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Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson Well over 6 feet tall Not a good public speaker. One of the greatest writers among
U.S. Presidents A renaissance man Incredibly well-read in science and
philosophy Continental Congress; Assemblyman; Gov. of Virginia.; Author of Dec. of Independence; Min. to France; Sec. of State; Vice Pres. Win Election of 1800 with help off
Alexander Hamilton
1.1. Jefferson & National Jefferson & National GovGov’’tt
Views on governmentstrict constructionismmajor functions
He oppose the Alien & Sedition Acts
Army & Navy Public spending federal debt Excise tax on whiskey
rest of Hamilton’s program?
simplicity as President
Thomas Jefferson by Rembrandt Peale, 1805Collection of The New-York Historical Society
Jefferson Takes Over
“We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists” Jefferson looks to reduce and simplify the role of federal
governmentSize of army reduced, naval expansion haltedinternal taxes eliminatedinfluence of the Bank of the US reduced
Federalists losing powerOnly control Judicial branchAs expansion continues, most moving west are lower class
and support Jefferson & Democratic-Republicans
Marbury v. Madison, 1803 Marbury was one of the Midnight Judges, but
never received his official papersHe & 3 others request their appointments
from Sec. of State James MadisonMadison doesn‘t have them & refuses to
give new ones (Jefferson had thrown them away)
Marbury & the others sue Madison, taking him to Supreme Court
While court agreed w/ Marbury, they refuse to ruleCan’t take cases directly to Supreme Court;
must appeal through lower courtsJudiciary Act of 1789 overturned Establishes JUDICIAL REVIEW; shows
legitimacy of Supreme Court
Louisiana Purchase Napoleon Bonaparte & France gained control of
Louisiana Territory from Spain (Pinckney’s Treaty now in question)
US afraid they wouldn’t be able to use New OrleansJefferson sends Robert Livingston & James
Monroe to Paris to negotiate purchase of New Orleans from French
Napoleon offers all of Louisiana Territory
Louisiana Purchase
Jefferson unsure if purchase is constitutional, but he’s more afraid of having the strong French nearby
US buys N.O. & Louisiana Territory for $15 million
Lewis & Clark are sent to explore the new land (1804)They look for natural resources, a path to
Pacific, the friendliness of Indians, etcJourney took nearly 2 ½ years; they open
path for western settlement
Lewis and Clark
1804-1806 Purposes:
Explore new territory
Claim to Oregonpolitical & trade
relations with Indians
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~atlas/america/interactive/map06.html
Hamilton-Burr Duel
Alexander Hamilton & Aaron Burr were political opponents and didn‘t like each other
Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel after being “dishonored” by Hamilton
The two dueled in July, 1804Hamilton shot into the airBurr shot Hamilton in the ribs, mortally wounding himHamilton died the next morning
Burr was charged with murder, but was never put to trial
Burr finished his tenure as Vice President, leaving in the spring of 1805
Burr later tried to annex Mexico; eventually charged with treason
Jefferson’s 2nd Term
Jefferson was very popular after his 1st term British & French fight again in 1806
British were blocking French ports; also taking sailors (impressment)
America was neutral & trading w/ both sides Americans angry at British b/c of impressment
Jefferson’s 2nd Term Chesapeake incident
British shot USS Chesapeake and boarded it3 killed, 18 wounded, 4 sailors impressed by
the British US immediately passed Embargo Act of 1807
US would not trade w/ British; hoped to hurt British economy
Act backfires; actually hurt US economyAct is repealed in 1809
War Hawks
James Madison wins election of 1808 As he takes office, a group of young
congressmen from the South become aggressiveThey want to get rid of Indians in current
territories & also wanted more land (Canada)These congressmen were known as the War
Hawks; led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun
War Hawks Problems w/ Indians in the Indiana territory Indian named Tecumseh raises army to
fight Americans US wins at Battle of Tippecanoe (discover
Indians were getting weapons from British in Canada)
War Hawks use this to push for war against British
US declares war, beginning the War of 1812
War of 1812 - Causes
War of 1812 (1812-1815)(1812-1815) “War Hawks”
Henry Clay (Whig -KY Lexington)
John Calhoun (Whig - SC)
Reasons US declared war1) Impressment of sailors 2) Conflicts with Indians3) Desire for expansion
“Mr. Madison’s War” Henry Clay
War of 1812
British aren’t very interested in first years of the war (too busy w/ Napoleon in Europe)
US wins minor victories in 1812-1813; tried an invasion of Canada, with little successMost battles were on or along Great
Lakes
War of 1812 British turn attention to US in 1814,
invading Northeast & burning down Washington DCBritish then travel to Baltimore, but are
stopped there (Star Spangled Banner) Andrew Jackson sent to protect N.
Orleans; wins greatest victory of the war in Jan. 1815 (Battle of N.O.)
British and Americans negotiated peace, signing Treaty of Ghent on Dec. 24, 1814
After Effects of the War
Treaty of Ghent only ended war; US got nothing else Hartford Convention
Many in New England were upset with War of 1812Representatives from the New England states met
from Dec. 1814-Jan. 1815Secession was discussed, but only amendments to
the Constitution were suggested1st time secession is discussed
Nationalism v. Sectionalism
Dominant theme for this time period is Nationalism v. Sectionalism
Nationalism: pride, love, loyalty for your nation Sectionalism: pride, love, loyalty for your
region (also a desire to increase power for your area)
North: Industrial center (1st factories come to North)○ good ports, river system, immigrant labor○ compete w/ British in textiles (Factory System)
South: Farming center○ Main crop switches from Tobacco to cotton (Eli Whitney’s
cotton gin)○ South becomes dependent on slave labor (Plantation
System) West: expansion & development
○ Potential for settlement, money, etc.○ Constant conflict w/ Indians (usually forced to move)
After Effects of the War of 1812After Effects of the War of 1812 US has a strong sense of Nationalism
Last thing people remember from war is Battle of New Orleans
US had built stronger factories/industry since we didn't’t trade with Britain during the war
Federalist Party loses all power after Hartford Convention
James Monroe wins election of 1816 easily, runs unopposed in 1820Known as the Era of Good Feelings
British begin dumping low cost goods into American market – threaten to put US factories out of business
Henry Clay responds with idea to protect US economy, known as American System
1820 Presidential Election1820 Presidential Election
American System3 Parts• Protective Tariff
– Tariff of 1816 taxes British imports; causes people to buy more US goods instead of British goods (20-25% tax)
– British then start taxing US goods (hurts South - cotton)
• National Bank– 2nd Bank of the US created; 20 year charter– Meant to provide easy and abundant credit to
stimulate businesses
• Internal Improvements– Roads, railroads, & canals, built using funds
from tariff (ex - Erie Canal)– Would connect markets of North, West, South,
and East• Purpose is to make ALL of America stronger
SECTIONAL IMPLICATIONS?SECTIONAL IMPLICATIONS?• WEST WEST got roads, canals, and federal aid got roads, canals, and federal aid• EAST EAST protective tariffs protective tariffs (w/ support from the (w/ support from the
West)West)
• SOUTH SOUTH ????
Internal Affairs/Improvements
Internal Affairs/Improvements American settlers poured westward from the
coastal states into the Midwest, Southwest, and Texas, seeking economic opportunity in the form of land to own and farm.
Internal Affairs/Improvements
The Whig Party came to power in the United States in 1834-1856, was for most of its history concerned with promoting internal improvements, such as roads, canals(Erie canal), railroads, deepening of rivers, etc. This was of interest to many Westerners in this period, isolated as they were and in need of markets. Abraham Lincoln was a Whig for most of this period . Slavery will divide the party
Comp Goal 2.06
Erie Canal
Internal Affairs/Improvements
The American inventor and manufacturer John Deere was one of the first to design agricultural tools and machines to meet the specific needs of Midwestern farmers.
American Arts Begin
James Fennimore Cooper is an example of the fine writers of this time period. He is best remember for the book The Last of the Mohicans
American Arts Begin
Washington Irving, (1783-1859) American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist, best known for the short stories "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" and "Rip Van Winkle".
American Arts Begin
Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849), American poet, a master of the horror tale, credited with practically inventing the detective story
American Arts Begin
A Novelist and short story writer, a central figure in the American Renaissance, Nathaniel Hawthorne's best-known works include “The Scarlet Letter”
American Arts Begin
In 1831 Alexis de Tocqueville, a young French aristocrat and ambitious civil servant, made a nine-month journey throughout America. The result was Democracy in America, a monumental study of the life and institutions of the evolving nation. Tocqueville looked to the flourishing democratic system in America as a possible model for post-revolutionary France, believing that the egalitarian ideals it enshrined reflected the spirit of the age and even divine will. His insightful work has become one of the most influential political texts ever written on America and an indispensable authority on democracy
American Arts Begin
The Hudson River School of Artists (1835-1870) was a group of painters, led by Thomas Cole, who painted awesomely Romantic images of America's wilderness, in the Hudson River Valley and also in the newly opened West
Hudson River School
Growing Sectionalism
As the United States expanded westward, the conflict over slavery grew more bitter and threatened to tear the country apart.
The Northern states developed an industrial economy based on manufacturing. They favored high protective tariffs to protect Northern manufacturers from foreign competition.
Growing Sectionalism
• The southern states developed an agricultural economy consisting of a slavery-based system of plantations in the lowlands along the Atlantic and in the Deep South, and small subsistence farmers in the foothills and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. The South strongly opposed high tariffs, which made the price of imported manufactured goods much more expensive.
Growing Sectionalism
Southerners argued that individual states could nullify laws passed by the Congress. They also began to insist that states had entered the Union freely and could leave (“secede”) freely if they chose. John C. Calhoun of South Carolina was a spokesman for state rights. He claimed states had two rights Nullification and Secession. He does this in an anonymously publish work called The South Carolina Exposition and Protest.
Challenges to Nationalism
Missouri Compromise Issue of slavery becomes heated again Missouri wants to enter US as a slave state in 1819 Law prevented slavery north of the Ohio River (Missouri was
to the west – didn’t apply) Missouri is admitted as a slave state in 1820; Maine is
created as a free state to balance power The 36°30’ line is created in rest of Louisiana Territory to
limit future slavery South gets short end of the deal – more potential for free
states to the north (contributes to Sectionalism)
Panic of 1819 2nd Bank of the US created to provide credit,
stimulate businesses Over speculation had occurred in frontier lands When economy struggles, the Bank of the US is
forced to foreclose on many mortgages on farms This causes tensions between western commoner’s
and the “elite” businessmen/bankers of the North and East
Monroe Doctrine
US worried about European influence in Western Hemisphere
US issues doctrine in 1823 warning Europe to stay out (no more colonization)
Doctrine is largely unenforceable until 1890s, but US feels like a growing world power
NATIONALISM IN FOREIGN AFFAIRSNATIONALISM IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS
The Monroe Doctrine (1823)
The US to declare the Americas
off-limits to Europe.
A continuation of the neutrality and isolationist policies established by Washington.
Monroe Doctrine
US will protect the Americas---new countries which formed in Central and South America
No European Colonization in the Americas
Major Court Cases – Marshall Court
Marbury v. Madison, 1803 – establishes Judicial Review Fletcher v. Peck, 1810 – Declared sanctity of contracts; SC can
overturn state laws that run contrary to federal laws McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819 – Challenges validity of the Bank
of US; court rules it is constitutional Dartmouth v. Woodward, 1819 – Reaffirms sanctity of
contracts; protected private charters from state legislators Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824 – Congress given right to regulate
interstate commerce (no state monopolies) Worcester v. Georgia, 1832 – courts rule in favor of Cherokee
Indians; Jackson ignores ruling