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THIS IS A MACHINE THAT REQUIRES SEVERAL PARTS TO DO ITS JOB. THINK ABOUT ITS JOB THEN ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:- ARE THERE ANY PARTS YOU CAN TAKE OUT AND IT STILL FUNCTION?- ARE THERE ANY PARTS THAT YOU ABSOLUTELY CANNOT REMOVE WITHOUT CHANGING ITS FUNCTION?
Opening Assignment
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Basic Structure of a Cell
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Discovery of the Cell
• Robert Hooke (1665) → examined a slice of cork under the microscope, he saw boxes that he called cells
• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1675) → looked at pond water and found small living organisms – “animalcules”
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Formation of the Cell Theory• Matthias Schleiden → cells compose every part of
plants• Theodor Schwann → cells compose every part of animals• Rudolph Virchow → cells come only from other
cells
Rudolph Virchow
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The Cell Theory1. All living organisms are
composed of one or more cells
2. In organisms, cells are the basic units of structure and function
3. Cells are produced only from existing cells
History & Discovery Questions
• What are some ways our knowledge has advanced regarding cells, based on the developments done by these & other scientists? (think of some current research being done and information in the news)
• Think about the part of the cell theory that states cells are produced only from pre-existing cells. What does this mean? What does it make you think about?
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Review of Introduction to Review of Introduction to CellsCells
Cells are the basic units of organismsCells can only be observed under
microscopeBasic types of cells:
Animal Cell Plant CellBacterial
Cell
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Number of CellsOrganisms may be:• Unicellular – composed of one cell• Multicellular- composed of many cells that may organize
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Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles – small single-celled
Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) – larger than prokaryotes and can be either unicellular or multicellular
Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic
Prokaryote & Eukaryote Questions
• If Prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus does that mean that they do not have any DNA?
• Eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles, which are specialized to perform specific cellular tasks. What characteristic of life does this best coincide with?
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ProkaryotesNucleoid region contains the DNA
•Cell membrane & cell wall
• Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm
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Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells
Plant Cell
Animal Cell
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OrganelleOrganelless
Very small size
Can only be observed under a microscope
Have specific functions
Found throughout cytoplasm
ORGANELLES & OTHER STRUCTURES OF THE CELL
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Nucleolus
Make the ______________
Nucleolus
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Ribosomes
Site of _____________
(the production of proteins)
Located freely or more often on the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic
reticulum
Ribosomes
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Proteins
End ___________ of
the cell Gives structure
/characteristics and function to cells & whole organisms.
Protein
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
Newly made proteins fold
& assemble into their complete structure.
The ER will serve as ____________________ of the proteins making sure they have their correct structure in order to function
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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Golgi Apparatus
Also known as Golgi Body or
Golgi Complex ___________________(add
carbs chains if needed), ___________________, and _______________ proteins for export to final destination
Transports lipids as well Creates the lysosomes
Golgi Apparatus
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Lysosome
Contain Digestive
___________________ (________________________________________)
Break down food & worn out cell parts for the cell
All lysosomal enzymes are acid hydrolases that are active at pH of 5 which are rendered inactive if released in the cytoplasm which has a pH of 7.2
Lysosome
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Controls the normal activities of the cell
Bounded by a nuclear membrane
Contains chromosomes
Control Organelle
Nucleus
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Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes
Genes control cell characteristics
Nucleus
More on the More on the NucleusNucleus
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Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place
Cytoplasm
Cytoplasm of a Cytoplasm of a Cell Cell
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Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs
Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion
Cytoplasm
More on More on CytoplasmCytoplasm
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Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells
Made of protein and phospholipids
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Surrounding the Surrounding the CellCell
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Living layerControls the movement of materials into and out of the cell
Selectively permeable
Cell membrane
Cell or Plasma Cell or Plasma MembraneMembrane
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Rod shapeSite of Cellular respiration
Cell PowerhouseCell Powerhouse
Mitochondrion( mitochondria )
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Active cells like muscles have more mitochondriaBurn sugars to produce energy ATP
In Animal Cells:In Animal Cells:
Mitochondria
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Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
Traps sunlight to make sugars (food)
Process called photosynthesis
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Chloroplast
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Dead layerLarge empty spaces present between cellulose fibers
Freely permeable
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Plant CellPlant Cell
Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers
Strong and rigidFound in plant cells
Cell wall
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Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm)
Resist entry of excess water into the cell
Give shape to the cell
Cell wall
Plant CellPlant Cell
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Have a large central vacuole
Surrounded by tonoplast
Contains cell sapSugars, proteins,
minerals, wastes, & pigments
Plant Cell OrganellesPlant Cell Organelles
Vacuole
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Different kinds of Different kinds of plant cellsplant cells
Onion Epidermal Cells
Root Hair Cell
root hair
Guard Cells
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mitochondrion
nucleus
glycogen granule
cell membrane
cytoplasm Animal cellAnimal cell
No cell wall or chloroplastStores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy
vacuole
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Animal Cell OrganellesAnimal Cell Organelles
•Near the nucleus•Paired structures•Help cell divide
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Different kinds of Different kinds of animal cellsanimal cells
white blood cell
red blood cell
cheek cells
sperm
nerve cell
muscle cell
Amoeba
Paramecium
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Similarities between Similarities between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsBoth have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm
Both have a nucleus
Both contain mitochondria
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Differences between Differences between plant cells and animal plant cells and animal
cellscellsAnimal cells Plant cells
Relatively smaller in
sizeIrregular shape
No cell wall
Relatively larger in size
Regular shapeCell wall present
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Animal cells Plant cells
Vacuole small or absent
Glycogen as food storage
Nucleus at the center
Large central vacuole
Starch as food storage
Nucleus near cell wall
Differences between Plant Differences between Plant Cells and Animal CellsCells and Animal Cells
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Microscopes
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Compound MicroscopeCompound Microscope
• Instrument for observing small objects
•Magnify images up to 2000X their size
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Different parts of a Different parts of a compound compound microscopemicroscope
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Eyepiece
Fine adjustmentArm
Stage
Condenser control knob
Base
Body tubeCoarse adjustment
Iris diaphragm
Revolving nosepiece
Objective
ClipCondenser
Mirror
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Electron MicroscopeElectron Microscope• Transmission EM (TEM)
– Uses a beam of electrons to produce an enlarged image of very thinly sliced specimen on screen or photographic plate
– Image focused by magnetic lenses
– 200,000X magnification– Cannot be used to view
living specimens
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• Scanning EM (SEM)Scanning EM (SEM)– 3D image– Specimens not sliced
for viewing– Surface sprayed with
fine metal coating– Also uses electron
beam and fluorescent screen or photographic plates
– 100,000X magnification– Cannot be used to view
living specimens
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The cell is the Basic The cell is the Basic Unit of LifeUnit of Life
• Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms
• Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only
• The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions
– e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption
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Levels of organizationLevels of organization
• Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
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TissueTissue
•A group of similar cells to perform a particular function–Animals : epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
–Plants : vascular tissue, mesophyll
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OrganOrgan
• Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions– Heart : consists of muscles,
nervous tissue and blood vessels
– Leaf : consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue
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Stoma
Air Space
Spongy Mesophyll Cell
Chloroplast
The Structures of a Leaf (Plant Organ)
Palisade Mesophyll Cell
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The Structures of a Heart (Animal Organ)
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SystemSystem• Several organs and tissues work together
to carry out a particular set of functions in a co-ordinated way– Human : digestive, respiratory, excretory,
circulatory and reproductive systems– Plant : root and shoot systems
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Human Body SystemsHuman Body Systems Examples of systems : Digestive System Respiratory System Circulatory System Nervous System Reproductive System
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Examples of a Human Body System
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Examples of a Human Body System
The Respiratory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Circulatory System
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Examples of a Human Body System
Nervous System
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Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization
CELLS (muscle cells,nerve cells)TISSUES (muscle, epithelium)ORGANS (heart, lungs, stomach)
SYSTEMS (circulatory system)ORGANISM (human)
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It’s You!
