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This presentation is prepared by Dr. Jyotirmay Mathur and Shivraj Dhaka from the Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, in collaboration with Sha Yu and Meredydd Evans from the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

The authors are grateful for research support provided by the Rajasthan Renewable Energy Corporation and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy of the U.S. Department of Energy.

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• Introduction

• Trends in energy efficiency of buildings

• About ECBC

• Case Study

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Agriculture 18%

Industry 46%

Others 7%

Buildings 29%

Breakdown of Electricity Consumption in India

Source: CEA 2009

Building sector accounts for 29% of total electricity consumption in India

4

, 0%

Residential, 21%

Commercial, 8%

Industry, 46%

Public Lighting, 1%

Railway, 2% Agriculture, 18% Public Water Works & Sewage

Pumping, 2%

Miscellaneous, 2%

Sector-Wise Electricity Consumption in India

(2007- 2008)

Source: CEA 2009

Commercial sector accounts for 8% of total electricity consumption in India

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Commercial Buildings Growth Forecast

Currently, ~ 659 million m2

In 2030,~ 1,900 million m2 (estimated)*

66% building stock in 2030 is yet to be constructed

Year: 2010

Yet to be built

659 million

m2

Year: 2030

* Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth

Current 34%

Yet to be Built 66%

1,900 million m2

Year: 2030

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65

9

69

2

72

8

76

5

80

5

84

7

89

2

94

0

99

0

1,0

44

1,1

02

1,1

63

1,2

28

1,2

98

1,3

72

1,4

50

1,5

34

1,6

24

1,7

20

1,8

22

1,9

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33 35 37 40 42 45 48 51

54 57

61 65

69 74

79 84

90 96

102 109

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

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11

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30

Mill

ion

sq

. m.

Total Commercial Floor Space (Estimated) (M. sq. m.) Floor Space Added Annually (Estimated) (M. sq. m.)

(Source: USAID ECO- III Project) * Assuming 5-6% Annual Growth

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28201 31381

35965

40220

46685

11.3

14.6 11.8

16.1

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08

GW

h

Growth in % over the previous year

SOURCE: Central Electricity Authority (2009).

Commercial building sector electricity consumption grows at 12-14% annually on average

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Source: Central Electricity Authority General Review 2006 & 2009 and Planning Commission’s Integrated Energy Policy Report 2006

0

100000

200000

300000

400000

500000

600000

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Elec

tric

Pow

er in

kW

Generation Capacity Requirements vs Achievements

Actual Generation capacity from 2004-2008

Generation Capacity Required for a Sustained Economic Growth at a Rate of 8%

Linear Projection

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Dense compact settlement

Sun controlled by orientation

Stone texture on wall surfaces

decreases effect of solar radiation

Heavy thermal mass increases time lag

Courtyards provide shade and ventilation

Evaporative cooling

Low window wall ratio

Zali as a shading device

Potted roof insulation

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Source: http://www.bienvenueaurajasthan.com/city-jaipur.php Source: http://www.ignca.nic.in/coilnet/asp/showbig.asp?projid=ag03

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Development of the code

Launch and revision of ECBC after the first year

Development of user guide

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Building Code prescribed by Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)

ECBC is the only code for the construction of energy efficient buildings

ECBC provides minimum requirements for energy efficient design & construction of buildings

8 % of the total energy consumption is consumed by commercial sector

Energy efficient buildings consume 30-40% less energy in comparison to buildings constructed conventionally.

ECBC is applicable for new commercial buildings having a connected load of 100 kW & more or contract demand of 120 kVA or more

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ECBC

Energy Savings for

project

Legal Requirements

Long Term Benefits

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Mandatory

Provisions

(required for most

compliance options)

Building System Compliance Options

Energy Code Compliance

Prescriptive

Option

Energy Cost

Budget

Trade Off

Option

Envelope

HVAC

SWH

Lighting

Power

Other

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Component-based (prescriptive): requires little energy expertise; provides

minimum performance requirements; no flexibility

System-based (trade-off): allows some flexibility through the balance of some

high efficiency components with other lower efficiency components

Whole building design analysis (performance): allows flexibility in meeting or

exceeding energy efficiency requirements (as compared to a baseline

building)

Approaches Mandatory Provisions for ECBC

Flexibility Expert Knowledge

Linear Approach

Use of Energy Simulation

1. Prescriptive Required Low Low Yes No

2. Trade-off Required Medium Medium No No

3. Performance-based

Required High High No Yes

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Sets minimum energy efficiency standards for design and construction

Encourages energy efficient design or retrofit of buildings

Ensures that the building design does not constrain the building function, comfort, health, or the productivity of the occupants

Has appropriate regard for economic considerations

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Building envelope

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning

Service hot water & pumping

Interior and exterior lighting

Electrical power and motors

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Insulation on roof, wall, windows

High reflective and emissive coating on roof

Low heat gain, high visible transmittance glass

Attempt to discourage high glazing area

Relaxation for better shape, shading devices etc.

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Maximum LPD defined as per application area as W/sqm

Occupancy sensor to automatically switch on/off the lights for office area more than 30 Sq. m

Each space with ceiling height partition to have a control device to independently control lighting

Lighting for exterior application to be controlled by photo sensors/an astronomical switch

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Equipment should meet minimum efficiency standard

Use of minimum insulation on piping, ducts

Controls for cooling towers, condenser fans, chilled water pumps

Use of economizer

20% hot water requirement to be met through solar applications

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Minimum efficiencies of the transformers and motors prescribed

Motor name plate is to list full load efficiency & power factor

All electricity supplies exceeding 100 A, 3 phases shall maintain their power factor between 0.98 & unity

The power cabling to be adequately sized to limit the distribution losses within 1 % of the total power usage

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40% 40% 39%

27% 29%

37% 36%

34% 33% 34%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

45%

Delhi Ahmedabad Kolkata Bangalore Shillong

% S

avin

g V

s T

ypic

al Buildin

gs

24 Hr Operation Buildings Daytime Use Buildings

National Energy Savings

Code Stringency

Level of Compliance

Adoption Rate = X X

Buildings use 40% of world energy and 25% of world available water

17% of the building energy consumption is used to provide water heating service

Improved building energy efficiency with better water heating service would reduce both the water and energy consumption greatly

ECBC does not include water efficiency.

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Source: UNEP. (2013). Why Buildings. United Nation’s Environment Programme’s Sustainable Building and Climate Initiative. Retrieved October 24, 2013, from http://www.unep.org/sbci/AboutSBCI/Background.asp; UNEP. (2009). Buildings and Climate Change: Summary for Decision-makers. Paris, France: United Nations Environment Programme.; Cohen, Ronnie, Ortez, Kristina, & Pinkstaff, Crossley. (2009). Making Every Drop Work : Increasing Water Efficiency in California’s Commercial, Industrial and Institutional (CII) Sector. New York: Natural Resource Defense Council.

Mandatory requirements

All Govt. notifications related to energy conservation or mandatory use of any product/process/equipment shall be an integral part of ECB directives

Any event/function/temporary arrangement exceeding the duration up to 3 days shall have to comply the requirements of Lighting, HVAC and Electrical equipments

Norms for applicability and technical specifications in ECBC as and when modified by BEE would become applicable in the State of Rajasthan

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New buildings

In case of mixed use of buildings if the connected load of the

commercial part qualifies for the applicability of code/directives then commercial part of the building need to be ECB code/directives compliant

Climate Zone map of India

Single climatic classification of district should be done in case the district is falling in two climatic zones based on more % coverage in the particular climatic zone. Based on this list of all the districts of Rajasthan with their climatic classification is attached for identification

Designing of buildings as per the micro climatic conditions can be considered after review of the measured climatic data submitted to RRECL on case by case basis

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Heating Ventilation Air Conditioning

Evaporative cooling system should not use any potable water but their water requirement should be met from either on site collected rain water or the treated waste water

Evaporative cooling system using on site treated water or any other passive cooling systems such as Earth Air Tunnel (EAT) shall be used to pre cool the fresh air supplied to the building by at least 10 degree C under peak summer temperature

Automatic door closure and the door gaps sealing arrangement should be provided in all air conditioned rooms.

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Lighting

The lighting power density in case of signage/advertisement signage

should not exceed 5 Watts/Sq. ft for internally illuminated signage

and 2.5 Watts/Sq. ft for externally illuminated signage.

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40% Savings could be achieved in ECBC Compliant Buildings

Source: Dhaka, Shivraj, 2010

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Ele

ctri

city

Co

nsu

mp

tio

n k

Wh

/sq

m

Effect of ECBC Measures in Composite Climate

As is case Cool Roof Wall U valueRoof U value Glass SHGC value Glass U-value

32 Source: Energy and Buildings, 55 (351-360)

Energy Consumption before adoption of ECBC – 240 Unit/Sq. m/Year

Energy Consumption after adoption of ECBC – 98 Unit/Sq. m/Year

CESE Building IIT Kanpur

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EPI: 240 Units/Sq. m/Year

Hkou vkoj.k vuqdwyu

EPI: 208 Units/Sq. m/Year

Lighting measures

EPI: 168 Units/Sq. m/Year

HVAC measures

EPI: 133 Units/Sq. m/Year

Controls

EPI: 98 Units/Sq. m/Year

Building Envelope measures

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Energy Consumption before adoption of ECBC – 605 Unit/Sq. m/Year

Energy Consumption after adoption of ECBC

– 313 Unit/Sq. m/Year

Fortis Hospital, New Delhi

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Building Type Energy Savings (kWh/m2/yr)

Weighted Average Energy Savings (kWh/m2/yr)

Retail Mall 67

78.57

Private Office 128

Hospital 114

Hotel 101

Government Office 44

Institute 2

Source: A. Tulsyan, S. Dhaka, J.M., J.V. Yadav, Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code in Jaipur City, India, Energy and Buildings (2010), doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015

Six buildings in Jaipur City were identified and modeled for potential energy savings under ECBC in energy

simulation software eQUEST 3-64

Jaipur, Rajasthan

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Building Type

Percentage of Possible Energy Savings during 2014-2015 with ECBC

Projected Savings during 2011-2015 (MWh)

Total Projected Savings during 2011-2015 (MWh)

Retail Mall 32% 2658

62375

Private Office 33% 46768

Hospital 42% 1779

Hotel 34% 3283

Government Office

32% 4795

Institute 17% 2227

Others 30% 867

Source: A. Tulsyan, S. Dhaka, J.M., J.V. Yadav, Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code in Jaipur City, India, Energy and Buildings (2010), doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2012.11.015

Jaipur, Rajasthan

Energy consumption before Honeywell retrofit: 328 Kwh/m2/year

Construction cost before Honeywell retrofit: 60 Cr

Energy Consumption after Honeywell retrofit: 197Kwh/m2/year

Construction cost after Honeywell retrofit: 63 Cr

Total payback period is estimated less than 2 years

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Conventional Office Building, Gujarat

• Office Building with 30,000 m2 floor area • Total 6 floors • Fully air-conditioned building, operating 24X7 • WWR – 65%, windows distributed equally on all

sides Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

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Feature

Wall

Roof slab

Glazing- WWR

Glazing properties

Shading

Conventional Case

9” thick brick wall with plaster on both sides

U value - 1.722 W/m2K

200mm concrete slab

U value - 3.535 W/m2K

65% glass on all sides

Single clear glass

No shade

Retrofits in Envelope

9” thick brick wall with 5cm XPS insulation on inside and

plaster on both sides

U value - 0.441 W/m2K

200mm concrete slab with 12cm XPS insulation inside

U value – 0.261 W/m2K

Overall 40%

Double glazed solar control glass

Horizontal overhang on 0.5m on all sides

Results: 3% total savings in energy consumption, 8% reduction in HVAC Tonnage, reduction of 30 kWh/m2 /year

Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

• Additional cost: 1.2 Cr

• Payback period: 1.242673 year

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Feature

LPD

Conventional Case

14 W/m2

Retrofits in Envelope +

Lighting

10 W/m2

Results: 18% total savings in energy consumption, 10% reduction in HVAC Tonnage, reduction of 75 kWh/m2 /year

Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

• Additional cost: 0.6 Cr

• Payback period: -0.00057 year

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Feature

System Type

Chiller COP

Central Cooling Coil Type

Total Fan Efficiency

Conventional Case

CAV

4.5

Chilled water flat model

50%

Retrofits in Envelope +

Lighting + HVAC

VAV

5.3

Chilled Water

60%

Results: 10% total savings in energy consumption, reduction of 19 kWh/m2/year

Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

• Additional cost: 0.3 Cr

• Payback period: 0.118293 year

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Feature

Lighting control

Economizer

Heat recovery

Conventional Case

None

None

None

Retrofits in Envelope +

Lighting + HVAC + BMS

Linear

Present, Return Air Temperature

Present

Results: 9% total savings in energy consumption, reduction of 27 kWh/m2 /year

Source: Agrawal, Avlokita. (2012). Business Case for ECBC Implementation. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

• Additional cost: 0.9 Cr

• Payback period: 0.391306 year

Government: Nodal agencies: BEE, MoUD

Government: Local bodies, PWD, Housing board

Private: Architects, Consultants, Developers

Product manufacturers

Professional bodies: ISHRAE, ISLE, IIID, IIA etc.

Training/educational institutes

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References 1. Energy Conservation Building Code. 2007. India.

2. Energy Conservation Building Code User guide. July 2009.

3. USAID INDIA ECO III Project.

4. Ankur Tulsyan, Shivraj Dhaka, Jyotirmay Mathur, Jaivardhan Yadav. ‘Potential of Energy Savings Through Implementation of Energy Conservation Building Code, India’. 2012. Energy and Buildings 58, 123-130.

5. Shivraj Dhaka, Jyotirmay Mathur, Vishal Garg. ‘Combined Effect of Energy Efficiency Measures and Thermal Adaptation on Air Conditioned Building in Warm Climatic Conditions of India’. 2012. Energy and Buildings 55, 351-360.

6. Avlokita Agrawal. Business Case for ECBC Implementation. 2012. Delhi, India: Honeywell.

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Thank You!

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Acknowledgment Shivraj Dhaka, Research Scholar, MNIT Jaipur