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Three Worlds Meet

Beginnings to 1607

T ry to think what North America looked like3,000, 1,000 or just 500 years ago. How might

America have looked before cities, railroads, andhighways covered the land? Consider what the firstpeople on the continent may have been like. Howdid they get here? Think about what the firstEuropean explorers saw.

In this unit you will learn what life may have beenlike for American Indians. You will learn whyEuropean explorers came to an unknown place. Youwill learn about our nation's earliest beginnings.

Chapter 1: The First Americans:Beginnings to 1400

Chapter 2: Exploration:1400-1607

Chapter The First Americans

Beginnings to 1400

It may seem hard to believe, but thousands of years ago,people were living in what today we call North America.

Experts believe that over 22,000 years ago, the first peoplecame to live in North America. These were the firstAmericans. In this chapter, you will learn why these peoplecame, where they came from, and where they settled.

Goals for Learning

^•To explain where the earliest Americans may have comefrom

^•To identify characteristics of the five major civilizations ofMesoamerica

^•To describe the three major farming societies ofsouthwestern North America

^-To distinguish two major civilizations of central NorthAmerica

^•To identify peoples of the Mississippi, Plains, and PacificNorthwest

1200 B.C. Olmeccivilization begins

200 B.C. Mogolloncivilization begins

A.D. 250 Mayancivilization begins

A.D. 900

Tolteccivilizationbegins

A.D. 12<

Incacivilizaibegins

J—A.D. 400

300 B.C. Hohokamcivilization begins

r100 B.C. Anasazicivilization begins

A.D. 400 PacificNorthwest

A.D. 1200 Azt<civilization be

Section The Earliest Americans

* ArchaeologistOne who studiesthe remains of pasthuman life

*BeringiaA thousand-mile-wide land bridgethat connectedSiberia to Alaska

CaribouLarge deer thatlives in arcticregions

CultureThe same values,attitudes, andcustoms of a group

*Ice AgeA period of timewhen much of theearth and theearth's water wasfrozen

*NomadsPeople who do notlive in one place

TheoryA best guess

Most of what is known of the early inhabitants of NorthAmerica comes from the work of archaeologists.Archaeologists study the remains of past human life.They have dug up things left behind from many differentcultures. Scientists have helped to find out the age ofmany things the archaeologists found. Unlike the laterhistory of the people of North America, the early recordswere not written down. Much of what we know of the firstAmericans are theories, or "best guesses."

There are signs that show that people lived in Siberia (inAsia) as early as 35,000 iu;. During the Ice Age, much ofEarth and Earth's water was frozen. The level of the oceanswas much lower than it is today. A thousand-mile-wideland bridge, known as Beringia, connected Siberia toAlaska. Most experts believe that hunters from Siberiacrossed the land bridge to North America beginning in20,000 B.C. They may have been following herds of caribou.

What Was the Oldest Discovery ofHuman Life in America?Traces of the earliest human life in what is now the UnitedStates have been found at the Meadowcroft Rock Shelter,near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Remains of trash uncoveredat this site are believed to have been left there between16,000 and 13,500 B.C. The route the Asian nomads mayhave taken to arrive at this site is still unclear. Nomads arepeople who do not live in one place.

Experts believe the first Americans traveled down thePacific coast. Some moved eastward over the RockyMountains and down into south central America. Othersmoved east across what is now Arizona and New Mexico.Many of them continued down the Pacific coast intopresent-day Central and South America.

Beginnings to 1400 The First Americans Chapter 1 13

location-Routes Into the Americas AM:TK: OCEAN

*• Migration route

_J Approximate ice-age coastline

MAPSTUDY

*Clovis pointA finely flakedstone spearhead

* GlacierA large body of ice

What route did the nomads travel? Near which bodies ofwater did they travel?

What Was the Clovis Point?Early American hunters began using spear points forhunting tools about 11,000 B.C. Named for the area of NewMexico in which it was found, the Clovis point was a finelyflaked stone spearhead. When attached to a wooden pole,the Clovis point was a powerful tool for killing animals. Itwas also used for gathering and building. Clovis points havebeen found near bones of mammoths or bison. Its use isbelieved to have been limited to North America.

What Happened to the Land Bridge?By 18,000 B.C., the gradual melting of glaciers—large bodiesof ice—caused the seas to rise. The land bridge from Asiato North America was covered with water. People couldno longer travel to North America on foot. At this time,however, hunters had already spread to the southern tip ofSouth America.

14 Chapter 1 The First Americans

The remains of Meadowcroft Rock Shelter includetraces of the earliest human life in North America.

Casts of original spearheadsfound in MeadowcroftRock Shelter.

SECTION 1 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, writethe word from the Word Bank to complete each sentence.

D was a thousand-mile-wide land bridge that

WORD BANK

Archaeologists

Beringia

Clovis point

Ice Age

Nomads

connected Siberia to Alaska.

2) The was a finely flaked stone spearhead.

3) _ _ are people who do not live in one place.

4) _ _ study the remains of past human life.

5) Much of the earth and the earth's water was frozendur ing the .

What do you think ? jWhat can be learned fromstudying ancient cultures ?

Beginnings to 1400 The First Americans Chapter I 15

Section The Peoples of Mesoamerica

*ArchitectA person skilled indesigning buildings

*AstronomyThe study of spaceand the planets

* CivilizationA high levelof culturaldevelopment

*CultivateTo grow crops

* HieroglyphicA system of writingthat uses picture-like symbols

*MesoamericaThe area of landthat includes whatis now Mexico andother countriessouth throughCosta Rica

*SettlementA place or regionnewly settled

Many of the first people in the Americas settled inMesoamerica. This area includes what is now Mexico andother countries south through Costa Rica. Based on thefindings of archaeologists, the people in this region had theearliest advanced civilizations. Civilization is a high levelof cultural development. Archaeologists believe that thefirst corn was cultivated, or grown, in Mexico as early as5000 B.C. There were five main civilizations of Mesoamerica.

Who Were the Olmecs?The strongest settlement of early Americans was establishedin Mexico by the Olmecs between 1200 B.C. and 100 B.C. Asettlement is a place or region newly settled. Archaeologistshave learned a good deal about the Olmecs from digs in LaVenta and San Lorenzo, two of their cities near the Gulf ofMexico.

The Olmecs carved in jade and stone. The remains of theirworld include pillars, stone heads, figurines, pottery, andmirrors. An Olmec hieroglyphic slab, with a date matching31 B.C., is thought to be the oldest piece of writing in NorthAmerica. A hieroglyphic is a system of writing that usespicture-like symbols.

What Kind of Civilization Did the Mayans Have?From about A.D. 250, the Mayans built a huge civilization inMesoamerica. It covered the area which is now Belize andparts of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Mexico.For at least 600 years, the Mayans were a major force inMesoamerica.

The Mayans were masters of astronomy—the study ofspace and the planets—and of arithmetic. They were thefirst people in the Americas to develop an advanced formof writing. The ruins of their great cities also show us thatthey were skilled architects and artists. An architect is aperson skilled in designing buildings. Long after the fall of


The people ofMesoamerica built

large civilizationssuch as this one in

Monte Alban,Mexico.

the Mayans, the ruins of their temples and pyramidsremained as examples of some of the finest building inMesoamerica.

Who Were the Toltecs?Beginning in A.D. 900, the Toltecs ruled a strong civilizationin the Mexican highlands. The ruins of their main city, Tula,includes remains of several temples. One of these templeshonored Quetzalcoatl, a great feathered serpent, who theToltecs believed had founded the city. Experts believe thatnomads took over the Toltecs about A.D. 1200. They went onto form the Aztec civilization.

Why Did the Aztecs Have a Powerful Civilization?The Aztec civilization took shape about A.D. 1200. It isthought to be the result of 3,000 years of improvementsand growth by the people in Mesoamerica. From theirmain city of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City), the Aztecsruled a large kingdom in much of central and southernMexico. By the time of the fall of the Aztecs in A.D. 1521,100,000 people were living in Tenochtitlan.


*ArtisanA skilled worker

* CanalA human-madewaterway

MilitaryHaving to do witharmed forces

The government and military forces of the Aztecs werestrong and well run. They built roads, canals, bridges,and many buildings. A canal is a human-made waterway.People worked as farmers, weavers, or artisans. An artisanis a skilled worker. The Aztecs worshiped gods of the sun,the rain, and the wind as well as Quetzalcoatl.

Who Were the Incas?Experts believe that nomads from Asia settled in the areanow known as Peru as early as 10,000 B.C. The Chavin andthe Chimu were among the groups to develop this SouthAmerican civilization. About A.IX 1200, the Incas starteda kingdom in southern Peru. The Incas were very goodbuilders, lawmakers, and warriors. They learned aboutastronomy. Within 200 years, the Incan civilization hadgrown to include all of present-day Peru. It also includedparts of Ecuador on the north and Chile and Argentina onthe south.

Civilizations of Mesoamerica—p—

'Civilization

Olmecs

Mayans

Toltecs

Aztecs

Incas

— — - — s=±r= — •- -i~

Location

Mexico

Central America, Mexico

Mexico

Central andsouthern MexicoPeru

Date Started

1200 B.C.

A.D. 250

A.D. 900

A.D. 1200

A.D. 1200

18 Chapter I The First Americans

JUANITA, THE MAIDEN OF AMPATO: c. A.D. 1400s

Juanita was a fourteen-year-old Inca girl whosebody was found in the Peruvian Andes in 1995.

Researchers found her perfectly frozen bodynear the heart of the ancient Inca Empire.The researchers nicknamed her "Juanita."Her body was refrigerated to prevent decayand for further study. By studying her remains,

researchers have been able to learn about theancestry, health, lifestyle, and diet of the ancient

Incas. Her remains were surrounded by miniaturestatues, corn, and leaves of the coca plant. Thus

researchers believe Juanita was sacrificed to a mountain god inthe 1400s. She was four feet ten inches tall and had long blackhair and perfect teeth. She was dressed in fine, colorful woolgarments and leather slippers. She most likely wore a plumedheaddress. The researchers hope to learn more about the livesof the Incas through further respectful study of Juanita.

SECTION 2 REVIEW Choose the name in parentheses tocomplete each sentence. Write your answers on a separatesheet of paper.

1) The (Toltecs, Olmecs, Incas) worked with hieroglyphics.

2) The (Mayans, Aztecs, Incas) were the first people in theAmericas to develop an advanced form of writing.

3) The (Mayans, Olmecs, Incas} started a kingdom insouthern Peru.

4) A major city of the (Olmecs, Toltecs, Aztecs) wasTenochtitlan.

5) The (Olmec, Toltec, Incan) city of Tula includes remainsof several temples.

What do you think

What might lead you tobelieve that the civilizationsof Mesoamerica wereadvanced?


Section The Southwestern Peoples

*CottonA plant used tomake doth

* IrrigationA system ofwatering crops thatuses canals orditches of water

*KivaA largeunderground roomused for ceremonies

MesaAflat-toppedheight

RitualThe actions thattake place during aceremony

VillageA small settlement

Three farming societies developed around A.D. 1000, inwhat is now the southwestern United States. The Hohokamlived in what is now Arizona. The Mogollon built theircivilization in southeastern Arizona and southern NewMexico. The Anasazi built where Arizona, New Mexico,Utah, and Colorado meet. They also built along the RioGrande and upper Pecos valleys of New Mexico.

What Happened to the Hohokam?Archaeologists believe that the Hohokam developed fromlocal peoples and from Mesoamericans who had movednorthward. Their civilization began about 300 B.C. TheHohokam were farmers. They were skilled at controllingthe land. From A.I). 800 until 1000, the rfohokam builthundreds of miles of irrigation canals for watering crops.

Snaketown was a major Hohokam civilization. This city wasone of a few large cities that ruled smaller villages, largelythrough control of the canals. The Hohokam built courts intheir villages. These were used for sport and for rituals.Mounds found within the remains of Hohokam villages mayhave been dance platforms or places on which their leaders'homes were built. Hohokams weaved cotton goods. Cottonis a plant used to make cloth. By about A.ix 1450, mostpeople had abandoned the Hohokam area. This most likelywas because of a lack of water and failed irrigation system.

Who Were the Mogollon?The Mogollon area was much larger than that of theHohokam. This group is believed to have begun about200 H.C. There was more rainfall where they lived. TheMogollon were farmers. They built small villages of abouttwenty houses on bluffs, mesas, or on other high grounds.Their communities included underground "pit houses"believed to be the earliest southwestern kivas. Kivas werelarge underground rooms used for ceremonies.


The Anasazi builtdwellings in cliffs.

BurialThe act of buryingthe dead

DwellingA home

ReligiousRelating to a beliefin a higher being

The Mogollon were the first southwestern people to makepottery. Using ways of painting learned from the Anasazi,the Mogollon created their own designs. Their pottery wasused throughout their lives and for burial offerings to coverthe heads of the dead.

What Were the Chaco Canyon Anasazi Like?The Anasazi civilization began around 100 B.C. They grewcorn and hunted. By A.D. 900, the main settlement of theAnasazi was Chaco Canyon in what is now north centralNew Mexico. The Anasazi were called "Cliff Dwellers"because they built houses into cliffs. The dwellings weremade of the same copper-colored sandstone of the cliffs.The largest dwelling had more than 650 rooms.

The Anasazi farmers relied on rainfall and their systemof catching water runoff from the cliffs.They also kept acalendar by watching the sun and moon. The Anasazi sunpriests were able to plan for planting cycles and religiousceremonies.

The period of the Chacoan Anasazi lasted fewer than 300years. From A.D. 1130 to 1180, a drought forced people toleave. The Anasazi continued to live at Cliff Palace andSpruce Tree House at Mesa Verde in Colorado and at KeetSeel in Arizona.


*ReservoirA large place usedto store water

DescendantOne who comesfrom a group ofpeople

Architecture From the Anasazi

Anasazi people built large homes onridges of river canyon walls or thesides of mesas. Many families lived inbuildings made up of dozens ofcubelike apartments.

Anasazi farmed the flat land belowtheir homes. The Pueblos, Anasazidescendants, continued to live in thismanner until the 1500s. Then Navajostook over the Pueblo land anddwellings.

The unique architecture andplacement of the Anasazi rock andclay dwellings made them durable.Many are still fairly intact. You cansee them in Mesa Verde National Parkin southwestern Colorado. Theseremnants of an ancient AmericanIndian culture have strongly

influenced southwesternarchitecture.

Who Were the Mesa Verde Anasazi?The Mesa Verde Anasazi lived on the sides of high mesas insouthwestern Colorado and southeastern Utah. About A.D.700, they moved from their pit houses to dwellingsaboveground. They built thousands of dams on smallstreams. On Chapin Mesa, the Anasazi built a stone-linedreservoir that could hold almost two million gallons ofwater. A reservoir is a large place used to store water.

Who Were the Kayenta Anasazi?Another group of Anasazi known as theKayenta lived from A.D. 1100 to 1300 insmall villages in northeastern Arizona.They were masters of pottery makingand weaving.

Around A.D. 1250, the Kayenta Anasazibegan building larger cliff dwellings.Experts believe that the move was madefor protection from enemies. Just before1300, the Anasazi left the Southwestcompletely. There was warfare amongAnasazi groups. A drought and lack ofgood land for farming caused the wars.Some of the Anasazi moved down intothe Rio Grande area where many of theirdescendants, the Pueblos, live today.

Southwestern Civilizations

Arizona, New Mexico

Arizona, Colorado,New Mexico, Utah


Pueblos carved a pictureof a Kachina dance

(right) on a sandstonecliff in New Mexico.Hopi Eagle Kachinas

(below) are still used inrituals.

* KachinaSpirits of anancestor

During the time when the Pueblo culture was formed,Navajos moved near the Pueblos from Canada and Alaska.The Navajos learned farming from the Pueblos. One groupof today's Pueblos, the Hopi of northeastern Arizona, areknown for their kachina rituals. Kachinas are spirits ofancestors. Today, Pueblo men act and dress like kachinasin rituals to bring success to the Pueblo people.

SECTION 3 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, writeTrue if the statement is true or False if the statement is nottrue.

1) Snaketown was a major Hohokam civilization.

2) The Mogollon were hunters.

3) The Anasazi were called "Cliff Dwellers" because theybuilt houses into cliffs.

4) The Kayenta Anasa/i built a large reservoir.

5) The Pueblos are descendants of the Anasazi.

What do you think

What seemed to be the mostdifficult problem facing thesouthwestern peoples?


The Adena-Hopewell Mound Builders

TobaccoA plant that somepeople smoke orchew

The Hopewell madestone figures. Thefigure above is aHopewell medicineman.

Serpent Mound(right) near present-

day Hillsboro, Ohio, isan example of a

Hopewell mound.

About 700 B.C. one group of American Indians beganbuilding burial mounds in the Ohio River Valley to honortheir dead. These people are known today as the Adena.Many of the burial mounds were as large as 300 feet across.With great respect, the dead were put in small log rooms.The rooms were filled with stone tablets, tobacco, andpipes for smoking the tobacco.

Who Were the Hopewell?The Hopewell peoples were direct descendants of theAdena. They thrived for several hundred years until aboutA.D. 300. Unlike many other people who lived during thistime, the Hopewell never built great cities. Their largestsettlements had fewer than 400 people. Instead, they builtmounds of far greater detail than those the Adena built.

The Hopewell people often built mounds in the shapeof animals. Serpent Mound near present-day Hillsboro,Ohio, is a perfectly preserved example of a Hopewellmound. It is a huge mound shaped like a snake.

The Hopewell were known to build mounds in the shapes oflizards, birds, panthers, and even human beings. They held


Adena-Hopewell SettlementsCANADA

MN

MAP STUDY

Are there moreburial mounds in theAdena or Hopewellarea? Near what cityis Serpent Moundlocated?

What do you think

[ | Adena

_| Hopewell

• Burial mound

ATLANTICOCEAN

Why do you think theHopewell built mounds in theshape of people andanimals?

burial services and spent much time honoring their dead.However, many experts believe that the Hopewell were moreconcerned with celebrating life, nature, and rebirth.

Many Hopewell began to trade with settlements throughoutthe areas east of the Mississippi River. Other peoples adoptedHopewell customs and rituals. The Hopewell respect forrebirth and nature became a part of the beliefs of peoplefrom the Great Lakes to the deep South. Some groups ofHopewell continued to live throughout these areas for manyyears after the original Ohio settlement fell around A.D. 300.

SECTION 4 REVIEW Write the answers to thesequestions on a separate sheet of paper using completesentences.

1) What did the Adena build?

2) What were Hopewell settlements like?

3) What is Serpent Mound?

4) What did the Hopewell celebrate?

5) Who did the Hopewell begin to trade with?


Section The Mississippi, Plains, and Northwest Civilizations

MAP STUDY

In which present-daystates did the MiddleMississippians live?Which area shown onthe map is farthestnorth?

Researchers have found burial grounds in the lowerMississippi River Valley. The grounds are believed to havebeen built as early as 4500 B.C. Between 1500 and 1000 B.C.,one of the earliest civilizations in North America developedin this area. It was formed in parts of present-day Mississippi,Louisiana, and Arkansas. Several different peoples formeda civilization near Poverty Point in northeastern Louisiana.Some time after 1000 B.C., the Poverty Point civilizationdied out.

People who lived in the lower Mississippi River Valley wereamong the first known to have used plants. For example, theyused sunflower, marsh elder, pigweed, and barley for food.By A.I). 800, corn and squash farming from Mesoamerica

changed the lives of many people in this area.Populations increased as people started corn farming.The Mississippians became the most advancedcivilization in eastern North America.

| | Middle Mississippian

Plaquemine (Lower) Mississippian

Caddoan Mississippian

Oneota

South Appalachian Mississippian

Fort Ancient

Settlement sites

\Main IWississippian Settlements


Poverty Point, asshown in thisdiagram, was a large,well-plannedcivilization.

What Were Cahokiaand Moundville?Near present-day Collinsvillein western Illinois, MiddleMississippians built MonksMound at Cahokia. This 100-foot—high mound coveredsixteen acres of land. It is thelargest object built of earthnorth of Mesoamerica. Cahokiawas a major trade center for the

Mississippians near the Mississippi River. Perhaps as manyas 40,000 people lived there at one time. By A.D. 1500,Cahokia was completely abandoned.

Moundville, Alabama, was built about A.I). 1050 by MiddleMississippians in the southern region. It was the largestsettlement in the Eastern Woodlands. By the middle of the1500s, however, only small groups of people remained inMoundville and in the other settlements.

Who Are Descendants of the Mississippians?Many present-day peoples such as the Cherokees aredescendants of the Mississippians. Although they adoptedmany European customs, they still keep some traditions oftheir ancestors from Moundville. For example, every yearthe Cherokees celebrate the Green Corn Ceremony inhonor of the people of Moundville.

The Iroquois also are believed to have descended fromMississippian roots. Northern Iroquois lived in what is nowupper New York state. Five tribes—the Oneida, Mohawk,Onandaga, Cayuga, and Seneca—later joined the Tuscarora.They formed a group that stretched 200 miles across NewYork state. They lived in houses with several families.Although they never numbered more than 22,000, theIroquois were the strongest force north of Mesoamericawhen the Europeans arrived.


Research a group ofpeople from thischapter. In yournotebook, write areport about thepeople. Includeinformation otherthan what is givenin the chapter.

Today, other descendants of the Mississippianssuch as the Mohawks, the Chippewa, and theNatchez carry on the ways of these earliest

ancestors.

Who Were the Plains Indians?The Plains Indians have been called nomadic

peoples. However, they developed villages, too.Beginning about 250 B.C., traders carried stones andmetals back to the Hopewell centers. Hopewell ideascaught on with the Plains people. They beganmaking pottery, building burial mounds, taking partin long-range trade, and growing corn.

The Hidatsa and Mandan of North Dakota were notvery interested in farming. However, they did grow

some food. They also fished and hunted. Along the KnifeRiver, thirteen or fourteen villages have been found. Eachone is believed to have had between 2,000 and 3,000 peopleliving there. Villages were set four to six miles apart so thatthey could keep track of one another. If an enemy burned avillage, the people in the neighboring village saw the smokeand prepared to defend themselves.

Unlike many of the people to the North and West, Pawneepeople living in present-day Nebraska keep and practicesome beliefs of their Mississippian ancestors. For example,the Pawnees believe that the use of ceremonial bundles filledwith objects from nature can bring good luck to a village.

Mississippi, Plains, and Northwest Civilizations

Civilization

Mississippian

Plains Indians

Pacific Northwest

Location

Mississippi River Valley

North American Plains

Northwestern America,Canada, Alaska

Date Started

4500 B.C. 1

250 B.C. 1

A.D. 400


*Totem poleA tall, colorfulcarved object thathad a certainreligious meaning

Totem poles hadreligious meaningfor some PacificNorthwest people.

As with many other tribes, the Pawnees today are connectedto the religious and cultural ways of the Southwest and ofMesoamerica.

Who Were the Peoples of the Pacific Northwest?By A.D. 400, the Pacific Northwest civilizations began. Thesepeoples include the Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl,and Nootka. In most cases, they built shoreline villages.They depended heavily on the sea for their food and trade.The Nootka, for example, were whalers. Some built totempoles. These tall, colorful carved objects had a religiousmeaning to some of these people.

North of the Pacific Northwest civilizations lived theEskimo, or Inuit as they are called today. These peopleare believed to have come from Asia. They settled near theBering Sea coast in what is now Alaska and along the coastsof Canada and Greenland. They got clothing, food, oil, andtools from sea mammals, fish, and caribou. Today, about63,000 Inuit still live in America and Canada.

SECTION 5 REVIEW On a separate sheet of paper, writeTrue if the statement is true or False if the statement is nottrue.

1) Cahokia was a major trade center for the Mississippiansnear the Mississippi River.

2) Moundville was the largest settlement in Mesoamerica.

3) The Hidatsa and Mandan were experts in farming.

4) Pacific Northwest civilizations depended on the sea forfood and trade.

5) American Indians today still practice many ancientbeliefs.

What do you think ?]Why do you think burialmounds were so importantto the first Americans?

Beginnings to 1400 The t-'irst Americans Chapter I 29

SOI/KCE READING

An Osage Belief

The Osage are a people who onceroamed freely in Missouri, Arkansas, andOklahoma. Now most of them live on areservation in Oklahoma. Like theMayans of Mesoamerica, the Osagebelieve that their people were descendedfrom the sun and the moon. This passageis an explanation of how Osage peoplecame to live on the earth.

"Way beyond, a part of the Osage livedin the sky. They desired to know theirorigin, the source from which they cameinto existence. They went to the sun. Hetold them that they were his children.Then they wandered still farther andcame to the moon. She told them thatshe gave birth to them, and that the sunwas their father. She told them that theymust leave their present abode and godown to the earth and dwell there. Theycame to the earth, but found that it wascovered with water. They could notreturn to the place they had left, so theywept, but no answer came to them fromanywhere. They floated about in the air,seeking in every direction for help fromsome god; but they found none. The

animals were with them, and of all thesethe elk was the finest and most stately,and inspired all the creatures withconfidence; so they appealed to the elkfor help. He dropped into the water andbegan to sink. Then he called to thewinds, and the winds came from allquarters and blew until the waters wentupward as in a mist.

At first rocks only were exposed, and thepeople traveled on the rocky places thatproduced no plants, and there wasnothing to eat. Then the waters began togo down until the soft earth was exposed.When this happened, the elk in his joyrolled over and over on the soft earth,and all his loose hairs clung to the soil.The hairs grew, and from them sprangbeans, corn, potatoes, and wild turnips,and then all the grasses and trees."

From: The Omaha Tribe, translated byAlice Fletcher and Francis La Flesche,1905-1906

Source Reading Wrap-Up1) Where did the Osage live at first?

2) What relation to the Osage were thesun and the moon?

3) Who did the Osage appeal to forhelp?

4) When the waters went down, howdid vegetables, grasses, and treesbegin to grow?

5) Which part of the Osage legend doyou like the best? Why?


CHAPTER SUMMARY

* Hunters who crossed a land bridgefrom Siberia to North Americaaround 20,000 B.C. may have beenthe earliest Americans. The Asianhunters may have migrated acrossNorth America and into SouthAmerica along several routes.

•*• People who settled in Mesoamericabetween 1200 B.C. and A.D. 1521 hadearly advanced civilizations. TheOlmecs carved enormous pillars andaltars from jade and stone. Arithmetic,astronomy, an advanced form ofwriting, and architecture were Mayanachievements. The Aztecs had stronggovernment and military forces andbuilt elaborate structures. Incas werebuilders, lawmakers, warriors, andastronomers.

* The Hohokam, Mogollon, andAnasazi were three major farmingsocieties in southwestern NorthAmerica. The Hohokam builthundreds of miles of irrigationcanals between A.IX 800 and 1000.The Mogollon grew crops. TheAnasazi, or Cliff Dwellers, lived incliffs, grew corn, and hunted.

if The Pueblo and Navajocivilizations developed in theSouthwest after the Anasazicivilizations declined.

* Beginning about 700 B.C., theAdena people lived in the Ohio RiverValley. They built elaborate burialmounds in many shapes. TheHopewell descended from the Adena.Hopewell civilizations existed untilA.D. 300. Their lifestyle influencedpeople in settlements from the GreatLakes to the South.

* Civilizations may have been in theMississippi River Valley as early as4500 B.C. Corn farming was centralto the Mississippian culture startingaround A.IX 800.

* The Plains Indians were nomadic.They did not farm but grew neededfood and fished and hunted. TheHidatsa, Mandan, and Pawnee wereamong the Plains peoples.

* The Pacific Northwest civilizationsdeveloped around A.D. 400.Theydepended on the sea for food andtrade. The Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian,Kwakiutl, Nootka, and Eskimo, orInuit, are among the northwesterncultures.


Chapter 1 Review

Comprehension: Identifying FactsOn a separate sheet of paper, write the words from theWord Bank to complete each sentence.

WORD BANK

Anasazi

Aztecs

architects

burial mounds

Cahokia

Incas

irrigation canals

Mogollon

Olmecs

Pacific Northwest

Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania

Plains Indians

Toltecs

1) The were good lawmakers and warriors.

2) Temples and pyramids are examples of the Mayans'skill as .

3) The

4) The

built houses into sandstone cliffs.

of Mesoamerica were builders of roads,bridges, and buildings.

5) The Hohokam built hundreds of miles of .

6) The carved enormous pillars of jade and stone.

7) The first southwestern people to make pottery were the

8) Temples are remains of theTula.

in their main city of

9) The Adena-Hopewell people of central North Americabuilt elaborate .

10) The Hidatsa, Mandan, and Pawnee were _ _ .

11) civilizations depended on the sea for their food.


12) The largest earthen structure built north ofMesoamerica was Monk's Mound at near theMississippi River.

13) The earliest traces of human life in what is now theUnited States were found near .

Comprehension: Understanding Main IdeasOn a separate sheet of paper, write the answer to eachquestion using complete sentences.

1) How did the first people get to the North Americancontinent?

2) How do we know that the people of Mesoamerica hadearly advanced civilizations?

3) What evidence shows that the southwestern peopleswere farming societies?

4) How did the Anasazi control water supplies?

5) What evidence shows that the Adenas and Hopewellshad much respect for their dead?

Critical Thinking: Write Your Opinion1) The earliest Americans were inventive people. Do you

think today's Americans are as inventive as the earliestpeoples? Why or why not?

2) Many of the earliest civilizations died out completely.Explain whether you think that could happen to anycivilization on Earth today.

Test Taking Tip Avoid waiting until the night before a test to study. Planyour study time so that you can get a good night's sleepthe night before a test.

Beginnings tO 1400 The First Americans Chapter! 33

Chapter Exploration

1477 MarcoPolo's bookis published

1400-1607

For many years, people in Europe knew of a distant landto the east called Asia, or the Far East. They wanted to

explore routes to the Far East. In this chapter, you will learnabout these explorations and how they affected worldhistory.

Goals for Learning

^ To describe the importance of new technology in earlynavigation and exploration

^•To identify the major European explorers and the areasthey explored

^To describe how England's and Spain's power in Europechanged after the Spanish Armada was defeated

^•To identify the first European colonies and who startedthem

! 1497 JohnCabot exploresNorth America

1513 VascoNunez deBalboa seesPacific Ocean

1524 Giovannida Verrazanoreaches NorthCarolina

1607 Englisharrive atJamestown

1492 ChristopherColumbus exploresWest Indies

1499 AmerigoVespucciexplores SouthAmerica

1519 FerdinandMagellan findswaterway toPacific Ocean

1535 JacquesCartier exploresSt. LawrenceRiver

Section Ideas of Exploration Begin

*CompassDevice used toshow direction

*GlobeModel of the Earth

MerchantBuyer and sellerof goods

*MonarchPerson who rulesa kingdom orterritory

*NobleSomeone who ispart of a society'supper or rulingclass

PublishTo print something,such as a book,newspaper, ormagazine

*TerritoryLand belongingto a country orgovernment

For many years, Arab traders brought jewels, fine silks,perfumes, and spices by land from the Far East. Thesegoods were sold to merchants in Italy who then carriedthem along the Mediterranean Sea to other Europeans.Monarchs, people who rule kingdoms or territories, andnobles, people of the upper class, were eager to buy thesegoods. The routes traders used were long and dangerous.People soon began to think about rinding a route to theFar East by sea.

How Did Exploration Begin?During the 1400s, several events had a great effect onexploration. One event was the development of thecompass. The compass had markings and a pointerthat showed the direction of north. The compass helpedsailors to know what direction they were going. Watertravel became much safer.

The second great development was in mapmaking. Mapswere being drawn more correctly. Maps helped people toaccept that the Earth was round.

A third event was the production of an improved globe.A globe is a model of the Earth. Unfortunately, early globesshowed only one ocean separating Europe from Asia. Theyalso did not show North America. At that time, peoplebelieved that the world was much smaller than it really is.

In 1477, a book was published about the experiences ofMarco Polo, who explored the Far East during the thirteenthcentury. The book described China as a land of great wealth.This excited the people in Europe. They began to dream offinding a safer and shorter route to Asia and its riches. Thelands in Asia were given the name "Indies" because theyincluded India, China, and the Spice Islands.

1400-1607 Exploration <.'hapter2 35

*ContinentLarge land mass onEarth; for example,North America orAfrica

* VoyageThe act of traveling,especially by sea

Who Explored the West Indies?A man from Italy named Christopher Columbus wanted tofind an all-water route to the Indies. He was one of manywho believed that since the Earth was round, he couldreach the Indies by sailing west.

Columbus did not have enough money to make his dreamcome true. He tried to get help from the kings of Portugaland England, but they both turned him down. The king andqueen of Spain also refused to help at first. Finally, just as hewas about to give up hope of making his journey, Queen

Isabella of Spain agreed to pay for his voyage. Heset sail in August (492)vith three small ships—the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria.

Columbus did not know that between Europeand Asia lay two great continents, or masses ofland. When his crew sighted land on October 12,1492, he thought he had reached the Indies. Hecalled the natives he found on the island "Indios."This word later became "Indians" in English.

Queen Isabella ofSpain agreed to payfor Columbus'svoyage. He explainedhis plan to Isabellaand her Royal Courtbefore she agreed.

MAP STUDY

Why did Columbusthink he could saildirectly to the FarEast? In whichdirection wouldColumbus needto sail to reach Asia?

ASIA

tf LEUROPE

0°

AFRICA

V

hqiuuor

vSpice MJHJ

'0 5"he Continents Between E and Asia

36 Chapter 2 Exploration

(inlf of M

N

MAP STUDY

How many voyagesare shown on thismap? How long didColumbus's fourthvoyage last?

PANAMA SOUTH AMERICA

Columbus's Voyages

First Voyage 1492-1493Second Voyage 1493-1496

Third Voyage 1498-1500

Fourth Voyage 1502-1504

What do you think

There were many reasonswhy the Europeans wantedto find a water route to theFar East. What do you thinkwas the main reason? Why?

Columbus made three more voyages across the AtlanticOcean. He explored other islands, still believing them to

be the East Indies. Because of his mistake, this group ofislands is now called the West Indies.

Columbus started the first Spanish colony at Hispaniolaon his second voyage to the Indies. Soon there were manySpanish settlements on the islands of Hispaniola, Cuba,and Puerto Rico.

SECTION 1 REVIEW Write the answers to these questionson a separate sheet of paper.

1) Why did Europeans want to find a waterroute to the Far East?

2) Who paid for Christopher Columbus's firstjourney?

3) How did the compass aid in exploration?

4) What effect did the development of mapshave on most people?

5) How were goods from the Far East broughtto Europe?

rj

1400-1607 Exploration Chapter 2 37

Section Other Explorers Follow

Other countries soon learned of Columbus and his voyages.Ii^f497> England sent John Cabot to explore. Cabot was anItalian from Venice who lived in England and had taken anEnglish name. Like Columbus, Cabot thought he couldreach the East Indies by sailing west. Cabot set sail farthernorth. He had one small ship and a crew of eighteen. Cabotreached what is now Newfoundland after one month. Heclaimed much land for England.

Cabot made a second trip to explore the east and northeastcoasts of North America. He was disappointed he had notfound the rich cities of China. He still believed he had beenjust off the coast of the Asian continent.

The mystery of the two continents that lay between Europeand the Far East had not been solved. Columbus and Cabotwere sure they had reached Asia. The map on page 41clearly shows that Cabot was no closer than Columbus.

In 1499, an Italian named/AmerigoVespucci made several voyages to explorethe northeastern coast of what is now SouthAmerica. Vespucci's letters and recordsdescribed what he found. He called it a newland. People in Europe were so impressedwith his descriptions that they named thecontinent "America." People also called itthe "New World"

Who Explored on Land?One of the first Spanish explorers to go tothe New World after Columbus was JuanPonce de Leon. In 1513, he led a group insearch of gold and the "Fountain ofYouth." According to legend, water fromthe Fountain of Youth made people youngagain. Ponce de Leon reached the

America got its name fromthe Italian explorer AmerigoVespucci.


CommissionTo appoint aperson or groupto do something

ConquerTo gain somethingby force; defeat

*EmpireA large amountof territory under^one ruler

* MainlandMain part of acontinent

* SlaveryForcing a personor group to workwithout pay orrights

southeastern tip of the mainland, or main part of thecontinent. Because of the beautiful flowers and trees there,he named the place "Florida," the Spanish word for flower.

Also in 1513, Vasco Nunez dc Balboa led a group of men insearch of gold and silver. They became the first F,uropeans tosee the Pacific Ocean from its eastern shore. One of the menwith Balboa was Francisco Pi/.arro. During this trip, Pi/arroheard about the rich empire of the Incas. An empire is alarge amount of territory under one ruler. Pizarro wasdetermined to conquer the rulers and take their land andriches for Spain.

By the year 1533, the Incas had been defeated and forced intoslavery. Their rights were taken away and they were forced towork for the Spanish. Slaves removed huge amounts of goldand silver from mines in the Andes Mountains and shippedit to Spain. Pizarro was later killed by men who worked forPizarro's former partner, Diego De Almagro.

What Did Ferdinand Magellan Do?Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese captain, wascommissioned to sail in search of the Far East in 1519. Hecrossed the Atlantic Ocean and reached the coast of SouthAmerica. He then journeyed south to the southern tip ofSouth America. The stormy waters led from the Atlantic tothe Pacific Ocean. Magellan had found the water routearound the New World.

Have you seen a photograph of Earth from space? You can see fromone that the world is round. Europeans in the early 1400s could noteven imagine a photograph, much less one taken from space. Many

of them still believed that the world was flat. Theydid not know the Western Hemisphere existed. Ferdinand

I Magellan's trip in 1519 proved that the world is round. Still,many areas of the world were unknown to Europeans. Their

maps and globes were far from complete. Now every area ofEarth has been explored. You can find a map for any part of

it you want to see.


Ferdinand Magellan

Magellan never completed his journey to theFar East. He was killed in the Philippines.Only one of his five ships and eighteen of his270 men finally reached the Far East beforereturning to Spain. It took them three yearsto complete the trip around the world.

Magellan's voyage was very important. Itproved the Earth was really round and providedEuropeans with valuable information aboutthe great land that separated Europe and Asia.

Who Was Hernando Cortes?Also iri 1519, Spanish explore^ HernandoCortes landed on the coast of what is nowMexico. He was searching for gold and silver.Two years later, his army was equipped withcannons, armor, and sixteen horses. They

defeated the Aztec king, Montezuma, and captured hisempire in central Mexico.

What Was the Northwest Passage?An Italian by the name of Giovanni da Verrazano set sailfrom France in 1524. Some people in Europe believed therewas a northern route to the Ear East.

MONTEZUMA II: c. 1480-1520

Montezuma II was the king of the Aztec Empire that stretchedfrom the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean. His fatherhad founded the empire. Like his father, Montezumaexpanded the kingdom. He built beautiful temples andhospitals. The capital of the empire, Tenochtitlan, was seton an island in the middle of a lake. In 1519, the Spanishexplorer Hernando Cortes marched on Tenochtitlan, thepresent Mexico City. Montezuma thought that Cortes was

a god who had been expected to return to Earth that year.Because of that, Montezuma sent Cortes rich gifts. Cortes

wanted more treasure, however, so he attacked Tenochtitlan.Montezuma died from wounds he got during the attack.


Early European Explorers

ENGLAND

EUROPEFRANCE

PORTUGALSPAIN

What route didDrake travel?How long didMagellan's triptake?

This became known as the Northwest Passage. Verrazanocarried the French flag to the New World in search of theNorthwest Passage. After a stormy voyage of some fiftydays, Verrazano reached the American coast of what is nowNorth Carolina. From North Carolina, he sailed north toNewfoundland. His records of the voyage greatly added toEurope's growing knowledge of this new continent.

In 1534, France sent Jacques Cartier in search of theNorthwest Passage. He explored the St. Lawrence Riverin Canada. He thought this great river was the true way tothe East. After three voyages to its shores, he finally realizedhe was mistaken. Cartier was very disappointed with hisfailure to find the waterway. The lands he claimed forFrance would later be of great value.


Explorations SponsoringExplorer

Christopher Columbus

John Cabot

Amerigo Vespucci

Juan Ponce de Leon

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Ferdinand Magellan

Hernando Cortes

Giovanni da Verrazano

Jacques Cartier

Sir Francis Drake

Began

1492

1497

1499

1513

1513

1519

1519

1524

1534

1577

Country

Spain

England

Italy

Spain

sPortugal

Spain

France

France

England

Places Explored

West Indies

Newfoundland,North America

South America

Florida

Panama, Pacific Ocean

South America, PacificOcean

Mexico

North Carolina,Newfoundland

St. Lawrence River, Canada

South America,Washington, Pacific Ocean

*ExpeditionJourney made by aperson or group fora certain purpose

What do you think

What Did Sir Francis Drake Explore?Sir Francis Drake of England was also an importantexplorer. His expedition, or journey, began in 1577. Drakesailed to the New World and around the southern tip ofSouth America. He traveled up the Pacific coast as far aswhat is now the state of Washington. Then he crossedthe Pacific Ocean and returned to England by 1580. Hisexpedition was the second to sail around the world.


TJ-Many early explorers foughtwith or conquered nativepeoples. Why do you thinkthe explorers did this? Whatmore peaceful actions couldthe explorers have taken?

1) How did America get its name?

2) What was Ponce de Leon searching for inthe New World?

3) List the countries that sent explorers.

4) Where did Magellan find the water routearound the New World?

5) Who searched for the Northwest Passage?


Section

*ArmadaFleet of warships

*CharterWritten agreementgranting power inthe name of a stateor country

* ColonyGroup of peopleliving in a newarea under rule ojtheir native land

LootTo take or damagethings by use offorce

England and France Start Colonies

Spain began to benefit from the great treasures andcontributions of the New World. Other countries grewjealous of these treasures. French, Dutch, and Englishships began seizing Spanish ships on the high seas andlooting Spanish towns along the coast of America. KingPhilip I I of Spain was very angry with England for theseattacks. He sent a fleet of ships in 1588 to crush theEnglish and overthrow Queen Elizabeth I of England.Much to his disappointment, however, the more skilledEnglish sailors defeated this fleet, called the SpanishArmada. Spain's power began to weaken after this defeat.England's power increased.

What Was Roanoke?In 1578, Queen Elizabeth granted an agreement, or charter,to Sir Humphrey Gilbert to begin a colony. A colony is agroup of people living in a new area. Gilbert wanted toestablish a colony in the New World. However, Gilbertdied dur ing his second attempt at establishing a colony. SirWalter Raleigh, Gilbert's half brother, received the charter.

English ships defeated the Spanish Armada in the English Channel.


What do you thinkmay have happened topeople at the Roanokecolony? Think of somethings that could havehappened. In yourjournal or notebook,write two or threeparagraphs explainingwhat you thinkhappened to thecolony.

Between 1584 and 1587, Raleighsent three different expeditionsto the New World. The first group

was sent to explore and gatherinformation. The second group

was sent to live in the new colony.The colony did not do very well, and

many people died. Others returnedto England.

Raleigh would not give up his plan tof /• start a colony. He asked John White

to lead a third and final group. Theysettled on Roanoke Island off the coastof North Carolina. White returned to

England in 1587 to get more supplies. He was unable toreturn to Roanoke until 1590. No trace could be foundof the settlers when he returned. The group had simplydisappeared. For that reason it is called the Lost Colony.The only clues were the letters "CRO"carved on one treeand the word "CROATOAN" carved on another. No oneknew what the word meant. Included among the missingwere White's daughter and granddaughter, Virginia Dare,the first English child born in America.

What Other Colonies Were Started?The French had shown some earlier interest in startingcolonies in America, but little came of it. Seventy years hadpassed since Cartier discovered the St. Lawrence River andclaimed much of Canada for France. The first French colonywas started on the St. Lawrence River in the early 1600s. Theleader of this small colony, Samuel de Champlain, namedthe settlement Quebec.

France's territories in America were later called New France.New France never attracted many settlers. The populationremained very small for over 100 years. Although Spain,Portugal, and France had claimed large areas of land, onlya few scattered colonies were successful.


* PoliticalRelating togovernment orthe way it runs

What do you think

King James I of England

What Other ColoniesDid England Start?Major changes took place whenKing James I took the Englishthrone in 1603. He had strictreligious rules. He had littlepatience with those who disagreedwith him. English people startedto look for a new place to live. Thefaraway lands of the New Worldwere appealing. These people werelooking for religious and politicalfreedom.

What did the defeat of theSpanish Armada do toEngland's and Spain's powerin Europe? Why do you thinkthis was important?

Two groups of wealthy nobles and merchants formed theVirginia Company of London. They were interested inmaking money from trade. King James granted them acharter for land within the region of Virginia in 1606.A second charter was granted in the same year to thePlymouth Company. It included land farther to thenorth in what is now New England.

Three small ships and about 100 men reached the shoresof Virginia in April 1607. The place where they landed wasnamed Jamestown in honor of their king.


1) Which country defeated the SpanishArmada?

2) What was the name of the first Englishcolony?

3) What happened to the Roanoke colony?

4) Where was the first French colony started?Who was its leader?

5) Why did the people of England dislike theway King James I ruled?

j


y »*y**wr * _ ^ Gf(j> JL -V,. ./ .V^

SOURCE READING

Cabeza de Vaca's JournalIn 1527, Spanish explorer Alvar NunezCabeza de Vaca set out to colonizewhat is now Florida. In 1528 aftershipwrecking off the Texas coast, heand his crew explored Mexico and whatis now the southwestern United States.They traveled over American Indian trailsand had much contact with Indians. Hereis part of Cabeza de Vaca's journal.

"\d . . . our strongest man to ...find any worn trails. . . . We had begunto worry what. . . happened to him, so Idetailed another two men to check. Theymet him shortly and saw three Indianswith bows and arrows following him. . . .Later 200 bowmen . . . reinforced thefirst three.. . . They looked like giants tous in our fright. . . . We gave them beadsand bells, and each . . , gave us an arrowas a pledge of friendship. .. .

The next morning, the Indians [brought]. . . fish and . . . roots. . . . Provided withwhat we needed, we . . . embark[ed]again. . . . We had rowed .. . from shorewhen a wave . . . capsized the boat. .. .We lost everything. . . .

At sunset the Indians, not knowing wehad tried to leave, came again with food.When they saw us looking so strangely .. .I explained . . . that our barge had sunkand three .. . drowned.. .. The Indians,understanding our full plight, sat downand [wailed] . .. When the cries dieddown, I conferred .. . about asking theIndians to take us to their homes. Some. .. who had been to New Spain warnedthat the Indians would sacrifice us. . . .But... I ... beseeched the Indians. Theywere delighted....

In the morning, they brought us fish androots and acted in every way hospitably.We . . . somewhat lost our anxiety. . . ."

From: Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca'sjournal in Adventures in the UnknownInterior of America, translated byCyclone Covey.

Source Reading Wrap-Up1) Why were Cabeza de Vaca and his

men frightened of the Indians?

2) What were some kindnesses theIndians showed the explorers?

3) What caused the American Indiansto sit down and wail?

4) Why did the explorers ask to go tothe Indians' homes, even though theythought they might be killed?

5) How did you react to the way theIndians treated Cabeza de Vaca andhis men?


CHAPTER SUMMARY

if In the 1400s, the development ofthe compass and improvements inmapmaking and globes helpedexploration.

* In 1477, Marco Polo's bookdescribing the Far East excited thepeople of Europe and encouragedexploration.

* Christopher Columbus made hisfirst voyage in search of the Far Eastin 1492. He explored what was latercalled the West Indies.

* John Cabot explored NorthAmerica in 1497. He claimed muchof northeastern North America forEngland.

if Amerigo Vespucci made severalvoyages to South America beginningin 1499. Later, the continent heexplored was named America afterhim.

if Juan Ponce de Leon searched forgold and the Fountain of Youth in1513. He named the land he exploredFlorida.

* Vasco Nunez de Balboa led avoyage in 1513,in search of gold andsilver. He and his crew were the firstEuropeans to see the Pacific Ocean.

* Ferdinand Magellan led a voyagearound the world in 1519.

* Hernando Cortes conquered theAztecs in 1521.

* Giovanni da Verrazano searchedfor the Northwest Passage in 1524.He later reached North Carolinaand Newfoundland. Jacques Cartiersearched for the Northwest Passagein 1534. He explored the St.Lawrence River in Canada.

if Sir Francis Drake led the secondexpedition around the worldbetween 1577 and 1580.

* The English defeated the SpanishArmada in 1588.

if Sir Walter Raleigh led threeexpeditions to the New Worldbetween 1584 and 1587. UnderRaleigh, John White formed a colonyin Roanoke, North Carolina. Thecolony later disappeared.

* The first French colony wasstarted on the St. Lawrence Riverin the early 1600s.

* In 1606, King James I grantedcharters for land in the New World.The Virginia Company settled acolony in Jamestown, Virginia, in1607.


Chapter 2 Review

Comprehension: Identifying FactsMatch each sentence below with an explorer from the WordBank. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

WORD BANK

Amerigo Vespucci

Christopher Columbus

Ferdinand Magellan

Francis Drake

Francisco Pizarro

Giovanni da Verrazano

Hernando Cortes

Jacques Cartier

John Cabot

Juan Ponce de Leon

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

1) Explored the West Indies.

2) Searched for the "Fountain of Youth" in Florida.

3) Led the second expedition around the world.

4) Led an expedition that became the first group ofEuropeans to see the Pacific Ocean.

5) England sent him to explore. His search for the EastIndies failed, but he reached Newfoundland.

6) Explored the St. Lawrence River.

7) Sailed to North Carolina and Newfoundland in searchof the Northwest Passage.

8) Defeated the Aztecs.

9) His expedition was the first to sail around the world,though he was killed during the journey.

10) America is named after him.

11) Worked for Vasco Nunez de Balboa before becominginterested in conquering the Incas.


Comprehension: Understanding Main IdeasOn a separate sheet of paper, write the answers to thefollowing questions using complete sentences.

1) How did the globe, compass, and map improveexploration?

2) What happened when other countries became jealousof Spain's discoveries in the New World?

3) Why was defeating the Spanish Armada important forthe English?

4) What was Roanoke colony? Who started it?

5) What was the first French colony? Who started it?

6) Why did many people want to leave England whenJames I became king?

Critical Thinking: Write Your Opinion1) Do you think the Europeans would have found the New

World as quickly if Columbus had not made hisvoyages? Why or why not?

2) Who do you think was the most important explorer?Why?

3) Many people left England because they were searchingfor political or religious freedom. Do you think theserights are important in the United States today? Why orwhy not?

Test Taking Tip When studying for a test, write facts and definitions onindex cards. Use them as flash cards with a partner topractice remembering the items.

1400—1607 Exploration Chapter 2 49

SKILLS LESSONUnit 1 Timelines

Timelines display dates and events on aline. They may show key events for aregion. They also may list events during anindividual's life. Timelines can spanthousands of years or cover only a fewmonths.

Timelines show time relationships betweenevents. Timelines help you think of eventsin the order they occurred. They showwhen an event occurred. They also showwhat took place before and after the event.

Always look at the beginning and endingdates to understand the time period.

Each chapter in this book begins with atimeline. These timelines will help youfocus on key events and ideas from thechapter. Remember, creating your owntimeline of events as you read a chaptercan help you study.

This timeline gives important dates in thelife of explorer Hernando Cortes. Study it.Then answer the questions.

Timeline of the Life of Hernando Cortes

1485 Bornin Spain

1504 Becomes Spanishsoldier in West Indies

1519 Landsin Yucatan,Mexico

1521 ConquersTenochtitlan,Aztec capital

1540 Returns toSpain and dies

1493 Receives newsof Columbus'svoyages to America

1511 Participatesin conquest ofCuba

1520 DefeatsAztecs in battle

1536 Founds firstsettlement insouthern California

1) What are the timeline's beginning andending dates?

2) In what year was Hernando Cortesborn?

3) About how old was Cortes whenChristopher Columbus first landed inAmerica?

4) What was Cortes doing in 1505?

5) Where was Cortes in 1511?

6) Ferdinand Magellan sailed around thetip of South America in 1520. Whatwas Cortes doing when this happened?

7) In what year did Cortes land on theYucatan Peninsula of Mexico?

8) How many years after Cortes defeatedthe Aztecs did he conquer their capitolcity?

9) How old was Cortes when he died?

10) Create a timeline showing key events inyour life last school year.

50 Unit 1 Skills Lesson: Timelines

UNIT 1 SUMMARY

* Hunters crossed a land bridgefrom Siberia to North America about20,000 B.C. These earliest Americansmay have migrated across NorthAmerica and into South America.

* People who settled in Mesoamericabetween 1200 ii.C. and A.D. 1521 hadearly advanced civilizations.

* The Hohokam, Mogollon, andAnasazi societies were in the NorthAmerican Southwest. The Puebloand Navajo civilizations developedin the Southwest after the Anasazisociety declined.

* Between 700 B.C. and A.D. 300, theAdena and Hopewell people lived inthe Ohio River Valley. Civilizationsmay have been in the MississippiRiver Valley as early as 4500 B.C.

* The Pacific Northwest civilizationsbegan around A.D. 400.

* In the 1400s, the compass,mapmaking, and globes helpedexploration.

ir Columbus made his first voyagein search of the Far East in 1492.

* John Cabot explored NorthAmerica in 1497. He claimed muchnortheastern land for England.

* Amerigo Vespucci made voyages toSouth America beginning in 1499.Later, the continent he explored wasnamed America after him.

* In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboaand his crew were the firstEuropeans to see the Pacific Ocean.

•*• In 1519, Ferdinand Magellan leda voyage around the world andHernando Cortes conquered theA/tecs.

* Giovanni da Verrazano searchedfor the Northwest Passage in 1524.Jacques Cartier searched for theNorthwest Passage in 1534.

* Sir Francis Drake led the secondexpedition around the worldbetween 1577 and 1580.

* The English defeated the SpanishArmada in 1588.

* Sir Walter Raleigh led threeexpeditions to North Americabetween 1584 and 1587.

* The first French colony wasstarted on the St. Lawrence River inthe early 1600s.

* In 1607, King James I grantedcharters to the Virginia Companyof London and the PlymouthCompany. The Virginia Companysettled in Jamestown in 1607.

Beginnings to 1607 Unit I Summary 51

"'Being thus arrived in good harbour, andbrought saje to (and... [the Mayflower'Pitgrims] jeit upon their knees andbtessedthe §od of heaven, who had Brought themover the vast and furious ocean, anddedvered them from atttheperiCs andmiseries thereof, again to set their feet onthe firm and stable earth

William Bradford, Bradford's History 'Of PiimouthPlantation', 1630-1651

I

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