetts to the last months of theRevolutionary War, following the victory at Yorktown. These programs were produced atAnderson House and on location in Boston at the Old North Church, the William HicklingPrescott House and the Massachusetts Historical Society.

The Coming of the American Revolution in MassachusettsProfessor Robert J. Allison, Suffolk UniversityRising tensions in Massachusetts, Professor Allison explains, led to resistance that made the outbreak of hostilities inevitable. This program was recorded at the William Hickling PrescottHouse, headquarters of The National Society of the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts.

The Boston Massacre and the Boston Tea PartyProfessor Robert J. Allison, Suffolk UniversityThe violent street encounter remembered as the Boston Massacre, Professor Allison contends,galvanized Boston resistance to British imperial policy and led Massachusetts down the path towar. This program was recorded at the William Hickling Prescott House, headquarters of TheNational Society of the Colonial Dames of Massachusetts.

Revere and Longfellow Professor William M. Fowler, Jr., Northeastern UniversityHenry Wadsworth Longfellow’s poem “The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere” made Revere anational folk hero, but the poet took considerable license with the historical events of thatnight. Professor Fowler describes the event as it happened. This program was recorded inBoston’s Old North Church.

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Dr. Robert J. AllisonProfessor of History, Suffolk University

Dr. William M. Fowler, Jr.Professor of History, Northeastern University

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Kevin Casey—Pitman, New Jersey The Treason of Benedict ArnoldGale Carter—Ft. Wayne, Indiana The Revolutionary War and the Shaping of the MidwestAngie Ellis—Thomasville, Georgia Georgia in the American RevolutionMelissa Fales—San Jose, California The Siege of YorktownChris Facey—Brooklyn, New York African Americans in the Revolutionary WarKent Gompert—Phoenix, Arizona The Causes of the American RevolutionGeorgette Hackman—Denver, Pennsylvania Washington and LafayetteMichelle Hubenschmidt—Mulberry, Florida The Battle of TrentonChristine Fritz Lloyd—Charleston, South Carolina The Revolutionary War in South Carolina Stacy Moser—Lakeland, Florida The Continental Army at Valley ForgeMichael Powell—Silver Spring, Maryland The Battles of Lexington and ConcordRobin Pulido—San Diego, California The Battle of Bunker HillLizanne Swaringen—Ormond, Florida George III and the Revolutionary War Jennifer Orlinski and Lisa Sabadini—Norwood, Massachusetts The Battle of Saratoga and the French Alliance and The Historical Context of Charles Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities

The program concluded with a visit to two of the most historic places on the nearby NorthernNeck of Virginia: Stratford Hall and George Washington’s Birthplace National Monument.Stratford Hall was the plantation home of Richard Henry Lee, who proposed American independence in the Continental Congress, as well as Henry “Light-Horse-Harry” Lee, one of themost daring cavalry commanders of theRevolutionary War and an original member of the Virginia Society of theCincinnati. The group was welcomed toStratford Hall by the executive director,Paul Reber, and treated to a special tourby Abigail Newkirk, director of education.At Washington’s Birthplace, the Society’s executive director, Jack Warren (a longtime historical advisor to the park) compared the wealth and social standing of the Lees and the Washingtons andshared insights on transformation of Virginia society during George Washington’s lifetime. 21

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The Revolutionary Challenge to SlaveryProfessor James Hershman, Georgetown UniversitySlavery was legal throughout British America on the eve of the Revolution. Professor Hershmandiscusses the origins of racial slavery in America, contrasts the slave societies of the South and thesocieties with slaves in the North, and discusses how the principles of the Revolution challengedthe institution of slavery. This program was recorded at Anderson House.

Slavery and War in Revolutionary AmericaProfessor James Hershman, Georgetown UniversityThe Revolutionary War disrupted the institution of slavery in North America. In the South,Lord Dunmore offered freedom to slaves who would take up arms against their former masters.South Carolina patriot John Laurens answered with a proposal to enlist and arm 3,000 slaves forthe American cause. This program was recorded at Anderson House.

From the Revolution to the Civil Rights Movement Professor James Hershman, Georgetown UniversityThe principles of universal equality and natural and civil rights articulated in the AmericanRevolution provided the intellectual foundation for movements to achieve racial equality and thesecure natural and civil rights in the twentieth century. Dr. Hershman explains the connectionbetween the ideals of the American Revolution and the ideals expressed in Martin Luther King’s“I have a dream” speech. This program was recorded at Anderson House.

In addition to these programs, we recorded the 2012 George Rogers Clark lecture by WalterEdgar, The Revolutionary War in the South: A Story Seldom Told and three presentations delivered at the 2013 Triennial Meeting in Princeton, New Jersey. These including a jointappearance by American historian Gordon S. Wood and British historian Steven Pincus, whodiscussed The Political Path to War, 1760-1776, Professor Wood’s lecture on The Greatness ofGeorge Washington and David Hackett Fischer’s lecture on Washington’s Crossing. Viewers canwatch these programs on FORA.tv.

The 2013 Master Teachers Seminar

A class of outstanding history teachers met at Anderson House on June 24-28 for the Society’s2013 Master Teachers Seminar. The program was conducted by Education Director Eleesha Tuckersupported by Herb Motley of the Society’s education committee and the members of the staff.

To be admitted to the program, each teacher submitted a lesson topic aligned with the Society’sRevolutionary War Literacy Standards and with his or her state standards for American historyinstruction. Participants spent each morning in a lecture and discussion sessions on theRevolutionary War, followed by afternoons in the Society’s library, doing research, with the support of the library staff, to expand and improve their lessons. The best of these lessons will be mounted on the Society’s website for other teachers to use.

The program drew participants from all parts of the United States. Several of the fifteen participating teachers came from west of the Mississippi River. The schools represented rangedfrom inner city New York to rural Georgia to suburban California. This year’s participants andtheir lesson topics included:

FINANCIAL SUPPORT The 2013 Master Teachers Seminarwas supported by gifts from the Massachusetts Society ofthe Cincinnati and from Chuck and Leslie Coltman.

To express the ideals of the new republic in visual forms, the new nation’s leaders turnedrepeatedly to Pierre Charles L’Enfant, one of theSociety of the Cincinnati’s most active andimportant original members.

L’Enfant contributed to the developing iconography of the American republic. Hisdesigns for public buildings, civic celebrations,and city landscapes—including his plan for thecity of Washington, D.C.—celebrated theachievement of American independence and thefuture glory of a rising empire of liberty.

Pierre L’Enfant’s Vision for the AmericanRepublic brought together some thirty manuscripts, maps, engravings, works of art, andartifacts from the collections of the Society andthree lenders to illustrate L’Enfant’s service inthe Revolutionary War, his membership in theSociety of the Cincinnati, and his intimateinvolvement with patriotic projects in his adopted country. Departing from the broad historical topics of earlier Society exhibitions,this show focused on an individual—allowed fora more intimate exploration of his motivations,accomplishments and legacy.

Before leaving his native France as a twenty-two-year-old bound for America in 1777, L’Enfantspent his youth in Paris studying at the RoyalAcademy of Painting and Sculpture. His formaltraining—provided mainly by his father, also Pierre L’Enfant—included studies in architecture, history, geometry, anatomy, military history and tactics, and engineering.The younger L’Enfant was also immersed in theurban life of Paris, growing up in an apartmentat the Manufacture des Gobelins, the nationaltapestry factory. The public squares, broadavenues, gardens, and hunting forests in the city

and nearby Versailles—visible in the exhibitionin engraver Jean Lattré’s 1776 map Plan Routierde la Ville et Faubourg de Paris—influencedL’Enfant’s plan for Washington, D.C.

In September 1776—nearly two years before theformal French alliance—Pierre L’Enfant joined aparty of French volunteers bound for Americawith Lt. Col. Philippe Charles Tronson duCoudray’s unit of engineers and artillerists.Coudray did not think much of L’Enfant, judging the young artist as “good for drawingfigures” and “embellishing plans with cartouch-es” but otherwise not useful to his corps.L’Enfant then joined the staff of a fellow foreignvolunteer, Baron von Steuben. He obtained acommission as a captain in the ContinentalArmy Corps of Engineers in April 1779. Thiscommission, along with his May 1783 commis-sion as major was displayed in the exhibition.

L’Enfant’s experiences on the battlefield came in 1779 during the southern campaign. ThatOctober, he was wounded so severely during thefailed French-American siege of Savannah that atleast one witness reported him dead. Sevenmonths later, he was taken prisoner whenCharleston fell to the British. A pair of documents on loan from the Library ofCongress attests to L’Enfant’s immediate parolein May 1780 and exchange for an enemy officerin January 1782, which freed the Frenchman toreturn to active duty. As a result of hisRevolutionary War service, L’Enfant receivedthree hundred acres in the U.S. Military Districtin present-day Ohio, mapped in a ca. 1803hand-drawn survey of the lots that was includedin the exhibition.

L’Enfant’s service in the Revolutionary Warinstilled in him a great respect for the sacrifices 23

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Exhibitions and Public Programs

Pierre L’Enfant’s Vision for the American RepublicJanuary 18 – July 20, 2013

and triumphs of the men who securedAmerican independence. The first project thatcombined his artistic skill and martial enthusiasm was Steuben’s Regulations for theOrder and Discipline of the Troops of theUnited States. The general chose L’Enfant todraw illustrations for the eight folding plates inthe book, which was published in 1779 andadopted by Congress as the official field manu-al of the Continental Army the same year.

At the end of the war, L’Enfant joined morethan 2,200 of his fellow veteran officers as anoriginal member of the Society of theCincinnati. His manuscript membership certificate signed by George Washington and acopy of the Institution signed by L’Enfant andother members of the Corps of Engineers weredisplayed in the exhibition—among numerousother treasures from the Society’s archives. In the Society’s first weeks, Steuben, as its acting president, again chose L’Enfant for animportant artistic project. L’Enfant designedthe Society’s three symbols of membership: its Eagle insignia, membership certificate, and

medal. His watercolor and ink sketches for allthree—alongside an original gold Eagle badgeand the copperplate used to print the firstdiplomas—were among the highlights of the exhibition.

In a letter to Steuben from June 10, 1783,L’Enfant described his vision for the Society’semblems: “the primary goal should be toappear respectable to all the peoples of theworld and … it is only through aestheticallyappealing to the eyes that one attracts theattention of the masses.” L’Enfant designed theEagle insignia in the shape of a bald eagle—a bird “unique to this continent” that created a badge that “resembles no other order.” The round medal, “a symbol that passes intoposterity,” displayed scenes of Cincinnatus onboth sides as described in the Institution. And the membership certificate—the mostelaborate of the three designs—combined recognizable American iconography with his“new symbols” for the Society to depictAmerica’s victory over the British and resultingindependence. Considered by Henry Knox to

be “a noble effort of genius,”L’Enfant’s designs for theSociety elegantly celebrate theselfless citizen-soldier, theFrench-American alliance, and the future glory of theUnited States.

L’Enfant devoted the rest of hislife to memorializing America’srepublican principles of libertyand civic engagement imagerythrough architecture, cityplans, parades, and pavilions.Some of his lesser-known projects include the altarpiecefor St. Paul’s Chapel in NewYork City (1787); a parade andpavilion celebrating the ratification of the Constitutionin New York City (1788); a city plan for Paterson, New Jersey (1792-1793); fortifications protecting24

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Philadelphia and Wilmington, Delaware(1794-1795); and rebuilding Fort Warburtonin Maryland (1814-1815). Among L’Enfant’sprivate commissions was designing a mansionin Philadelphia for financier and politicianRobert Morris. Construction was never completed, but the building was memorializedin an engraving published in 1800 as “AnUnfinished House”—a hand-colored copy ofwhich was in the exhibition on loan from private collectors.

L’Enfant’s two most important achievementsfor the new nation are the only two buildingprojects that came to fruition: his 1789 designfor Federal Hall in New York City and his1791 plan for the city of Washington, D.C.Federal Hall was the first seat of the UnitedStates Congress and the venue for GeorgeWashington’s first presidential inauguration.L’Enfant’s vision for the building combinedclassical forms with American iconographyto project the authority and responsibilityof the federal government—and, in theprocess, ushered in the Federal periodwith the creation of a new Americanarchitectural and decorative style.Congress only occupied Federal Hall untilAugust 1790, and it was demolished in1812. Only pieces of its adornments andfurnishings survive, including an original

armchair from the building on loan for theexhibition from the New-York HistoricalSociety.

The crowning glory of L’Enfant’s career was hisplan for the nation’s capital city to be built onthe banks of the Potomac River. His vision fora city to surpass all the capitals of Europeturned a grid of streets and an assemblage ofgovernment buildings into a remarkable planthat reflected the states’ contributions to theRevolution, the aims of the country’s new system of government, and the spread ofAmerica’s republican principles of liberty andcivic participation. He declared to Congressthat his plan would “give an idea of the greatness of the empire as well as to engrave inevery mind that sense of respect due to a placewhich is the seat of supreme sovereignty.”Although L’Enfant’s name was entirely absentfrom the first printing of his plan ofWashington—published in the March 1792issue of the Universal Asylum, and ColumbianMagazine—the plan has become his best-remembered achievement.

Emily L. SchulzDeputy Director and Curator


FINANCIAL SUPPORT Members supporting the 2012-2013 Annual Giving campaign

LENDERS TO THE EXHIBITIONLibrary of CongressNew-York Historical SocietyMr. and Mrs. Jack Duane Warren, Jr.

Professor Jaume, on the other hand, foundthat empowerment of a natural aristocra-cy—an aristocracy of talent rather thanbirth—was a central theme of the American Revolution (On est frappé de constater à quel point la préoccupation pour l’aristocratie naturelle ou nouvelle aristocratie a marqué la révolution américaine”). He explained that the same idea occupied many French constitutional thinkersthrough the nineteenth century.

The symposium concluded with two French views of the protection of fundamental rights.Professor Jean-Yves de Cara (Université Paris-Sorbonne) found American declarations of rights—notably the Virginia Declaration of Rights of 1776—somewhat paradoxical. “They tend to pro-claim abstract, universal rights,” yet remain rooted in “the experience of common law.” Their historical origins, he concluded, owed more to the English constitution and the experience of theAmerican Revolution than to eighteenth-century philosophical work.

Dean Jean-Pierre Machelon (Université Paris Descartes) brought the symposium to an appropriateconclusion with an assessment of constitutional protections of religious freedom—advocated by thephilosophes but achieved only in America, where religious pluralism and the relative weakness ofreligious establishments made the separation of church and state possible. The situation in France—and indeed elsewhere in Europe—was complicated by the power of the established churches. In this respect, he concluded, Europe and America were like different planets (“En dépit de sesdiversités, l’Europe . . . semble sur une autre planète”).

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International Symposium on the Enlightenment,France and the Formation of the United States ConstitutionOctober 19-20, 2012

The most ambitious public program mounted by the Society during the year under review was atwo-day symposium on the relation of European political philosophy—particularly the work ofFrench philosophes—to American constitutional thought. The symposium was held in the newauditorium of The Phillips Collection, across the street from Anderson House.

The symposium brought together nine distinguished scholars—five French and four American—for a two-day series of conversations about the critical ideas underlying constitutionalism inthe era of democratic revolution—many of which influenced the course of European as well asAmerican constitutional thought. The speakers addressed an audience of Society members, academics in the fields of history, philosophy and law, and members of the general public interested in the origins of the Federal Constitution. The program was conducted in French andEnglish, with simultaneous translation over wireless headphones. The symposium was proposedby past President General Frederick Lorimer Graham and Charles-Philippe, marquis deVergennes. The distinguished panel of French speakers was organized by Jean-Pierre Machelon,dean of the faculty of law at Université Paris Descartes.

Executive Director Jack D. Warren opened the symposium with brief remarks on the significance of the Enlightenment for constitutional thought. Professor Mortimer Sellers(University of Baltimore), a member of the Maryland Society and an authority on constitutionaltheory, focused his remarks on the influence of republicanism—of a regime dedicated to the respublica, or the public good—on American constitutionalism. Professor Lucien Jaume (Institutd’études politiques de Paris) stressed the importance of bonheur—happiness—in eighteenth century constitutionalism. In France, he noted, the legislature has historically sought to providefor public happiness through legislation, while in the United States, the courts have defendedthe individual “pursuit of happiness” from private and public interference.

In the second session, Professor Alain Laquieze (Université de la Sorbonne Nouvelle) andWilliam B. Allen (Michigan State University) discussed the separation and balance of powers.Both speakers focused on the ideas and influence of Montesquieu, the political theorist whoseSpirit of the Laws, first published in 1748, was cited frequently by the framers of the UnitedStates Constitution.

On Saturday morning, two speakers—Professor Stuart Leibiger (La Salle University) andProfessor Jean-Pierre Gridel (Université Paris Descartes)—addressed the peculiar nature of theAmerican federal system. While examining the issue from different perspectives, they agreed thatthe American federal system was the product of political necessity rather than political theory.

In a very stimulating afternoon session Professor Saul Cornell (Fordham University) andProfessor Lucien Jaume discussed the central role of ideas about democracy and aristocracy inthe constitutional debates of the revolutionary era. The anxieties of many Antifederalists,Professor Cornell pointed out, flowed from their concern that the Constitution concentratedpower in the hands of the few. While much of this critique focused on the legislative branch, he explained that Antifederalists expressed the same kind of concern about the federal judiciary,which they feared would use its power to interpret the Constitution to continuously expand federal power at the expense of democratic institutions. 28


FINANCIAL SUPPORT The symposium was supportedby a grant from Chuck and Leslie Coltman.

Clockwise from lowerleft: Professor AlainLaquieze, ProfessorWilliam Allen, ProfessorJean-Yves de Cara and(seated) ProfessorMortimer Sellers (Md.).

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Tours and Other Public Programs

The Society offered a wide range of programs to the public during the year ending June 30,2013, anchored by our museum tour program providing guided tours of Anderson House.These growing activities also included lectures, concerts, children’s programs, and other events.During the year, we welcomed 10,400 visitors from all fifty states, the District of Columbia, and fifty-eight foreign countries.

Evening lectures continue to be a staple of the Society’sprograms. The wide range of experts and topics presented during the year included:

� Jim Piecuch, Dennis Conrad, and John Maass—threehistorians of the Revolutionary War—on their book,General Nathanael Greene and the American Revolutionin the South

� Isabel L. Taube, professor of art history at RutgersUniversity and the School of Visual Arts in New York,on the American artful interior during the Gilded Ageand the original decoration of Anderson House

� J.L. Bell, independent scholar, on the formation of theContinental artillery under the leadership of GeorgeWashington and Henry Knox

� David Olin and Tamara Luzeckyj, painting conserva-tors with Olin Conservation, on the recent conserva-tion of the Key Room wall murals at Anderson House

� Patrick O’Brien, maritime artist, on the researchbehind his oil paintings recreating war at sea in theRevolutionary War era, and

� Jack Warren, the Society’s executive director, on theorigins and history of the fable of George Washingtonand the cherry tree.

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The Society’s collections are the focus of themonthly Lunch Bite series of object talks,mostly presented by members of the staff.Among the treasures from the museum andlibrary collections highlighted were:

� a newly-conserved portrait of unknownoriginal member of the Society

� congressional presentation swords awarded to Revolutionary War officers

� an engraved powder horn made duringthe Siege of Boston

� the murals of the Andersons’ favorite driving routes in and aroundWashington, D.C., in the Anderson House Winter Garden

� a manuscript map of Pierre L’Enfant’s Revolutionary War bounty land� a 1505 edition of Vegetius’ art of war treatise De Re Militari, and� Isabel Anderson’s scrapbook of the 1912 presidential campaign.

Patricia Favero discusses herwork conserving a portrait of anoriginal member.

FINANCIAL SUPPORTMassachusetts Society of the CincinnatiMembers supporting the 2012-2013 Annual Giving campaign

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Other public programs offered by the Society during the year included:� a symposium on the Enlightenment, France, and the formation of the

United States Constitution� behind-the-scenes tours of Anderson House illuminating private life for the Andersons,

their guests, and their servants � a “Welcome Pierre” reception held on the 222nd anniversary of Society member Pierre

L’Enfant’s arrival in Washington in 1791 to begin work on a plan for the federal city.

The Fall 2012 and Spring 2013 concert series—inspired by Larz and Isabel Andersons’ traditionof hosting concerts in the Ballroom for friends and guests—included performances by:� Beau Soir Ensemble� Christopher Astilla, piano� Anitra McKinney, vocalist (shown above)� Ang Li, piano, and� Hans Pieter Herman, baritone, and Jason Wirth, piano.

Acquisitions

The scent of burnt gunpowder does not hangover this manuscript. It does not evoke thecourage of men in battle. Yet this 147-page journal, documenting the challenges faced bythe officers who supplied the Continental Army.is one of the most important manuscriptsacquired by the Society of the Cincinnati for the Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection during the year ending June 30, 2013.

The Continental Army consumed prodigiousamounts of food and drink and required acontinuous stream of equipment and suppliesof every kind. During the winter at ValleyForge—a low point for the supply services—Washington’s army still consumed more than2,250,000 pounds of beef, 2,297,000 pounds of flour and 15,625 gallons of rum and whiskey.During 1778, the army’s horses consumed253,000 bushels of grain and 2,500,000 tons ofhay. The army continuouslyused up tons of supplies ranging from tools and campequipment to pens, ink and paper.

Providing these supplies wasthe business of the quarter-master department, estab-lished by the ContinentalCongress in 1775. Withoutthe quartermaster department,the Continental Army couldnot have remained in the field. Yet few scholars of theRevolutionary era give it muchattention. Its records are scattered, and few historianspossess the technical knowl-edge needed to understand

them or the patience required to reconstruct thestories they document. These are not the recordsof heroic deeds. They are the records left bypatriotic men, most of whom were merchants,storekeepers and clerks before the war, as theyworked to procure and transport the suppliesthe army needed to win our independence.

Understanding a document like this journalrequires some basic knowledge of eighteenth-century accounting practices, because this is as

The page at left from Abeel’s journal records the acquisition of mallets, pins, poles and canvas tops for headquarters tents like thisone, illustrated in Joseph de Fallois, Traité de la Castrametation (Berlin:Chez G. J. Decker, 1771). The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.

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Deputy Quartermaster General James Abeel’sJournal of Cash Accounts, June 8, 1778-November 12, 1780

A few days beforeWashington’s armyset out from ValleyForge to pursue theBritish army acrossNew Jersey, JamesAbeel was busyacquiring the broadarray of goods neededby an army on themarch, including knap-sacks and wagon har-nesses

Abeel and his staff wereat the center of the crisis insupplying the army.

much a business document as a military one.Eighteenth-century clerks typically recordedevery transaction in a running chronologicalrecord called a waste book. As the name suggests, it was a rough record only.Transactions recorded in a waste book weregenerally recorded in a day book or journal.Journals were always chronological records of transactions, but they were often tailored toparticular purposes. The entries in a journalwere later copied into a ledger, organizedchronologically in separate accounts. A ledgersmade it possible for the merchant—or in thiscase the deputy quartermaster or one his subordinates—to know how much had beenpaid to particular suppliers for goods and service and how much was owed.

The example at hand is a journal of cashaccounts. It deals only with cash transactions—a significant limitation, because in the lastyears of the war the quartermaster departmentpaid for many goods and services with promissory notes. It also assigns each transaction to an account, typically a supplieror a department function such as “Equipage.”In other cases the account is with anotherdepartment in the army supply system, such as the “Waggon Department.” Entries for non-recurring transactions—for which no separate account was kept—are recorded underthe heading “Cash.”

This journal of cash accounts was createdunder the direction of New York merchantJames Abeel (1733-1825). Abeel was born inAlbany and moved to New York City before

the Revolution. He was captain in the FirstIndependent Company of the New York Citymilitia when the war began. His company,attached to John Morin Scott’s brigade, participated in the Battle of Brooklyn. Abeelwas thereafter promoted to major and assignedas deputy quartermaster general attached toNathanael Greene’s division. Abeel was a goodexample of the qualities Greene looked for in astaff officer. He possessed what Greene referredto as “a proper Knowledge of the forms ofbusiness” and was “a man of activity and goodjudgment; of a fair character and good repute.”

In early 1778 the quartermaster department,which had been plagued by inefficiency andcorruption, was reorganized. Abeel’s divisioncommander, Nathanael Greene, reluctantlyagreed to assume the duties of quartermastergeneral. John Cox, a Philadelphia merchantwho owned an iron furnace, and CharlesPettit, an iron merchant and lawyer then serving as provincial secretary of New Jersey,were appointed assistant quartermasters general. Greene would perform the militaryduties of the department and oversee all purchases and issues; Cox would make purchases and examine all stores; and Pettitwould keep all accounts and all cash.

Supply functions were divided between a commissary general of purchases, whoacquired provisions; a commissary general ofissues, who superintended the distribution ofprovisions; a wagonmaster general; and a commissary general of forage. Greene appointed deputy quartermasters general to

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The army continuously used up tons of supplies ranging from tools and camp equipment to pens, ink and paper.

Abeel was responsible for the acquisition of the broad array of tools used by the army, including those illustrated in this drawing from an eighteenth-century manuscript notebook on weapon made by an officer of the Royal Artillery. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.

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procure camp equipment and a wide variety ofother goods. These officers—with the rank oflieutenant colonel—were stationed at variousplaces behind the lines.

Greene appointed James Abeel deputy quartermaster general and superintendent ofstores at Reading, Pennsylvania. The town wason the long arcing route from Connecticutthrough upstate New York and northern New Jersey to Valley Forge, which was justforty miles to the southeast. Dozens of ironfurnaces capable of supplying the needs of thearmy surrounded the town. Abeel’s journal ofcash accounts was begun at Reading on June8, 1778. It is not in Abeel’s hand, but itreflects his administration of the complicated

business of supplying the army with anextraordinary array of iron, cloth, wood andleather goods.

The journal documents the purchase of sheet,rod and bar iron and finished iron goods—including camp kettles, cups, plates, spoons,stoves, scythes, knives, saws, squares, hammers,anvils, awls, wedges, froes, billhooks, files,shears, spikes, staples, snaffles, hooks, rings,traces, stirrups, curry combs, horseshoes, compasses, axes, chisels, gouges, log chains,surveyor’s chains, rakes, punches, screwdrivers,tongs, trowels, vises, nails and screws.

Abeel and his staff purchased leather—fromsimples hides (including some for “Pulasky’s”

cavalry) to the “best black’d PortmanteauLeather”—and purchased or managed the fabrication of a wide range of leather products,including wagon harnesses, bridles, bridle belts,belly bands, back bands, halters, canteen straps,bellows, scabbards and holsters. They boughtlumber and procured wooden products, including canteens, saw and ax handles, barrels,buckets, pulleys, tent pins and poles—includingmarquee poles for headquarters’ tents. They purchased cloth, including locally made linen,and oversaw the manufacture of finished clothgoods, including tents, forage bags and an enormous numbers of knapsacks.

They also procured beeswax—used by saddlersand for waterproofing tents— and smallamounts of turtle shell, ebony, ivory, pewter,lead, silver and sheet brass, as well as ink,inkwells, stationary, pens, pencils, candles andeven mousetraps.

Abeel and his staff also recruited, housed andpaid scores of craftsmen—termed “artificers”— including blacksmiths, saddlers, carpenters,coopers and sailmakers (to sew tents), drawingmen from as far away as Connecticut. They paidlocal women to cook for the artificers. Thesesame women, and many others, were paid to cutthe cloth to make thousands of knapsacks,which were subsequently sewn in the artificers’workshops and waterproofed with paint. Thearmy had an inexhaustible need for knapsacksand tents. The knapsacks wore out quickly orwere discarded on the march. Tents lost theirwaterproofing or were cut up to make bags and clothing.

The journal also documents the dramatic depreciation of Continental currency, whichmade everything Abell and his staff purchasedmore and more expensive. At the beginning of1779, a dollar in gold or silver would purchase$7 in Continental paper currency. At the end ofthe year the same dollar in gold or silver bought$42 in paper money. Total expenditures by thequartermaster department rose from $3 millionin 1777 to $18 million in 1778 to $57 million in 1779.

Charles Pettit provided Abeel with funds to procure supplies, but the buying power of themoney eroded continually. In lieu of money,Abeel and his fellow deputy quartermastersbegan issuing certificates of indebtedness inexchange for goods and services. Greene, Coxand Pettit assured citizens that these certificateswould be honored, and that “persons will beappointed to attend and pay them off.”

Abeel and his staff did not record these creditpurchases in their journal of cash accounts. The maintained a separate journal with one-lineentries on all disbursements, whether in cash orcertificates. This journal of disbursements hasbeen a part of the Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection since 2011, and provides abroader—though less detailed—view of thefinances of Abeel’s administration at Readingand later at Morristown, New Jersey, where hemoved in 1779. Washington’s army went intowinter quarters at Morristown a few months Abeel arrived.

At Morristown, Abeel and his staff were at the center of the crisis in supplying the army. By the end of 1779, suppliers were increasingly reluctant to accept depreciatingContinental currency. The credit of the newnation had collapsed, and Abeel and his peerscould no longer purchase the supplies needed bythe army. As a consequence, Washington’s armyfaced starvation and nearly disbanded in thewinter of 1780.

Manuscript journals documenting the operations of the quartermaster service over such an extended period are very rare. Evenfewer relate directly to the effort to supplyWashington’s army at Valley Forge andMorristown, making this one of the mostimportant additions to the Fergusson Collectionin a year of superb acquisitions.

Jack Duane Warren, Jr.Executive Director

Abeel’s Journal of Cash Accounts documents the manufacture of tents of all sorts,including elaborate officers’ marquees like this British example depicted in anaquatint by Paul Sandby, The Encampment in St. James Park (London: P. Sandby,1783). The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection


News of the Battle of Bunker Hill

On June 17, 1775, New England militiamen entrenched on Breed’s Hill across from Boston facedmultiple assaults by a force of British regulars in the first major battle of the Revolutionary War.Known through history as the Battle of Bunker Hill (after the adjacent rise that was the originalfocus of the Americans’ defensive plan), the battle proved to both sides that the colonial forces wereprepared to fight against a superior army. Though the British eventually drove the American troopsfrom the hill and gained control of the Charlestown peninsula, they suffered shocking casualties—226 dead and 828 wounded, nearly 48 percent of their fighting force. The Americans lost 140 deadand 271 wounded, and their gallant defense brought international attention to their cause. Thisyear the Society was fortunate to acquire for the Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection sev-eral significant items that document the reaction to the news of battle on both sides of the Atlantic.

Of great rarity is the broadside, A Plan of the Battle, on Bunkers Hill Fought on the 17th of June 1775, which includes a map and a printed account of the action by General John Burgoyne.The broadside was published on November 27, 1775, by the London firm of Robert Sayer andJohn Bennett. Although schematically simpler than some of the other contemporary maps of thebattle, Sayer and Bennett’s Plan shows the basic action on the Charlestown peninsula in the contextof the larger geographic area that included British-held Boston, parts of Cambridge and Somerville,and the Charles and Mystic rivers.

The mapmakers labeled the whole area above Charlestown as “Bunkers Hill,” and they show theposition of the American forces on the first rise, highlighting “Warren’s Redoubt with two Pieces ofCannon,” and the Americans’ defensive rail fence that extended all the way down the hill to theMystic River. The British offensive is shown from the transport of troops by boat from Boston’sNorth End and Long Wharf to their positions on the peninsula under Generals Howe and Pigotand their line of attack up the hill. Of special interest is a small note printed in the water just westof Charlestown Neck that reads: “Hither the Ships ought to have come.” This is a reference toGeneral Henry Clinton’s recommendation that the British could trap the Americans by cuttingthem off at the north end of thepeninsula. The commander of the operation, General WilliamHowe, instead went with the fullfrontal assault that resulted in devastating losses.

Printed below the map is a longdescription of battle taken from a letter written by General Burgoyne to his wife’s nephew, Lord Stanley, on June 25, 1775. Burgoyne, a published playwright, recounted theaction with dramatic flair. Herevealed that General Howe gave him the order to set fire to Charlestown: “We threw a parcel ofshells, and the whole was instantly in flames,” he wrote, “…strait before us a large and a noble townin one great blaze; the church steeples, being of timber, were great pyramids of fire above therest….” The fiery scenes of war led Burgoyne to “the reflection that perhaps a defeat was the finalloss to the British empire in America” and “made the whole a picture and a complication of horrorand importance beyond any thing that ever came to my lot to be witness to.” 41


The battle, Borgoyne wrote, was “a picture and a complicationof horror and importance beyondany thing that ever came to mylot to be witness to.”

The death and destruction Burgoynedescribed echoes in another new acquisition—a copy of the official BritishArmy List for 1773, which has been heavilyannotated with updates for individual officersup to the year 1782. Notes about officerswounded or killed at Bunker Hill appear onthe pages listing the Fifth and the Fifty-second regiments. A survivor of the battle,Ensign Martin Hunter of the Fifty-secondRegiment, described in his journal the loss ofhis superior officers during the first assault:“Major Williams, who commanded the Fifty-second received five wounds, and waslying about ten yards from the redoubt ingreat agony. Captains Addison, Smith andDavison … lay close to him killed.”

The Society also acquired one of the earliestAmerican depictions of the Battle of BunkerHill—A Correct View of the Late Battle atCharlestown June 17, 1775 by thePhiladelphia printer Robert Aitken. Theengraving shows General Israel Putnam onhorseback commanding American troops on

Breed’s Hill as they confront a line of advancing British troops, while the Charlestown burns inthe background. In the foreground two officers prepare to fire a cannon and a British frigate sailsup the Charles River to jointhe bombardment.

Aitken’s Correct View waspublished in early October1775 as the fold-out frontispiece of theSeptember issue of ThePennsylvania Magazine, amonthly periodical issuedfrom Aitken’s printing shopbetween January 1775 andJuly 1776; and it was alsoissued as a separate piece forpurchase. Aitken had basedhis composition on anengraving by the Dutch-born military engineer andcartographer Bernard Romans titled Exact View of the Late Battle at Charlestown, which hadappeared on the market in mid-September. Although Aitken never credited it as his source, he alluded to Romans’ work in an advertisement he placed October 2, 1775, edition of thePennsylvania Packet:42 43


Now engraving for the Pennsylvania Magazine … a neat and correct VIEW of the late BATTLE atCHARLESTOWN, not inferior to any hitherto proposed, and shall be printed in a size proper for theMagazine or a family piece. Non-subscribers are to pay for this number of the Magazine, One Shillingand Six Pence, on account of the great expence of the engraving; those Gentlemen who incline to purchase this View of the battle, may be furnished with it at the moderate price of Six Pence.—The Magazine will be published the first Wednesday of the month as usual . . . .

Atiken’s print was, in fact, reduced in scale and more primitive than Romans’ engraving, which had been offered on “good crown imperial paper” for “Five Shillings, plain—Seven Shillings andSixpence coloured.” Romans answered Aitken’s advertisement with one of his own within the week,emphasizing that his engraving was “much superior to any pirated copy now offered or offering tothe public.”

The events around Boston ignited revolutionary fervor throughout the colonies. On the day theBattle of Bunker Hill was fought, the Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Committee ofCorrespondence and Observation was holding a meeting to organize local citizens to action in support of the patriot cause. Among the year’s acquisitions is a broadside publishing the resolutionsof the committee’s June 16 and 17 meeting, calling for the able-bodied men of the county to “takeup Arms at this alarming Crisis, in Defence of their Civil and Religious Rights.” In recognition ofthe county’s Quaker population, the committee urged for those inhabitants whose religious beliefsbar them from“associating, takingup, or furnishingArms” to givemoney to thecause, remindingits citizens that “alarge number ofthe good people ofthis County, animated with theglorious Cause ofAmerica, have notonly furnishedthemselves withArms and otherNecessaries, buthave been at a considerable additional Expensein learning theMilitary Art.”

“the good people of thisCounty,animated with the gloriousCauseof America, have not only furnished themselves with Arms . . .but have been at a considerableadditional Expense in learningthe Military Art.”

Notwithstanding the Royal lying Gazette has given us an Account, signed by the BLOODY Monster inHuman Shape, General Gage, of another Massacre in America, on the 17th of June last, where in thismodern Kirk extolls his Officers and Mercenary Soldiers, stimulated by Liquor, and Promises of Plunder,to slaughter their Fellow Subjects, for the Valour and Bravery, and boasts his having gained somethinglike a Victory over the brave and virtuous Americans, fighting for LIBERTY, whom that Wretch callsREBELS… it will soon be proved, from unquestionable Authority, that he has lost come Hundreds of hisMen, more than is mentioned in the Gazette of Tuesday, last… It will likewise appear that GeneralGage’s Army, with all the Advantage of Artillery, and the Assistance of several Ships of War, and armedVessels, was obliged to retreat to their Barracks, and sneaking Holes in Boston, under the Protection of the Men of War.

Little is known about the collaborators of this seditious journal. Each issue included the publisher’scolophon: “Printed and published for the authors, by T. W. Shaw, in Fleet-Street, oppositeAnderton’s Coffee-House, where letters to the publisher will be thankfully received.” The articles areunsigned or published under classical pseudonyms. The editorship has been attributed to WilliamMoore, who had earlier published aperiodical called the Whisperer, andwhose work is advertised in oneissue of the journal. A copy of theFebruary 4, 1775, issue (No. 3) waspublicly burned by order ofParliament, an act that only servedto garner popular support for thepublication. The Crisis boldly printed the full text of theDeclaration of Independence in itsAugust 24, 1776, issue, and in itsfinal issue in October the editorsannounced that they were ceasingpublication and immigrating toAmerica, “the only Asylum for Freemen.”

Ellen McCallister ClarkLibrary Director

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The Lancaster County resolutionswere issued under the name of JamesBurd, Esq., chairman of theCommittee of Correspondence andObservation. Burd was a celebratedveteran of the French and IndianWar and a former county justice whoplayed an active role in raising troopsin Pennsylvania. The Society alsoacquired a letter written by Burd tohis father-in-law, Edward Shippen,on July 8, 1775, reacting to the newsof the Battle of Bunker Hill. “I thinkthey will have Reason by & by, forEngland, to alter their opinion of theAmericans,” Burd wrote, “But all thewhile this Experience will be dearlybought by the Nation—we are constantly longing for news from ourNoble army before Boston.”

On September 18, 1775, the forty-nine-year-old Burd was commissioned colonel of the SecondBattalion of the Lancaster CountyAssociators. His son Edward was amajor in the Pennsylvania Battalionof the Flying Camp and was takenprisoner at Long Island in August1776. Colonel Burd served in the

Associators until December 1776,when he resigned in a dispute overrank and promotions, and returnedto his estate, Tinian, nearMiddletown in what is nowDauphin County, Pennsylvania.

Back in England, public opinion onthe Crown’s imperial policies inNorth America was deeply divided.One of the most radical voices of protest came from the weekly periodical, The Crisis, which waspublished in London between January 20, 1775, and October 12, 1776. The Society won atauction this year a complete run (92 issues) of The Crisis, bound in a single volume, throughwhich the news of the war vividly unfolds. Although the headline on the Saturday, June 17,1775, issue is prescient: “BLOOD calls for BLOOD,” the news of the Battle of Bunker Hill wasnot reported until the issue published on July 29th:

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“General Gage’s Army. . . . was obliged to retreat to theirBarracks, and sneaking Holes in Boston..”

The William Linn Eagle

The most important object acquiredfor the museum collections this yearis a Society of the Cincinnati Eagleinsignia made by John Cook in1800 and presented by the NewYork State Society of the Cincinnatito the Reverend William Linn(1752-1808) shortly after his election as an honorary member.Eagles owned by early honorarymembers are extremely rare. Eaglesmade by John Cook—one of thefirst American silversmiths to produce the Society insignia—arerarer still. With its original ribbonand association with a prominentclergyman, the William Linn Eagleis among the most significant examples in the Society’s collectionof its insignia.

The New York Society admitted theReverend Linn as an honorarymember on February 22, 1800, which would have been George Washington’s sixty-eighth birthday.The Society’s first president general had died two months earlier, and eulogies and orations were stillbeing given across the nation to honor the American Cincinnatus. On the general’s birthday, Linnpresented his funeral eulogy in front of the New York Society’s members and guests at the CollegiateDutch Reformed Church in New York City, where Linn was a minister.

Two weeks later, the Standing Committee of the New York Society resolved to have an Eagleinsignia made to present to Linn at their Fourth of July meeting. A bound manuscript volumerecording the early proceedings of the New York Society includes a ledger entry for $30 paid onJune 20, 1800, for an Eagle for Linn. The same volume notes that Linn attended the New YorkSociety’s annual meeting on July 4, 1800, was introduced to the group, and signed its Institution.He presumably also received his Eagle that day.

William Linn’s Eagle was made by John Cook, a New York City silversmith who made insignias for the New York Society from 1800 to at least 1803. John Stagg, Jr., was the New York Society’ssecretary during those years and likely made the arrangements with Cook for the Eagles. Stagg him-self owned an Eagle made by Cook, but very few others survive. Only three others are known today:those owned by Matthew Clarkson and Bezaleel Howe, both in the collections of the New-YorkHistorical Society, and the one given to Linn, and now owned by the Society of the Cincinnati.

Cook modeled his version of the Society Eagle after those made by Jeremiah Andrews, the firstAmerican silversmith to produce an Eagle. Both American types have broader wings, rounder central medallions, shorter necks, and less elegant heads than the French Eagles made underL’Enfant’s direction in 1784. Cook’s Eagle is distinguished by the mottled-looking gold spots on

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its head representing feathers and the rectangular goldbracket connecting the Eagle to the ribbon. The exampleowned by William Linn also retains its original faded blue-and-white silk ribbon and metal loop-and-bar clasp.

After the reverend’s death in 1808, his Eagle descended inhis family to his grandson Dean Sage. Descendants ownedthe Eagle until 2007, when Americana dealer BruceGimelson acquired it. He sold it to noted Washingtonianacollector Claude Harkins shortly thereafter. The Society purchased the Eagle at a sale of Harkins’ collection. The lotincluded a published copy of Linn’s eulogy issued by theNew York Society in the spring of 1800. This copy wasowned by Linn’s second wife, Catherine Moore, and is nowpreserved in the Society’s library collections.

The New York Society elected William Linn an honorary member not only “in testimony oftheir entire approbation of the said Eulogium,” but also “as a tribute to [his] patriotism and abilities.” A native of Pennsylvania, Linn graduated from the College of New Jersey (nowPrinceton University) in 1772. His classmates included Aaron Burr and Philip Vickers Fithian.Linn was first licensed to preach by a Presbyterian ministry in rural central Pennsylvania in 1775and ordained by the First Presbytery of Philadelphia in 1776, the same year he joined the patriotcause. In February 1776, he was appointed chaplain of the Fifth Pennsylvania Battalion. He accompanied the unit to New York, where its soldiers helped build Fort Washington andfight the Battle of Brooklyn.

Linn resigned from the army before the end of the year to return to his family. He devoted therest of his life to the church, education, and espousing the ideals of the American Revolution.After preaching in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, he settled in New York City in 1786. Hebecame one of the best-known ministers in the central states and was elected the first chaplain ofthe U.S. House of Representatives, which then met at Federal Hall in New York. Linn alsoserved as a trustee of Dickinson College and Queen’s College (now Rutgers University), as president of Washington Academy in Somerset County, Maryland, and was a founder of theNew-York Historical Society. An active Federalist, he strived to leave politics out of his sermons,but the election of 1800—resulting in Thomas Jefferson’s presidency—inspired him to publish a pamphlet on the qualities he found lacking in the Republicans.

In a discourse delivered on the day of thanksgiving in 1795, William Linn spoke some of hismost laudatory words about George Washington, “the man who toiled and fought for years tosecure our liberty and independence; the man whom unanimous suffrage raised to the first seatin our new government; the man who has long since arrived at the summit of fame; the man towhom crowns and sceptres would be empty baubles; the man with whose virtues future historians shall blazon their pages and all generations shall arise to call blessed.” Now the twomen’s symbols of their Society membership and devotion to the Revolution are preserved together in the Society’s collections.

Emily L. SchulzDeputy Director and Curator

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William Linn by John Wesley Jarvis (1805), NationalPortrait Gallery, Washington, D.C., Gift of DeWitt Linn Sage.

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Fergusson (1911-2001), his father, was a grad-uate of West Point and an honorary member ofthe Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland.Among this collection of medals are LieutenantFergusson’s Distinguished Service Cross andtwo Society of the Cincinnati rosettes.

Miniature Society of the Cincinnati Eagleinsignia. Made by Bailey, Banks & Biddle,Philadelphia, early-to-mid-20th century. Gold, enamel, fabric, and metal. Gift of Martha Lanier Reeves Cotten.This miniature version of the Standard Eagle,first made in 1902, was owned by HaroldStone Reeves (1892-1972), a member of theSociety of the Cincinnati of the State of SouthCarolina. Harold Reeves’ Society rosetteaccompanied this Eagle as part of the gift.

North Carolina Society of the CincinnatiEagle insignia. Made by A. H. FettingCompany, Baltimore, ca. 1904. Gold, enamel, fabric, and metal. Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase.

Society of the Cincinnati Eagle insignia ownedby William Linn. Made by John Cook, NewYork, 1800. Gold, enamel, silk, and metal.Museum Acquisitions Fund Purchase supportedby a member who wishes to remain anonymous.The Reverend William Linn (1752-1808) waselected an honorary member of the New YorkState Society of the Cincinnati after he gave afuneral eulogy honoring George Washington inFebruary 1800. See page 46.

Books and Pamphlets

Robert Aitken. Aitken’s General AmericanRegister, and Calendar, for the Year, 1774.Philadelphia: Printed for R. Aitken, [1773]. TheRobert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The second and final issue of this short-livedalmanac includes “A New and Correct List ofthe Royal Navy of Great Britain,” lists of themilitary, naval and civilian officials, and extractsfrom the King’s orders concerning civil authorityover the military forces in North America. Thisissue also includes Aitken’s proposals for publish-ing by subscription The Pennsylvania Magazine.

Robert Aitken. The Pennsylvania Magazine, or American Monthly Museum. Issues forFebruary, March, April, May, September andDecember 1775; and March and April, 1776.Philadelphia: Printed by R. Aitken, 1775-1776.The Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection; the February 1775 issue is the gift of Stephen H. Hanly. Thomas Paine was a contributor and sometimeeditor of this monthly periodical that coveredthe earliest events of the Revolutionary War. The Society’s collection now holds fifteen of therun of twenty issues published between January1775 and July 1776.

Thomas Anburey. Voyages dans les PartiesIntérieures de l’Amérique pendant le Cours de la Derniere Guerre. Traduite de l’Anglais [by P.L. Labas]. 2 vols. A Paris: Chez Briand,Libraire…, 1790. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This is a scarce French edition of a British officer’s account of his observations and experiences in America during the period of theRevolutionary War.

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During the year ending June 30, 2013, theSociety acquired a total of 632 items for itsmuseum and library collections. The Societypurchased 449 of those items, including 257items purchased for the Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. The Societyalso purchased for the Fergusson Collectionone lot of more than one hundred medals andinsignia associated with the collection’s namesake. In addition, the Society received170 items as gifts and accessioned 13 itemsthat had been owned by the Society for sometime but were only added to the collectionsthis year, including a set of dies used to printthe Society Eagle insignia and a recent exampleof the Society’s Cincinnatus Medal awarded todeserving ROTC cadets. The following is aselection of the most interesting and importantof these acquisitions.

Fine Arts

Henry Irvine Keyser II. Portrait by anunknown American artist, mid-20th century.Oil on canvas. Gift of the Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland.Henry Irvine Keyser II (1894-1986), a member of the Societyof the Cincinnati in theState of Virginia, servedas treasurer general ofthe Society from 1962to 1971.

Rear Admiral KleberSanlin Masterson, Jr.Portrait by StephenCraighead, 2012. Oil on canvas. Gift ofthe MassachusettsSociety of theCincinnati.Admiral Mastersonserved as the thirty-sixthpresident general of theSociety from 2010 to 2013.

Historic Artifacts

Daguerreotype ofCapt. EdwardButler. Made byan unknownAmerican photog-rapher, ca. 1845-1865. Copper, sil-ver, glass, andbrass. MuseumAcquisitions Fund Purchase.This daguerreo-type pictures anoil portrait ofCapt. EdwardButler (1762-1803), an original member of the State Societyof the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania, paintedafter an original by W. B. Cooper. The paintedportrait depicted in the daguerreotype is alsoin the Society’s collections.

Medals and insignia owned by Lt. RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson and Maj. Gen.Robert George Fergusson. Made by variousAmerican and French makers, late 19th-20th

century. The RobertCharles LawrenceFergussonCollection.Lt. Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson(1943-1967), a member of theSociety of theCincinnati in theState of Virginia, isthe namesake of theSociety’s FergussonCollection, estab-lished in 1988 andspecializing in theart of war in the ageof the AmericanRevolution. Maj.Gen. Robert George

Selected Acquisitions


A La Haye: Isaac van der Kloot, 1729 [vols. I &II]; Jean Neaulme, 1747 [vol. III]. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The first edition, complete with the very scarce,later-published third volume of this large foliohistory of the military exploits of Prince Eugeneof Savoy, the Duke of Marlborough and thePrince of Orange and Nassau during the periodof the War of Spanish Succession. This set bearsthe bookplates of Eugenio Napoleone diFrancia, the nephew of Napoleon I.

Evolutions and Manœuvres, Proposed for anExercise of a Battalion: and Are According toDalrymple, &c. Newcastle: Printed by J. White and Company, 1762. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Based on Campbell Dalrymple’s A MilitaryEssay (London, 1761), this pamphlet was“chiefly intended for those who have not the Book, and to excite an Application and Attention in Gentlemen to the reading of it.”


Code Militaire, ou Compilation desOrdonnances des Rois de France concernant les Gens de Guerre…. Nouvelle edition. 8 vols.A Paris: Chez Durand, 1761. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. A compilation of the military ordinances ofthe kings of France, much enlarged from theedition of 1741. This handsomely bound setbears the bookplates of Lt. Gen. George LaneParker, a British officer of the era of theAmerican Revolution

The Crisis. Nos. I (January 20, 1775)–XCI(October 12, 1776). London: Printed and published for the authors, by T. W. Shaw, 1775-1776. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection.Bound in a single volume, this is a completerun of this British weekly periodical thatoffered support to the American cause throughstrident criticism of prevailing British imperialpolicies. It includes a printing of the full textof the Declaration of Independence in theAugust 24, 1776, issue, introduced in languagethat is characteristic of the editorial voice ofthe publication: “The following is theDeclaration of Independence of the Brave,free, and Virtuous Americans, against the mostdastardly, slavish, and vicious Tyrant that everdisgraced a Nation, whose savage cruelties arecovered under a mask of Religion, HorridImpiety! Execrable Hypocrisy!” See page 44.

Laurence Dermott. Ahiman Rezon Abridgedand Digested: As a Help to All that Are, or Would be Free and Accepted Masons….Philadelphia: Printed by Hall and Sellers,1783. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Dedicated to George Washington, this workpublishes the constitution of the Grand Lodgeof Pennsylvania, as well as the text of a sermongiven by the Reverend William Smith in 1778in which he alluded to Washington as a modern Cincinnatus: “Such…was theCharacter of aCINCINNATUS inancient Times; rising‘awful from the Plough’to save his Country; andhis Country saved,returning to thePlough again, withincreased Dignity andLustre. Such too, if wedivine aright, willfuture Ages pronounceto have been theCharacter of a**********; but you allanticipate me in aName, which Delicacyforbids me, on thisOccasion to mention.”[General Washingtonwas in attendance.]

Jean Dumont, baronde Carlscroon; andJean Rousset de Missy.Histoire Militaire duPrince Eugene deSavoye, du Prince etDuc de Marlborough,et du Prince deNassau-Frise: où l’onTrouve un Détail desPrincipales Actions de la Dernière Guerre,& des Batailles &Siegès Commandez par ces Trois Généraux ….

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Oliver Goldsmith. The Roman History, fromthe Foundation of the City of Rome, to theDestruction of the Western Empire. 2 vols.London: Printed for S. Baker and G. Leigh ..., T. Davies ..., and L. Davis ..., 1769. The Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection. This popular classical history, which wouldhave been in circulation in the years leadingup to the Revolutionary War, includes severalpages on the contributions of QuintusCincinnatus, concluding: “Thus, having rescued a Roman army from inevitabledestruction, having defeated a powerful enemy,having taken and fortified their city, and stillmore, having refused any part of the spoil, heresigned his dictatorship, after having enjoyedit but fourteen days. The senate would haveenriched him, but he declined their proffers,chusing to retire once more to his farm and hiscottage, content with temperance and fame.”

Infanterie de l’Armee Prussienne. [Potsdam,1787-1791]. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection. A bound selection of hand-colored plates fromPrussische-Armee-Uniformen unter der RegierungFriedrich Wilhelm II, most with manuscriptcaptions in French.

Samuel Lee. A Memorial and Petition to the King’s Most Excellent Majesty, on thePrinciples of Public Faith, Common Justice,and His Own Royal Promise, Delivered to theKing at St. James’s on Wednesday, the 23d ofJanuary, 1771. London: Printed for theauthor, and sold by J. Williams, [1771]. The Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection. The author, surgeon-general to the BritishArmy, had been dismissed from his appointment at Chelsea Hospital over his proposed treatment for patients suffering from“ruptures” (hernias). This was a common malady among soldiers, for whom, under traditional practice at the time, there wasthought to be no cure.

William Linn. A Funeral Eulogy, Occasionedby the Death of General Washington.Delivered February 22d 1800, before the New-York State Society of the Cincinnati.New-York: Printed by Isaac Collins, 1800. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This published eulogy, which passed downthrough several generations of the author’sfamily, includes pasted-in manuscripts andclippings relating to the Reverend WilliamLinn and his honorary membership in theSociety of the Cincinnati. See pages 46-48.

A List of the General and Field Officers, as They Rank in the Army…. London: Printed for J. Millan, [1773]. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This copy of the 1773 British Army List isheavily annotated with updates for individualofficers up to the year 1782. A note on thelisting for the Fourth or King’s Own Regimentof Foot indicates that Lt. Joseph Knight was“Killed at Lexington, April 19th [1775],” andthe page for the Fifty-second Regiment identi-fies four killed at Bunker Hill. See page 42.

Liste Arrêtée par le Roi, des Officiers-Générauxde la Marine, en exécution de la Loi du 15Mai 1791. A Paris: De l’Imprimerie Royale,1792. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The last official list of French navy officersunder Louis XVI includes many who had seenservice during the American RevolutionaryWar (d’Estaing, Chaffault, Carras Saint-Lauren, Bougainville, d’Amblimont). There areseveral notes about the fate or promotion ofsome of the officers up to the year 1816.

James Murray. The New Maid of the Oaks: A Tragedy, as Lately Acted near Saratoga, by a Company of Tragedians, under theDirection of the Author of the Maid of theOaks, a Comedy. London: Printed for theAuthor, 1778. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.The title of this satire in verse on General John Burgoyne’s defeat at Saratoga alludes toBurgoyne’s dramatic play The Maid of theOaks, published in 1774.

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Jean Marie Plane. Physiologie, ou l’Art deConnaitre les Hommes, sur Leur Physionomie… 2 vols. A Meudon: De l’imprimerie de P.S.C. Demailly, 1797. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. A treatise on the system of physiognomy (analyzing a person’s character from the featuresof his face) developed by Johann Caspar Lavater.The author included portraits of Washingtonand Franklin, along with contemporary figuresof the French Revolution.

Benjamin Rush. Directions for Preserving he Health of Soldiers: Recommended to theConsideration of the Officers of the Army of theUnited States. Published by the Order of theBoard of War. Lancaster: Printed by JohnDunlap, 1778. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. First published in The Pennsylvania Packet in1777, Dr. Rush’s advice for soldiers was reissuedas a pamphlet by order of the Board of War the

following year. “Fatal experiencehas taught the people ofAmerica that a great proportionof men have perished with sickness in our armies than havefallen by the sword,” Rushwrites. “The art of preservingthe health of a soldier consistsof attending to the followingparticulars: I. Dress. II. Diet. III. Cleanliness. IV. Encampments. and V. Exercise.”

Signal-Book for the Ships ofWar, Day and Fog. London:Admiralty Office, ca. 1793. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection. This official handbook of navalsignals is embellished withhand-drawn illustrations of flagsand extensive manuscript annotations and additionsthroughout. The front flyleafbears the inscription “Lieut. B.Bradley, Victory, 1794,” withnotes that the book was givento Bradley’s successor Lieut.Pipon. In 1794 HMS Victory

(best known as Lord Nelson’s flagship atTrafalgar, though she was she was launched in1765) was part of Admiral Hood’s fleet offToulon. This work reflects changes made innaval signal systems as a consequence of theAmerican War for Independence.

Friedrich Wilhelm Ludolf Gerhard Augustin,baron von Steuben. Regulations for the Orderand Discipline of the Troops of the UnitedStates… to which Are Prefixed the Laws andRegulations for Governing and Disciplining theMilitia of the United States, and the Laws forForming and Regulating the Militia of the State of New-Hampshire. Portsmouth, N.H.:From the Press of J. Melcher, 1804. Gift a David Warner Dumas. Steuben’s Regulations, first published for the useof the Continental Army in 1779, remained thestandard manual of the United State militaryuntil the War of 1812.

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c o m m i t t e e s

Broadsides

Lancaster County (Pa.). Committee ofObservation. Extracts from the Votes andProceedings of the Committee of Observation forthe County of Lancaster. At a Meeting of the saidCommittee, held at the Court-House in theBorough of Lancaster, on the 16th and 17th Dayof June 1775. Lancaster: Printed by FrancisBailey, [1775]. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection.The Lancaster County Committee ofObservation calls for those who are able to“take up Arms at this alarming Crisis,” and forthose whose religious beliefs bar them fromdoing so to give money to the cause. The com-mittee reminds the local citizens that “a largenumber of the good people of this County,animated with the glorious Cause of America,have not only furnished themselves with Armsand other Necessaries, but have been at a con-siderable additional Expense in learning theMilitary Art.”

Joshua Loring. The Following Return of thePrisoners, Taken at Forts Montgomery andClinton, Are Published for the Satisfaction of thePublic, and Particularly for the Benefit of TheirRelations; Who Are Requested to Deliver SuchSupplies, as They Mean to Send for the Use of thePrisoners…. [New York,1778]. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This broadside, issued by the DeputyCommissary of Prisoners for the British Army,publishes the names of the 263 Americanstaken prisoner during the Battle of FortsMontgomery and Clinton in October 1777,and solicits donations for provisions from theprisoners’ families.

Graphic Arts

Robert Aitken, after Bernard Romans. ACorrect View of the Late Battle atCharlestown, June 17th 1775. Plate from ThePennsylvania Magazine, or American MonthlyMuseum, September 1775. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Seepage 13.

Philibert Louis Debucourt. M. le Mis de laFayette, Commandant Général de la GardeNationalle Parisienne Dédié aux CitoyensSoldats. A Paris: Chez Auteur…, 1790. Gift ofMortimer Newlin Stead Sellers, Ph.D., inhonor of his uncle, Nicholas Sellers.

Jacques Le Roy, after John Trumbull. G.Washington. Plate from Hilliard d’Auberteuil,Essais Historiques et Politiques sur les Angol-Americains (Brussels, 1781). Gift of JamesKeith Peoples.

Original Air Balloon. London: Pubd. as ye actdirects ... by B. Pownall ..., Decr. 1783. TheRobert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection. In this satirical engraving published at the endof the Revolutionary War, America is repre-sented by a hot air balloon. In her basket atwo-faced figure representing GeorgeWashington reaches for a crown offered by“the Ghost of O Cromwell.” BenjaminFranklin, holding a sword, says, “I’ve cut thebands that have long restrained my ambition.”In the background, trade, wealth and libertyhang from a gallows, on which is dancing the“Military Force of Great Britain” calling outthe names of generals Howe, Clinton andBurgoyne.

A Short History in Miniature of the Originand Progress of the Late War from itsCommencement to the Exchange of theRatification of Peace between Great Britain,France, and Spain, on the 10th of Feby. 1763.[London, 1764?]. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. A keepsake commemorating the Seven Years’War, this group of 60 small engraved disks ishoused in circular silver container bearingmedallions of George II and George III on itstop and bottom. Each disk is composed of anengraved image and an engraved plate of textglued back-to-back. The text is adapted fromthe two-volume work, A Complete History ofthe Origin and Progress of the Late War…(London: Printed for J. Knox, 1764). See page13.56


them; or we shall go to the dogs after all ourfighting with British Tyranny. Beware of theCincinnati—has been instilled into my jealouspate, ever since my eyes communicated to mybrains the Articles of Agreement. Nothing canbe done in the way of a general assault: it mustbe effected by sapping, sapping, sapping—as theaffair grows old & out of date. From a MilitaryCongress libera nos Domine” [Lord deliver us].

Mary Custis Lee, Arlington, autograph letter signed to Benson Lossing, January 6,1860. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The wife of Robert E. Lee (and great-grand-daughter of Martha Washington) writes to hercollaborator on their just-published work,Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washingtonby His Adopted Son, George Washington ParkeCustis, with a Memoir of the Author by HisDaughter…. She points out a few errors andomissions: “Several little things are omitted that I had proposed to put in, Among others are theline I so much admired which I cannot correctlyrepeat but which run this ‘the great the bestThe Cincinnatus of the West Whom Envy could not &c &c.’ Nor do I find… the notice ofMrs. Washington’s having given from her privatefortune $20,000 to supply the wants of the sol-

diers in their hour of need. I wrote youabout it & think it was in the times ofthe Valley Forge affair. It was probablyan act of generosity that she did notmake known to the world but it is dulyrecorded in Washington’s day Book …& is an interesting fact which may nowbe published without wounding thedelicacy of any of the family.”

Charles McEvers & Company, New York. Copy of a letter to Messrs.Newton & Gordon, wine merchantsin Madeira, July 13, 1774. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection. In the aftermath of the Boston TeaParty, the New York merchant McEversproposes smuggling tea into America inwine pipes: “The consignment of teayou have now on hand will at all timessuit this market any quantity of which

will command immediate sale for cash, as it isan article as necessary to the inhabitants of thiscountry as their daily bread, and we imaginethat little difficulty would attend the introduc-ing it thro’ the same channel with wine car-goes…. We would recommend your having thetea that you intend for this place taken out ofthe chests and put in half pipes, well leaded, as this will give the least suspicion and lessen the risqué.”

“Marine de France. Etat ou Situation au 15Mars 1780, des Vaisseaux fregates, Corvettes,&c de la Marine au Roi Armés en Armament….” [1780]. Manuscript bound in blue paper boards. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection.The British ships Drake and Serapis, captured byJohn Paul Jones, are mentioned in this officialFrench naval report on the state of French,English, Spanish and American vessels in 1780.

“Navy Boards Warrant Book, 1780.”Portsmouth, England,1780-1781. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This large folio volume records all of the war-rants issued by the British Navy Board to theprincipal officers and commissioners atPortsmouth dockyard between March 25, 1780,

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Joseph Patterson Sims. State House,Philadelphia. Engraving. [Philadelphia, 1940].Gift of Joseph Patterson Sims III. The artist, Joseph Patterson Sims, was a memberof the Delaware State Society of the Cincinnati.

A View of Gibraltar on the Ever Memorable13th of Sept. 1782 and of Sr. Roger Curtis’sPerilous Exertions in Saving Our Enemies after their Defeat and the Destruction of Their Battering Ships. [London]: Published as the Act Directs… by F. Moore & Compy,June 3d, 1783. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.The center medallion of this design for a largehandkerchief depicts British naval officers rescuing drowning French sailors whom theyhad just defeated. It is surrounded by portraitsof Sir George Augustus Eliott and Sir RogerCurtis and extracts from their accounts of thebattle. In a letter to the Lords of the Admiralty,Admiral Curtis wrote: “…we felt it as much aduty to make every effort to Relieve ourEnemies from so Shocking a Situation, as an hour before we did to assist in Conquering Them!”

A View of Gravesend in Kent with TroopsPassing the Thames to Tilbury Fort. London:Printed for Bowles & Carver …, [1780]. TheRobert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This panoramic view shows military transportscarrying troops, artillery pieces and carriagesacross the river. The artist capturing the scene isdepicted in a boat in the foreground.

Manuscripts

William Barton, State Penitent Institution,Danville, Vermont, autograph letter signed to President James Monroe, December 15,1820. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. The hero of the Rhode Island campaign, whocaptured British Major General Richard Prescottin a daring raid, was in later life held underhouse arrest in Vermont for fourteen years, from1812 to 1826, over a land dispute. In thisretained copy of his letter to the president, heappeals to James Monroe to help secure his

release: “I have sworn on the honour of an oldofficer of the first war with the mightyBritons… if the President can with perfect honour to himself devise any way that I canwith honour return to my family it will give memore satisfaction than is in my power toexpress….” Monroe did not intervene, andBarton did not regain his freedom until theMarquis de Lafayette heard about his plight andsettled his debts. William Barton was an originalmember of the Rhode Island Society.

James Burd, autograph letter signed to Edward Shippen, Sr., July 8, 1775. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Writing to his father-in-law from “Tinian,” his estate in Pennsylvania, James Burd reacts tothe news of the Battle of Bunker Hill: “I thinkthey will have Reason by & by for England toalter their opinion of the Americans. But all the while this Experience will be dearly bought by the Nation. We are constantly longing for news from our Noble army beforeBoston.” See page 45.

Sir Henry Clinton, New York, autograph letter signed to unidentified correspondent,January 10, 1779. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. The commander of the British forces in Americawrites that the arrival of a convoy from Irelandwith food and supplies had eased what had beendire shortages for his men, but difficulties supplying the Hessian commissary and withworn-out equipment and boats continue. “Ibelieve the Southern Expedition has Succeeded,but as I have even said while this Army remainson a strict defensive, I dread Washington’sdetaching in such force to the Southward as mayrender our possession there insecure….”

William Gordon, Jamaica Plain,[Massachusetts], autograph letter signed toElbridge Gerry, November 26, 1783. TheRobert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. William Gordon and Elbridge Gerry shared adeep distrust of the Society of the Cincinnati. In this letter to his friend, Gordon writes: “wemust form new societies of Sons of Liberty…. It must be done; & in every state, & there mustbe committees of correspondence from among

and June 11, 1781. It provides a meticulouslydetailed portrait of the immense logistical effortto supply the British Navy at the largest of thesix Royal dockyards in England.

Quartermaster Department. Journal ofaccounts, Reading, Pennsylvania., andMorristown, New Jersey, June 8, 1778 toNovember 12, 1780. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. This 147-page manuscript account book documents goods and materials procured anddistributed to Continental Army troops during a period that included the bitter winter encampment at Morristown. Recurring entriesare included for tents, harnesses, wagons, knapsacks, as well as iron purchased in bulk forthe production of cups, nails, kettles and otheriron goods. Entries under “Stationery” recordpayments for paper, quills, printing and binding.See pages 34-39.

Register of patients admitted to theContinental Army “Flying Hospital,”September 16, 1777 – early January, 1778. TheRobert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. This 129-page bound manuscript records thenames of more than 800 soldiers who wereadmitted to the hospital for treatment onSeptember 16, 1777—five days after the Battleof Brandywine. The volume continues with amore detailed register that includes names, dateof admission, company, diseases, and discharge(fit for duty, desertion or death) for some 680soldiers admitted for treatment betweenNovember 1777 and early January 1778.

“A Report of the Guards in the Garrison atWest Point, September ye 29 1780.” Signed byLt. Col. Joseph Huse, Officer of the Day. TheRobert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Drawn up a week after Benedict Arnold’s treason had been discovered, this report lists theAmerican army prisoners held at West Point and Fort Putnam. Several were charged with desertion, one was “supposed to be a spy,” andthree at Fort Putnam were “Under Sentence ofDeath” for spying. Two of the prisoners on thelist had been sent there by order of GeneralArnold. The officer of the day notes: “Visited

the Guards this day & found them Elert ontheir Posts and in good Order.”

Theodore Roosevelt, typed letter with numerous manuscript emendations, signed to Beatrice Chanler, [March or April 1915].Framed together with a photograph ofRoosevelt with the costumed players of the“Children’s Revolution” pageant, April 15,1915. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.In the spring of 1915, the Lafayette Fund ofManhattan sponsored an historical pageant,“The Children’s Revolution,” proceeds fromwhich went to relief for French soldiers. This letter from former president Roosevelt to one ofthe pageant’s organizers was prepared as a typedletter for his signature, but he largely rewrote itin his own hand: “I am glad to hear of the success of the Children’s Revolutionary Play.There are not enough plays for children whichteach American History. Washington’s career is alesson in that kind of patriotism which translateswords into deeds; and Lafayette’s career is a lesson in international morality. Both careersteach devotion to the peace of justice and righteousness, and scorn of the ignoble basenessof the peace of dishonor. Washington’s wholecareer is pointless, and no man has a right topraise it, save as we accept his view that preparedness for righteous war is the only way tosecure righteous peace. Hoping I shall have thepleasure of seeing your gallant little company attheir next performance. . . .” See page 16.

John Sullivan, Exeter [New Hampshire], letter signed to Henry Dearborn, April 2,1784. The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection.Sullivan writes, as president of the NewHampshire Society, to inform Dearborn of hisappointment as a delegate to the Society’s firstGeneral Meeting in May 1783, and instructshim to “consult, according to the principles ofthe Institution, all measures which may bethought to conduce to the good of the UnitedStates of America; the General Society; and this Society in Particular.”

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A c q u i s i t i o n sA c q u i s i t i o n s

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c o m m i t t e e s

Maps

Thomas Bowles. The British & FrenchDominions in North America ParticularlyShewing the French Encroachments through allthe British Plantations from Nova Scotia downto the Gulf of Mexico. [London]: Printed forT. Bowles … & John Bowles & Son …, [ca. 1755]. The Robert Charles LawrenceFergusson Collection. This map depicts North America fromLabrador to Florida and stretches west beyondthe Mississippi to Indian country, with a notethat the “Limits of Virginia & New Englandreaching from Sea to Sea by the Charters ofJames I.” The map highlights the regions “disputed by France” and “FrenchEncroachments” with further explanations in a long text note below the map’s cartouche.

J. B. Eliot. Carte du Theatre de la GuerreActuel entre les Anglais et le Treize ColoniesUnies de l’Amerique Septentrional dressée par J. B. Eliot Aide de Camp du GeneralWashington. [Paris?], 1781. The RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson Collection. Originally issued in 1778, this undated laterstate includes the addition of tables chartingthe major events of the war and some corrections of spellings of place names. The hand-colored cartouche depicts a dramatic battle scene with soldiers firing cannon in the foreground.

Thomas Jeffreys. A Map of the South Part of Nova Scotia and it’s Fishing Banks.London: Printed for T. Jeffreys …, January 25, 1750. The Robert CharlesLawrence Fergusson Collection. The fortified town of Halifax, Nova Scotia,was established in 1749 as a strategic counterto the massive French fortress at Louisbourgon Cape Breton. It quickly developed into amajor British naval base along the Americancoast and played a central role in the Frenchand Indian and Revolutionary wars.

A Plan of the Battle on Bunkers Hill. Foughton the 17th of June 1775. London: Printedfor R. Sayer & J. Bennett …, 27 Novr. 1775.The Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection. See page 40.

Scrapbook

Isabel Anderson. “Scrapbook of thePresidential Campaign of 1912.” Gift of the family of Alice Churchill Meeks. Isabel Anderson kept this large scrapbook ofprograms, newspaper and magazine clippings,invitations, original manuscript and typescriptdocuments, and other materials relating to the 1912 presidential campaign of WilliamHoward Taft and the divisive Republican convention at which Theodore Roosevelt challenged the incumbent president and splitthe party. Mrs. Anderson, an ardent Taft supporter, attended the convention as a member of the press, while her husband was in Brussels serving as American minister toBelgium. Among the documents she preservedare appeals to African-American men to votefor Taft created by the Republican women’sgroup to which Mrs. Anderson belonged(women could not yet vote in the United States).

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FINANCIALSUPPORTFunds to supportacquisitions tothe FergussonCollection have been provided through the generosity of a member of theSociety of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia who wishes to remainanonymous. The ongoing commitment of funds over more than two decadeshas enabled the Society of build a collection distinguished by its breadth anddepth, especially in the field of military and naval art and science.ongoing commitment of funds over more than two decades has enabled the Society of build a collection distinguished by its breadth and depth, especially in the field of military and naval art and science.

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C o l l e c t i o n s

The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection

The Robert Charles Lawrence Fergusson Collection was established in 1988 to honor the memory of a young member of the Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia. RobertCharles Lawrence Fergusson (1943-1967) was elected to the Virginia Society in 1966, representing Capt. Benjamin Biggs of the Virginia Continental line. The following year, as afirst lieutenant in the 101st Airborne Division of the U.S. Army, he was fatally wounded while commanding an infantry company in combat in Vietnam. For his valor and sacrifice,Lieutenant Fergusson was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, the Bronze Star Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster and the Purple Heart.

The growing collection thatbears Lieutenant Fergusson’sname includes rare books,broadsides, manuscripts, maps,works of art, and artifacts thatpertain to the military andnaval history of the era of theAmerican Revolution and tothe art of war in the eighteenthcentury. During the year endingJune 30, 2013, 257 items wereadded to the FergussonCollection.

Lieutenant Fergusson wasawarded this DistinguishedService Cross for valor incombat. The Society recentlyacquired this medal alongwith others he earned. Seepages 50-51.

Collections Management and Conservation The Key Room Wall Murals

One of the most important conservation projects of this generationwas completed in the year ending June 30, 2013. The Key Roomwall murals—H. Siddons Mowbray’s masterpiece on the secondfloor of Anderson House—were restored to their original brillianceby Olin Conservation, the same firm that restored the ceiling muralin the Key Room in 2007. Over seven months of intensive work,conservators removed layers of dirt and grime, reattached flakingpaint, stabilized the torn and cracked canvas, and repaired the damaged plaster wall as part of the first proper restoration effort inthe 104 years since the murals’ completion.

H. Siddons Mowbray (1858-1928) was one of the most sought-after artists of the Gilded Age. By 1908, he had completed celebrated murals in the New York libraries of J. P. Morgan and theUniversity Club, as well as the homes of F. W. Vanderbilt and C.P. Huntington. Mowbray first visited Anderson House in January1908, after Larz Anderson requested his services for murals in theKey Room, Winter Garden, and Choir Stall Room. The Key Roomproject most appealed to the artist, who felt he could create “aninteresting piece of work” in the room. By May 1908 Mowbray hadcompleted watercolor sketches for the wall murals—“elaborate” and“exquisite” studies into which he “put a great deal of thought &time,” according to his wife, Helen. Soon thereafter he began workat Anderson House. The ceiling of the Key Room was painted firstand was finished in the fall of 1908, with the decoration of thewalls completed in December 1909.

“Seldom has one small room had compressed into it so fine andcomplete a presentation of History by Art,” exclaimed Harper’sWeekly in 1911. The Key Room murals were “purely American insubject treated in a classical way,” wrote Helen Mowbray.Displaying Larz Anderson’s pride in his family’s tradition of militaryservice, the four wall murals depict iconic events in American history: the achievement of American independence, the settlement

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HelenMowbray described themurals as “purely American insubject treated in a classical way.”

The lower panels of each mural—bearing a faux wainscoting design painted onseparate pieces of canvas extending five feet up from the floor—were treated differently. Large portions of these lower panels had cracks affecting both the paintand underlying canvas. The cracks were most severe in a one-inch-high horizontalsection running through all four murals. To determine the cause of the crackingand to stabilize the lower panels, all but one of them were removed from the wall.(The panel below the mural of the city of Cincinnati was left in place and treatedwhile on the wall because of its relatively small size and less severe damage and astronger adhesivethat made removingthe panel from thewall more difficultand risky.)

The delicate processof removing thelower panels fromthe walls beganwith applying Japanese tissue paper to the face of the panels with reversible wheatflour paste to hold the paint layer in place temporarily. Conservators used a thinspatula to break the original adhesive behind the murals and separate the canvasfrom the plaster wall. As the canvas was slowly removed from the wall, it was rolledonto a wide tube for support and transportation to the conservators’ studio. At thestudio, the lower panels were treated to relax the distortions in the canvas, fill smallholes in the canvas, clean the paint surface, apply a protective layer of varnish, andinpaint losses in the faux wainscoting design.

Exposing the plaster walls behind the lower panels revealed wood blocking that wasoriginally installed by the builders to support a chair rail. A photograph of the KeyRoom taken shortly after the completion of the house in 1905 shows a chair rail atthe same height as the most severe horizontal area of cracking on the lower muralpanels. When the chair rail was removed from the room in preparation for theinstallation of the murals, the wood blocking was left in place. Its profile protrudedbeyond the wall and, over time, disrupted the thin coat of plaster applied over it, aswell as the canvas and paint of the murals covering the wall.

Although the wood blocking was an original element of the construction of Anderson House, thestaff and conservators decided to remove it, as leaving it in place would only cause the same cracking to occur after the conserved lower mural panels were reinstalled. Hayles and Howe, a firmspecializing in historic plasterwork, performed the work of removing the wood blocking and oldadhesive from the wall. A section of the original wood blocking has been preserved in the Society’sbuilding archive for documentation. The lower panels were then reinstalled using the same processas for removal, in reverse: the canvases were rolled from tubes onto the wall treated with new adhe-sive.

The main, upper sections of the murals were stable but still had isolated tears and other damage inthe canvases. Conservators consolidated these areas, many of which occurred where separate piecesof canvas were originally joined to form each large mural and, over time, had become loose fromthe wall. A new coat of varnish—one that mimicked the saturation and sheen of Mowbray’s originalvarnish as closely as possible—was applied to the entire surface of the murals to protect the paintings from damage due to ultraviolet light, dust, and other elements. Lastly, conservators

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of the frontier, the Civil War, and the Spanish-American War. The sweeping, imagined scenes feature the Anderson ancestors who participated in each event, with allegorical figures of War,Peace, and Fame looking on. At sixteen feet high, the murals towered over the Andersons andtheir guests who passed through the room.

The first, and most time-consuming, step in this conservation process was to clean the heavydeposits of dust and grime from the surface of the painting. The most stubborn deposits weresoot from old heating systems and nicotine, accumulated over sixty years or more. To determinethe materials present in the painting—from the canvas to the varnish coating—the conservators extracted two minuscule samples for analysis at the Winterthur Museum laboratory. The analysis identified the original oil paint layer with surface coatings of paraffin wax and a naturalresin varnish. These results were critical in determining the composition of the cleaning solutionthe conservators would use. They removed the grime from both the surface coatings and paintlayer by hand using swabs to apply, then rinse, the cleaning solution. The cleaning step revealedareas of later repaint, which were also removed.

Larz Anderson considered thesemurals “ever a delight, not onlyto ourselves, but to our guests.”

Several small depressions forming a portion of a handprint reveal where anassistant used too much pressure while bonding thecanvas to the wet adhesive onthe wall. The lower panels, onthe other hand, were painted insitu after the canvases werefixed to the walls. In someplaces, the upper and lowercanvases did not quite meet,and the artist covered the errorby painting the continued fauxwainscoting design on the plaster wall exposed betweenthe canvases.

Conserving the Key Room wallmurals has brought into greaterfocus the artworks of perhapsthe most important space inAnderson House—one that connects the histories of the Revolutionary War generation, the Societyof the Cincinnati, and the Anderson family in the context of the growth of the American republic.The dramatic results of the cleaning, in particular, revealed long-obscured details, including the contours of George Washington’s face, the bridges and buildings in the city of Cincinnati, the foldsand undulations in clothing and draperies, and the subtle variation in colors and tones. Mowbray’smasterpiece—which Larz Anderson considered“ever a delight, not only to ourselves, but to ourguests”—continues to delight members and visitors to Anderson House, who once again seethe beauty and history in the murals as theAndersons and the artist did more than onehundred years ago.

Emily L. SchulzDeputy Director & Curator

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inpainted the main sections of the murals to fill paint losses—executed on top of the varnish to isolate the modern restoration from Mowbray’s original work.

Through this conservation project, we have learned significantly more about how the artist created and installed the Key Room murals. Mowbray painted the main sections in his NewYork studio, using several pieces of canvas joined to create each large mural based on the measurements of the walls. These measurements were incorrect in at least one case. Along theright edge of the Spanish-American War mural, an additional strip of canvas was added andpainted on site, presumably because the canvas painted in Mowbray’s studio was too narrow.The added strip of canvas was likely painted by an assistant, as the details are noticeably lessrefined than the rest of the murals. Another slight error that occurred during the installation of the completed upper sections is visible on the left side of the Revolutionary War mural.

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FINANCIAL SUPPORT The conservation of theKey Room wall murals was supported by giftsfrom two individuals who wish to remainanonymous, and the following:The Massachusetts Society of the CincinnatiFrederick Talley Drum Hunt, Jr.Dr. J. Phillip London and Dr. Jennifer LondonThe George and Carol Olmsted FoundationDavid Shepherd RaifordRichard Renz RaifordDr. William Postell RaifordWilliam Russell RaifordJames Keith Peoples

Anderson House was already completed and fully furnished beforethe murals were added to the Key Room, seen here in a photographtaken between 1905 and 1908. Society of the Cincinnati Collection

overpaint and dirt layers, her initial assessmentidentified areas of significant water damage,flaking and lost paint, old tears and cracks, andthe delamination (or separation) of the paintingfrom a second piece of canvas to which the original was attached to serve as a lining. The accumulation of dirt and grime was most noticeable on the officer’s face and torso—particularly his buff-colored vest.

Removing the varnish and overpaint and cleaningthe dirt and grime layers were the first steps in theportrait’s conservation. The overpaint appliedduring a previous restoration effort existed on topof the varnish layer—an important conservator’stechnique to isolate later treatments from theoriginal paint surface. The removal of these addedlayers revealed in what conservators call the actualstate of the painting—the original paint surface,or as much as is left of it, with no additions oralterations by later hands. This process revealed agradation of color and light throughout the portrait—and a different shape to the officer’snose—that was not apparent before the treat-ment. But cleaning also exposed numerous smallareas where the original paint had been completely lost due to old water damage andtears, mostly running vertically in theright half of the painting.

Before the paint losses were addressed,the structural supports of the canvashad to be corrected. The lining canvas,which was probably added in the nineteenth or early twentieth century,was removed and discarded. Distortionsin the original canvas and paint layerwere relaxed using a heated suctionplaten—a device that applies controlledamounts of heat and moisture from thereverse of the canvas, then holds thecanvas flat with suction while it coolsand dries. The treated canvas was re-stretched onto a new stretcher, as the existing wood stretcher was toodamaged to reuse and was not originalto the painting.

The conservator then inpainted theareas of lost paint to replicate theiroriginal appearance. The artist’s use of

shadows and gradations of color provided cluesas to how these restored areas should appear.With a more deft and refined hand than herpredecessors, the conservator built the imageback up to its now-restored appearance. She finished the project by applying a stable, modern varnish to saturate the paint and supplyan even gloss and richness to the portrait, as theoriginal artist also would have done.

The mystery officer wears the uniform of aUnited States Army staff officer from 1787-1800. With no stars on the epaulets, he wouldhave held the rank of major, lieutenant colonelor colonel. Thirteen members of the Societyserved as staff officers with these ranks between1787 and 1800. The most promising candidatefor the sitter is John Mills (1755-1796), an original member of the Massachusetts Society.After serving in the Revolutionary War, Millsjoined the United States Army in 1790. He was promoted to major in 1793 and heldthis rank until his death three years later.


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Restoring a Mystery Officer

When the Society acquired a portrait of anunknown American officer wearing a SocietyEagle insignia in 2010, the identity of the sitter was not the only thing that was hidden.The original paint surface was disguised by athick, yellowed coat of varnish, extensive anddiscolored overpaint, and layers of dirt andgrime. The canvas was also in poor condition,with distortions that disrupted the painting.

Much-needed conservation work was conducted in 2012-2013, and a renewed effortwas launched to identify the mystery officer.

Patricia Favero—a paintings conservator atThe Phillips Collection with a private conservation practice—took on this challenging project and, over a period of fourteen months, restored the portrait as closely to its original appearance as possible. In addition to the troublesome varnish,

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With darkened, dirty varnish and overpainting removed, this was the actual state of the portrait before it was restored.

at the front and back of the volume had suffered considerable wear and loss oftext along the edges. The paperwas cleaned and washed toreduce acidity, and torn orcreased leaves were mended orreinforced. The pages were thensewn into a heavy handmadepaper wrapper using the original sewing holes andplaced in a custom-madeclamshell box to match the oth-ers in the orderly book series.

The secondorderlybook, alsoacquired in2011, doc-uments thelast monthsof the war.Capt. Ebenezer Smith of theSecond MassachusettsRegiment kept this orderlybook during the canton-

ment at Newburgh, NewYork, from March throughNovember 1783. He included a transcript of theofficers’ grievances known asthe Newburgh Addresses,George Washington’s speechat the officers’ meeting ofMarch 15 and a full transcript of the Institutionof Society of the Cincinnati.It also contains “General

Washington’s Fairwell orders to the Armies ofthe United States” and a first-hand account ofWashington’s farewell to the Second and ThirdMassachusetts regiments at West Point.

The Ebenezer Smith orderly book had retainedits original quarter-leather binding with pasteboards covered in decorated paper, which wasrepaired and strengthened. The text leaves wereremoved from the binding to be cleaned andmended and then were re-sewn in the originalpattern and replaced in the binding. This orderly book was also placed in a custom-madeclamshell box.

Ellen McCallister ClarkLibrary Director

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Continental Army Orderly Books

Two Continental Army orderly books weretreated at the Conservation Center for Art andHistoric Artifacts in Philadelphia this year.This brings to thirty-eight the number ofmanuscript orderly books in the Society’s thecollection that have been conserved and specially boxed in a program that was initiatedin 2006 with a Save America’s Treasures grant.

The earlier of the two orderly books, acquiredfor the Robert Charles Lawrence FergussonCollection in 2011, was kept in the summer of1776 by Samuel Smith, a first lieutenant in

Capt. John Lacey’s Company of the FourthPennsylvania Battalion. Under the commandof Gen. Anthony Wayne, the Fourth Battaliontraveled by land and water from their encampment outside New York City to jointhe garrison commanded by Gen. BenedictArnold at Fort Ticonderoga. Of particularinterest are General Arnold’s orders afterreceiving the news of the American army’scrushing defeat at the Battle of Brooklyn, andhis warning about enemy spies that may be “in or about our Camp.”

This orderly book was in extremely poor condition. Lacking a cover, the leaves of paper

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Centuries of Society Ephemera

The archives of the Society of the Cincinnatiinclude materials intentionally created to serveas a record of the Society’s history—theInstitution, minutes of meetings, correspon-dence, photographs, and so forth. But thesematerials alone do not constitute the fullarchival record of the Society’s rich and variedhistory. An important part of the archival recordis known in the scholarly and collecting worldas ephemera—the name refers to the passingnature of the materials. Ephemera are created toserve a particular purpose at particular time andthen be discarded, and include invitations,menus, programs, flyers, cards and a wide rangeof other printed materials.

The Society has created a great deal of ephemer-al material over its long history. Happily not allof it was discarded. Many items were saved andgradually accumulated at Anderson House. By late 2012 this collection had long since outgrown our simple filing system. Thanks tothe archival training and hard work of library assistant Alexis Yorczyk, this collection is nowproperly organized with a clear finding aid andis easily accessible in new filing cabinets.

Invitations and menus for many Society eventsare extremely striking in design and color. TheSociety Eagle adorns almost every invitation;many are individually gilded and hand painted.In some, the original ribbons—slowly fadedover the past 150 years—still tie the menus andinvitations together. Many contain small drawings, signatures, or other irreplaceable andindelible traces of an item’s use or owners. Onemenu from a Maryland Society dinner at Guy’sMonument House in Baltimore on October 19,1855, is printed on a paper doily and bears acoffee ring stain. An invitation to the StateSociety of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania dinnerat the Horticultural Hall on May 15, 1897, isinscribed to Talbot Olyphant and theHonorable Oswald Tilghman.

The invitations and menus also reveal glimpsesof the culinary fashions and social customs ofearlier times. At the annual dinner of the

Society of the Cincinnati in the State of NewJersey, held at the Ocean Hotel in Long Branchon July 5, 1880, the menu consisted of eightcourses, beginning with little neck clams, deviled lobster in shell, and a choice of consom-mé royal or green turtle soup, followed by a fewlighter courses and entrees that provided thechoice of yellow leg snipe. Dessert options rangefrom assorted cakes to “fancy kisses.” A list ofdrinks the members could purchase include aquart of 1844 Hennessey for three dollars.

In contrast to the Silent Toast offered at modernSociety gatherings, a lengthy series of toastsoften accompanied Society dinners in the nineteenth century. At the New York StateSociety of the Cincinnati’s celebration of GeorgeWashington’s birthday in 1874, twelve toastswere offered—starting with a toast to the memory of George Washington, and continuingon to include the founders of the Society, thecurrent president of the United States, the governor of New York, and the army and navyof the United States.

The collection also includes an impressive arrayof more formal constituent society publications.While not ephemera in the strict sense, many of these publications, including rosters, proceedings and bylaws, were discarded whenthey were no longer current and are now exceedingly rare. The collection includes rostersfrom the Pennsylvania Society in the 1870s, inexcellent condition and complete with manuscript additions of member names, homeaddresses, and dates admitted to the Society aswell as notes from meetings filling the margins.Particularly remarkable is the almost completerun of Virginia Society rosters and meeting minutes dating back to 1906. Copies of bylawsdocument changes in membership requirementsand governance over more than a century. Now properly organized for use, this wonderfulcollection will only increase in importance inthe future.

Valerie SallisArchivist

Research and ScholarshipResearch Services

Over the past year the Society of the Cincinnati library was open 245 days and accommodated 562 researchers, or an average of 47 researchers per month—above the previous year’s monthly average of 34. The rise is largely the result of three factors: our presence at conferences and workshops has raised the library’s profile among colleagues and scholars. The Society’s new websiteand the inclusion of the Society’s rare holdings in databases have increased our online visibility.Research projects undertaken for the Society by interns and fellows have added to our numbers as well.

Among our researchers were: J.L. Bell, an independent scholar on Massachusetts in theRevolutionary War; Julia Osman, assistant professor of history at Mississippi State University;Walter Edgar, professor emeritus at the University of South Carolina; Daniel Tortora, assistant professor of history at Colby College; Isabel Taube, professor of art history at Rutgers University,and Alex Burns, a Ph.D. candidate at Ball State University. Four recipients of the Society’s researchfellowships each spent at least a week in the library. Library staff also provided reference services to several hundred researchers unable to visit Anderson House in person.

The library played an integral role in the Master Teachers Seminar. Each of the fifteen participantsdeveloped an individual lesson plan based on primary source materials in the library. Librarians provided reference support to the participants—advising on search strategies and proposing appropriate rare materials.

In addition to serving individual researchers, the university-level primary source instruction program was expanded as part of the library research services. Our goal is to develop other collaborations with colleges and universities in theWashington, D.C. metro area. Our principal partnershipis with the George Washington University undergraduate seminar, “George Washington and hisWorld.” The class met at Anderson House on three separate occasions. The first class included an orientation to archives and special collections, a primarysource literacy exercise focusing on two Washington letters in the collection, and a lecture on the youth ofGeorge Washington by the executive director. The second class period was a regular lecture and discussionand the third class session was reserved for final presentations. In addition to the class sessions, each ofthe sixteen students met with the Society’s librarians fora reference interview, a one-on-one session designed tohelp the student develop search strategies to locate primary source material for their final papers. Duringthe spring semester, students return to the library aftertheir initial reference interview two, three, even fourtimes—results we deem to be most satisfying.

Rachel JirkaResearch Services Librarian

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R e s e a r c h a n d S c h o l a r s h i p

Restoring the Dining Room Clock

When Anderson House was completed in1905, an elegant French clock was mountedin the Dining Room, keeping time for Larzand Isabel Anderson and their guests,including William H. Taft, Calvin Coolidge,Gen. John J. Pershing and Henry A. duPont. A little more than one hundred yearslater, its chimes had long since stopped, andwater damage and accumulated dirt had compromised the structure and appearance ofthe rare timepiece. This year, conservators BethRichwine and Randall Cleaver have returned itto its former brilliance and function.

This fine French wall clock was made aboutthe 1820s. The multi-piece enamel face andblued steel arms are protected by a glass-and-brass bezel and surrounded by a gilded woodcase adorned with a ribbon motif and sprays ofbranches with leaves and flower pods. Whilethe clock’s makers have not yet been identified,the conservation work revealed the initials“BD” stamped on a piece of the movement.

The case was in poor condition and requiredthe most attention. Previous water damage haddestabilized the wood, leading to large opencracks, crumbling wood,lost gilding, and generalinstability so severe that theclock could not be safelyhung on the wall. The conservator realigned broken wood areas, rein-forced cracked sectionswith wood strips and

blocks, filledareas of lostwood withgesso, andreattachedbroken pieces.They alsoremovedbronze paint

that had been added over lost gilding in a previous restoration attempt. Lastly, sheapplied new gold leaf to areas that had lost the original gilding, distressing the new gold to match the aged appearance of the original surface.

The movement inside the case was in bettercondition, although previous restorationattempts had damaged parts. The conservatordisassembled the movement, cleaned each part,and repaired damaged parts. Once the movement was reassembled and restored togood working order, it was reunited with thecase. Visitors can once again hear the clockchime each hour and half hour.


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FINANCIAL SUPPORT William Russell RaifordRichard Renz RaifordDavid Shepherd RaifordWilliam Postell Raiford

Clement Ellis Conger Internship

The Fall 2012 Clement Ellis Conger Internshipwas awarded to Samantha Scovic, a graduate student in The George Washington University’sMuseum Studies M.A. program, specializing incollections management. Ms. Scovic assisted themuseum collections manager with object cataloging and collections database management, object housing and storage, environmental monitoring, and other collections projects.

Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Internship

The recipient of the 2012 Massachusetts Societyof the Cincinnati Internship was LinnardHobler, a recent graduate of The SmithsonianAssociates-Corcoran College of Art and DesignMaster’s program in the history of decorativearts. Ms. Hobler conducted preliminary researchon historical themes and objects for an upcoming exhibition onthe War of1812 to bemounted in2014.

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Fellowships and Internships

The Society offered four grants to support useof its library collections during the year underreview. These competitive awards are availableto graduate students and senior scholars whoare conducting research that may benefit fromthe library’s holdings. and since 2011 theMassachusetts Society of the Cincinnati established two additional annual library fellowships to be administered under the sameterms. An additional award, the Society of theCincinnati Scholars’ Grant, was offered this year.

The work of the Society’s museum is enhancedeach year by the assistance of energetic interns,who gain professional experience in the museum field while also contributing to theSociety’s work preserving and interpreting itsmuseum collections. The Society is fortunateto be able to award two paid museum internships to graduate students each year. In addition to these paid interns, the Societywelcomed Alexandra Dubé, a student at theCentre d’études collégiales de Montmagny inQuebec, for an internship in the spring of2013. Ms. Dubé, a native French speaker, gavepublic tours of Anderson House and assistedwith museum visitor services as part of theCentre’s English language immersion program.

The Tyree-Lamb Fellowship

The Tyree-Lamb Fellowship has been offeredannually since 2007 to provide support to ascholar using the Society’s library collections.Both the 2012 and 2013 recipients of theTyree-Lamb Fellowship visited the library during this fiscal year. The 2012 Tyree-LambFellowship was awarded to Jennifer Bolton, a Ph.D. candidate at the University ofCalifornia, Davis. Ms. Bolton spent a week atthe library studying how the environmentalconditions of military camps affected the health, and in turn, the loyalty, of Continentalsoldiers. The 2013 Tyree-Lamb Fellowship was awarded to Donald Johnson, a Ph.D. candidate at Northwestern University.

Mr. Johnson’s research focuses on the failure ofimperial authority in occupied American citiesduring the Revolutionary War.

The Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Fellowships

The first of two 2012 Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati Fellowships was awarded toBenjamin Carp, Ph.D., associate professor ofhistory at Tufts University, to support hisresearch on fear among civilians and soldiersduring the American Revolution.

The second 2012 Massachusetts Society of theCincinnati Fellowship was awarded to ThomasCutterham, a D.Phil. Candidate at St. Hugh’sCollege, Oxford University, to examine theestablishment of the Society of the Cincinnatiand its relationship to the emergence ofFederalism in the United States.

The Society of the Cincinnati Scholars’ Grant

The 2012 Society of the Cincinnati Scholars’Grant was awarded to John Ruddiman, assistant professor at Wake Forest University.Professor Ruddiman had received a 2007Scholars’ Grant while a Ph.D. candidate atYale University in order to conduct research onhis dissertation, “Becoming Men of SomeConsequence: Young Men of the ContinentalArmy in Revolutionary War and Peace.”Professor Ruddiman returned to the library in2012 to continue research with the intent ofdeveloping his dissertation into a book.

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FINANCIAL SUPPORT Leadership gifts from Mr. and Mrs. John K.Lamont Lamb, Mrs. Lewis Tyree, Jr., and theTaylor-Tyree Family Trust established an endowment fund that supports the Tyree-LambFellowship. The Massachusetts Society of theCincinnati Fellowships are funded by a grant from the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.The Society of the Cincinnati Scholars’ Grants are funded by an anonymous donor.

FINANCIAL SUPPORT The 2012 Clement Ellis Conger Internship wasfunded by a grant from the John Jay HopkinsFoundation. The 2012 Massachusetts Society ofthe Cincinnati Internship was funded by a grantfrom the Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati.

8382

The programs of the Society of the Cincinnati are sustainedby gifts to the Annual Giving Campaign as well as by

restricted gifts made for specific purposes. These contributionspay the costs of the Society’s education, library and museum

programs and other programs carried out by the Society. Matchinggifts and planned giving contribute in essential ways to the health of

the Society. Beyond financial gifts, gifts in kind and volunteer service arevital ways to support the goals of the Society and are deeply appreciated.

The Annual Giving Campaign for the year ending June 30, 2013The Annual Giving Campaign for the year ending June 30, 2013 collected $742,998.92 to support the programs of the Society. $646,791.13 of that amount was received from individual members and $24,691.40 from constituent societies. Non-member foundations contributed $15,000. Non-members contributed $6,516.39. The campaign received an enormous boost from a $50,000 matching challenge fromJohn and Kazie Harvey. The Harveys offered to match, dollar for dollar, every dollar contributed between May 15 and June 30, 2013, which exceeded the donor’s gift to Annual Giving in the year ending June 30, 2012, up to a total match of $50,000. This challenge offered a particular incentive to new donors,while encouraging established donors to increase their commitment to the Society. The $50,000 pool of matching funds was exhausted before June 30, 2013, and energized the final weeks of the campaign.

GeneralsGifts of $5,000 or more

AnonymousAnonymousMr. Thomas Henry Gaither Baillière, Jr.Dr. John Roberts BockstoceMr. John Henry BridgerMr. Francis Gorham Brigham IIIMr. George Miller Chester, Jr.Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman IIIMr. Thomas Clifton Etter, Jr.Mr. Frederick Lorimer GrahamMr. John Christopher HarveyMr. William Randolph Hearst IIIMr. Wallace Colby HendersonMr. Charles Hill Jones, Jr.Mr. Thomas Stephen Kenan III

Mr. Harold Fitzgerald LenfestDr. J. Phillip LondonBrig. Gen. Benjamin Franklin

Lucas II (Ret.)Rear Adm. Kleber Sanlin

Masterson, Jr., USN (Ret.)Mr. David Arthur McCormickMr. Capers Walter McDonaldMr. Ross Gamble PerryMr. William Francis Price, Jr.John S. Rankin Charitable TrustMr. George Sunderland RichMr. William Henry SavageMr. William Polk Skinner

Mr. Robert Watson ArnoldMr. Thomas St. John Arnold, Jr.Mr. Lawrence King Casey, Jr.Mr. David William ChesterMr. Atwood Collins IIIMr. Ross Bayley Diffenderffer, Jr.Emily Hall Tremaine FoundationMr. Jackson French EnoRt. Rev. Robert Condit HarveyMr. Jackson Kemper IVMr. Chiswell Dabney Langhorne, Jr.Mr. Clifford Butler LewisMr. William Pless LungerMr. Frank MauranMr. Charles Alexander McGrath

Dr. Hollis Warren Merrick IIICdr. Francis Avery Packer, Jr., USNMr. John Michael PhelpsMr. Philip Winston Pillsbury, Jr.Mr. John Ridgely Porter IIIDr. James Orlo PringleDr. David Shepherd RaifordMr. Richard Renz RaifordDr. William Postell RaifordMr. William Russell RaifordMr. George Sheldon TaylorRear Adm. H. Kirk Unruh, Jr., USNR (Ret.)Mr. Jehangir Fuller VarziMr. William Angell Viall II

Benefactors Gifts of $2,500 to $4,999

Support

84 85

PatronsGifts of $500 to $999

Mr. Montgomery Meigs AlgerMr. James Reynolds AndersonAnonymousMr. Richard Cole AnthonyMr. William Wharton Archer IIIMr. William Bradley BaconMr. Paul Gervais Bell, Jr.Mr. Frank Snyder Black, Jr.Mr. Charles Orren BlaisdellMr. William Merlin Bliss, Jr.Dr. Matthew Stiles BowdishMr. George Boyd VMr. George Lucien BrailsfordMr. Robert Edward BrailsfordMr. Theodore D. BrattonMr. Joseph Converse BrightMr. Charles Edward Brinley IIMr. Louis Elliott Bristol IIIMr. Peter McDonald BristowCol. George Mercer Brooke III,

USMC (Ret.)Mr. James Wesley Cooper BroughtonMr. Thomas Rutherfoord BrownMr. James Bradley BurkeMr. Peter Shepard Burr IIMr. Christopher Clinton BurtMr. Armistead Burwell, Jr.Mr. Marion Tyus Butler, Jr.Lt. Col. Robert Walker Cairns, USAMr. Samuel Baldwin Carr, Jr.Dr. Joseph Douglas CawleyMr. Douglas Campbell ChamberlainMr. Stuart MacDonald Christhilf IIIMr. Stuart MacDonald Christhilf IVMr. Randolph Warner Church, Jr.Dr. Herbert Augustine Claiborne, Jr.Mr. George Moffett Cochran VMr. Loren Fletcher Cole, Jr.Mr. Terence Winslow CollinsMr. Clayton Fritz ColtmanMr. Charles Horace Conner, Jr.Dr. Arthur John Cook, Jr.Mr. Timothy Emerson CoyMaj. Gen. Willis Dale

Crittenberger, Jr., USA (Ret.)Mr. William Marshall Crozier, Jr.Mr. Thomas Francis DardenMr. Henry Darlington, Jr.Mr. Charles Holmes DarrellMr. John Washington Davidge IIIMr. Grady Clay DaviesMr. Archibald Hilliard Davis, Jr.Mr. John Gilmer Dawson IIIDr. Vincent Claud De BaunDr. John McCullough DeKochBrig. Gen. Lee Armistead

Denson, Jr., USAF (Ret.)Mr. Francis Colt deWolf IIIMr. Paul Mattingly DickinsonMr. Stuart Battle Dorsett

Mr. James Horton DoughtonMr. Kirk Mallory DuffyDr. Jack Jones EarlyMr. Frazor Titus Edmondson IIIMr. James Patteson EllersonMr. John Gray Blount Ellison, Jr.Mr. Thomas Beverley Evans, Jr.Mr. Robert Campbell FarmerFenton FoundationMr. Rogelio FernandezMr. Henry Burnett Fishburne, Jr.Mr. Ronald Lee FlemingMr. John Paul Chadwick FloydMr. Morton Gerald ForbesMr. James Granbery Foster, Jr.Rear Adm. Paul Lowe Foster, USN (Ret.)Carol and Carter Fox Family Fund of The

Community Foundation ServingRichmond and Central Virginia

Mr. Baylor Tarrant Fox-KemperMr. George Ross French, Jr.Mr. Herbert Laurence Fritz, Jr.Mr. Gordon Elbridge GaleMr. Donald Geoffrey Bidmead GambleMr. Nicholas GilmanMr. Thomas Poynton Ives GoddardMr. Leslie Eaton Goldsborough, Jr.Mr. Richard James GookinMr. Marco GrassiMr. Henry Ellerbe GrimballMr. David Philip Halle, Jr.Mr. Douglas Sinclair HamiltonMr. Palmer Clarkson HamiltonMr. Victor Henry Hanson IIMr. Albert Harkness IIICol. Myron Charles

Harrington, Jr., USMCMr. Montague Williams HaskellMr. Paul Meriwether HaygoodMr. Edmund Burke HaywoodDr. Hubert Benbury Haywood IIIMr. George Stephenson Hazard, Jr.Dr. William Roy Hearter, Jr.Dr. George James HillMr. James Allen Hill, Jr.Mr. Thomas Johns HillMr. Howard Bicknell Hodgson, Jr.Mr. Ervin Wildt HoustonMr. Jared Lee HubbardDr. David McClure HumphreyMr. John Arthur Hurley III2nd Lt. Matthew Brett Hurley, USAMr. Henry vanZile Hyde, Jr.Mr. Francis Plummer Jenkins, Jr.Dr. Hardwick Smith Johnson, Jr.Mr. Basil Magruder Jones, Jr.Dr. Robert Gregory JosephMr. Martin Alexander KempeMr. Francis Parker King, Jr.Mr. Stephen Barclay Kirby

Mr. Joseph Branch Craige KluttzMr. Robert Hairston KluttzMr. David Peter KollockMr. William Duvall Ladd, Sr.Mr. Mitchell Brice LadsonMr. Albert Richard Lamb IIIMr. Robert Parke LathamMr. Fontaine Broun LawsonMr. Robert William Lawson IIIMr. Richard Wolters LedyardMr. George Wright LennonMr. Gerald Law LeonardMr. Robert Henry LewisCol. John Allen Lighthall, USA (Ret.)Mr. Donald Vause LincolnLt. Col. Howard Sandland

Lincoln, USA (Ret.)Mr. Louis Wooten Little, Sr.Mr. Thomas Ashe LockhartMr. Tarlton Heath LongMr. William Joseph Longan, Jr.Mr. Keith Prescott LowMr. Henry Sharpe Lynn, Jr.Mr. Robert Bentley Lyon, Jr.MacDonald & Hazel Douglass TrustMr. Edwin Robeson MacKethan IIIMr. Colin MacNair IIIMr. Richard Rollin MacsherryMr. Ross Warne Maghan, Jr.Mr. Charles Marion Marsteller IIIMr. John Harvey MartinMr. William Schuyler MatthaiMr. Anthony Westwood MaupinMr. James Selby McClinton IIIMr. William Popham McDougalMr. James Charles McHargueMr. Charles Grice McMullan, Jr.Mr. George H. McNeely IVMr. William de Berniere MebaneMr. John Frederick MenefeeMr. William Spedden Merrick IIIMr. Joseph Bradford MitchellMr. Thomas Scott MonstedMr. Benjamin Allston Moore, Jr.Dr. James Sayle Moose IIIDr. Cecil Morgan, Jr.Mr. Michael McClary MorisonMr. William Bassett MortenBrig. Gen. John Hawkins

Napier III, ASDFDr. Robert Armstead NaudMr. Lewis Levick Neilson, Jr.Mr. Charles Watson Newhall IIIBrig. Gen. John William Francis

Nicholson, USA (Ret.)Mr. Richard Francis Ober Jr.Mr. William Hoyt OlingerMr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen IIIMr. Frederick Ira Ordway IIIMr. Edwin Brownrigg Borden Parker

LeadersGifts of $1,000 to $2,499

Hon. Richard Bender AbellMr. Haywood Griffin AlexanderMr. William Wallace Anderson VMr. John Edwin Atwood Avery, Jr.Dr. James Gilbert Baldwin, Jr.Mr. Albert Parker Barnes, Jr.Mr. Arnold Broyles Barrett, Sr.Mr. Samuel Merrifield Bemiss IIIRev. Joseph Pershing BishopMr. Arthur Allin BlanchardMr. William North BlanchardDr. Cordell Lee Bragg IIIMr. John Randolph BrattonMr. Robert Bruce BrierMr. Francis Gorham Brigham, Jr.Mr. Richard Fairlie BrinkleyMr. Edmund Freeman Brown IVCdr. Putnam Huntington

Browne, USNMr. John Kirkland Burke, Jr.Mr. Harry Flood Byrd, Jr.Mr. Ronald Alva Cain, Jr.Col. Douglas Brougher

Cairns, USAF (Ret.)Dr. Charles Colcock Jones

Carpenter, Jr.Mr. Keith Armistead CarrMr. William Pfingst Carrell IIDr. Robert Girard CarroonMr. Wayne Chatfield-Taylor IIMaxime Blanquet du ChaylaRaynald, duc de Choiseul PraslinMrs. Reuben Grove Clark, Jr.Mr. Charles Lilly Coltman IVMr. Charles Allerton Coolidge IIIMr. Howard Ellis Cox, Jr.Mr. Joel Thomas Daves IVMr. Stuart Patterson DavidsonMr. Anthony Randolph DikeThe Dillon FundMr. Peter Mapes DodgeHon. Raymond Lawrence DrakeMr. Scott Richard DriverMr. Roy Alton Duke, Jr.Mr. Sherburne Wentworth DunnMr. Curtis McLellan EstesMr. William Alexander Fisher IIIMr. Alexander Lanson Franklin IIDr. John William GareisMr. Alexander GastonMr. Edward Paul GibsonMr. Thomas Bartley Gorin

Mr. Lane Woodworth GossMr. William Dunbar Gould IVMr. Haynes Glenn GriffinMr. John Clarke Griffin, Jr.Dr. Clarence Alonzo Grifin IIIMr. Rufus King GriscomMr. John Henry Guy IVMr. Frank Sheffield HaleMr. Robert Goodloe Harper IIIDr. William Mudd Martin HaskellMr. John Drayton Hastie, Jr.Mr. Nathan Van Meter

Hendricks IIIMr. Thomas Denison Hewitt IIMr. William Maury HillMr. Peter Cooper Hitt, Jr.Mr. Robert Hoe Hough, Jr.Mr. Ernest Ogg Houseman, Jr.Mr. David Fitz Randolph Howe, Jr.Mr. William Clay HoweMr. Samuel Draper HummelDr. James Gordon Hunter, Jr.Mr. Herrick JacksonMr. Jay Wayne JacksonMr. Andrew Martin JohnsonMr. Bryan Scott JohnsonMr. Earl Johnson, Jr.Mr. Mark John KingtonMr. Paul Joseph KinyonLt. Col. Bruce Jeffrey

Koedding, USA (Ret.)Mr. Allen LedyardMr. Steven Clay LillyMr. Henry Colwell

Beadleston LindhMr. Henry Hopkins Livingston IIIMr. John Ferratt Macon IIMr. Michael Mason ManeyMr. St. Julien Ravenel Marshall, Jr.Mr. James Thomas MartinMr. Robert Withers Massie IIIMr. William McGowan MatthewMr. Frank Mauran IVMr. Willard McCall, Jr.Cardinal Theodore E. McCarrickMr. Gordon Lange McCayAdm. Kinnaird Rowe

McKee, USN (Ret.)Dr. Jeffrey Sanborn McKennisMr. Charles Francis Middleton IIIMr. Michael MillerMr. Brame Perry Morrison, Jr.

Mr. William Howell MorrisonMr. Spencer Wood Morten, Jr.Mr. Ray Donavon Munford, Jr.Mr. Charles Batcheller Neely, Jr.Mr. Charles Ashton NewhallMr. Charles Edwards Noell IIIMr. Robert Fillmore Norfleet, Jr.Dr. Leland Madison ParkMr. Frederick Pope Parker IIIMr. James Keith PeoplesMr. Theodore Winston PriceDr. William Ivan ProcterMr. Rudolph Stewart Rauch IIIMr. Phyliss K. ReilyMr. Timothy Brian RobertsonRev. Philip Burwell RouletteMr. Douglas Pendleton Rucker, Jr.Mr. Thomas Alonza Saunders IVMr. Hugh Scott IIIMr. Douglas Seaman, Jr.Mr. Peter Hoadley SellersMr. Alfred Lee Shapleigh IIIMr. John Jermain Slocum, Jr.Mr. Andrew Augustus Smith, Jr.Mr. Lee Sparks IVMr. Allen Perkins Spaulding, Jr.Mr. Kenneth Murchison Sprunt, Jr.Mr. Lewis Castleman StrudwickMr. John Stephen Sullivan IIIMr. Richard Winston Thaler, Jr.Mr. Thomas Howard TownsendMr. Scott Edwin TracyMr. William Cattell Trimble, Jr.Mr. Frank Keech Turner, Jr.Mr. Paul Bartlett Van BurenMr. Richmond Viall IIIMr. Robert Manning WadsworthMr. Lee Dudley WalkerMr. Nicholas Donnell WardMr. Marston WatsonMr. George Creighton WebbMrs. Arthur D. Weekes IIIMr. Douglas Reid WeimerMr. Garry Ogden WilborDr. George Burns WilliamsMr. Caldwell Russell WilligMr. Richard Tucker WittMr. Alexander Penn Hill WyroughMr. Christopher Lawrence Young

86 87

Mr. Seth Ronald DuncanDr. Joseph Laurence Dunn, Jr.Capt. Jason Tighe Easterly, USAMr. Antony Taylor EdgarDr. James Burrows EdwardsMr. David Murchison Eggleston, Sr.Mr. Dyson Price EhrhardtMr. Edward Alexis EldredgeMr. Douglas Trowbridge EllimanMr. Thomas Trowbridge EllimanMr. Lamar Hamilton Ellis, Jr.Mr. Adger Gaillard EllisonMr. James Hagood Ellison, Jr.Mr. Corliss William Emery, Jr.Mr. Jeffrey Allen EnglerDr. Nathaniel McGregor Ewell IIIMr. Frank Sprague ExleyMr. Thomas Trail FentonMr. Charles Cuthbert Fenwick, Jr.Mr. Junius Rodes Fishburne, Jr.Mr. Newell FlatherMr. Morehead FoardDr. William Innes Forbes IIIMr. George Lovett Kingsland

FrelinghuysenMr. Benjamin Charles FrickMr. Bruce William FriedmanMr. John Willis FullerDr. George Parker Garmany, Jr.Mr. Muscoe Russell Hunter Garnett IIIMr. Stewart Phinizy Garrett IIIMr. Jonathan Hunt GarsideDr. James Pinchot GastonMr. Peter Parker McNair GatesMr. John Mullette GaultneyThe late Milton Carlyle Gee, Jr.Mr. Thomas Shircliff GloverMr. George Barnett GordonMr. John Tillery Gregory, Jr.Mr. John Edward Griffith IIDr. Lloyd Tayloe GriffithThe late James Alexander Grimsley, Jr.Dr. R. Kennon GuerryMr. Stephen Baylor HallLt. Col. Budd Jaye Hallberg, USAR (Ret.)Mr. Northmore Wilbur Hamill IIMr. James Reid HancockMr. Holmes Plexico HardenMr. Chester Alfred HardyMr. William Harleston, Jr.Mr. David Campbell HarrisMr. Murray David Harwich, Jr.Mr. Harold Frederick Hattier, Jr.Mr. John Maxwell HeardMr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield, Jr.Mr. John Roderick Heller IIIDr. Fraser Cummins HendersonCol. Christopher Vernon HerndonMr. David Fredric HessMr. Joel Dyer HinmanMr. Walter Anderson Holt, Jr.Mr. Brien Purcell HoranMr. Jesse Johnson HordMr. Outerbridge HorseyMr. Edward Charles HortonMr. David Gerald Houck

Mr. Dale Harley HowardMr. Frederick Talley Drum Hunt, Jr.Mr. Henry Hamilton Hutchinson IIIDr. Leslie HutchinsonMr. David Rayner IdellMr. Irby Bruce Jackson, Jr.Mr. Walter Weinhagen JohnMr. William Potter JohnsMr. Frederick DeVeau Johnson, Jr.Mr. Catesby Baytop JonesMr. Robert Taylor Scott Keith, Jr.Mr. Stephen John Kelleher, Jr.Mr. James Yancey Kerr IIMr. William Clarence Kluttz, Jr.Mr. Richard Holmes Knight, Jr.Mr. John O'Donnell KnoxMr. William Winlock LannonMr. Ward Morehouse LeHardy, Jr.Mr. Lewis Laney LeonardMr. John Walley Littlefield, Jr.Mr. Melvin Phillip LivingstonMr. John Beauregard LockhartDr. James Robert LoganMr. John Calvin LongMr. James Stephen Lord, Jr.Mr. Donald Charles LyndeMr. Douglass Sorrel Mackall IIIMr. James Hampton MagruderMr. David Saltonstall MallettMr. John Stewart MarrMr. William Allen MarshallMr. Bradley Anthony Martin IIIMr. Robert Vincent Martin IIIMr. Henry Murray Massie, Jr.Mr. John Worth McAlister IIIMr. Peter Lewis Livingston McCallMr. Charles Scott McCutcheonMr. John Lee McElroy, Jr.Mr. John Lee McElroy IIIMr. Stephen Mather McPhersonMr. Edwin Baylies Meade, Jr.Mr. John Herbert Mears IIIMr. Charles Edwin Menefee, Jr.Mr. Willis Carleton Merrill, Jr.Amb. J. William Middendorf IIMr. Henry Roberts Miller IVDr. Horace William Miller IVMr. Roland Foster MillerMr. George Braxton MitchellMr. George Charles MonteeMr. James Tolman Caldwell MooreMr. Livingfield MoreMr. Wade Hampton MorrisMr. William McGillivray MorrisonMr. John David Stoddard MuhlenbergMr. Matthias Brickell Murfree IIIMr. Brent Drane NashMr. Thornton Lee NeatheryMr. Robert Thomas NewcombMr. William Lytle Nichol IVMr. William Lytle Nichol VMr. Craig Wendell NickischMr. Thomas Lloyd Norris, Jr.Lt. Col. John Edward Norvell, USAF (Ret.)The late Richard Francis OberMr. John Kay Patterson Odell, Jr.

Mr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen, Jr.Mr. Jonathan Williamson ParkerLt. Col. Walter Herbert Parsons III,

USA (Ret.)Dr. Hudnall Weaver PaschalMr. Felix Chisolm PelzerMr. Dennis Lee PetersMr. Faison Thomson PetersMr. Thomas PettigrewMr. Alfred Gaillard PinckneyMr. Richard Booth PlattDr. John Fleming Polk, Jr.Mr. James Wallace Porter IIMr. Joseph Bunn Ramsey, Jr.Mr. Angus Macdonald Crawford RandolphMr. Brooke Reeve IIIMr. Robert Carter ReidDr. Laurie Earl RennieMr. Jonathan Rex RhoadesMr. Cabell Brooke RobinsonMr. Hugh Laughlin Robinson IIMr. John Edward RogersDr. David Paul RoselleMr. Bruce Duncan RossDr. Marshall deGraffenried Ruffin, Jr.Mr. Peter Janney SchwabMr. Nicholas ScullDr. Mortimer Newlin Stead SellersDr. Benedict Joseph Semmes IIIMr. John McConville ShannonMr. Robert Gould ShawMr. John McKay SheftallMr. Robert Arthur ShermanMr. Michael David SherrillMr. Scott DeForest ShilandRear Adm. David Keith Shimp,

USN (Ret.)Mr. James Quincy ShirleyMr. Peter Richard SilvaDr. Hugh Vernon Simon, Jr.Dr. Lloyd Clark SimpsonMr. Joseph Patterson Sims IIIMr. Gregory Bell SmithMr. Randolph Philip SmithMr. Stephen Keese Smith, Jr.Mr. David Wayne SnodgrassMr. Henry Benning Spencer IIMr. Robert Harris SproatMr. Kelly Loyd StewartMr. Clark Tillman StirlingMr. Edwin Tillman StirlingMr. Earl H. StockdaleMr. Ayres Holmes StocklyMr. Prentice Strong IIIMr. Frederick Nash Strudwick IIMr. John Leo Patrick Sullivan, Jr.Mr. Paul Francis Summers, Jr.Mr. Paul Francis Summers IIIMr. Robert Calvin Sutliff, Jr.Mr. Stark Armistead Sutton IIIMr. Kenneth Wayne Sweet, Sr.Mr. Charles William Swinford, Jr.Mr. Jacob Thomas Tanner, Jr.Mr. Charles Kernaghan TarbuttonMr. Benjamin Walter Taylor, Jr.Mr. David Higginbotham Taylor

Mr. Robert Andrew ParkerMr. Walter Wellington Parker IVMr. Bruce Coleman PerkinsMr. Samuel Lloyd Perry, Jr.Rev. Dr. Thomas Frederick PikeMr. James Hilliard Polk IIIMr. George Forrest PragoffMr. Sheldon Ellsworth PrenticeRev. Frederick Wallace PyneMr. David Tilghman RalstonMr. James Conway Rees IVMr. Morgan Cadwalader ReeseMr. Joseph Cheshire RhettMr. David Barrett RichMr. John Ely RiegelCol. Blake James Robertson,

USMC (Ret.)Mr. Thomas Heard Robertson, Jr.Mr. Willis Hunt RobertsonMr. William Randolph RobinsMr. Douglas Glenn RohdeMr. Stanley Frazer RoseDr. Roger Ronald RowellCol. Francis Xavier Ryan,

USMCR (Ret.)Mr. Seymour Sanford SaltusDr. Edward Allen SeidelMr. Stephen Payson Shaw

Dr. James Asa Shield, Jr.Mr. Philip Edward ShuteMr. Ernest Jirard Sifford, Jr.Mr. Lauriston Hardin SigmonMr. James Matthew Slay, Jr.Mr. Michael Kirby SmeltzerMr. Donnell Middleton Smith, Jr.Mr. Sherwood Hubbard Smith, Jr.Mr. Charles Edward StebbinsMr. Charles Albert StephensMr. Thomas Howard Fitchett StickMr. Wilmer Curtis StithMr. James Layton Switzer, Jr.Dr. Paul Kent Switzer IIIMr. Hugh McMaster TarbuttonMr. George William Bagby TaylorMr. James Hopkins TaylorMr. John Douglas Taylor, Jr.Mr. Julius Heyward Taylor IIIMr. Richard Stephen TaylorDr. Samuel Phillip TillmanMr. William Evan TimmonsMr. Robert Mosby TurnbullMr. Granville Gray Valentine IIIMr. Henry Lee Valentine IIMr. Chandler Lee van OrmanMr. Rufus Putnam Van ZandtMr. Robert Pond Vivian, Sr.

Capt. Francis Laughlin Wadsworth, USN (Ret.)

Mr. Stephen Hart WadsworthLt. Col. Wickliffe Wade

Walker, USA (Ret.)Mr. Alexis Cloud WallaceMr. Gordon Willcox WallaceMr. John Hardin Ward IVMr. John Augustine WashingtonMr. Bruce Payne WatsonMr. Christopher Converse WebbMr. Sinclair Weeks, Jr.Dr. John Ranier WeisMr. Samuel Bowman Wheeler IVMr. James Ward WickesMr. Scott Edward WilburMr. Stephen Mills WilkinsMr. Hugh Miller Wilkinson IIIMr. Alfred Williams IVMr. Mason Long WilliamsMr. Rhys Hoyle WilliamsHon. Jere Malcolm Harris Willis, Jr.Mr. William Fletcher WombleMr. Jonathan Tufts WoodsMr. Walter Nelson WoodsonMr. William Frederick YonkersMr. William Robert YonkersMr. Gary Edward Young

SustainersGifts of $250 to $499

Mr. Christopher Cunningham AbbottMr. Gordon Abbott, Jr.Mr. Willard Curtis Agee, Jr.Mr. Thomas Nelson AllenMr. William Joseph Allen, Jr.Lt. Col. William Joseph Allen III, USAFMr. Robert Buehn AndersonMr. Zollie Neil Anderson, Jr.Mr. George Carpenter Arnold IVMr. Robert Carter ArnoldMr. Richard Paxton Badham, Jr.Mr. Charles Joseph Baker IIIMr. David William BaldwinMr. Robert Frederick Baldwin, Jr.Mr. Alban Kingsley Barrus, Jr.Mr. George Robert Bason, Jr.Mr. Michael Timothy BatesMr. Robert Russell BaxterMr. Horace Binney BealeMr. James Payne Beckwith, Jr.Mr. Lloyd Noland BellMr. James Willard Bartlett BenkardMr. Edward Guerrant Read BennettMr. Peter Whitney BoardmanMr. Thomas Parran BondMrs. Chesley Peter Washburn BoothMr. William Crosswell Bowen IIIDr. Ker Boyce IVMr. Francis Bradley, Jr.Dr. James Bernard BreckinridgeMr. Thomas Hamilton BrinkleyMr. Charles Spinola Waggaman Brodhead

Mr. Robert Lawrence BrookeMr. Brian Sperry Brown, Jr.Hon. George Hank BrownMr. William Beckett Brown IIIMr. Clifford Avery BuellHon. Frank William Bullock, Jr.Mr. Jeffry Christian BurdenMr. Archer Christian BurkeMr. Franklin Leigh BurkeMr. Richard Cobb BurkeMr. Philip John BurneMr. William Ware BushMr. Nathan Bushnell IIIMr. Malcolm Lee ButlerMr. Julian Shakespeare Carr IVMr. Logan McKee Cheek IIIMr. Godfrey Cheshire, Jr.Mr. James Webb Cheshire, Jr.Mr. Lucius McGehee Cheshire, Jr.Mr. William Polk CheshireDr. Charles Haile Chesnut IIIMr. Humphrey Hardison ChildersMr. Philip Raab ChristhilfMr. Andrew Henry Christian, Jr.Mr. Michael Steele Bright ChurchmanDr. Jonathan Hubbard Cilley, Jr.Dr. Gaylord Lee Clark, Jr.Mr. George Thomas Clark, Jr.Mr. John Pinckney Clement IIIMr. Rutledge Carter Clement, Jr.Mr. Shawn Christopher ClementsMr. Edward Lull Cochrane, Jr.

Mr. Duncan Hunter CocroftMr. Alan Douglas CongerMr. John Carpenter ConverseMr. Nicholas Trout Cooke IIIMr. William Shaw Corbitt IIIMr. Thomas Bledsoe CormackMr. Gregory Byrd CramptonMr. Robert Masters Crichton, Jr.Mr. Thomas Edward Crocker, Jr.Mr. John Harrison CroweMr. Thomas Pelham Curtis IIMr. George Littleton CushingMr. Charles Kenneth DalgleishMr. William Gadsden DanielsMr. Henry Bedinger Davenport IIIMr. B. F. Paty DavesMr. Robert Gage DavidsonMr. Bradley Craig DavisMr. Robert Lambdin Dawson, Sr.Col. Guy Keller Dean III, USAMr. Ralph Lynn DeGroff, Jr.Mr. Edmund Tompkins DeJarnette IIIMr. Michael Clark DentonMr. Charlton deSaussure, Jr.Mr. Charles William Dickinson IVMr. Paul Mattingly Dickinson, Jr.Mr. Ben Franklin Dixon IVMr. James Morten DodgeMr. William Rinaldo Dorsey IIIDr. John Morgan Douglass, Jr.Mr. Thomas Underwood Dudley IIMr. David Warner Dumas

88 89

Mr. Morton Remick Cook, Jr.Mr. Michael Jackson CoxMr. Thomas Chatterton Coxe IIIMr. Morgan Justus CraftMr. Richard Blair Craig, Jr.Mr. John Deming CraneMr. Render CraytonMr. John Howland Crocker IIMr. Edward Holland Culver, Jr.Brig. Gen. Harry Jirou Dalton, Jr.,

USAF (Ret.)Mr. William Page Dame IIIDr. Henry Jackson Darst, Jr.Mr. William Harley Dartt, Sr.Dr. Charles Davant IIIMr. Byrd Warwick Davenport, Jr.Mr. Harry Augustus Davenport IIIMr. Christian Shannon Paty DavesMr. Chester Logan Davidson, Jr.Mr. Robert Gage Davidson, Jr.Mr. William Douglas DavidsonMr. William Evans DavidsonMr. Edward Morris Davis VMr. Joshua Winborne DavisMr. Victor Weyher Dawson, Jr.Mr. Delano de Windt IIMr. John Dennis DelafieldMr. Harmar Denny Denny IVMr. Herbert Thacker Herr DennyMr. Franklin Moreland DensonMr. Rene Edward deRussy IIIMr. Charlton deSaussure IIIMr. Claude Augustus

Diffenderffer IVCol. George Huntington Dimon,

Jr., USAF (Ret.)Mr. Ernest Stanley Dodge, Jr.Mr. Kirkland H. DonaldMr. Cary McConnell Dougherty, Jr.Dr. James William Dow, Jr.Dr. Charles Edward Francis DrakeMr. Charles Henry DraytonMr. Clark McAdams DriemeyerMr. Theodore Matthew Duay IIIMr. Charles Franklin DuBoseMr. Philip Rowland Church DudleyMr. Charles Halliwell Pringle DuellMr. Andrew Adgate DuerMr. Townsend Helme DunnMr. Ward Westbrook DunningDr. Daniel Delzell Dunwody IIIMr. James Douglas DunwodyRev. David Allard duPlantierMr. John Leveret Dwight, Jr.Mr. Joseph Haynsworth Earle IVMr. David Warren EatonMr. Hugh Garland Edmunds, Jr.Mr. Beverley Purnell Eggleston IIIDr. Richard Schindler ElliottMr. Andrew Strubing EllisonMr. Jackson French Eno, Jr.Mr. Michael Jack EwingDr. Robert Lewis FagalyMr. Charles Edward FarrMr. Charles Jordan FarrarMr. James DuBois Farrar, Jr.Mr. Bradbury Curtiss FennMr. Tylor Field IIMr. Carter Townshend FieldsMr. Edward Smoot Finley, Jr.Mr. Christopher James

Grenfell FintonMr. Timothy Christopher FintonDr. David Hackett FischerRev. Dr. Donald Allston FishburneMr. Michael Watson FisherMr. Robert Randall FlemingMr. Thomas J. Fleming

Capt. William Harry Fleming III,USNR (Ret.)

Dr. Waldo Emerson Floyd, Jr.Mr. Richard Morehead FoardMr. Charles Barstow Wright ForbesDr. James Willson Ford, Jr.Mr. Bradbury Poor FossCapt. Charles Worthington Fowler

III, USNDr. Judson Bolling FranklinMr. William Curtis FredericksMr. Robert Elliott Freer, Jr.Mr. Peter Bailey FritzingerMr. John H. Frye IIIMr. Roland Mushat Frye, Jr.Mr. Middleton Rutledge FullerMr. Robert Sanford FullerMr. David Buffum FultzMr. Adam William GainesMr. Frederic Frelinghuysen

Gaines, Jr.Mr. Frederic Frelinghuysen

Gaines IIIMr. Elbridge St. John Abbott GaleMr. Frank Hutchinson Galloney IIIMr. Alexander Henderson

Galloway, Jr.Mr. William Richard Galt IIIMr. David Henry GambrellMr. Thomas Hall Bidmead GamullMr. Robert John Gang IIIMr. Robert Woods GarlandMr. Arthur Lee Gaston IILt. Cdr. Arthur Lee

Gaston III, USNMr. Bennett Bury GastonDr. David Aiken Gaston IIMr. Walter Winn Gayle IIIMr. David Tyler GearhartMr. Harrison Moncure GehoMr. Henry Clay Gibson, Jr.Rev. Malcolm Douglas

Girardeau, Jr.Mr. Harry Smith Glaze, Jr.Mr. Nicholas Bright GoodhueMr. John Frank Goodwin IIIMr. Scott Madison GoodwynDr. Spencer Gordon, Jr.Mr. William Murray GordonMr. Philip Johnston GossMr. Lewis Ludlow GouldMr. Dana Loomis Gowen IIMr. Lewis Sidney Graham, Jr.Mr. Schuyler Varick GrantMr. Downey Milliken Gray IIIMr. Halcott Pride GreenMr. Philip Hilliard GreeneMr. Richard Drayton GreeneMr. Stephen Davis GreeneMr. George Holeman GreerDr. John GreeverMrs. Margaret P. GregoryMr. William Francis Roelofson

Griffith IIIMr. Francis Ellerbe GrimballCapt. William Heyward

Grimball, USMCMr. William Heyward Grimball IIIMr. Robert Lillard GuthrieDr. Philip Kearny HackerMr. Nicholas Baylor HallMr. Peter Newton HallMr. Thomas Hartley Hall VMr. William Haring HamiltonDr. Donald Lincoln HamnerMr. Grayson Gaillard HanahanMr. James Briscoe HanksMr. William Howard HanksMr. Arthur M. Hardee

Mr. Charles Edwin HarperMr. Gordon Huntington HarperCol. George Bowman Hartness,

USMCRMr. Gregg Wieland HawesMr. Samuel Jackson Hays IIIMr. Charles Waverly Hazelwood, Jr.Mr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield IIIMr. Chance Tileston HeathThe late Gerald Van

Syckel HendersonMr. Jeffrey Sloan HendersonMr. Ronald Holstein Henderson, Sr.Mr. Douglas Merton HenryMr. Frank Lindley HenryMr. Richard Hall HenryMr. Austin Barry Hepburn, Jr.Mr. Peter Lander HigginsMr. Charles HigginsonMr. Jerry Patrick HillMr. Willard Ames Holbrook IIIMr. Shepherd Monson

Holcombe, Jr.Mr. Timothy Hiland HoldenMr. Buell Hollister IIIMr. James Arthur HolmesMr. William Goodwyn Holmes, Jr.Mr. Peter Chardon Brooks HomansMr. Theodore Jervey Hopkins, Jr.Mr. Gerald Wilfred Houck, Jr.Mr. Joseph Berrien HousemanMr. Russell Axson HouserMr. Joshua Ladd HowellMr. William Stebbins Hubard, Jr.Mr. Frank Howard HudginsMr. Peter Martin HudsonMr. George Blaine Huff, Jr.Mr. Daniel Elliott Huger, Jr.Mr. Paul Douglas HulingMr. Michael Frederick HuntMr. Eppa Hunton VMr. Christopher HusseyThe late Henry Critchfield HutsonMr. Henry Wigglesworth IjamsMr. Stephen Whitney IsaacsonMr. Daniel Dana Jackson IIIMr. Joseph Crosby Jefferds IIIMr. Arthur Joye Jenkins, Jr.Mr. Samuel Clark JenkinsMr. Charles Owen JohnsonMr. Francis Claiborne Johnston IIIMr. Norwood Johnston IIMr. Andrew Berrien JonesMrs. Barbara JonesMr. Catesby ap Catesby JonesMr. Edward Harral Jones, Jr.Mr. William Cox JonesMr. Curtis Peter JunkerMr. William Henry Calvert KeganMr. Frederick Rogers KelloggMr. Thomas Richards KelloggMr. Donald John Kendall IIIMr. George Gordon KingMr. Thomas Purcell KingDr. William Walter KingMr. Frederick John Kingsbury VMr. John Merriam KingsburyMr. Christopher Rogers KlomanMr. James Whittle KluttzMr. Alfred Crocker KnightMr. Frederick Henry Knight IVMr. Mark Wickwire KnightMr. John Christian KolbeMr. John Aiken KoonceMr. Nicholas Willson KouwenhovenMr. David Watson KrugerGen. Charles Chandler Krulak,

USMC (Ret.)Mr. John Harold Kuhnle

Mr. Robert Johnston Kyle, Jr.Mr. Frederick Wayne Lafferty, Jr.Mr. Peter Flitner Henshaw LambMr. Garrison Fairfield LaneMr. Robert Harris LargeMr. Robert deTreville Lawrence IVMr. Lewis Peyton LawsonMr. William Johnston Leach, Jr.Mr. Francis Carter LeakeMr. Bruce Young LeamanMr. George Ford LeBoutillierDr. Charles Edward LeeMr. Randolph Marshall LeeMr. William Daniel Lee, Jr.Brig. Gen. Ward Morehouse

LeHardy, USA (Ret.)Maj. Gen. Richard Eldon

Leithiser, USARMr. Charles Holmes LewisMr. Stephan Murray LieskeMr. Peter Michael LighthallMr. Richard Kimball LincolnMr. Alexander Farnum Lippitt, Jr.Dr. John Bertram LittleMr. Warren Masters LittleDr. John Walley LittlefieldMr. Philip Robert Livingston, Jr.Mr. Philip Robert Livingston IIIMr. Robert Gerald LivingstonMr. Alfred Worthington LoomisMr. Joseph Louis LoughranMr. Wayne Magruder LummisDr. Isaac Hayden Lutterloh, Jr.Mr. Frederick Jewett LyleMr. George Gambrill LynnMr. Charles Edwin Genet MacLeodMr. Robert Walker MacMillanMr. Clinton Kilty Macsherry IIIMr. Richard Hammond MacsherryMr. Camden James Palfy MaiwormMr. Daniel Lee MaloofDr. William Muir MangerMr. William Muir Manger, Jr.Mr. William Thayer ManierreMr. Forrest Allen Mann, Jr.Mr. David Hatton Marbury IVMr. Michael Heed MarinerDr. Malcolm Lafayette Marion IIIDr. Francis Swaby Markland, Jr.Mr. John Otho Marsh, Jr.Mr. John Marshall, Jr.Mr. John Randolph MarshallMr. Richard Coke Marshall IVMr. Lansing Ten Eyck MartinMr. Robert Vincent Martin IVDr. Lockert Bemiss MasonMr. John Cooper MastersonMr. Addison Maupin VMr. Peter Flagg MaxsonMr. James Quackenbush May, Jr.Mr. Alexander Galt McAlisterMr. Willard McCall IIIMr. Brown McCallum, Jr.Mr. Brown James McCallumMr. Righton Garnett McCallumDr. Silas Dobbs McCaslinMr. John Warwick McCullough, Jr.Mr. John Octavius McElvey, Jr.Mr. Olin Tally McIntosh IIMr. Robert Milligan McLaneMr. George Hite McLean, Jr.Mr. Elver Webster McLeod, Jr.Mr. Keeler Baird MearsMr. John Gilmer Mebane, Jr.Mr. Nicholas Harvey MerriamMr. William Gadsden King MerrillMr. William Hughes Milam, Jr.Mr. Thatcher Lillie Pierce

Milholland

Mr. Kirby Jennings TaylorThe Double Eagle FoundationMr. William George Thomas IVMr. William Taliaferro Thompson IVMr. Richard Carmichael Tilghman, Jr.Mr. Theodore Ridgeway TrimbleMr. Benjamin Walton TurnbullLt. Col. Robert Fauntleroy Turner III,

USA (Ret.)Mr. John Cole Tuten, Jr.Mr. Roger Browne Tyler IICol. Wilkins Fisk Urquhart II, USAFMr. William Eaton Urquhart, Jr.Mr. Peter Howard Van DemarkDr. Jon Van WinkleMr. James Brinckerhoff Vredenburgh IVMr. Charles Hastings Wadhams, Jr.Mr. Jonathan Wright WadsworthMr. Hunt Bradford WagstaffDr. Edward Waring WalbridgeRev. Dr. Albert Clinton Walling IIMr. Mark Crosby WardWashington Print ClubMr. Jennings Edward WatkinsMr. Scott MacAlpin Watson

Mr. Alexander Webb IIIMr. Bruce Collin WebbEns. Ryan Bradford Weddle, USNRHon. William Dowse WeeksMr. Arthur Lee WeisigerMr. Minor Tompkins WeisigerMr. Ten Eyck Thompson Wellford, Sr.Mr. Peter Rollins WellsMr. Paul Raywood WertherMr. Porter King WheelerDr. Fred Henry White IIIMr. Craig William WhitingMr. Charles Seymour Whitman IIIMr. John Russell WhitmanMr. Kennon Caithness Whittle, Jr.Maj. Gen. Herbert Lloyd Wilkerson,

USMC (Ret.)Mr. Everett Crosby WilletMr. Alexander Guion de Chabert WilliamsMr. Edgar Pomeroy WilliamsMr. Emil Otto Nolting Williams Jr.Mr. George Bruce WilliamsMr. John Jackson WilliamsMr. John Stanton Williams IIIMr. Mark Calhoun Williams

Mr. Phillip Lee WilliamsMr. John Grant Wilmer, Jr.Mr. Knox Randolph WilmerMr. William Breckinridge WilsonMr. James Julius Winn VMr. Samuel Brown Witt IIIMr. Gerard William Wittstadt, Jr.Mr. Frederick Philips Wood, Jr.Mr. Thomas Benbury WoodDr. Denis Buchanan WoodfieldMr. Stuart Dudley WoodringMr. Bartlett Alexander

McLennan WoodwardMr. David Habersham WrightMr. Peter Meldrim WrightMr. Walter Garnett Basinger WrightMr. Edward Avery Wyatt VMr. Franklin Wyman IIIMr. Peter Stuart WyroughMr. Carter Fitzhugh YeatmanMr. Peter Alan YoungMr. William Hugh Young IIIMr. Jerry William Zillion

ContributorsGifts of $25 to $249

Mr. Charles Grant Abbott, Jr.Mr. William Eugenius Adams, Jr.Mr. Mason Gardner AlexanderMr. Thomas Lide Alison, Jr.M.Sgt. Karl Koepke Allen,

USAF (Ret.)Mr. Lewis Stetson AllenMaj. Gen. Ronald Converse Allen,

Jr., USAF (Ret.)Mr. William Thompson AllgoodDr. Robert J. AllisonMr. Peter Amato-von HemertMr. James Kerr AndersonMr. Zollie Neil Anderson IIIMr. John Woodhouse AndrewsAnonymousMr. George Patterson Apperson IIIMr. John Martin Perry ArcherMr. Matthew Fielding ArcherMr. Rodney ArmstrongMr. William Stevenson

MacLaren ArnoldMr. John Bruce AshcraftMr. John William Ashworth IIIMr. Thomas Scott AtkinsonMr. Richard Saltonstall

Auchincloss, Jr.Mr. Brynn Frederic AureliusMr. Edgar Miller BaberMr. Wesley L. BagleyRev. Charles Estell BakerMr. Gordon Charles BakerDr. Robert Binning Fraser BakerMr. Robert Flowers BakerMr. Clyde Louis BaldwinMr. Henry Furlong BaldwinMr. Edward Henry BalfourMr. John Palmer Bankson IIIMr. Ronald William BarnesMr. Anderson Dupre BarrettMr. George Barnes Barrett IIMr. William Hale Barrett

Mr. Francis Lewis Barroll, Jr.Mr. Thomas Martin BartlettMr. George Foust Bason, Jr.Mr. Edwin Warner BassMr. David Erisman Bassert, Jr.Dr. Edward Wescott BealMr. Stuart Morgan BeckMr. Paul Gervais Bell IIIMr. John Bellinger Bellinger IIIMr. Perry Benson, Jr.Dr. Andrew Edward BentleyCol. Christopher Farrar

Bentley, USARev. Henry Farrar BentleyCol. Stephen John Bentley, USADr. Frederic Aroyce Berry, Jr.Mr. James Marcellus BestMr. Richard Thaddeus

Doughtie BetheaMr. Albert Jeremiah Beveridge IIIMr. Wayne Thompson BickleyMr. Christopher Stark BiddleMr. Nicholas Biddle, Jr.Mr. Robert Allan BiggsMr. John Howell BillMr. Leo Price BlackfordMr. James Dulany Blackwell, Jr.Mr. John Davenport Blackwell, Jr.Dr. Robert Earl BlakeMr. George BlowMr. Daniel Joseph BockMr. Stephen Munroe BolsterMr. Charles Daniel Boone, Sr.Mr. Peter Eliot BowlesDr. James Petigru Boyce IIIMr. Lawrence Gregory BoydDr. Robert T. Boyd IIIMr. Daniel Howard Bradley, Jr.Mr. Jonathan Barrett BradyDr. Lucien Edward Brailsford IIMr. Thomas Colton BraniffMr. William Milton Breeze

Mr. Richard Hoag Breithaupt, Jr.Mr. Bartow Hughes Bridges, Jr.Hon. Peter Scott BridgesMr. John Parke BrinkleyMr. Henry Phelps Brooks IIIMr. Henry Phelps Brooks IVMr. Joseph Melville Broughton IIIMr. Benjamin Moseley BrownMr. James Dorsey Brown IIIMr. Jeffrey Alan BrownMr. Nicholas BrownMr. Preston BrownMr. Terry Orville BrownMr. Frank King Bruce IIIMr. John Lawrence Bruch IIIRev. Dr. Jonathan Randolph BryanMr. John Creighton Buchanan IIIMr. William Allen Buckaway, Jr.Mr. James Metcalf BugbeeMr. Stuart Maryman BumpasMr. John Christopher Burch, Jr.Mr. Alexander Taylor BurdenMr. Douglas Norwood BurdettMr. Henry Davis BurkeMr. Marshall Armistead BurkeMr. Todd Alexander BurneMr. Richard Marshall BurrMr. William Corlett Draper BurrMr. Robert Lewis BushnellMr. Edward Overton CailleteauMr. James Duryea CameronMr. Hugh CampbellMr. Cass Canfield, Jr.Capt. John Pearce Cann III, USNRMr. Robert Lyttleton Capell IIIMr. Charles Rising CareyMr. Walter Bliss CarnochanMr. Austin Heaton Carr, Jr.Mr. Charles Albert Carr, Jr.Mr. Henry George Carrison IIIDr. Barry Joseph CarrollDr. Burr Noland Carter II

Mr. Christopher Joel CarterDr. Robert Hill Carter IIMr. Thomas Heyward Carter, Jr.Mr. Thomas Crosby ChadwickMr. Charles Ernest Chamberlain, Jr.Mrs. Charlotte C. ChamberlainMr. Robert Vernon ChandlerMr. David Ashby ChaseMr. James Theodore Cheatham IIIMr. William Thomas Cheatham IVMr. Frank Anderson Chisholm, Jr.Mr. Philip Schuyler Church IIILt. Col. Charles Eugene

Claghorn IV, USAR (Ret.)Dr. Thomas Sterling Claiborne, Jr.Mr. Reuben Grove Clark IIIMr. Robert Murel Clark, Jr.Mr. Andrew Crawford Clarkson, Jr.Mr. Andrew Crawford Clarkson IIIMr. William Clarkson VMr. Rutledge Carter Clement IIIMr. Paul Clemente, Jr.Mr. William Perry Clements IIIMr. Daniel Bolling ClemmerMr. DeWitt Clinton, Jr.Mr. Calvin Hayes Cobb, Jr.Mr. Calvin Hayes Cobb IIIMr. Donnell Borden Cobb, Jr.Mrs. George M. CochranLt. Col. Lewis Cole Cochran,

USA (Ret.)Mr. Richard Edward CoenMr. Francis Palmer CoggswellMr. Walter Andrew ColeMr. David Taylor ComptonMr. Edwin Bryan Connerat, Jr.Mr. Edwin Bryan Connerat IIIMr. Reed Helms ConneratDr. Henry Fairfax ConquestMr. Charles Howland

Warfield ConstantMr. Paul Blackwell Conway

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Gifts to Honor OthersDuring the year ending June 30, 2013, gifts were made to honor or memorialize the following individuals:

Charles Allerton Coolidge III—in honor of Samuel Baldwin Carr, Jr.

Paul Joseph Kinyon—in honor of John Hoey Kinyon

George Forrest Pragoff—in honor of Jean-Melchior de Roquefeuil

H. Kirk Unruh, Jr.—in honor of John Christopher Harvey

James Ronald Wilbur—in honor of his wife, Elizabeth

Mr. Andrew Pickens MillerMr. Clifton Meredith Miller IIIMr. Michael Miller, Jr.Mr. Richard Edmond MillerMr. Stephen Robeson MillerMr. Watts Leverich MillerMr. Charles Neils Monsted IIIMr. Robert Latane Montague IIIMr. John Lewis Montgomery IIDeacon Jonathan Reeves MooreMr. Roger Crawford Moore, Jr.Mr. DeWitt Crawford MorrillDr. Edward Chisolm MorrisonMr. Hagood Sams MorrisonMr. John Stewart Morton IIIMr. Herbert Jaques Motley, Jr.Col. James Stanley Munday,

USAF (Ret.)Mr. M. Bricke Murfree IVMr. Paul Davis MurfreeMr. Stephen Murrin, Jr.Mr. Minor Myers IIIMr. Henry Nanninga IIMr. Spencer Gilbert Nauman, Jr.Mr. William Henry Neal, Jr.Mr. William Henry Neal IIIDr. William Kirk Neal IIMr. John Grosvenor Neely, Jr.Mr. William Verplanck NewlinMr. Richard Everard Meade NicholMr. Christopher Mark NicholsMr. Nicholas Niles IIIMr. Joseph Arnold NorcrossMr. Peter Wilmot NorthCapt. Allyn Sumner

Norton, Jr., USCGRCapt. Kenneth Westcott

Norwood, Jr., USNMr. Andrew Oliver IIMr. Thomas Ranson OpieMr. Edgar Bayly Orem, Jr.Mr. Brian Ross OwensMaj. Gen. Douglas Vincent

O'Dell, Jr., USMCMr. John Arthur O'MalleyMr. James Archer O'Reilly IIIMr. John Roger PageMr. Daniel Thompson PaineHon. George Carter Paine IIMr. Scott Robert PappMr. Francis Hill ParkerMr. James Merrick ParkerMr. Thornton Jenkins Parker IIIMr. William Ford PeckMr. David Joseph PerkinsMr. John Franklin PerkinsMr. William Beckwith Perkins IIMr. James DeWolf Perry VIMr. Benjamin Stephen PersonsMr. Robert Scandrett PersonsMr. Peter John PettiboneDr. Oliver Lewis PicherMr. Oliver Lorenz PicherMr. James Lawrence PickeringAmbassador Thomas

Reeve PickeringMr. Richard Clark PierceMr. Richard Booth Platt, Jr.Mr. Charles Nelson Plowden, Jr.Mr. Rutherford Mell PoatsMr. Peter Joseph Lawrence PondMr. Andrew Hobart PorterMr. Christopher John PorterMr. John Thornton PoseyMr. Mark Lloyd PoseyMr. Waldron Kintzing Post IIMr. William Claiborne PowellMs. Constance PowersDeacon John Michael Powers, Jr.

Mr. Emile Pragoff IIIMr. Allen Douglas PrattCol. James Timothy Pratt V,

USA (Ret.)Mr. Britt Armfield Preyer, Jr.Mr. Robert Means PrioleauMr. Joseph Rich Proctor, Jr.Mr. Alfred Magill RandolphMr. Alfred Magill Randolph, Jr.Mr. Leonard Beale RandolphMr. Daniel RavenelMr. John Ferrell Reed IIIMr. David Ross ReeseMr. Isaac Stockton Keith Reeves VMr. Peter Bounetheau ReevesMr. Matthew Bartholomew ReidDr. David Hopkins Rembert, Jr.Rev. Dr. William Paterson Rhett, Jr.Mr. Louis Sanford Rice IIIMr. Russell Purnell RichMr. Grahame Preson Richards, Jr.Lt. Col. Max James Riekse,

USAR (Ret.)Dr. Ralph Hardee RivesMr. John Douglas RobertsCol. Lawrence Ross Roberts,

USMC (Ret.)Dr. Surry Parker RobertsMr. Walter van Braam Roberts, Jr.Mr. Robert Wayne RobinsMr. Horace Palmer Robinson IIIComte de RochambeauMr. Gardner Spencer RogersMr. Horatio Rodman RogersMr. William Stewart Roberts RogersMr. David Harris RoweMr. Joseph Young RoweMr. Laurence Prince RusseDr. Alexander Preston RussellMr. Donald Thropp RutledgeMr. Henry Middleton Rutledge VIMr. William Fitts Ryan, Jr.Mr. John Waltz Salvage, Jr.Dr. Irwin Taylor Sanders IIMr. William Barlow Sanders IIIMr. Alexander Graham

Sanderson IIIMr. Jon Fredric SanfordMr. Benjamin Cullifer Pickens SappMr. Newell Winfield Sapp, Jr.Mr. Newell Winfield Sapp IIIMr. Winthrop William Sargent, Jr.Mr. Lansdale Ghiselin Sasscer, Jr.Dr. John William SchiffelerMr. Stephen Frederick SchreiberMr. James Owen SchuylerMr. George Cole Scott IIIMr. John Cole ScottDr. Shirley B. ScottDr. Nicholas SellersMr. Lawrence Butler Shallcross, Jr.Dr. John Arthur ShawMr. Richard Burdick SheffieldMr. William Lowe Sheftall IIIMr. John Calhoun Simonds, Jr.Mr. Albert Simons IIIMr. Leonard Henderson Sims IIIMr. John Anthony SiscaMr. Daniel French Slaughter IIIMr. Peter Gordon Sloan, Jr.Dr. Bruce Alexander SmithDr. Christopher Campbell SmithMr. Earl Thomas SmithMr. Edward Samuel Smith, Jr.Mr. Elliott Stowers SmithMr. James SmithMr. James Somers Smith IIIMr. Joseph Judson Smith IIIMr. Raiford Laurence Smith

Mr. William Adams Smith IIIMr. William Oliver Smith, Jr.Mr. Willis Smith IIDr. Ollie Macon Smithwick, Jr.Mr. Richard John Smurdon, Jr.Mr. Augustine John SmythDr. Lewis Stone Sorley IIIMr. David Arrington SouthworthCdr. Michael Henry Spencer, USNMr. William Doerter Spiegel, Jr.Mr. Robert Bruce SpoffordMr. Phineas SpragueMr. Edward Frost StacyMr. William Legare

Stanton StaffordMr. Thomas Arrington

Stallworth, Jr.Mr. Louis Lee Stanton IIIMr. Judson Wilmarth Starr, Esq.Mr. John Mark StephensonMr. Cameron Platt SterlingMr. Henry Dana Stevens IVMr. Robert Warren StevensMr. Charles Walter StewartMr. Robert Garey StewartDr. George Beattie StonemanMr. Charles Hall StopherMr. Charles StuartMr. Michael Hunt StudleyMr. Conrad Boyd Sturges, Jr.Mr. William Peyton SullivanMr. Frank Taylor Sutton IVDr. Richard Neel SuttonMr. Rodman Keenon SwinfordMr. Rodman Keenon Swinford, Jr.Mr. Francis Jacques Sypher, Jr.Mr. Gardner Alexander TaftMr. William Richmond Talbot, Jr.Mr. Frank Talbott IVMr. William St. Clair TalleyMr. Charles Arnold TarbellMr. Henry Cox TaylorMr. Walker Taylor IVMr. William Gilchrist TaylorMr. James Browder Tennant

The Charitable Giving CardProgram of The CommunityFoundation of Middle Tennessee

The Questers Patowmack SeekersMr. Neyle Colquitt TheriaultMr. Abram McComas ThomasMr. James Richard ThomasMr. James Richard Thomas, Jr.Mr. Richard Peter ThomasMr. John Lowell ThorndikeMr. Peter Cabell ThorpMr. Robert Jaquette ThorpeMr. Wallace Newton Tiffany VMr. Albert Tilt IIIMr. Thomas Sumter Tisdale, Jr.Mr. Hugh Harrison TompkinsDr. Llewellyn Morgan ToulminMr. Frank Stone TrautmanMr. Heber Venable Traywick, Jr.Mr. William Robertson TriggDr. Isaac Ridgeway Trimble, Jr.Mr. Guy Temple Tripp IIIMr. Richard Buffington Tucker, Jr.Mr. Thomas Strong

McCready TudorMr. Robert William TurkDr. Toni Richard TurkMr. Benjamin Harrison TurnbullMr. Halcott Mebane TurnerCapt. Thomas Jefferson Turpin,

USN (Ret.)Mr. William Bullard TuttMr. Matthew Morse TwistMr. William Blakely Tyler

Mr. Lewis Tyree IIIDr. Thomas Teackle Upshur IVMr. Edward Everett VaillMr. Philippe Vallantin-DulacMr. Robert Pond Vivian, Jr.Mr. Harry Gambol Walker, Jr.Mr. Norman Stewart WalkerDr. Pierre Andre WalkerLt. Gen. John Furman Wall, USAMr. Littleton Waller Tazewell

Waller IIMr. Christopher English WallingMr. Andrew Henshaw Ward, Jr.Mr. James Jay WardMr. David Warren Ware, Jr.Mr. John Faulconer Ware IIIMr. William Trapnell WarthenMr. Edward Davis Washburn IIIMr. Kenneth Wood WashburnMr. John Knight Waters, Jr.Mr. Lowry Rush Watkins, Jr.Mr. James Morris WatsonLt. Gen. Claudius E. Watts III,

USAF (Ret.)Mr. Richard Beverly

Raney Webb, Jr.Mr. John Wingate Weeks, Jr.Mr. John Harrison Wellford IIIMr. Francis Xavier WellsMr. George Yandes Wheeler IIIMr. William Mills Wheeler IIMr. William Mills Wheeler IIIMr. Henry Chalfant WheelwrightMr. John Maxwell White, Jr.Mr. William Deakins WhiteMr. Edward Bostwick Whitman IIIDr. Eric Leighton WhittallMr. Kennon Caithness Whittle IIIDr. William James Wiggs, Jr.Mr. James Ronald WilburMr. Albert Mims Wilkinson, Jr.Mr. Theodore S. WilkinsonDr. Armistead Marshall WilliamsMr. Charles Seyburn WilliamsMr. David Lee WilliamsMr. George Morgan WilliamsMr. George Thomas WilliamsDr. Mortimer Lee WilliamsMr. Richard Dudley WilliamsMr. John Bolling WilliamsonMr. Thomas Spencer Williamson IIIMr. Anthony WinstonMr. Richard Hungerford WiseMr. Joseph vanBeuren

Wittmann, Jr.Mr. Joseph vanBeuren Wittmann IIIHon. Gerard William Wittstadt, Sr.Mr. George Shaffer Wood IIIMr. Henry Sewall Woodbridge, Jr.Dr. Edward Franklin WoodsDr. Thomas Cooper WoodsMr. James Holt WootenMr. Benjamin Taliaferro WrightCol. Richard Kenneth Wright,

USA (Ret.)Mr. Richard Morgan Wright, Jr.Capt. Richard Taliaferro

Wright, USNMr. and Mrs. Thomas C. Wylly II,

Pam and Tom Wylly Advised Fund of The Community Foundation ofMiddle Tennessee

Mr. Armistead Churchill Young IVMr. James Willard YoungRev. George Zabriskie II

Restricted Gifts

Gifts of $25,000 or moreAnonymous

Gifts of $5,000 to $24,999Mr. Frederick Lorimer GrahamDr. J. Phillip London and

Dr. Jennifer London The Massachusetts Society

of the CincinnatiMr. William Francis Price, Jr.

Gifts of $2,500 to $4,999Mr. Clifford Butler LewisSociety of Colonial Wars in the State of Maryland

Rear Admiral H. Kirk Unruh, Jr., USNR (Ret.)

Gifts of $500 to $2,500John Jay Hopkins FoundationMassachusetts Society

of the CincinnatiMr. Philip W. Pillsbury, Jr.Mr. David Shepherd RaifordMr. Richard Renz RaifordDr. William Postell RaifordMr. William Russell RaifordMr. William C. Trimble, Jr.

Gifts of $100 to $499Mr. Vincent Claud De BaunMr. Galen F. FreezeMr. James Keith PeoplesMr. Warren Masters LittleDr. Hollis Warren Merrick IIIDr. Leland Madison ParkWashington Print Club

Gifts of $25 to $99Arlington County,

Virginia, governmentMr. William

McGowan MatthewPark House Guides at the

Philadelphia Museum of Art

Also $4,265.94 given by anonymous, individual museum visitors

Matching Gifts

AXA FoundationBank of AmericaCapital OneChubb & SonThe Coco-Cola FoundationDuke Energy Foundation

The Elsevier FoundationExxonMobil FoundationThe GE FoundationGenentechIBMJP Morgan Chase

KeyBank FoundationThe William Penn FoundationSunTrust FoundationSymetra FinancialArchie D. & Bertha H. Walker Foundation

92 93

VolunteersThe Society’s growing group of dedicated volunteers contributes significantly to the institution’s ability toaccomplish the wide range of projects that it completes in a year. Many of these volunteers served as museum docents, providing tours of Anderson House to the public and special groups. Other volunteershelped staff public programs and assisted with library research and collections management projects. The individuals listed below have together donated more than 2,400 hours of service, and the Society isgrateful for all of their generous gifts of time.

Mr. Kwasi H. AgyemanMs. Jessica AlvarezMr. John AmodeoMs. Gabriella AngeloniMr. Sergio ArceMs. Fay ArringtonMrs. Marilyn BarthMs. Barbara BatesMr. Eddie BeckerMr. Stefan Brathwaite

Mr. William De CostaMrs. Marcelle Gillette Mr. James D. GoldenMs. Constance GoldingMr. Stephen GreeneDr. Elayne HaymesDr. Frances J. JohnstonMrs. Joanne Jones Ms. Abigail KabakerMr. Doug Kershner

Ms. Laura KriegerMrs. Jean LaForceMs. Beth LamoreauxMs. Caroline MarrisMs. Sarah MathewsMr. Aidan MehiganMs. Katherine MinahanMr. Frank J. PiasonMrs. Mary Louise RaynorMs. Mia D. Sacks

Mr. Gerald SchwinnMr. Brian SmithMr. W. Cannon Spotswood

Mr. Lyle St. DenisMrs. Betsy TunisMs. Alexis YorczykMr. Marko Zlatich

Gifts in KindThe following individuals and organizations made gifts in kind to the Society of the Cincinnati betweenJuly 1, 2012 and June 30, 2013. The range of gifts includes eighteenth-century engraved portraits ofWashington and Lafayette, an 1804 edition of Steuben’s Regulations for the Order and Discipline of the Troopsof the United States, an early-to-mid-twentieth-century Eagle and autobiographical works by members.

AnonymousThe Honorable Peter Scott BridgesMr. Francis Gorham Brigham IIIMr. James Theodore Cheatham IIIMr. Albert J. ClarkeColonial Williamsburg FoundationMrs. Martha Lanier Reeves CottenMr. and Mrs. Robert Gage

DavidsonThe Delaware State Society

of the CincinnatiMr. David Warner DumasMrs. A. Randle ElliottEmbassy of the Republic of TurkeyMr. Richard FletcherMr. Samuel K. ForeMs. Elizabeth FrengelMr. Bob GabaMr. James D. GoldenMr. Stephen H. HanlyMr. & Mrs. Robert Goodloe

Harper III

Mr. John Brewster HattendorfMr. Bryan Scott JohnsonMr. Seth KallerMr. James L. KochanM. Jean-Marie LafontDr. J. Phillip LondonEstate of Mr. Stephen Stringer LushDr. John R. MassMassachusetts Society of the

Cincinnati Family of Alice Churchill MeeksMetropolitan Club LibraryMs. Ellen G. MilesDr. Horace William Miller IVMount Vernon Ladies’ AssociationDr. Leland Madison ParkMr. James Keith PeoplesPrinceton University Art MuseumMr. William Russell RaifordMr. Angus M.C. RandolphMs. Caroline W. RuppMr. Michael Schellhammer

Dr. Mortimer Newlin Stead SellersDr. Judith ShapiroMr. Joseph Patterson Sims IIIMr. James Matthew Slay, Jr.The Society of the Cincinnati

in the State of New Jersey The Society of the Cincinnati

of Maryland The Society of the Cincinnati

of the State of South CarolinaMr. Kelly Loyd StewartMr. Prentice Strong IIIMr. Francis Jacques Sypher, Jr.Mr. Robert Mosby TurnbullCharles-Philippe Gravier,

marquis de VergennesMr. and Mrs. Jack Duane Warren,

Jr.Mr. Douglas Reid WeimerMr. Earl P. WilliamsMr. Kent Dean WorleyMr. Marko Zlatich

The Henry Knox Council George Miller Chester, Jr., Chairman

The Henry Knox Council was inaugurated in 2010 to recognize members who have supported the work of the Society with major gifts or with leadership gifts made on a regular basis over several years. The name of the group honors the hero of our War for Independence who first envisioned our Society, in theoptimistic early days of that war, imagining that it would soon be over—and who held tight to a vision of abrotherhood bound to serve one another and to perpetuate the memory of their shared triumph througheight long years of war. His energy and determination were vital to our nation and even more vital to our Society.

Members of The Henry Knox Council have each contributed a total of $25,000 or more to support thework of the General Society since July 1, 2004. Their gifts have facilitated special work, including libraryacquisitions, the restoration of the ceiling and wall murals in the Key Room at Anderson House, the restoration of the Anderson House tapestries, the acquisition of new finance and development software, the acquisition of a bronze statue of George Washington, the George Washington and His Generals exhibition,as well as the regular programs of our Society.

John Roberts Bockstoce, D.Phil.John Henry BridgerGeorge Miller Chester, Jr.Charles Lilly Coltman IIIEdmund Tompkins DeJarnette, Jr.Robert Houstoun Demere, Jr.Beverly Means DuBose IIIFrederick Lorimer Graham William Hershey Greer, Jr.John Christopher HarveyFrederick Talley Drum Hunt, Jr.Thomas Stephen Kenan III

J. Phillip London, Ph.D.David Arthur McCormickCapers Walter McDonaldKleber Sanlin Masterson, Jr.,

Rear Admiral, USN (Ret.)Frank MauranRoss Gamble PerryWilliam Francis Price, Jr.George Sunderland RichDavid Mark RubensteinThomas Alonzo Saunders IV

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F i n a n c i a l s

The George and Martha Washington CircleRay Donavon Munford, Jr., Chairman

Donors who have made provisions for an unrestricted planned gift to the Society of the Cincinnati aregratefully recognized as members of the George and Martha Washington Circle, named for both Georgeand Martha Washington in recognition of the vital contribution that husbands and wives make togetherto secure the future of institutions they cherish. The life of the Society of the Cincinnati is deeplyenriched by the support of the wives of its members. The following members and their wives have madea commitment to leave the Society of the Cincinnati an unrestricted planned gift.

Mr. and Mrs. William Wallace Anderson V

Mr. and Mrs. George PattersonApperson III

Mr. William North BlanchardMr. and Mrs. George Boyd VMr. and Mrs. Brian Wesley BrookeMr. and Mrs. Malcolm Lee ButlerFather Alberry Charles Cannon, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. James

Theodore Cheatham IIIMr. and Mrs. George

Miller Chester, Jr.Mrs. Frank Anderson Chisholm Mr. Shawn Christopher ClementsMr. and Mrs. Charles

Lilly Coltman IIIMr. and Mrs. William

Shaw Corbitt IIIMr. and Mrs. William

Shaw Corbitt IVMr. Thomas Pelham Curtis IIMr. and Mrs. Joel Thomas Daves IVMr. and Mrs. Robert Gage DavidsonDr. Robert James DevineHon. Raymond Lawrence DrakeMr. and Mrs. Thomas

Clifton Etter, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Henry

Burnett Fishburne, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. John Baxton Flowers IIIMr. and Mrs. Milton Carlyle Gee, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. John Marshall

Gephart, Jr.Mr. Lane Woodworth GossMr. Frederick Lorimer Graham Mr. and Mrs. Henry Ellerbe

Grimball, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Charles Thomas HallMr. and Mrs. David Philip Halle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John

Christopher HarveyRt. Rev. Robert Condit HarveyMr. Maurice Kingsley Heartfield, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. Nathan

Van Meter Hendricks III

Mrs. Samuel Smith HillMr. and Mrs. Barry

Christopher HowardMr. and Mrs. Jay Wayne JacksonMr. Bryan Scott JohnsonMr. and Mrs. George Varick Lauder

(George Lauder died on July 25, 2012)

Dr. and Mrs. Thomas Mikell LelandMr. Allen LedyardMr. and Mrs. George Wright LennonMr. and Mrs. Clifford Butler LewisMr. and Mrs. William Pless LungerMr. David Arthur McCormickMr. and Mrs. Capers

Walter McDonaldMr. and Mrs. William Flagg MageeMr. and Mrs. St. Julien

Ravenel Marshall, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. John Harvey MartinRear Admiral and Mrs.

Kleber Sanlin Masterson, Jr.Dr. and Mrs. Hollis

Warren Merrick IIIMr. and Mrs. Charles

Francis Middleton IIIMr. and Mrs. Philippus Miller V

(Philippus Miller V died on August 18, 2013)

Mr. John Stewart Morton, Jr. (died on August 3, 2011)

Mr. and Mrs. Ray Donavon Munford, Jr.

Mrs. David Franklin MustoDr. and Mrs. Robert Armstead NaudMr. and Mrs. Robert

Fillmore Norfleet, Jr.Mr. William Hoyt OlingerCdr. Francis Avery Packer, Jr.Dr. Leland Madison ParkMr. Frederick Pope Parker IIIMr. and Mrs. James Keith PeoplesMr. and Mrs. Ross Gamble PerryMr. and Mrs. Alfred

Gaillard PinckneyMr. and Mrs. Christopher John Porter

Deacon John Michael Powers, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. George Forrest PragoffMr. and Mrs. William

Francis Price, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Harold Raab

(Richard Raab died on September 25, 2013)

Mr. and Mrs. William Russell RaifordMr. and Mrs. Edward RawsonMr. and Mrs. George

Sunderland RichRev. and Mrs. Philip Burwell RouletteMr. Walker Fry RuckerDr. and Mrs. Edward Allen SeidelMr. Scott DeForest ShilandMr. Sherwood Hubbard Smith, Jr.Mr. David Geise Snyder and

Ms. Sandra Ann ThomasMrs. Wendall Keats SparrowMr. and Mrs. Kenneth Murchison

Sprunt (Kenneth Sprunt died on October 22, 2011)

Mr. Kenneth Murchison Sprunt, Jr.Mr. and Mrs. William

Richmond Talbot, Jr.Mr. Hugh Parmenas TaylorMr. and Mrs. Richard Stephen TaylorMr. and Mrs. Larry Dean TerhufenMr. and Mrs. Frank Keech Turner, Jr.Mr. Chandler Lee van OrmanMr. Jehangir Fuller VarziMr. Charles August Philippe von

Hemert (died on July 6, 2012)Mr. and Mrs. John Hardin Ward IVCountess Anne Marie de WarrenMr. Douglas Reid WeimerMr. and Mrs. John Marc WheatMr. and Mrs. Emil Otto

Nolting Williams, Jr. Mr. Frederick Moery WinshipDr. and Mrs. Denis

Buchanan Woodfield(Denis Woodfield died on April 17, 2013)

Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan Tufts WoodsMr. Gary Edward Young

Financial Statements

Independent Auditors’ Report

The Board of DirectorsThe Society of the CincinnatiWashington, D.C.

Report on the Financial StatementsWe have audited the accompanying financial statements of The Society of the Cincinnati which comprise the statementof financial position as of June 30, 2013, and the related statements of activities and cash flows for the year then ended,and the related notes to the financial statements.

Management’s Responsibility for the Financial StatementsManagement is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of these financial statements in accordance withaccounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America; this includes the design, implementation, andmaintenance of internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of financial statements that are free frommaterial misstatement, whether due to fraud or error.

Auditors’ ResponsibilityOur responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audit. We conducted our audit inaccordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that weplan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement.

An audit involves performing procedures to obtain audit evidence about the amounts and disclosures in the financialstatements. The procedures selected depend on the auditors’ judgment, including the assessment of the risks of materialmisstatement of the financial statements, whether due to fraud or error. In making those risk assessments, the auditorsconsider internal control relevant to the entity’s preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in order todesign audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion onthe effectiveness of the entity’s internal control. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes evaluating the appropriateness of accounting policies used and the reasonableness of significant accounting estimatesmade by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements.

We believe that the audit evidence we have obtained is sufficient and appropriate to provide a basis for our audit opinion.

OpinionIn our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position ofThe Society of the Cincinnati as of June 30, 2013, and the changes in its net assets and its cash flows for the years thenended in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

Bethesda, Maryland Certified Public AccountantsSeptember 25, 2013


Statement of Financial Position as of June 30, 2013

Temporarily PermanentlyUnrestricted Restricted Restricted Total

Assets

Current AssetsCash and Cash Equivalents $ 428,645 $ — $ — $ 428,645Accounts Receivable 1,547 — — 1,547 Bequest Receivable — 500,000 — 500,000 Inventory 84,441 — — 84,441 Prepaid Expenses 30,500 — — 30,500

Total Current Assets 545,133 500,000 — 1,045,133

Restricted Cash — 669,991 — 669,991

Investments, at Market 13,331,157 7,781,572 3,214,953 24,327,682

Property and Equipment 3,291,639 — — 3,291,639

Collections (Notes 2 and 7) — — — —

Total Assets $ 17,167,929 $8,951,563 $3,214,953 $29,334,445

Liabilities and Net Assets

Current LiabilitiesAccounts Payable $ 300,584 $ — $ — $ 300,584Accrued Expenses 61,156 — — 61,156 Deferred Revenue 131,688 — — 131,688 Annuities Payable, Current 4,028 — — 4,028 Retiree Obligations, Current 64,351 — — 64,351

Total Current Liabilities 561,807 — — 561,807

Other LiabilitiesAnnuities Payable,

Noncurrent 30,178 — — 30,178 Retiree Obligations 599,370 — — 599,370

Total Other Liabilities 629,548 — — 629,548

Total Liabilities 1,191,355 — — 1,191,355

Net Assets 15,976,574 8,951,563 3,214,953 28,143,090

Total Liabilities and Net Assets $ 17,167,929 $8,951,563 $3,214,953 $29,334,445

See accompanying Notes to Financial Statements.

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F i n a n c i a l sF i n a n c i a l s


Statement of Activities for the Year Ended June 30, 2013

Temporarily Permanently Unrestricted Restricted Restricted Total

Support and Revenues Contributions $ 755,134 $ 1,568,381 $ — $ 2,323,515 Registration and

Other Meeting Fees 31,645 — — 31,645 Revenue Generating Events 325,714 — — 325,714 Book and Boutique Sales 83,549 — — 83,549 Net Assets Released

from Restrictions 1,328,437 (1,325,937) (2,500) —

Total Support and Revenues 2,524,479 242,444 (2,500) 2,764,423

ExpensesProgram Services

Historic Preservation 797,288 — — 797,288 Museum 737,531 — — 737,531 Library 592,757 — — 592,757 Education 254,856 — — 254,856Communications 94,942 — — 94,942

Supporting ServicesManagement and General 306,937 — — 306,937 Fund-Raising 120,378 — — 120,378

Total Expenses 2,904,689 — — 2,904,689

Change in Net Assets from Operations (380,210) 242,444 (2,500) (140,266)

Nonoperating ActivitiesNet Investment Income 1,364,224 1,092,853 — 2,457,077Change in Retiree ObligationsDiscount Rate 223,062 — — 223,062

Collection Acquisitions (735,120) — — ( 735,120)

Net Nonoperating Activities 852,166 1,092,853 — 1,945,019

Change in Net Assets 471,956 1,335,297 (2,500) 1,804,753

Net Assets, Beginning of Year 15,504,618 7,616,266 3,217,453 26,338,337

Net Assets, End of Year $ 15,976,574 $ 8,951,563 $ 3,214,953 $ 28,143,090



Statement of Cash Flows for the Year Ended June 30, 2013

Cash Flows from Operating ActivitiesChange in Net Assets $ 1,804,753Adjustments to Reconcile Change in Net Assets to

Net Cash Provided by Operating ActivitiesDepreciation 195,781 Net Gain on Investments (2,025,205)Collection Acquisitions 735,120 (Increase) Decrease in Assets

Accounts Receivable 4,761Bequest Receivable (500,000)Inventory (10,631)Prepaid Expenses (16,219)Restricted Cash (53,930)

Increase (Decrease) in LiabilitiesAccounts Payable 284,420Accrued Expenses 11,617Deferred Revenue 75,258Annuities Payable (17,264)Retiree Obligations (223,062)

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities 265,399

Cash Flows from Investing ActivitiesAcquisition of Property and Equipment (78,994)Collection Acquisitions (735,120)Distributions (6,365)Sales of Investments 2,709,464 Purchases of Investments (2,056,460)

Net Cash Used in Investing Activities (167,475)

Net Increase in Cash and Cash Equivalents 97,924Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year 330,721

Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year $ 428,645


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F i n a n c i a l s F i n a n c i a l s

Notes to the Financial Statementsfor the Year Ended June 30, 2013

1. ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY

The Society of the Cincinnati (the “Society”) was organized in 1783 to preserve and promote the ideals of the American Revolution. It was incorporated in 1938 under the laws of the Districtof Columbia. The Society is a nonprofit educational organization devoted to the principles andideals of its founders. In addition to a museum and library at Anderson House, the Society supports scholarships on the Revolutionary War, publications, historic preservation efforts, andother programs to promote increased knowledge and appreciation of the achievements ofAmerican independence.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Basis of AccountingThe financial statements of the Society are prepared under the accrual method of accounting.

Use of EstimatesThe preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptionsthat affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

Cash EquivalentsThe Society considers all highly liquid investments, except for cash restricted by donors, with aninitial maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Accounts ReceivableAccounts receivable are reported at their outstanding balances, reduced by an allowance fordoubtful accounts, if any.

Management periodically evaluates the adequacy of the allowance for doubtful accounts by considering the Society’s past receivables loss experience, known and inherent risks in the accountsreceivable population, adverse situations that may affect a debtor’s ability to pay, and current economic conditions.

Based on its experience with no losses from uncollectible accounts in the current and recent years,the Society has no formal policies for determining that accounts receivable are past due or forcharging off accounts receivable. The current allowance for doubtful accounts is $-0-.

Promises to GiveUnconditional promises to give that are expected to be collected within one year are recorded atnet realizable value. Unconditional promises to give that are expected to be collected in futureyears are recorded at the present value of their estimated future cash flows. The discounts on thoseamounts are computed using risk-adjusted interest rates applicable to the years in which the promises are received. Accretion of the discounts is included in contributions support. Conditionalpromises to give are not included as support until the conditions are substantially met.

The allowance method is used to determine the uncollectible amounts. The allowance is basedupon prior years experience and management’s analysis of subsequent collections. Promises to giveare considered past due and allowances on promises to give are recorded when circumstances indicate collection is doubtful for particular promises to give or as a general reserve for all promisesto give. Promises to give are written off if reasonable collection efforts prove unsuccessful. As of June 30, 2013, there were no promises to give.

Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, cont.

Bequest ReceivableBequest receivable are reflected as support in the financial statements in the fiscal year in which the Society becomes aware of the donors death and an amount can be reasonably estimated by thedecedent’s estate.

InventoryInventory consists of merchandise held for sale to members. The inventory is stated at the lower of cost ormarket using the first-in, first-out (FIFO) method.

Restricted CashRestricted cash consists of highly liquid investments with an initial maturity of three months which arerestricted by donors.

InvestmentsSecurities are held by SunTrust Bank (SunTrust) as agent and custodian. Investments in equity securities with readily determinable fair values and all investments in debt securities are carried at theirfair values in the statement of financial position. The Society has invested in four alternative investment funds: Mondrian Global Fixed Income Fund, L.P., Forester Partners II, L.P., Lone JuniperFund, and Gryphon International EAFE Growth Fund. Investments in the funds are valued based onthe fair market value of the underlying assets of the funds as determined by the fund managers.Unrealized gains and losses are included in the changes in net assets in the accompanying statement of activities.

In 1998, the Society consolidated the investments of endowments, certain temporarily restricted funds,and the board-designated fund into a master trust account. The Society makes distributions from themaster trust for current operations under the total return method. Under the total return method,fund distributions consist of net investment income and may include a portion of the cumulative realized and unrealized gains. The Society’s board of directors establishes a spending rate at the start ofeach fiscal year based on the 20-quarter rolling average fair value of the master trust. To the extent that distributions exceed net investment income, they are made from realized gains and then unrealized gains.

A spending rate of approximately 4.9% for the year ended June 30, 2013, resulted in distributionsfrom the master trust of $1,200,000.

Property and EquipmentProperty and equipment are stated at cost. Depreciation is computed on a straight-line basis over theestimated useful lives of the assets, ranging between three and forty years. The Society capitalizes allexpenditures for property and equipment in excess of $1,000.

The Society made extensive renovations in order to ensure that its collections can be preserved in theircurrent condition or better if restoration work is performed in the future. Cash related to the renovation are included in property and equipment in the statement of financial position.

Historic BuildingThe historic building owned by the Society, Anderson House, was acquired by gift and has been theheadquarters of the Society since 1939. Although the building has a unique history and designation asa National Historic Landmark by the U.S. National Park Service, the Society deems the building tohave a finite life and that the building has been fully depreciated since its acquisition in 1939.Therefore, Anderson House is reflected at no net value in the statement of financial position.

CollectionsThe collections, which were acquired through purchases and contributions since the Society’s inception, are not recognized as assets in the statement of financial position. Purchases of collectionitems are recorded as decreases in unrestricted net assets in the year in which the items are acquired, oras decreases in temporarily restricted net assets if the assets used to purchase the items were restrictedby donors. Contributed collection items are not reflected on the financial statements. Proceeds fromdeaccessions or insurance recoveries are reflected as increases in the appropriate net asset classes.

100 101



Deferred RevenueDeferred revenue consists primarily of deposits for rental events to be held at Anderson House in the next year.

Unrestricted Net AssetsUnrestricted net assets represent the expendable net assets that are available for support of the Society and are included in the following funds:

The Operating Fund includes the general activities of the Society.

The Building, Furnishings, and Equipment Fund was established to account for renovations and improvements to the headquarters building and for the acquisition, depreciation, and disposition of furniture and equipment.

The Capital Replacement Fund accounts for board-designated transfers of funds from the OperatingFund and other funds and their expenditure for capital outlays for property and renovations.

The Library Acquisitions Fund was established to provide a source of funding for acquisitions of library collection items that cannot be funded from other sources, including the Society’s annual operating budget.

The Museum Acquisitions Fund was established to provide a source of funding for the acquisition of newcollection items and/or to preserve and restore the current collection.

The Cox Book Prize Fund supports a prize awarded every third year to the author of a distinguished workof American history in the area of the American Revolution published during the previous three years.

The Board-Designated Endowment Fund consists of funds set aside by the board to be invested, and aportion of the income from this fund is used to provide a base of funding for the Society’s operations.

Temporarily Restricted Net AssetsTemporarily restricted net assets consist of gifts and the accumulated earnings on permanently restrictedfunds that are restricted for a particular activity, which will be expended in future periods, and are included in the following funds:

The Book Publishing Fund was established for items worthy of publishing. To date, this fund has published two books, The Insignia of The Society of the Cincinnati and Liberty without Anarchy.

The Education Fund was established to be used for educational programs. This fund published the bookWhy America is Free in partnership with Mount Vernon.

The Fergusson Fund was established by an anonymous donor to acquire for the library rare books andmanuscripts about the art of war.

The Mason Library Fund was established to acquire modern books and serials for the library.

The Triennial Fund was established to collect from the fourteen constituent societies Triennial assessments that are used for the Triennial celebrations held every three years in a location chosen by the Triennial Committee.

The American Revolution Institute Fund was established to receive contributions to The AmericanRevolution Institute of the Society of the Cincinnati, Inc., which conducts programs to advance under-standing of the American Revolution.

The Fergusson Library Fund was established to benefit the library activities of the Society, particularlycontinued access to, and growth of, the Fergusson Collection.

The Special Projects Fund was established to maintain all temporarily restricted contributions that do not already have a fund in place.


In addition to the funds described above, the Society also has funds that have been accumulated from the earnings of permanently restricted investments. These funds are temporarily restricted for specific purposes and consisted of:

• The Anderson Fund was established by Isabelle Anderson when she gave Anderson House to theSociety to use as its headquarters. Its purpose is to provide income for maintenance and upkeep of the house.

• The Clark Lecture Fund was established by an anonymous donor to support the Clark Lecture andassociated expenses. The Clark Lecture and dinner are held each year on the Friday evening before theexecutive committee and board meetings and subsequent dinner and ball. The lecturer is chosen bythe History Committee.

• The Hoyt Garden Fund was established by Harry Ramsey Hoyt for the purpose of maintenance ofand improvements to the gardens, which include the front lawn.

• The Hoyt Insignia Fund was established by Harry Ramsey Hoyt for the purpose of creating a replicaof the diamond eagle and the paste imitation on display in the front hall, as well as the diamondrosette given to each departing President General. This fund is for anything insignia related and wasclosed in 2013.

• The Stuart Gallery Fund was established in 1971 to support acquisitions and operations of theSociety’s library and museum collections and the Stuart Gallery of the American Revolution within thebuilding. The Society currently construes the modern library as the Stuart Gallery of the AmericanRevolution.

In addition to the funds described above, the Society has additional funds that have been accumulatedfrom the earnings of permanently restricted investments. These funds may be used for unrestrictedpurposes but are reported as temporarily restricted until appropriated for expenditure and consisted of:

• The Knight Fund• The Olmstead Fund• The Phillips Fund• The Westport Fund

Permanently Restricted Net AssetsPermanently restricted net assets are subject to the restrictions of gift instruments requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only be used. Investment income from thesefunds is recorded in temporarily restricted net assets to be used for the purposes stated by the donors.

Restricted and Unrestricted Support and RevenuesThe Society reports gifts of cash and other assets as restricted support if they are received with donorstipulations that limit the use of the donated assets. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when astipulated time restriction ends or purpose restriction is accomplished, temporarily restricted net assetsare reclassified to unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets releasedfrom restrictions.

Allocated ExpensesExpenses are charged to programs and supporting services on the basis of periodic time and expensesstudies. Management and general expenses include those expenses that are not directly identifiablewith any other specific function but provide for the overall support and direction of the Society.

Income TaxesThe Society is exempt from income taxes under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) has determined that the Society is not a private foundation. 102 103



Uncertain Tax PositionsThe Society follows the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification(FASB ASC), which provides guidance on accounting for uncertainty in income taxes recognized in anorganization’s financial statements. The guidance prescribes a recognition threshold and measurementattribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected tobe taken in a tax return, and also provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods, disclosure, and transition. As of June 30, 2013, the Society hadno uncertain tax positions that qualify for either recognition or disclosure in its financial statements.

The Society’s policy is to recognize interest and penalties on tax positions related to its unrecognized taxbenefits in income tax expense in the financial statements. No interest and penalties were recorded during the year ended June 30, 2013.

Generally, the tax years before 2009 are no longer subject to examination by federal, state, or local taxing authorities.

3. CONCENTRATION OF CREDIT RISK

Financial instruments that potentially subject the Society to concentrations of credit risk consist of cashand temporary cash investments held at various financial institutions. As of June 30, 2013, cash in banksexceeded the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) coverage by approximately $817,000.

4. SPLIT-INTEREST AGREEMENTS

The Society is the beneficiary of split-interest agreements in the form of charitable gift annuities. A charitable gift annuity is an arrangement between a donor and the Society in which the donor contributes assets to the Society in exchange for a promise by the Society to pay a fixed amount over thelife of the donor. Assets of split-interest agreements in the amount of $35,117 are presented at fair market value and are included in investments on the statement of financial position as of June 30, 2013.

A summary of the activity affecting the fair market value of the assets as of June 30, 2013, is as follows:

Fair Market Value at June 30, 2012 $ 37,522Interest and Dividend Earnings 1,312Investment Fees (262)Net Gain 1,636Required Distributions (5,091)

Fair Market Value at June 30, 2013 $35,117

Using a discount rate of 1.2% and estimated life expectancies ranging from 3 to 19 years, the presentvalue of the liabilities associated with these agreements is $34,206, of which $4,028 is included in current liabilities and $30,178 is included in noncurrent liabilities.

5. INVESTMENTS AND FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS

The Society has categorized its financial instruments based on a three-level fair value hierarchy as follows:

Level 1 - Values are based on quoted prices for identical assets in an active market.

Level 2 - Values are based on quoted prices for similar assets in active or inactive markets.

Level 3 - Values are based on unobservable inputs to measure fair value to the extent that observableinputs are not available, thereby allowing for situations in which there is little, if any, market activity

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Investments and Fair Value Measurements, cont.

for the asset or liability at the measurement date. The fair value measurement objective is to deter-mine an exit price from the perspective of a market participant that holds the asset or owes the lia-bility. Therefore, unobservable inputs reflect the Society’s judgment about the assumptions thatmarket participants would use in pricing the asset or liability (including assumptions about risk).Unobservable inputs are developed based on the best information available in the circumstances,which might include the Society’s own data.

Following is a description of the valuation methodologies used for assets measured at fair value on arecurring basis as of June 30, 2013.

Registered investment companies (Mutual Funds): Valued at the net asset value (NAV) of shares held bythe Society at year end.

Alternative investment funds: Valued at the fair market value of the underlying assets of the fund asdetermined by the fund managers.

The preceding methods described may produce a fair value estimate that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. Furthermore, although the Society believes itsvaluation methods are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of differentmethodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could resultin a different fair value measurement at the reporting date.

Investments were the Society’s only assets or liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis atJune 30, 2013, and were as follows:

Level 1 Level 3Inputs Inputs Total

Money Market Mutual Funds $ 754,113 $ — $ 754,113U.S. Large Cap Equity Mutual Funds 7,371,728 — 7,371,728U.S. Small Cap Equity Mutual Funds 2,043,277 — 2,043,277International Equity Mutual Funds 3,410,904 — 3,410,904Fixed Income Mutual Funds 6,332,022 — 6,332,022Alternative Investment Funds — 4,415,638 4,415,638

$ 19,912,044 $ 4,415,638 $ 24,327,682

Assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) are as follows:

AlternativeInvestment

Funds

Balance, July 1, 2012 $ 4,272,754Additional Investment —Total Net Unrealized Gain Included in Changes in Net Assets,

in Net Investment Income, Attributable to Assets Held at Year End 142,884

Balance, June 30, 2013 $ 4,415,638

Investment income for the year ended June 30, 2013, consisted of the following:

Interest and Dividends $ 431,872Net Realized and Unrealized Gain 2,025,205

2,457,077Less Investment Advisory Fees (25,620)

Net Investment Return $ 2,431,457


6. PROPERTY AND EQUIPMENT

Property and equipment consisted of the following as of June 30, 2013:

Cost or Accumulated Net BookOther Basis Depreciation Value

Building Improvements $ 5,462,560 $ (2,355,475) $ 3,107,085Furniture and Equipment 461,242 (355,339) 105,903Website Development 92,447 (13,796) 78,651

Total $ 6,016,249$ (2,724,610) $ 3,291,639

Depreciation expense for the year ended June 30, 2013, totaled $195,781.

7. COLLECTIONS

The Society’s collections include artifacts of historical significance and art objects that are held foreducational, research, scientific, and curatorial purposes. Each of the items is cataloged, preserved,and cared for, and activities verifying their existence and assessing their condition are performedcontinuously. The collections are subject to a policy that requires proceeds from their sales to beused to acquire other items for collections.

Books from the library collection that are either duplicates or out of the scope of the collection canbe deaccessioned from the collection and sold at auction.

8. LINE OF CREDIT

The Society has a line of credit agreement with SunTrust. This agreement would allow the Societyto borrow up to $100,000 at an adjustable interest rate. Draws on the line of credit would besecured by the Society’s investment accounts at SunTrust. The line of credit has been renewed andexpires on September 28, 2013. No draws were made against the line of credit during the periodJuly 1, 2012, through June 30, 2013.

9. ENDOWMENT

The Society’s endowment consists of contributions established as donor-restricted endowmentfunds and unrestricted net assets designated by the board of directors for endowment purposes.Net assets associated with this endowment fund are classified and reported based on the existenceof donor-imposed restrictions.

Investment PolicyThe Society maintains a Statement of Investment Objectives, Policies, and Guidelines (the “Policy”).

The Policy’s investment objectives are to:

• Preserve the portfolio’s purchasing power through asset growth in excess of the spending distribution plus the rate of inflation.

• Invest assets in order to maximize the long-term return while assuming a reasonable level of risk.

In order to achieve the objectives stated in the Introduction to the Policy, the Society’s total portfo-lio must earn a rate of return that maintains the purchasing power of the portfolio’s principal valueand spending distributions. Thus, the long-term objective for the portfolio is to earn a return of atleast the Consumer Price Index plus 5%. Given that this benchmark is not directly related to mar-ket performance, success or failure in achieving this goal should be evaluated over the long-term.

Endowment, cont.

In order to evaluate the performance of its managers over the shorter period of a market cycle or fiveyears, the Society has also adopted a market driven benchmark for each manager.

For the portfolio as a whole, the Total Portfolio Benchmark (“Benchmark”) will consist of a suitableindex for each asset class used. These indices will be weighted on a monthly basis according to theSociety’s strategic asset allocation targets listed in Appendix A of the Policy. Appendix C defines thecurrent Benchmark. The Society’s goal is to earn a rate of return on its total portfolio that meets orexceeds the Benchmark return on a rolling five-year basis.

The Society has adopted the following strategic asset allocation. All figures listed here refer to an assetclass’s percentage of the total portfolio. The minimum and maximum weights listed here represent theacceptable allocation ranges for each asset class. Actual asset allocation will be compared to these rangesat least on a quarterly basis. In the event that the allocation to a particular asset class falls outside ofthe acceptable range, the portfolio will be rebalanced at the discretion of the Committee Chair so thatall asset classes are within their permitted allocations.

The overall target allocation for the Society is 52% equity, 33% fixed income, and 15% alternatives.

Asset Class Policy Targets Minimum Maximum

EquityU.S. Large/Mid Cap Equity 23.0 19.0 27.0U.S. Small Cap Equity 9.0 6.0 12.0Non-U.S. Developed Equity 15.0 12.0 18.0Non-U.S. Emerging Equity 5.0 2.0 8.0

Total Equity 52.0

Fixed IncomeAggregate Bonds 18.0 14.0 22.0U.S. TIPS 5.0 2.0 8.0Non-U.S. Bonds 5.0 2.0 8.0High Yield Bonds 5.0 2.0 8.0

Total Fixed Income 33.0

AlternativesAbsolute Return 5.0 1.0 9.0Hedged Equity 5.0 1.0 9.0Commodities (Liquid) 5.0 2.0 8.0

Total Alternatives 15.0

Total 100.0

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Endowment, cont.

Interpretation of Relevant LawThe Board of Directors of the Society has interpreted the District of Columbia’s Uniform PrudentManagement of Institutional Funds Act (UPMIFA) as requiring the preservation of the fair valueof the original gift as of the gift date of the donor-restricted endowment fund absent explicit donorstipulations to the contrary. As a result of this interpretation, the Society classifies as permanentlyrestricted net assets (a) the original value of gifts donated to the permanent endowment, (b) theoriginal value of subsequent gifts to the permanent endowment, and (c) accumulations to the permanent endowment made in accordance with the direction of the applicable donor gift instrument at the time the accumulation is added to the fund. The remaining portion of thedonor-restricted endowment fund that is not classified in permanently restricted net assets is classified as temporarily restricted net assets until those amounts are appropriated for expenditureby the Society in a manner consistent with the standard of prudence prescribed by UPMIFA. Inaccordance with UPMIFA, the Society considers the following factors in making a determinationto appropriate or accumulate donor-restricted endowment funds:

(1) The long- and short-term needs of the Society in carrying out its purposes.(2) The Society’s present and anticipated financial requirements.(3) Expected total return on investments.(4) Price level trends.(5) General economic conditions.

Endowment Net AssetsEndowment net asset composition by type of fund as of June 30, 2013:


Donor-RestrictedEndowment Fund $ — $ 6,873,254 $ 3,214,953 $ 10,088,207

Board-DesignatedEndowment Fund 16,123,616 — — 16,123,616

Total Funds $ 16,123,616 $ 6,873,254 $ 3,214,953 $ 26,211,823

Changes in endowment net assets for the year ended June 30, 2013:


Endowment Net Assets,Beginning of Year $ 15,923,435 $ 6,355,006 $ 3,217,453 $ 25,495,894

Net Appreciation ofInvestments 200,181 1,047,147 — 1,247,328

Appropriation ofEndowment Assets for Expenditure — (528,899) (2,500) (531,399)

Endowment Net Assets, End of Year $ 16,123,616 $ 6,873,254 $ 3,214,953 $ 26,211,823

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F i n a n c i a l s

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F i n a n c i a l s

10. RELATED PARTIES

There are fourteen constituent societies representing the thirteen original states and France.Members of the Society are elected to membership through one of the fourteen constituent societies. The constituent societies and the Society are related through common officers.Contributions from the constituent societies received during the year ended June 30, 2013, were as follows:

The Society of the Cincinnati in the State of Virginia $ 85,000Massachusetts Society of the Cincinnati 15,000Society of the Cincinnati of France 7,691Society of the Cincinnati of Maryland 5,000The State Society of the Cincinnati of Pennsylvania 2,000New York State Society of the Cincinnati 1,500New Jersey Society of the Cincinnati 1,000

Total $ 117.191

11. RETIREMENT PLAN

On September 1, 1984, the Society adopted a defined contribution retirement plan covering full-time employees of the Society. The Plan is a qualified plan under the Internal Revenue Code.

On January 1, 2006, the Society amended the Plan to include a 401(k) provision. Under the Plan’s safe harbor provision, a non-elective contribution equal to 3% of eligible compensation will be made by the Society each year. The Society may elect to make additional profit sharing contributions to the Plan as well. The total retirement plan expense for this Plan was $113,145 for the year ended June 30, 2013.

12. RETIREE OBLIGATIONS

In addition to the above qualified plan, the Society maintains a second, non-qualified, non-funded plan that provides monthly payments to retired employees who have completed tenyears of service. The monthly benefit is determined by a formula that includes salary history,length of service, and benefits under the qualified plan. The Society also continues to providehealth insurance to its retired employees. This benefit for retirees is unfunded and the benefits arefixed at the time of retirement. As of June 30, 2013, all but one of the eligible participants in thisPlan are retired and receiving payments. Effective April 25, 2009, the Plan was amended to ceaseaccrual of pension and health benefits for employees hired after April 25, 2009, (defined as plancurtailment).

The assets of the Society are used to pay the benefits of eligible retirees. Benefits paid to retireeswere $61,181 for the year ended June 30, 2013. As of the measurement date, June 30, 2013, the retirement plan had an unfunded liability of $663,721.

Amounts recognized in the statement of activities consisted of:

Service CostRetirement Benefits $ 46,583Health Benefits 6,217

Total Service Cost (Retirees’ Expenses) 52,800Gain (223,062)

Net Periodic Pension Benefit $ (170,262)

Retiree Obligations, cont.

The following weighted-average assumptions are used in accounting for the Plan:

Discount Rate 4.28%Rate of Compensation Change (Active Participants) 3.00%

The assumptions used to determine benefit obligations and net periodic pension cost changed during the year ended June 30, 2013, by reducing the expected future health insurance paymentsfor one employee. In addition, the assumptions for life expectancy and discount rates were determined based on the IRS tables.

Compensation and insurance benefits expected to be paid in future fiscal years are as follows:

For the Years Ending June 30,2014 $ 64,3512015 64,3512016 64,3512017 64,3512018 64,351Thereafter 622,549

Total Amounts Owed 944,304Less Amount Representing Interest (280,583)

Net $ 663,721

13. SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

The Society has evaluated subsequent events through September 25, 2013, the date on which the financial statements were available to be issued.

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Investment CommitteeRobert Mosby Turnbull, Chairman John Lawrence Bruch IIIKeith Armistead Carr Paul Clemente, Jr. Peter Mapes Dodge James Hagood Ellison, Jr. Thomas Poynton Ives Goddard Jay Wayne Jackson Paul Joseph Kinyon Robert Vincent Martin III John Arthur O’Malley John Ridgely Porter III Robert Bland Smith, Jr. Mark Crosby Ward Alexander Penn Hill Wyrough

Pensions and Benefits CommitteeFrank Keech Turner, Jr., Chairman Capers Walter McDonaldWilliam Postell Raiford, Ph.D. John Jermain Slocum, Jr.

History CommitteeBryan Scott Johnson, Chairman Cordell Lee Bragg III, M.D. Professeur Olivier Chaline Walter Bellingrath Edgar, PhD. David Hackett Fischer, Ph.D. Nicholas Gilman Lane Woodworth Goss Barry Christopher Howard Clifford Butler Lewis James Robert Logan, Jr., M.D. William Joseph Longan, Jr. Herbert Jaques Motley, Jr. Ferdinand Henry Onnen III William Francis Price, Jr. Kenneth Duane Roach Mortimer Newlin Stead Sellers, Ph.D. John Jermain Slocum, Jr. Randolph Philip Smith Thomas Howard Townsend Edward Franklin Woods, D.M.D.

Education CommitteeClifford Butler Lewis, Chairman Cordell Lee Bragg III, M.D., Vice Chairman Marion Tyus Butler, Jr. Walter Bellingrath Edgar, Ph.D. Joel Thomas Daves IV John Morgan Douglass, Jr., Ph.D. Bradbury Poor Foss George Ross French, Jr. Outerbridge Horsey

Bryan Scott Johnson Hardwick Smith Johnson, Jr., Ed.D. Thomas Mikell Leland, M.D., Ph.D. William Howell Morrison Herbert Jaques Motley, Jr. Leland Madison Park, Ph.D. James Orlo Pringle, M.D. William Postell Raiford, Ph.D. George Sunderland Rich Randolph Philip Smith Fred Henry White IV

French & American Exchanges CommitteeFrank Mauran IV, Co-Chairman Dominique, comte de Roquefeuil, Co-Chairman Jay Wayne Jackson Hollis Warren Merrick III, M.D. Charles Francis Middleton III Brame Perry Morrison, Jr.Philip Winston Pillsbury, Jr. John Ridgely Porter III Kenneth Murchison Sprunt, Jr. Alexis Cloud Wallace

Development CommitteeWilliam Francis Price, Jr., Chairman George Miller Chester, Jr. Joel Thomas Daves IV John Christopher Harvey Ray Donavon Munford, Jr. George Sunderland Rich Frank Keech Turner, Jr. Jonathan Tufts Woods

Annual Giving CommitteeJoel Thomas Daves IV, Co-Chairman Frank Keech Turner, Jr., Co-Chairman John Kirkland Burke, Jr. David William Chester Shawn Christopher Clements DeWitt Clinton, Jr. Charles Allerton Coolidge III James Hagood Ellison, Jr. Thomas Poynton Ives Goddard Francis Ellerbe Grimball David Peter Kollock Robert Vincent Martin III Anthony Westwood Maupin Hollis Warren Merrick III, M.D. William Howell Morrison Ferdinand Henry Onnen III James Orlo Pringle, M.D. Edward Franklin Woods, D.M.D.

Committees of The Society of the Cincinnati (a Corporation)

Executive CommitteeRoss Gamble Perry, PresidentJonathan Tufts Woods, Vice PresidentWilliam Pless Lunger, SecretaryJohn Christopher Harvey, TreasurerJames Bradley Burke, Assistant SecretaryFrank Keech Turner, Jr., Assistant TreasurerWilliam Polk Skinner, SolicitorJack Duane Warren, Jr., Executive Director

Audit CommitteePeter Mapes Dodge, Co-Chairman Nicholas Gilman, Co-Chairman Palmer Clarkson Hamilton

Building and Grounds Committee William Postell Raiford, Ph.D., ChairmanMark Crosby Ward, Vice Chairman Wayne Chatfield-Taylor II DeWitt Clinton, Jr. Harry Lowell DavisGeorge Wright Lennon Lt. Col. Howard Sandland Lincoln James Robert Logan, Jr., M.D. Anthony Westwood Maupin Charles Francis Middleton III Richard Eveland Miller William Hoyt Olinger Frederick Pope Parker III Philip Winston Pillsbury, Jr. John Ridgely Porter III Lee Sparks IV Thomas Howard Townsend John Augustine Washington William Frederick Yonkers

Museum CommitteeJ. Phillip London, Ph.D., Chairman Capers Walter McDonald, Vice Chairman James Gilbert Baldwin, Jr., M.D. David Erisman Bassert, Jr. Keith Armistead Carr George Miller Chester, Jr. Shawn Christopher Clements Joel Thomas Daves IV Peter Mapes Dodge Thomas Clifton Etter, Jr. Timothy Christopher Finton Bradbury Poor Foss Alexander Lanson Franklin II

Lane Woodworth GossMarco Grassi Palmer Clarkson Hamilton William Maury Hill St. Julien Ravenel Marshall Frank Mauran Richard Eveland Miller Ferdinand Henry Onnen III James Keith Peoples Rev. Philip Burwell Roulette Stephen Payson Shaw Thomas Howard Townsend Gary Edward Young

Library CommitteeLeland Madison Park, Ph.D., Chairman John Jermain Slocum, Jr., Vice Chairman Hon. Richard Bender Abell John Roberts Bockstoce, D.Phil., D.Sc.John Lawrence Bruch III James Theodore Cheatham III Thomas Edward Crocker, Jr. Robert Gage Davidson Walter Bellingrath Edgar, Ph.D. Thomas Clifton Etter, Jr. David Hackett Fischer, Ph.D. Frederick Rogers KelloggGeorge Wright Lennon J. Phillip London, Ph.D. Capers Walter McDonald Frank Mauran Frederick Pope Parker III Richard Renz Raiford Alexander Preston Russell, M.D. Mortimer Newlin Stead Sellers, Ph.D. Robert Arthur Sherman Robert Mosby Turnbull Nicholas Donnell Ward

Under the bylaws of the corporation, the solicitor and the executive director have seat and voice, but novote, in the deliberations of the executive committee.The president and the executive director are ex officiomembers of all other committees of the corporation.The treasurer is an ex officio member of the Audit,Pensions and Benefits and Investment committees.

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State Associations Liaison CommitteeEmile Pragoff III, Co-Chairman Stephen Payson Shaw, Co-Chairman William Mudd Martin Haskell, M.D. Richard Holmes Knight, Jr. Thomas Mikell Leland, M.D., Ph.D.William Joseph Longan, Jr. Charles William Swinford, Jr. Fred Henry White IV Ross Gamble Perry, ex officio

Committee on NominationsRear Admiral Kleber Sanlin Masterson, Jr., Chairman

Bradbury Poor Foss New Hampshire Lane Woodworth Goss MassachusettsJay Wayne Jackson ConnecticutFrank Mauran Rhode Island William Francis Price, Jr. New YorkNicholas Gilman New Jersey Harry Lowell Davis PennsylvaniaJames Keith Peoples DelawareOuterbridge Horsey MarylandRobert Fillmore Norfleet, Jr. VirginiaRay Donavon Munford, Jr. North CarolinaWilliam Howell Morrison South CarolinaMarion Tyus Butler, Jr. GeorgiaBernardmarquis de Montferrand FranceRoss Gamble Perry, ex officio

Committees of The Society of the Cincinnati (Unincorporated)

Documents

This annual report was made possible by donors to the … · 2017-07-23 · generous in our history. Others joined them, including the Massachusetts Society and Cliff Lewis (Pa.)