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This paper not to be cited without prior references to the authors
International Council forthe Exploration of the Sea
C ~ M• 1979/F : 4Mariculture Committee
Rape-seed, lupine and field beans in trout diets +)
by1) k H.,l) 2) d' K. 2)Gropp, J., Bec, Koops, .H. an Tlews,
+) The experiments were financially supported by the FederalMinistry of Research and Technology
1) Institut für Physiologie~ Physiologische Chemie undErnährungsphysiologie im Fachbereich Tiermedizin derUniversität München, Veterinärstr. 13, D-8000 München 22
2) Institut für Küsten- und Binnenfischerei derBundesforschungsanstalt für FischereiPalmaille 9, D-2000 Harnburg 50
r-I,
- 2 -
Abstract
Rape-seed,' lupine and field bean meals were tested in feeds for,
rainbow trouts at levels of 5, 10 and 20 %. The experiment shows. ,
that lupines 'and field beans can be used up to 20 % in rainbow~. ~. \' ' ,.; \ '" ~.;: . :I l:~
trout feeds without any negative influence of the growth rate. • 'j - : ......
and the feed conversion. The use of rape-seed meal led
with increasing share in the rations to a decrease in the
acceptance of the feedand as consequence of this to a decrease
of the growth rate and to poorer feed conversion.
1. Introduction
Until recently mainly fishmeal was used in fishfeeds to cover
the protein demand of fish. To-day apart from fishmeal a.number of other feed stuff of animal origion has been successfully
tested as protein source in fish feeds, such as feather-meal,
poultry-by-products (GROPP et al., 1976),krill (KOOPS et al.,1977;
PFEFFER et al., 1977) and single cell protein (ANDRUETTI et al.,
1973; SHIMNA et al., 1974; BECK et al., 1977).
Suitable plant proteins, however, are at present s~arcely known.
Their basic usefulness for rainbown trouts could be demonstrated
on the example of corngluten meal (GROPP et al., 1976) and soy
protein concentrate (KOOPS et al., 1976; TIEWS et al., 1979).
New strains of rape, lupine and field beans with lower contents
of undesired substances made it desirable to test them in animal
nutrition (SOURDSHIISKA et al., 1977; VOGT et al., 1976; SCHWARZ,
1976). They were to be checked in the experiment described below
as additional plant components for trout feeds. Rape-seed"
lupines and field beans are available to a considerable extent
at the German inland market.
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Exnerimentaldesign and criterias for the evalutation of-~--~-------------------------------------------------the results.
The experiments were carried out with rainbow trouts in
cages in the inner fjord of Eckernförde. Details of the
experimental station and conditions have been fully described
w-
•
•
- 3 -
(KOOPS et al., 1976).
Rape-seed, lupine. and field bean meals were mixed into the test
rations in three different concentrations to replace fish:- J ~ • ' < .~ ",
meal protein. The test rations were compared ~ith a.standard!' • -I 'I I. I .>. ~. '.--
ration. Allrations had equal quantjt{~~(~i protein and
metabolizable energy (calculated).
Feed conversion (g feed/g gain) and growthrate were used as. .
criteria for comparision.
The weight of the fish was measured at intervals of 4 to 5
4t weeks and 4 times in total: at the beginning of theexperiment,
twice during the experimentand at the end of the experiment.
Fish were normally weighed and counted in portions. In
addition/at thc end of the experiment weight and length of
the individual fish were measured •. From these data the condition
factorsK = 100 x life weight (g)/length (cm) 3 have been calculated.
Water temperature, oxygen content (daily) and salinity (weekly)
of the water were· measured and registered.
2.2 Fish material
•3000 rainbow-trouts of 16 to 18 cm in length(origin: trout
farm "Papiermühle", Sarlhusen near Neumünster) were distributed
into f~ve cages (1.7 x 3.8 x 2 m) on 18. May 1978. Each cage
was stocked with some 600 fish with a total weight of .some 30 kg
which corresponds to a stocking density of 50 fish resp. 2.5 kg3per m •
3 days after stocking the firstfish startedto die with
disease symptoms. Loss of scales andhaemorrhages especially near
the basis of the fins could be observed. Disease diagnosis was
made on the 14. June by Dr. Schlotfeldt of the Fish Health
Service of Niedersachsen and indicated that kidneys and spleen
were enlarged, furthermore an inflammation of the intestines
and ascites were observed. Liver and kidneys showed heavy
infectionwith Aeromonas hydrophila.
r - 4 -
Bacterial diseases of fish occur often under our conditions
after stocking the fish into the brackish water as weIl as
during high summer. Losses were largest in the third week
and ceased gradually during the next 4 weeks:
period loss in numbers
18.05.-24.05. 134
25.05.-31.05. 101
01. 06. -07 .06. 1155
08.06.-:14.06. 110
15.05.-21.06. 95
22.06.-28.06. 22
29.06.-05.07. 11
From 10~ June to 15. June and from 27. June to 04. July
1978 medicated feed (Streßmix VII of the firm Milkivit with
2.566 mg Furazolidon/kg feed)les applied.
After the disease outbreak had stopped the fish were distributed
over the net cages and weighed in the beginning of the
experiments on 06. July. In order not to risk any new outbreak
of disease through strong handling stress, the fish were only ttcounted without trying to achieve an equal lenght distribution.
During the course of the experiments another 38 fish died:
period loss in numbers
06.07.-02.08. 26
02.08.-11.09. 11
11.09.-10.10. 1
- 5 -
2.3 Feeds
2.3.1 Plant components used
The crude nutrient content of the 3 plant components
of the rations are compiled in Table 1.. .
Table 1: Crude nutrient content of rape-seed, lupine and field
beans
Rape-seed . LupiI1est ..
Field" beans
•
Crude protein 19.91 ) 40 25.51 )
Crude fat 45.4 1) 5.0 1.81)
NfE 10 26.. 48.i 1 )
Ash 4 • 01) 4 •o~. 3 • 81
)Crude 15.01 ) 15 6.3 1) .---------------~--------------------------- ------------------
1) 1)Ca 0.46 0.3 I 0.09
-::~~~:::------~-----~~~-------------~==--+-------~==-------Cystine 0.2 1.0 0.4
Lysine 1.2 1.6 1.4
Arginine 1.2 2~6 1.5
1) own analysis
2.3.2 Composition of rationsand their nutrient content
10 experimental feed mixtures of equal energy (metabolizable
energy) and protein contentwere used.
The protein of the control ration was composedby 50. %
of fish meal and by 25 % each of feather meal and
poul try-by-product meal. In the test .. rations fish protein
was replaced at levels of 5, 10resp~ 20 % of rape-seed,
(R 5, R 10, R 20), lupine (L 5, L 10, L 20) resp.field
bean meal (B 5, B 10, B 20). The energetic balance was
rI - 6 -
achieved via changes in the shares of starch and oil in the
rations.
As much as necessary the test rations were ~Upplemented by
dicalciumphosphate and calciumcarbonate as weIl as with
Lysine-HCI and DL-Methionirie for thesake of comparability
with the control ration.
Table 2: Composition of rations
Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10IB 20 Itro1
Feather mea1 1345 131+5 131+5 131+5 13t.5 131+5 131f5 l3A5 13t.5 l3~5!
IPou1try-by-product mea 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.9 17 .9 17 .9 I
~
Fish mea1 34.6 33.1 31.5 28.5 31.5 28.5 22.3 32.6 30.6 26.6
Rape-seed-mea1 -- 5 10 20 -- -- -- -- -- --Lupine-mea1 -- -- -- -- 5 10 20 -- -- --Fie1d bean -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 10 20
Red fish oil 5 3.8 2.71 0.67 6.56 7.77 11.6 6.87 8.73 13.021)
27.95 25.5 23 17.6 23.9 20.4 10.4 22.7 17.5 6.07Precooked starch
Dica1ciumphosphate -- 0.06 0.11 0.17 0.33 -- -- 0.17 0.33 0.67
Calciumcarbonate -- 0.09 0.18 0.53 0.15 0.68 2.83 0.15 0.28 0.95
L-Lysine-HC1 -- -- 0.03 0.05 0.08 0.15 0.3 0.03 0.05 0.11
DL-Methionine -- -- 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.12 0.03 0.06 0.13
Vit. . 2) 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6prem~x
Cl' . 3) 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5a c~um prop~onate
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100.00
1) Flocculante, Maizena, Hamburg
2) Composition see BECK et al., 1977
3) Luprosil, BASF, Ludwigshafen
The results of the chemical analyses gained from the rations
showed good agreement with the calculated crude nutrient
content (Table 3 and 4).
•
- 7 -
Table 3: Crude nutrient content ofthe rations (calculated)
Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20tro1
Crude' protein 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0 45.0
Crude fat 10.0 11.0 12.0 114.3 11.6 12.9 16.9 11.9 13.7 17.9
NFE 28.0 26.0 24.0 h9.6 25.2 23.0 15.6 25.1 22.3 15.7
Crude fibre 0.0 0.8 1.5 I 3.0 0.7 1.5 3.0 0.3 0.6 1.2
Ash 9.3 9.2 9.1 8.9 8.9 8.5 7.8 9.1 8.9 8.6
Water 7.7 8.0 8.4 9.2 8.6 9.1 11.7 8.6 9.5 11.6---------------- ------ 1------------ ------ -----
Energy-content 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.1metabo!izab1e1)~~~EgL~-:!L~8 ____ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ~-----Ca 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29 2.29p 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39 1.39-~--------------------- ----- ----- ----- ,,----- ----- ----- -----
Amino-acids in% of crudeprotein I,Lysine 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 5.5 I~eth.+Cyst. 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 ' 5.3 5.3 5.3 5.3 I
J
1) after PHIILIPS et 'al., 1959 Irodified by GROPP and BüHL, 1976
.. Table 4: Crude nutrient content of the rations as analysed
Con- I
Ration type tro1 R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20 !Crude protein 45.4 45.9 45.7 43.6 46.8 49.3 46.0 43.7 46.1 I
45.71
Crude fat 1) 8.8 6.7 10.7 12.2 12.0 12.6 15.1 9.4 12.4 15.9
Ash 8.0 7.9 7.7' 8.1 8.3 7.8 8.7 7.9 7.9 8.7N~~~r___________ 12.7 11.4 !~:.L 14.3 10.0 10.0 10.3 13.3 10.5 10.7----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -----Ca 2.18 2.27 2.09 2.22 2.34 2.38 2.40 2.10 2.26 2.16
iP 1.12 1.12 1.10 1.15 1.18 1.04 0.83 0.88 0.86 1.13
1) HCl digestion
- 8 -
2.3.3 Physical parameters of the feeds
The feed mixtures were pelletedat sizes of 5 mm (diameter).
Before feeding,dust and small'particles6f broken pellets
were'seperated by sieving and removed.
For the characterisation of the test rations the following
parameters were determined:
- diameter of pellets
- share of dust (percentage of small particles which remained
after sieving 500 9 feed by means of a 3 mm - sieve)
-"Abrieb" (small particles rubbed off) (percentage of small
particles which are formed after 300 9 feed were shaked
for 15 min.)
- sinking time, (sinking time of pellets through
a water column of 60 cm) (tape water, 230 c)
Table 5: Physical characteristics of the pelleted test rations
Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20trol
n observations 10 10 10 10 10 10 10, 10 10 10
pellet diameter 5.3 5.5 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.3 5.4 5.2 5.3 5.2_g_i~~__________------ ----- ----- ----- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ------% dust 8.1 9.7 8.1 10.3 9.4 6.1 6.8 14.4 38.0 30.2
_~~~~r!~~~_______ --~.:.~- 11.0 5.4 3.7 9.4 12.3 7.0 10.4 30.7 16.0------ ------ ------n observations 151 203 204 204 206 250 205 204 204 207
~inking time 6 16 15 14 11 18 12 44 481
16x (sec/60 cm)
Apart from the contr01 ration in all rations pellets were
observed floating at the surface for longer times due to
attached air bubbles before sinking.As the sinking time
is much influenced by floating pellets, a partial sinking
time was calculated. For determining the partial sinking
time only sinking times up to 20 sec were considered.
Pellets which showed sinking times above this value were
defined as "floating" pellets.
•
- 9 -
Table 6: Shareof floating pellets and partial sinking time
'e
•
Con- .._
. '"Ration type tro1 R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20
% of floating 0 16 15 9 9 20 10 48 47 14'_E~!!~~~________
----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- -.--- ----- ------n observations 151 170 173 185 187 199 185' 107 108 177
Partial. sinkingtime 6 10 9 9 7 9 8 8 10 9x (sec/60 cm)
The 10 rations were tested on fish groups of 69 rainbow trouts
each, applying 2 replicates. The fish were fed by hand twice
daily and 6 daysin the week~ Before control weighings the
fish were kept two days hungry. So the fish were fed on
77 days during the 96 days of the experiment.
A feeding level of 2 % of biomass (BM) daily was chosen. fh
feeding, eventual losses of fish were considered.
In comparision to the other test rations the fish fed with
those containing rape-seed showed with increasing rape-seed
share an declining acceptance. For this reason during the. ,.
third control period (after 57 feedingdays) the feeding level
of the R 20-ration' groups was reduced to some 1.5 %•
2.5 ~~!~~!~_~~E~~!~~~~~!_~~~~~~~
The surface waters in the inner fjord of Eckernförde has a
salinity of some 15 0/00 during summer. The water temperatures
rarely exceed 200 C. In the area of the inner fjord the
summerly formation of a thermocline may lead in 'the deeper
water to an oxygen deficiency. Strong winds during autumn
can result that critical oxygen values occur also in the
surface waters, after bottom water has upwelled to the
surface~ Water temperatures were relatively low due to a
cool summer, 'in 1978. The water temperature was at the end- ,,. \
of May, when stocking the fish, between 18 to 200 Ci but, 0
decreased then until the middle of June to some 12 C only.
During the first part of the experiments from 06. July to
- 10 -
02. August the water heated up again slowly to
200 C, decreased during the second part of the experimento· .
up to 11. September to some 13 C and remained between
12 to 130 C until the end of the experiment on 10. October
1978. 200 C were exceeded slightly only on one d~y at the
beginning of August.
Table 7: Oxygen and temperature conditions
Temperature(o C) Oxygen (mg/lDate - min minx s max x s max
06.07.-02.08. 15.0 2.6 11.9 20.2 8.9 0.8 7.6 10.0
02.08.-11.09. 16.5 1.4 13.3 19.7 8.2 0.8 6.0 9.3
11.09.-10.10. 12.6 0.5 11.9 13.9- 7.9 1.0 5.9 9.5
The oxygen conditions in the surface water were good because
of the relatively low water temperatures,and inasmuch as the
weather was cool, there was no distinct summerly thermocline.
Critical oxygen values,as they normally appear during autumn
were not observed. Water samples taken once per week at 9 m
depth showed that the temperature difference in comparison
with the surface water was less than 20 C, and the difference
in the oxygen values was found-to be lower than I.S·mg/l.
Only between 20. July and 03. August larger differences were
found amounting up to 6.30 C and to 5.5 mg/l O2 •
3. Results
The experimentshows that lupihes and field beans can be
used in rainbow trout feeds up to 20 % without any negative
influence of the growth rate and the feed conversion. On
the other hand it can be concluded that rape-seed meal leads
with increasing share in the ration to a decrease in thc
acceptance of the feed and as consequence of this to a
decrease of the growth rate.
•
- 11 -
..., .'
.:; ~ ~~.._- .... ,-
Tab1e 8: Results of experiment
- -_.
Ration type Con- R 5 R 10 R 20 L 5 L 10 L 20 B 5 B 10 B 20 Itro1 -" .
n'rep1icates 2 2 ' 2 ' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 In fish per 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69 69replicate
fish died,
nunti1 end of 8 4 8 4 2 6 2 3 2 2_~~e~Ef~~~~______ ---- ------ ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ------xweight (BM)(g)
start (s) 95.~ 95.9 97.0 95.1 98.3 95.8 96.9 99.0 95.4 96.9
~~~___ ~~2 __~____ ...~~§~~ ~!!~§- 278.0 252.3 330.7 339.4 346.9 332.2 326.7 337.5------gainper fish(g) 231.1~15.7 180.1 157.1 232.2 243.6 250.3 234.4 231.3 ,240.1
specifi~)growth''1.29 1.24 1.11 1.02 1.27 1.33 1.34 ' 1.27 1.29 . 1.31rate OC ' ,
(L relative' ,"
100 96 86 79 98 103 104 98 100 102
feed conversion "
g feed/g wet..
gain 1.15 1.23 1.47 1.42 1.15 1.11 1.07 1.14 1.15 1.11
relative 100 _2~ __ 78 81 100 104 107 101 100 104---------------- ----- ----- ------conditionfactor
at end of exp~ 1.33 1.34 1.34 1.35 1.29 1.35 1.36 1.33 1.33 1.34
1) BM (at E) = BM (at s) x Cl + a. /100) 96
The slightly better feed conversion of the R 20-ration in'.
comparision to the R 10-ration can be explained by the
circumstance that the feeding:quantity of the ration R 20
has been reduced during the third experimental part and
that likely . less feed has been lost than in the case
of the ration R 10.
The composition of the test ration has had obviously no
influence on the condition factor of the fish
(K = 100 x g/cm3 ). Only the f1sh of the experimental group
L 5 were on anaverage slightly leaner than all the others.
- 12 -
Table 9: Length and weight of the fish at the end of the experiment
Ration type x cm x 9
28.7 + 2.0 321.8 + 60.8Control + -t;-29.3 - 1.7 331.0 56.3
28.3 + 1.6 306.9 + 50.9R 5 + +28.6 - 1.2 316.3 - 43.4
27.3 + 1.9 280.0 + 60.5R 1027.4 + 1.7 277.0 + 59.3- -
26.4' + 1.5 252.8 + 46.3R 20 + +26.6 - 1.2 251.8 - 37.8
29.5 + 1.5 332.8 + 47.3L 5 + +29.4 - 1.4 328.6 - 47.5
L 10 29.2 + 1.9 339.9 + 64.2+ +29.4 - 1.4 338.7 - 53.1
29.3 + 1.0 345.8 + 44.7L 20 + +29.4 - 1.7 347.5 - 60.6
B 5 29.3 + 1.5 334.1 + 44.229.1 + 1.4 332.4 + 48.1- -
B 10 28.7 + 1.7 321.1 + 56.0+ +29.3 - 1.6 332.1 - 53.2
B 20 29.5 + 1.3 337.9 + 48.129.2 + 1.9 337.0 + 63.1- -
Fish fed with the rape-seed ration were found with increasing
rape-seed share in the ration by 0, 7 resp. 10 % shorter and
5, 15 resp. 23 % lighter than the fish of the control ration.
•
- 13 -
4. Discussion
Already small shares of rape-seed meal (5 %) in the feed
results obviously in adepression of the feed acceptance of
the trout. It is unlikely that the Eruca acid (C 22 : 1)
contained in the rape-seed oil is responsiblefor this finding.
Rape-seed strains being poor in Eruca acid, as used here,
contain only 2 - 10 % Eruca acid (MENKE and HUSS, 1975).
Even in the rations having a share of 20 % rape-seed meal p
the content of Eruca acid is below1 %. This value is
considerably lower than that introduced through the share of
13 % redfish oil in ration B 20. Considering that the redfish
oil has a content of 15 to 20 % Eruca acid, the Eruca acid
concentration in B 20 amounts to 2 - 2.6 %.
It is likely that the Isothiocyanate (ITC) content in rape
seed plays a larger role..' • 1
ITC, because of its pronounced smell and bitter taste leads
also in warm blooded animals to lower feed acceptance. It
can lead in high concentrations to irritations of the mucous
membrane. Through encymatic hydrolysis and chemical processes
L-5-Vinyloxazolidinthione-2 (VOT) is formed from ITC, which
results in monogastrides to poorer feed conversion because
of its restraining function of the thyroid gland, which leads
to a hypertrophy of the thyroid gland.
Because of the negative effects of these harmful factors in
the rape-seed, it cannot be recornrnended for trout feeding at"
the present time.
- 14 -
Lupines and field beans could be used with good success up to
20 % in rainbow·trout feeds.
The good compa~ib±lityof the high share of lupines in the feed
is the more essential as it contains 40 % crude protein contrary
to the fieldbeans, which can be used also excellently. At a
level of 20 % in the feed mixture the crude protein quantity
from lupines amounts therefore to 8 %, in the case of field
beans however only to 5.2 %. After sweet lupines have been
introduced already successfully in broiler fattening (SOURDSHIISKA
et al., 1977) and in piggery (KRACBT et al., 1973) it now has
been demonstrated that the sweet lupines can be used also in the 4tgrowing of rainbow trouts.
Field beans have also been used already with success in piggery
(KRACHT et al., 1973). The biological valence of the field bean
protein has been found in an experiment with lactating piggs only tobe
slightly poorer with 54 % then the.fish protein (58 %) (KRACHT
et al., 1976). The certain components of field beans
(Trypsine-inhibitors,Phythemagglutinine) which were recently
considered as harmful in feeding warm blooded animals have
obviously not effected the feeding success in the experiments
described.
Supplementing Lysine,as has been done here to equilibrate the
test rat ions to the Lysine-content of the control ration,will
not be necessary in practice, even at shares of 20 % lupines
resp. field beans. The requirement value which MERTZ (1976)
states for trouts with 5 % of the ration protein and which is
presumably even still lower (GROPP et al., 1976), is reached in
the rations without any Lysine supplementation.
•
•
.5 •. References:
- 15 -
•
Andruetti, S.; Vigliani, E.and Ghittino,' P.:1973
Beck, H.; Koops, H.;Tiews, K. and Gropp,. J.:1977
Cho, C.Y.; Bayley, H.S.and Slinger, S.J.:1974.
Gropp, J. and Bohl, M.:1976
Gropp, J.; Koops, H.:Tiews, K.and Beck H.:1976
Koops, H.: Tiews, K.;Beck, H. and Gropp, J.:1976
Koops, H.; Tiews, K.:Gropp, J. and Beck, H.:1977
Kracht, W.; Schröder, H.;Bennewith, D.; Wünsche,J.und Bock, H.-D.:1973
Kracht, W.; Henning, A.and Gruhn, K.:1976
Possibile uso nei pellets per trotadi proteine da lieviti coltivatisu idrocarburi ("proteine BP").Riv.ltal.Piscic.lttiopatol. ~:97-100
Weitere Möglichkeiten des FischmehlErsatzes im Futter für Regenbogenforellen: Ersatz von Fischmehl durchAlkanhefe und Krillmehl.Arch.FischWiss. ~, 1-17
Partial replacement of herring mea1·with soybean meal and other changesin a diet for rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri) .J.Fish.Res.Bd.Can~ ll: 1523-1528
Prinzipien moderner Forellenproduktion.'Lohmann Informationen, März/April
Replacement of fishmeal in troutfeeds.ICES C.M. 1976/E:11: 1-21
Die Verwertung von Sojaprotein durchdie Regenbogenforelle (Salmo gairdneri) •Arch.FischWiss. lQ: 181-191
Replacement of.fishmeal by krillmealin experimental diets for rainbowtrout.ICES C.M.1977/E:22: 1-12
Zum Einsatz von Ackerbohr.en (Viciafaba L.) und weißen Süßlupinen(Lupinus albus L.) als pflanzlichesEiweißfuttermittel in der Schweinemast.Arch.Tierernährg. 11: 801-812
Die Verwertung des Eiweißes gemischter Futterrationen beim laktierendenSchwein unter Berücksichtigung des ,Gehaltes der Rationsproteinean essentiellen Aminosäuren. 2. Mitteilung:Untersuchungen zur Verwertung desRationsproteins beim Einsatz von Soja-
Menke, K.H. and Huss,W.:1975
Mertz, E.T.:1972
Ohff, R.; Weissbach, F.and Bock, H.-D.:1978
Pfeffer, E. and. Becker,K.:1977
Philips, A.M., jr. andBrockway, D.R.:1959
Schwarz, F.J.:1976
Shimna, Y. and Nakada,M.:1974
Sourdshiiska, S. undHarnisch, S.:1977
Tiews, K.; Gropp, J.;Beck and Koops, H.:1979
- 16 -
extraktionsschrot, Sulfitablaugenhefe,Ackerboh~enschrot, Fischmehl undMaiskleber als Eiweißfuttermittelzu einer Grundration.Arch.Tierernährg. lQ: 267-274
Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde.Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart
The protein and amino acid needs.In Fish nutrition, edited by J.E.Halver, New York, Academic Press:106-143
•Versuche zur Reduzierung des Glukosinogehaltes von Rapsextraktionsschrotauf biologischem Wege.Arch.Tierernährg. ~: 771-777
Untersuchungen an Regenbogenforellenüber den Futterwert verschiedenerHandelsfutter und über den weitgehenden Ersatz von Fischmehl durch Krillmehl im Futter.Arch.FischWiss. ~: 225-231
Dietary calories and the productionof trout in hatcheries.Progr. Fish Cult. ~: 3-16
Zum Futterwert der Ackerbohne (Viciafaba L.) und ihren Einsatz in praktische Futterrationen.Übers. Tierernährg. ~: 67-92
Utilization of petrol~um yeast forfish feed. I. Effect of supplementaloil.Bull.Fresh.Fish.Res.Lab. ~: 47-56
Süßlupinen im Futter von Masthähnchen.Arch.Geflügelk. ±l: 56-61
Compilation of fish meal free dietsobtained in rainbow trout feedingexperiments at Hamburg.In Halver, J. and Tiews, K. (Ed.):Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology,Vol. 11: 219-228, Berlin