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TECHNICAL REPORT 71-43-ES

MORPHOMETRY OF LANDFORMS: DRUMLINS

by

3. FRANK BARNETT, JR.

and

PETER G. FINKE

May 1971

Earth Sciences Laboratory U.S. ARMY NATICK LABORATORIES Natick, Massachusetts 01760

SexJLes: ES-63

r

FOREWORD

From late 1968 to mid-1970 the Earth Sciences Laboratory of U. S. Army Natick Laboratories measured slopes on drumlins in the northeastern United States and in southern Germany. This report outlines the field measurement techniques and summarizes the data as a contribution to the general bank of ground-truth information fundamental to descriptive classification of terrain for military and scientific purposes.

Drumlins were chosen for study because these glacially de- posited hills are distinctive locally accessible landforms useful in developing and evaluating a methodology for describing any terrain quantitatively« They are of military interest as factors affecting visibility, mobility, fields-of-fire, and defilade.

The work reported here is a step toward classifying glaci- ated terrain quantitatively by describing component landforms in- dividually. Additional field measurements of associated landforms will establish a base from which classification of broader areas can be made from airphotos or topographic caps. The same method- ology will be applicable to descriptive classification of terrains other than glacial.

ii

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ORIGINATING ACTIVITY (Corporate author)

U.S. Array Natick Laboratories Natick Massachusetts 01760

2«. REPORT SECURITY CLASSIFICATION

llNf.lASSlFIKÜ lb. GROUP

3- REPORT TITLE

KQRPHOMETRY OF LANDFORMS: DRUMLINS

4 DESCRIPTIVE NO T E S ( Type ot report and IncluBtve datee)

3. AUTHORISI (Flrat name, middle initial, Jail name)

H. Frank Barnett, Jr. and Peter G. Finke

«. REPORT DATE

May 1971 •a. CONTRACT OR GRANT NO.

b. PROJECT NO.

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34 76. NO OF REFS

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71-43-ES

»*. OTHER REPCRT NOIS) (Any other nuxbera that may be aeel0tad thte report)

ES-63 10. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT

This document has been approved for public release and sale; its distribution is unlimited.

II SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 12. SPONSORING MILIT ARY ACTIVITY

U.S. Army Natick Laboratories Natick, Mass. 01760

Lengths, widths, heights, and asymmetries of 55 drumlins in Massachusetts, New York, and southern Germany are derived from 46 miles of traverse. Slope gradients and lengths were measured in the field as a basis for quan- titative description of a glacial landform significant to military operations and materiel.

DDlMOV«ll473 OIMLITI FO» «»MV Uli. UN CLASS I Fl El) Sprurirv danNlfiratin

UNCLASSIFIED Security CUsttflotlon

KEY mono* (tout ROUE

Length

Width

Height

Asymmetry

Drumlins

Quantitative

Description

Landforms

Glacial features

Military requirements

8

8

8

8

9

0

4

4

4

4

UNCLASSIFIED Security CUsaltlcatloA

MORPHOMETRY OF LANDFORMS: DRUMLINS

Contents

Page

List of Illustrations iv

Abstract v

Purpose and Application 1

Results 3

Limitations of the Study 4

Definitions A

Historical Background 5

Study Areas 6

Field Methods 8

Data Compilation and Interpretation 13

Explanation of Selected Drumlin Profiles 18

Recommendations for Further Study 21

Bibliography 23

Appendices 25

iii

ILLUSTRATIONS

Figures Page

1 Drumlins measured in the HUDSON APIA, Massachusetts 9

2 Drumlins measured in the WEEDSPORT AREA, New York 10

3 Drumlins measured in the EBERFING AREA, Germany 11

4 Drumlins measured in the BODANRUCK AREA, Germany 12

5 Cumulative slope-gradient frequencies 15

6 Field-measured profiles of drumlin, EBERFING AREA 19

7 Field-measured profiles of drumlin, HUDSON AREA 20

Tables

1

2

Slope-gradient frequencies

Summary of mean drumlin dimensions, by areas

14

17

APPENDIX

Dimensions of individual drumlins A. HUDSON AREA 25

B. WEEDSPORT AREA 27

C. EBERFING AREA 29

D. BODANRtfCK AREA 31

E. CATO, CAYUGA, and 33 ROSENHEIM AREAS

iv

ABSTRACT

Lengths, widths, heights, and asymmetries of 55 drumlins in

Massachusetts, New York, and southern Germany are derived from 46

miles of traverse, Slope gradients and lengths were measured in

the field as a basis for quantitative description of a glacial

landform significant to military operations and materiel.

MORPHOMETRY OF LANDFORMS: DRUMLINS

;

;

Purpose and Application

The data of this study are intended to provide ground-truth control for modeling terrain in glaciated regions dominated by drum- 11ns. The data are a contribution to the bank of detailed informa- tion essential to development of regional quantitative terrain de- scriptions guiding design, test, and use of military materiel. The field and data-analysis techniques used illustrate a methodology for landform description.

Augmented by field measurements of associated landforms, these data can form the basis for quantitative description of broad tracts of glacially deposited terrain throughout the Northern Hemisphere.

Glaciated areas are significant to military operations. They occur over 33.6 to 54.8 million square kilometers (12 to 20 million quare miles) of the earth's surface (Charlesworth, 1957, p. 704;

see tabulation below), More than half of the areas in the Northern Hemisphere are in North America, and more than half of the remainder in northwest Europe. \

Region Surface Area (million sq km)

Investigator

Antevs Penck Valentin

North Europe and west 3.3 13.0 j.0.2 Siberia

East and southeast Siberia) 3.2 1.5 Central Asia ) 3.3 0.5 1.5 Faeroes and Iceland, etc. 0,1 0.4 Greenland 2.0 3.0 2.3 North America 11.5 16.7 15.8 Temperate and Tropical 2.4 0.1*

latitudes Patagonia and Antarctic 1.4 1.0**

Islands Antarctic continent 13.5 14.5 14.0***

Totals 33.6 54.8 46.8

*Australasia **South America ***Antarctica

No estimate is available to suggest trie total number of drumlins. They are, however, more widespread than is generally recognized.

Quoting from Charlesworth (1957;, p, 393: British druc&lins are especially well developed in County Donegal, Count., Mayo and m north- east Ireland where they extend from the Ards Peninsula to the Shannon and County Louth and constitute one of the biggest continuous drumlm countries in the world; in Galloway, the Tweed Valley and the Midland Valley in Scotland; in Wensleydale, the neighborhood of Kendal, Oxen- holme and the Ribble Valley, between Helline^d and Skipton, in :he Vale of Eden and Solway area in England; and in Anglesey and the Wrexham district in north Wales. On the mainland of Europe . . . they are found in various parts within the Alpine glaciation and, relatively rarely, in north Germany, in Holland, and in Jutland and Denmark. They have been recorded from the lands east and southeast of the Baltic and from Poland, the Ukraine and F"nnoscandia (e.g., Narke, Ostergotiand, Vastergotland, Finland), Forms have been identified with them trom central France, the Dinaric Alps, Tienshan, Siberia, Novaya Zemlya and China.

"North American drumlins are grouped mainly in five areas: (a; Manitoba and Athabasca; (b) New England, ranging from Ontario, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia (2300 in the southwest; through south Maine and New Hampshire (c. 700) to Connecticut and Massachusetts (c. 1800), including 180 about Boston; (c) Michigan and Wisconsin, of whose 5000 drumlins 1400 are situated in the southeast; and (d) central Western New York. This state has one of the most remarkable groups in the world; the belt which is 35 miles (56 km) broad and 140 miles (c. 225 km) long between Lake Ontario and the Finger Lakes and rises to 1700 ft (518 m), comprises 5000 sq. miles (c. 13,000 sq. km) and over 10,000 drumlins. Where set close, they are 20-35 per 4 square miles, though 5 to the square mile is common and 3 is the average ... A fifth area occurs in British Columbia where they probably number several hundred thousand."

Results

Slopes were measured on 55 drumlins in classic areas ci drumlin occurrence - north-central Massachusetts, central-western New Ttork, and southern Germany, Gradients and lengths of 3200 slope segments vslope- distance increments) totalling more than 46 miles of traverse, recorded on EAM punch cards, are the data from which quantitative expressions of drumlin size, shape, and asymmetry have been derived.

Limitations of the Study

Although the 46 miles of walked traverses on drumlins appear to be the most intensive field measurements availablei the data express an exact range of values for only the 55 features measured. It is reason- able to assume a closely similar range for the drumlins associated with those measured; but it cannot be assumed that the range is more than a first approximation for all drumlins of the world.

Features with smooth oval, elliptical, or rounded ground plans were chosen for measurement whenever possible, in the hope that the in- formation might thus serve both military and academic glaciclogical in- terests. Sampling, therefore, was not random, but unpredictable cir- cumstances of accessibility and cultural development forced a measure of randomness upon final field selection.

The study considers only the geometry of drumlin surfaces, rather than cover, composition, or internal structure.

Within the limitations of the sampling, the density of traverse lines (four per feature), and the precision of the measuring instru- ments (gradients to one degree, distances to two percent of actual), the data are accurate.

Definitions

Drumlins are oval, elliptical, or elongated hills formed under thick ice sheets as accumulations of clayey stoney material compacted and streamlined by pressure of the moving ice. Long axes of the features are parallel with major direction«? of ice movement and, approximately, with orientations of scratches on associated bedrock overridden by the ice. The material of drumlins is generally unlayered and directionless, al- though bedrock knobs, waterlaid sand and gravel, and stress-layering may be included. Thin surface soils on the clayey substratum usually support only pasturage, fodder, orchard, and tree crops.

Drumlins usually occur as "fields" - a large number of features in a group, close together and sometimes coalescing near their bases. Among the better-known fields of North America are those in Massachusetts, New v.rk, Wisconsin, Manitoba, Ontario, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. ii Europe, such groupings are found principally in Germany, Ireland, England, and Switzerland.

Drumlin shapes tange widely, to include smooth oval hills, almost- round mounds, and elongated ridges; some are double-tailed, have, undulat~ ing crestlines, or show other irregularities in plan or protile. Heights range from 20 feet to at least 200 feet; lengths, trom several hundred feet to a few miles. In spite of their irregularities, drumii:» meet Barton's (1893) ideal as "the most symmeciical and giacei^i hill that nature produces".

Historical Background

Earliest recorded interest in the picturesque, gracefully rounded hills now known as drumlins was in Ireland and Scotland, in the "basket- of-eggs'', "bag-of-potatoes" countrysides. Bryce used th'i trim drumim in 1833, Close brought it into glacial literature in 1866; W. M. Da»is in- troduced it into America in 1884, thereby retiring more colonul but less objective terms such as sow-back, whale-back, horse-back, mammillary or elliptical hill, lenticular hill, parallel ridges, drift hill.

i Sir James Hall in 1813 wrote of hills near Edinburgh, commenting

that their rubbish-like irregular composition must result from some cause other than "ordinary detritus and wearing away of the land"; he favored earthquake waves as that cause. M, H. Close, writing in 1866 of rocks near Dublin, made the first clear reference to dramlin« as directly dependent upon glacial action for their form; their parallelism with neighboring striae on bedrock led him to this interpretation.

l| The ensuing several decades of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries saw considerable interest in drumlins as part or the glacial scene. Nearly all the investigations, however, were qualitative sur- ficial studies directed toward explanation of possible origin; quanti- tative description was only rarely a product of the investigations. Ebers' (1926) collection of drumlin shape and size data was one outstand- ing such product, although many of these J ta are tor broad ranges and mean val.ies which are imprecise numerical descriptions. Actual neii measurements of drumlin slopes seem never to have been published.

Quoting from Smalley and Unwin (1968): " „ . . although mu.-h has been written about drumlins, very little hard tact ha~ emerged. Only recently, in accordance with ehe general trend in geomcrphology, nas the quantitative investigation of drumlins and drumlin rieids been under- taken, Chorley (1959) has given a meaningful interpretation cr the shape of drumlins; Reed and others (1962) have measured discribucions and orientations, and Vernon (1966) has measured spacings and distribution; these three papers represent the basis of the new approach tc the problem of drumlin formation."

The data of this report contribute "hard, fact" descriptions of the three-dimensional form of drumlins.

Study Areas

Investigations were conducted in areas long accepted by geologists cs drumlin fields» to permit correlation of measurement data with pub- lished information and to minimize identification and verification of features in the field.

Sampling density (number of features measured relative to the num- ber occurring in a definab'.'- area) differed greatly in the several areas studied. In Germany the drjnlin fields were relatively small and clearly separable from adjacent non-drumlin landscapes; in New York the great number and extent of drumlins make a quantitative expression of sampling density almost meaningless; in Massachusetts, sampling was limited to an apparent local field. The following tabulation is, therefore, illustra- tive only with the above limitations in mind:

Area

Hudson (quadrangle), Mass. Weedsport (quadrangle), N. Y, Eberfing, Germany Bodanrü'ck, Germany Cato (quadrangle), N. Y. Cayuga (quadrangle), N. Y. Rosenheim, Germany

*Reed and others, 1962.

The Hudson Area, Massachusetts, (Figure 1), west of Boston and in- cluding the town of Hudson, occupies approximately the southern half of the Hudson 7 1/2-minute topographic series map of the U. S. Geological Survey (1966) at a scale of 1:24,000 and a contour interval of 10 feet.

Alden (1924) investigated drumlins of the Hudson area as early as 1906. More recently, W. R. Hansen (1956) published Geological Survey Bulletin 1038 discussing the geology of the Hudson and adjacent Maynard quadrangles. Drumlins measured in the Hudson area were chosen from Hansen 's surficial geology map.

Approx. Percent Total Drumlins of

Drumlins Measured Total

56 17 30 71* 9 13 45 13 29 70 10 14 85* 1 — 90 2 ——

15 3 20

The Weedsport Area, New Yorkt (Figure 2;, transected east to west by the valley of the Seneca River and including the town or Weedsport, is depicted topographically on the Weedsport "I i/2-minute topographic series map of the U, S„ Geological Survey (i954) at a scale ct 1:24,000 and a contour interval of 10 leet,

The Cato and Cayuga Areas., .Njsw ^ork, adja:~m to Weedsport and part of the same large drumlin field, are also shewn &n U S C-^cicgical Survey topographic 7 1/2-minute maps. (Figures showing individual drum- lins measured are not included in this repoit bec;i-»c cni} -.taee widely separated features were measured.;

The New York areas were recognized as a drumlin field at least as early as 1882. A recent map and airphoto anal>iis (Reed, Galvin, and Miller, 1962) of 71 features in the Weedsport quadrangle presents data on form, orientation, and spacing which are amenable to correlation with the field data of this report.

The Eberfing Area, Germany, (Figure 3), southwest of Munich and Wurm (Starnberger) See and including the towns of Ebenmg and Marnbach, is on the Seeshaupt and Iffeldorf topographic sheets published by the Bayerisches Landesvermessungsamt (1959) at a scale ot 1:25,000 and a contour interval which varies from one to ten meters according tc the steepness of the slopes. (Figure 3 is from a l:50,000~scale map.)

Named by Rothpletz (1917), the Eberfing Drumlin Field has been well documented by several glaciologists. Ebers (1925, 1926) referred to it as "one of the most beautiful drumlin fields of the continent".

The Bodanru'ck Area, Germany, (Figure 4), occupying the southeastern half of the peninsula at the western end of Boden See (Lake Constance), is on the Überlingen topographic sheet published by the Landesvermessungsamt Baden-Württemberg (1957) at a scale of 1:25,000 and a contour interval o: 10 meters with 5-meter supplementaries. (Figure 4 is rrom a 1:50,000- scale map.)

The Bodanrück area ranks a close second in glacial literature as r.he most often mentioned drumlin field of Germany- The maximum concent rar ion of drumlins is between the towns of Dettingen and Woilmatingen. Iheie are some smoothly rounded features which Ebers referred to at "real gems."

The Rosenheim Area. Germany,, e<,it ot the Inn River and northwest of Simssee, extends t>om the city of Rosenheim tc the village ot Vogtateuth. The area is shown on the Rosenheim topographic sheet published by 'he Bayerisches Landesvermessungsamt (1961) at a scale ot 1:50,000 and a contour interval which varies from 2 1/2 to 10 meters according to the steepness of the slopes. (A figure shewing individual drutmins measured is not included in this report because only three teat-ire-- wece measured.;

This small drumlin field was mentioned by the glaciologists Ebers and Friih principally to point out the apparently incomplete, less developed forms of the features. Field observations during this study confirmed the rather unusual shapes of most of the features, so only tbrec were measured. Although these three drum- lins may be incompletely developed, they are, nevertheless, bona fide representatives of the drumlin population of the earth.

Field Methods

In Massachusetts, individual drumlins measured were selected by reference to a published geologic map and in consideration of their accessibility. In New York and Germany, they were selected as accessible, oval or elongated, arched, non-bedrock hills occurr- ing in areas referred to in geologic literature as drumlin fields. Irregularly shaped features were not included, as mentioned under L jiitations of the Study. A given drumlin field was sampled across its extents, parallel and normal to the direction of ice movement, where possible. Drumlins of different sizes were chosen to reflect roughly the range of sizes in an area.

Terms adopted to standardize field reporting define drumlin slope positions by reference to the known direction of ice movement (see Figures 6, 7): the longitudinal axis parallels•that direction and is the longest dimension; looking along that axis toward the source area of the ice sheet, slopes normal to the axis are left or right; the end of the feature toward the ice source is the stoss (proximal) end; and the opposite end, the lee (distal) end. The highpoint of the drumlin was usually identified in the field. Cross (transverse) traverses, thus, are referred to as stoss cross, high- point cross, and lee cross,

The direction of the first (longitudinal) traverse was deter- mined by a line drawn through the oval or ellipse enclosed by the uppermost closed topographic map contour. Slope measuring usually began at the highest point of the feature as determined in the field. Three cross traverses were made normal to this longitudinal line, one through the highpoint and one across each flank. Those on the flanks were approximately midway down the slopes, but the actual locations were chosen to avoid obviously altered topography and ob- structions.

Traverse directioi3 were maintained with a Brunton compass ("pocket transit") read tc whole degrees. Slope angles were meas- ured with a hand-held Abney level, also read to whole degrees.

Figure 1 Drumlins measured in the HUDSON AREA, Massachusetts (shaded) Scale approximately 1:50,000, contour interval ten feet.

1, .^ W A^ :r>- ^V-rt'TaP

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A'^ 8 '. E ..N N , K T T

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Figure 2 Drumlins measured in the WEEDSPORT AREA, New York (sh" 'ad) Scale approximately 1:50,000, contour interval 20 feec.

10

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Figure 3 Drumlins measured in the EBERFING AREA, Germany (shaded). Scale approximately 1:37,500, contour interval 1-10 meters.

11

Figure 4 Drumlins measured ^n the BODANRÜCK AREA, Germany (shaded). Scale approximately 1:37,500, contour interval ten meters.

12

Slope distances were measured with a superimposed-image opcical rangefinder having a parallax base length of 9-3/4 inches, cali- brated in one-foot graduations from 17 to 50 i.eet and in grad- ually coarser graduations to a maximum range of 1000 feet. Tne rangefinder, checked against a steel tape at the beginning of each field day, is accurate to about two percent it ehe ranging target (a second member of the team) is clearly visible. Dis- tances sighted ranged from 17 feet in heavy vegetation to about 200 feet in the open, averaging about 70 feet for all of the study. Every apparent break in slope was taken as a measure- ment station, and long uniform slopes were divided as appropriate.

Data Compilation and Interpretation

Although the actual sequence and directions m which slopes were measured varied as expedient in the field, the data have been compiled on EAM cards as if collected from stoss to lee alonj, the longitudinal axis, and from left to right on the cross traverses (see definitions under Field Methods). The data do not Include slopes considered, in the field, to be off-feature surfaces - slopes near the probable base of the feature which flatten upon adjacent fill or steepen into an erosional depression.

It is often impossible to define in the field the exact ex- tents of drumlins. Where do drumlin slopes end and ground moraine, post-depositional fill, or erosion beginV The question becomes repetitive in areas such as north-central Massachusetts where fields of drumlins occur interspersed with bedrock featuresi For military evaluation, however, the few data in this report which may be for slopes beyond the actual limits of drumlins cannot noticeably affect slope-gradient and relief statistics.

Each slope segment (slope-distance increment) is recorded on a single EAM punchcard, Included on the card is information as to traverse location and orientation, as well as separation of data into stoss, lee, left, or right slopes (oi particular use in describing asymmetry of the drumlin),

Sums of slope distances by degrees for each geographic area visited are the basis for the statistics presented in the accompa- nying tables and graphs. Slope-gradient frequencies (Table I and Figure 5) are, therefore, given as percents of total traverse dis- tances (not reduced to horizontal).

13

Table 1. Slope-gradient frequencies as percent of total traverse distances, by degrees

Slope (°) Hudson Weedsport Eberfing Bodanrück Cato/Cayuga Rosenheim

0 2.85 2.03 1.11 1.66 7.26 7.55

1 6.49 6.81 3.54 4.74 17.44 10.85 2 8.03 10.89 5.00 4.79 7.68 14.75 3 8.18 9.97 8.42 4.57 7.56 6.61 4 9.45 9.73 6.84 5,03 8.97 21.48 5 9.32 9.82 8.87 5.66 5.16 13.53

6 9.41 8.86 6.10 6.13 6.61 10.04 7 8.13 1.97 6.70 3.94 5.71 1.53 8 6.52 5.93 9.11 6.38 1.18 3.37 9 6.27 4.85 7.44 4.72 5.16 1.84

10 5.71 3.56 8.10 6.85 1.19 2.66

11 5.31 2.76 5.38 5.65 0.45 0.48 12 4.12 5.95 4.84 6.44 2.37 1.93 13 2.05 2.35 4.04 6.24 2.48

14 1.94 2.33 3.47 3.57 1.37 1.30 15 1.96 2.46 2.50 6.04 3.21 ——*

16 0.90 1.63 1.86 4.07 2.09 ——

17 0.71 1.32 1.07 3.32 2.27

18 0.90 1.32 1.29 2.44 3.67 1.12 19 0.49 1.15 0.48 2.09 1.71

20 0.54 0.94 0.90 1.19 2.47 __—_

21 0.48 0.52 1.22 1.80 1.46 --—

22 0.20 1.02 0.61 0.83 0.41

23 —.__ 0.79 0.25 1.18 0.43 0.45 24 0.04 0.17 0.46 0.36 0.36

25 —_ 0.24 0.22 0.16 0.30 0.51

26 »«.*■• 0.24 0,11 —— 0.56 27 ____ 0.23 0.04 0.47

28 —— 0.16 0.07

29 0.03 ——

30 ——•— ——- a»wv 0.08

100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00

14

100

HUDSON AREA

WEEDSPORT AREA

EBERFING AREA

...— BODANRÜCK AREA

r-r-

15

DEGREES

i— 25

1 30

Figure 5 Cumulative slope-gradient frequencies as percent of total traverse distances, by degrees.

15

Values describing ground-plan dimensions or drumlins (Table 2 and Appendices A-E; refer to Figures 1-4 for locations) - length, width, axial ratio, height, orientation, and asymmetry - are de- rived from horizontal distances calculated from the summed slope distances. Drumlin length is the cotal of stoss and lee lengths. Drumlin width is the projection of the highpoint cross. Axial ratio results froiu division of the length by the width.

Drumlin heights are computed trigonometrically as the mean of both left and right slopes along the highpoint cross, and lee and stoss slopes along the longitudinal axis. Heights along the other transverse axes are shown on the tables but were not used.

Compass orientations of the longitudinal axes are in degrees True on a 360-degree azimuth circle, always in the north half of the circle. There is, therefore, no expressed relationship between orientation and the direction of regional movement of glacial ice. (The ice moved southward in North America and northward in southern Germany.)

Longitudinal asymmetry derives from division of lee length by stoss length; transverse asymmetry by division of total right slope lengths by left, slope lengths.

The number of drumlins measured in the Cato and Cayuga, New York, quadrangles, and in the Rosenheim, Germany, area (total of six) is too few to characterize the drumlin fields of which they are a part. No cumulative slope-gradient frequency curves, therefore, are shown for them on Figure 5. The measurement data, however, are valid descriptors augmenting drumlin data in general.

The data of this study have not been interpreted for evaluation of effects on military materiel or operations They are available on EAM punch cards at Natick Laboratories and interpretations for terrain modeling, design, mobility, etc. can be made from them as specific requirements arise with concerned agencies or activities. The section on Recommendations for Further Studies suggests lines of investigation for which the data can be quantitative inputs.

A summary of mean drumlin dimensions is included in the body of the report (Table 2); dimensions of individual drumlins are in Appendices A-E, in feet.

16

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Explanation of Selected Drumlin Profiles

Profiles across two drumlins are shown with inset enlargements from topographic sheets.

The feature portrayed in Figure 6, from near Eberting, Germany, was selected as an example of an apparently little-modified drumlin. It is isolated from nearby hills by a considerable expanse of level ground and is not obviously impinged upon by any present drainage- ways. It is, perhaps, more representative of an assumed original, "pure" form than is any other drumlin measured in the several areas.

The drumlin of Figure 7, from the Hudson, Massachusetts, area, appears to have a relatively little-eroded longitudinal profile, but the transverse profiles may have been shortened and steepened by channeling suggested by the pattern of adjacent swamps. The Hudson example illustrates an occurrence common in the irregular topography of north-central Massachusetts, and cautions against assuming near- original shapes for drumlins in any area for which the detailed geo- morphic history is unknown.

Military use of the data of this report will not be concerned with the geomorphic complexities implied in the two drumlin profiles. Academic use, however, must recognize that the entire form and volume of a drumlin as originally laid down can never have remained intact.

One longitudinal and three transverse profiles are shown for each drumlin. The solid-line surface traces indicate apparent ex- tents of the features, generally terminated in the field at abrupt changes or reversals in slope; dashed portions (not included in data compilation) indicate total traverse lengths. Vertical tick-marks on the traces are actual measurement stations. At the bases of the profiles are reference lines at a common elevation equivalent to that of the lower end of the longitudinal profile. Small circles on the profiles indicate common points of intersection: to visualize the feature three-dimensionally, rotate profiles upward on their re- spective basal '.eference lines. Traverses are always numbered in Roman numerals in the following order: longitudinal, I; highpoint cross, II; stoss cross, III; and lee cross, IV.

The topographic insets use standard symbols. The longitudinal line parallels that of the accompanying profile, regardless of actual compass orientation, The elevations shown for contour lines indicate the interval.

18

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ee cross

ii i, ii -< / / / A- > f

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Figure 6 Field-measured profiles of drumlin in the Eberfing Area, southern Germany. (Feature No. 7, Fig. 3). No vertical exaggeration. Topographic map at right not to same scale.

19

r

to

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c

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Figuie 7 Field-measured profiles of drumlin in the Hudson Area, Massachusetts. (Feature No. 5, Fig. 1). No vertical exaggeration. Topographic map at right not to same scale.

20

~^*mrmmm

Recommendations for. Further Studies

Field ground-truth data are 1.adamental to the development of regional quantitative terrain classifications. Detailed knowledge of representative component landforms of a given terrain estab hes a range of values to control description and evaluation of sir ,s»r terrains at other scales and for specific purposes. Further studies should include field sampling of other terrain types immediately pertinent to military operations.

Using the field measurements in this study, it is possible to construct a valid mathematical terraia model of a field of drumlins distributed over an assumed level plain. Statistical data on dis- tribution and spacing of drumlins are available from published sources (particularly Reed and others, 1962; Vernon, 1966; and Chorley, 1959). The model, representative of several glaciated areas of the earth, would be useful in evaluation of, at leasts military mobility and intervisibility problems.

If the present data were augmented by field measurements of landforms intervenins between drumlins (e.g., outwash plain, moraines, kames, kettles, recent drainageways), a detailed model of broad tracts of glaciated terrain throughout the Northern Hemisphere could be constructed.

21

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Morphometry

Chorley, R. J., 1959, The Shape "c Drumlins; Jour. Glaciology, v, 3, no. 25, p. 339-344.

Reed, B., and others, 1962, Some Aspects of Drumlin Geometry; Am, Jour. Sei., v. 260, p. 200-210.

Smalley, I. J, and Unwin, Ü. J., 1968, The Formation and Shape of Drumlins and their Distribution and Orientation in Drumlin Fields; Jour. Glaciology, v. 7, no. 51, p.. 37/-390.

Vernon, Peter, 1966, Drumlins and Pleistocene Ice Flow over the Ards Peninsula/Strangford Lough Area, County Down, Ireland; Jour. Glaciology, v. 6, no, 45, p. 401-409.

Areal

Alden, Wm. C. , 1924, Physics.1 Features of Central Massachusetts; U. S, Geol. Survey Bull. 760-B.

Ebers, E., 1925, Die Bisherige Ergebnisse der Drumlinforschung. Eine Monographie der Drumlins; Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie usw., Beilageband LIII. Abt. B.

—~-, 1926, Das Eberfinger Drumlinfeld; Geognisches Jahresheft 39, 47-85.

Früh, J., 1896, Die Drumlinlandschaft mit Spezieller Beaufsichtigung des Alpinen Vorlandes; Jahresbericht der St. Gallischen Naturwissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft, 1894-1895.

Hansen, W. R., 1956, Geology and Mineral Resources of ehe Hudson and Maynard Quadrangles, Mass.; U. S. Geol, Survey Bull. 1038.

Rothpletz, A., 1917, Die Ostesseen und der Isarvorlandgletscher; Landeskundl. Forschungen, Geographische Gesellschaft, München, heft 24, p. 99-314.

PRECEDING PAGE BLANK 23

Historical

Barton, G. H,, 1893, Remarks on Druralins; Proc. of the Boston Soc. of Natural History, no. 26.

Bryce, J., 1833; Jour. Royal Geol. Soc. of Dublin, v. 1, p. 37.

Charlesworth, J. K., 1917, The Quaternary Era with Special Reference to Its ^laciation; two volumes, London: Edward Arnold.

Close, M. H., 1866, Notes on the General Glaciation of Ireland; Jour. Royal Geol. Soc. of .reland, I, 207-42, p. 231.

Davis, W. M., 1884, The Distribution and Origin of Drumlins; Am. Jour. Sei,, 3rd Ser., 28, p. 407-416.

Hall, J. (Sir), 1815, Revolutions of the Earth's Surface; Trans, Royal Soc• of Edinburgh, 7, 139-212, p. 169.

24

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