Three-Dimensional (3D) Instructional

Media

What is a Three-Dimensional (3D)

Instructional Media?

It display an additional quality that appeals to the sense of touch – that is, a

tactual quality. Their most important

characteristic is their idea that they are to be handled by students to further assist them in formulating more legitimate concepts about

things.

Three-dimensional materials are very useful in

the event that real-life materials are impossible to

be brought in the classroom to provide students with certain

amount of direct, purposeful, rich, and meaningful learning

experience in accordance with Dale’s “Cone of

Experience”.

Objects and Specimen

Models and Mock-Ups

DIORAMA

PUPPETS

Resource Person as an Instructional Medium

Objects and Specimen

Objects are concrete materials such as plants, animals, tools, and

artifacts used in providing direct experience.

Specimen is a part or aspect of some item that is typical sample of the

character of others in its same class or group. Specimens enable us to

learn many things that would otherwise be unobtainable.

Objects and specimens enable us to build generalizations that would

otherwise cost prohibitive amounts of time and effort.

Advantages & Limitations

Points in Using Specimen and Obects in

Teaching

Advantages• These are less abstract and more concrete.• It attracts students’ attention.• Students become more familiar with objects.

Limitations• They need bigger storage.• They are prone to possible damage.• Some objects have limitation in availability

and may not be easy to find.

The following are some points to consider in using specimen and objects for teaching:

• Develop a purpose for using them.• Provide opportunities to pupils to work or to

manipulate the specimens so that they can consider concepts, process and principles by themselves.

• Present just enough specimens or objects at a time so as not to overwhelm the students/pupils.

• Present the materials in a dramatic way so as to arouse and sustain the interest of the student/pupils.

Models and Mock-Ups

Definitions

Varied Purposes of Models

Types of Models

Advantages

Limitations

Models• Models are modified real things – reproductions of

costly or delicate items that can be provided at reasonable cost and are safe to use.

• They are replicas of real objects which may be larger or smaller than the real thing.

• Models are excellent for teaching concepts about things that are three-dimensional and concrete in nature.

• They can be made to show interior views of objects, and they can be simplified to any extent desired in order that the basic concept represented may be communicated most adequately.

Mocks-up

• A mock-up is an arrangement of a real device or associated devices, displayed in a such way that representation of reality is created.

• The mock-up may be simplified in order to emphasize certain features.

• It is also considered as a special model where the parts of a model are singled out, heightened and magnified in order to focus on the part or process under study.

Varied Purposes of Models

• When real objects are too small or too large to bring into the classroom.• To present subject matter involving

the past and the future.• Physical inaccessibility.• Abstract constructions.• To explain processes.

Types of Models

• Solid Models. They are used mainly for recognizing external features as in the case of globes and puppets

• Cross-section Model/Cut-away Models. They show the internal structures such as that of a tree showing the pith and other internal parts.

• Construction Models. They are models which can be assembled and disassembled to show relationship of parts to whole.

• Working Models. They indicate how the things being represented operate.

Advantages• Allow learner to examine model or mock-up which may

not be easy in the real object.• Functioning model/mock-up allows learner to handle and

operate.• Create high interest and permit close up observation of

how it works.• Can provide learning experiences that real objects

cannot provide.• Working models can illustrate basic operations of a real

device and provide important details.• Allow learner to independently study the item at their

own convenience.• Make classroom discussion more effective.

Limitations

• They require tedious work.• They are expensive.• They might distort some real concepts.• Some models which are too heavy or too big

may be difficult for actual lecture.

DIORAMA

The term Diorama is of Greek origin which means “to see

through”. Diorama is a three-dimensional representation of

events, ideas or concepts against a scenic background.

It is also known as a meaningful exhibit in boxes or cases, which

are portable.It is a miniature scene in three-dimensional treatment that is meant to replicate reality and

cause students to think creatively and aesthetically.

Four Principal Parts of Diorama

Advantages and Limitations

Four principal parts of dioramas

• The case or stage.• The printed background.• The three-dimensional middle and

foreground.• The figures, constructions, and modeled

objects that are placed in the case.

Advantages• They have intrinsic value.• They allow us to compare past and present

conditions.• They help us make connections to the real

world.• It develops students’ creativity.• It can be viewed, handled, and examined by

students.• It adds interest and meaning to the lesson.

Limitations

• It demands a bigger space in the classroom in terms of use and storage.

• It is generally expensive.• It is easily damaged.

PUPPETS

Definition

Types of Puppet

Advantages

Limitations

Principles in Choosing a Puppet Play for

Teaching

Definition

• Puppets are artificial figures whose movements are controlled by a person.

• The person who operates them is called a puppeteer.• Puppets are moved by hand or by strings, wires, or

rods. Puppet figures are made to represent a person, animal, plant, or an object.

• A puppet can become the medium through which the children express themselves, often in role playing fashion. Puppets can assist the child in assuming the role of the character that he is portraying

Shadow Puppets

Rod PuppetsGlove-and-

Finger Puppets

Hand Puppets

Marionettes

Shadow Puppets

They are two-dimensional in nature, normally controlled by rods that are much thinner than the typical ones

that are used to support the rod puppet. This type of puppet makes use

of a translucent screen (rear-view screen) and light source for its effective

use.

Rod Puppets

They are flat cut out figures tacked to a stick, with one or more movable parts, and operated from below the stage level by wire rods or slender

sticks.

Hand Puppets

This type of puppet is made to slip over the hand like a glove. The puppet’s head

is operated by the forefinger of the puppeteer, the little finger and thumb are being used to animate the puppet hands.

Glove-and-finger Puppets

They make use of old gloves to which small costumed

figure are attached.

Marionettes

These puppets are suspended and controlled by a number of strings, plus sometimes a central rod attached to a control bar held from

above by the puppeteer. The control bar can be either a horizontal or vertical one. Basic strings for operation are usually attached to the head, back, hands (to control the arms) and just above the knee (to

control the legs). These are generally constructed of wood with articulating joints that replicate those of human beings. This form of puppetry is complex and sophisticated to operate, requiring greater

manipulative control than a finger, glove or rod puppet.

Advantages

• They boost active participation among students.

• Stirring and attention getting.• Fascination of the inanimate objects.• Enjoyable and spontaneous learning

experiences.• Students become more creative.

Limitations

• It is time-consuming.• It is expensive• It demands extra effort.• It can compete with the teacher.

Principles in Choosing a Puppet Play for Teaching

• Do not use puppets for plays that can be done just as well or better by another dramatic means.

• Puppets play must be based on action rather than words.

• Keep the plays short to ensure success.• Do not omit the possibilities of music and dancing as

part of the puppet show.• Adapt the puppet show in all respects to your

audience.• Do not hesitate to adapt the puppet play.

Resource Person as an Instructional Medium

Definition

Introducing the Speaker/s

Things to remember when invited as a Resource Speaker

When delivering the talk

Advantages & Limitations

Things to be considered in inviting and using a resource speaker

Definitions

• A resource person is someone invited to talk about something. He or she is experienced or knowledgeable with and is capable of sharing what he or she knows.

• Engage the expert.• Clarify the purposes of the visit.• The subject is of educational relevance and

value to the students in that class.• The speaker (s) will not tend to disrupt the

educational program.• The information to be discussed is appropriate

to the age and maturity of the students.• Prepare the class.• The teacher is to remain in the classroom

throughout the presentation in order to ensure appropriate follow-up.

The following should be remembered in introducing speakers:

• Thoroughly prepare what you are going to say• Follow the TIS formulaT- stands for topics or the exact title of the speaker’s

talk.I- stands for the importance of the topic.S- stands for the speaker. It includes the speaker’s

outstanding qualifications, particularly those that relate to the topic.

• Announce the speaker’s name distinctly and clearly.• Be enthusiastic about the speaker.

Things to remember when invited as a Resource Speaker:

• Restrict your subject to fit the time at your disposal.• Arrange your ideas in sequence.• Enumerate your points as you make them.• Compare the strange with the familiar.• Turn in fact into the picture.• Avoid technical terms.• Use the appropriate media.• Speak with contagious enthusiasm.• Show respect and affection for your audience.• Begin in a friendly way

When delivering the talk

• Crash thoroughly your shell of self-consciousness.

• Don’t try to imitate others – be yourself.• Converse with your audience.• Put your heart into your speaking.• Practice making your voice strong and flexible.

Advantages• Less preparation on the part of the teacher.• Thorough discussion of the topic.• It might add enthusiasm to the audience if the

speaker is good.

Limitations• Hassle in searching for the suitable speaker.• It might confuse the audience if the speaker is not

good enough.• Less enthusiasm from the audience if the speaker

is boring.

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