Thrust Force Prediction of Twist Drill Tools Using a 3D

8/11/2019 Thrust Force Prediction of Twist Drill Tools Using a 3D

1/16

18 Int. J. Machining and Machinability of Materials, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2, 2011

Copyright 2011 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Thrust force prediction of twist drill tools using a3D CAD system application programming interface

Panagiotis Kyratsis*

Department of Industrial Design Engineering,

Technological Educational Institution of West Macedonia,

Kila Kozani GR50100, Greece

E-mail: [email protected]

*Corresponding author

Nikolaos Tapoglou, Nikolaos Bilalis andAristomenis Antoniadis

Department of Production Engineering and Management,

Technical University of Crete,

Kounoupidiana, Chania GR73100, Greece




Abstract: Twist drills are geometrical complex tools and various researchershave adopted different mathematical and experimental approaches for theirsimulation. The present paper acknowledges the increasing use of modern CAD

systems and subsequently, using the application programming interface (API)of a typical CAD system, drilling simulations are carried out. The developedDRILL3D software routine, creates, via specifying parameters, tool geometries,so that using different cutting conditions, realistic solid models are producedincorporating all the relevant data involved. The 3D solid models of theundeformed chips coming from both cutting areas are segmented into smallerpieces, in order to calculate every primitive thrust force component involvedwith high accuracy. The resultant thrust force produced, is verified by adequateamount of experiments using a number of different tools, speeds and feed rates.The final data derived consist of a platform for further direct simulationsregarding the determination of tool wear, drilling optimisations etc.

Keywords:drilling thrust force; CAD based simulation; 3D modelling.

Referenceto this paper should be made as follows: Kyratsis, P., Tapoglou, N.,

Bilalis, N. and Antoniadis, A. (2011) Thrust force prediction of twist drill toolsusing a 3D CAD system application programming interface,Int. J. Machiningand Machinability of Materials, Vol. 10, Nos. 1/2, pp.1833.

Biographical notes: Panagiotis Kyratsis obtained his Diploma in MechanicalEngineering from the Aristotles University of Thessaloniki Greece, in 1992and his MSc in Automotive Product Engineering and in CAD/CAM fromCranfield University UK, in 1997 and 1999 respectively. He is currently aPhD candidate in the area of CAD-based manufacturing process simulations,Department of Production Engineering and Management, Technical Universityof Crete. His current position is a Lecturer in the Department of Industrial


2/16

Thrust force prediction of twist drill tools using a 3D CAD system API 19

Design Engineering, Technological Educational Institution of West Macedonia,

Greece. His main research interests include manufacturing, CAD/CAM/CAEand product design.

Nikolaos Tapoglou obtained his Diploma from the Department of ProductionEngineering and Management, Technical University of Crete, Chania, Greecein 2006 and his Masters in Production Systems in 2008 from the Department ofProduction Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete. He iscurrently a PhD candidate in the field of optimisation of manufacturingprocesses in the Department of Production Engineering and Management,Technical University of Crete. His main interests include CAD/CAM systems,simulation of cutting processes and cutting conditions optimisation.

Nikolaos Bilalis is a Professor of Computer Aided Manufacturing, Departmentof Production Engineering and Management, Technical University of Crete andthe Director of CAD Laboratory. His research interests are technologies for

product and process development and integration, CAD/CAM/CAE/CAPP,rapid prototyping and rapid tooling, virtual environments for productdevelopment, product innovation and manufacturing excellence. He serves as aConsultant to the industry and he has an extensive participation in numerousEuropean and national research projects.

Aristomenis Antoniadis obtained his Diploma in Mechanical Engineering fromthe Aristotles University of Thessaloniki, Greece, in 1984 and his PhD fromthe same university in 1989. His current position is as Associate Professor inthe Department of Production Engineering and Management, TechnicalUniversity of Crete. His research interests are in manufacturing,CAD/CAM/CAE, reverse engineering and bioengineering. He authored sevenbooks, 27 journal papers and 70 conference papers. He participated in a numberof national and European projects.

1 Introduction

Drilling still remains one of the most financial beneficial and commonly used machining

processes, whereby the operation involves making holes in a variety of materials.

Although many other processes contribute to the production of holes, drilling is

distinguished. The process involves feeding a rotating cutting tool, along its axis of

rotation, into a stationary workpiece. The axial feed rate is usually very small when

compared to the peripheral speed. The most commonly used tool is the twist drill, which

is mainly available in diameters from 0.25 to 80 mm (Boothroyd and Knoght, 2006).

The main characteristic is the combination of both cutting and extrusion of metal, at

the chisel edge, in the centre of the cutting tool. The high thrust caused by the feeding

motion, first extrudes the metal under the chisel edge. Then it shears under the action of

the tools negative rake angle. The drilling tool is characterised by a geometry in which

the normal rake and the velocity of the cutting edge are functions of their distance from

its centre (Nelson and Schneider, 2001). The cutting action on the chisel edge has been

found to be closer to that of orthogonal cutting at relatively high negative rake angles and

very low cutting speeds resulting in discontinuous chip formation. By contrast, the

cutting action on the main cutting edges (cutting lips) has been reported to be similar to

that of the classical oblique cutting process but with variable cutting speeds, inclination


3/16

20 P. Kyratsis et al.

angles and normal rake angles along the lip from the chisel edge corner to the outer

corner (Audy, 2007).The thrust force acting on the drilling tool is an important aspect of the process. Its

magnitude combined with the dimension of the chip produced makes the evaluation of a

number of different issues i.e., stresses developed, tool wear, process economy,

optimisation possible (Childs et al., 2000; Shaw, 1989). The present paper is dealing with

a novel approach in which the drilling thrust force is calculated using 3D solid modelling

via the programming of a general purpose CAD system. Tools, workpieces and

undeformed chips can be derived and used in order to calculate the thrust force with a

limited amount of time necessary for the prediction.

2 Modelling approaches

An important issue in the design and operation of machine tools in any metal cutting

process is the inquiry of a functional relationship between cutting parameters (i.e., speed,

feed, depth of cut) and the cutting forces. The geometry and cutting mechanics of a twist

drill have been studied over the years using a number of different approaches such as

mathematical (geometrical), empirical and numerical (Grzesik, 2008; Trent and Wright,

2000; Ehmann et al., 1997).

In the mathematical approach, the tool was described analytically by extremely

complicated equations. A number of researchers based their results on a thorough

analysis of the drill point sharpening method. This approach, resulted in the creation of a

number of models with complicated equations in 3D space, which were mathematically

solved, in order to create the geometry of the drilling tool involved (Galloway, 1957; Tsai

and Wu, 1979; Fujii et al., 1970a, 1970b; Paul et al., 2005). In addition, differentmathematical approaches were followed in order to design and simulate the drilling tools

directly from the manufacturing process of grinding using again a geometrical approach

(Armarego, 2000; Kang and Armarego, 2003a, 2003b). The impact of the flute geometry

and the drill point variations were further examined with the same approach in order to

simulate their performance (Hsieh, 2005; Hsieh and Lin, 2005; Wang and Zhang, 2008a,

2008b).

The experimental approach, is based on a large amount of experiments that are

carried out in order to save in a database different parameters for further use in

experimentally derived equations (Armarego et al., 2000; Agapiou, 1993a, 1993b;

Koehler, 2008; Claudin et al., 2008; Abrao et al., 2008; Hamade et al., 2006). Other

researchers use modern statistical and artificial intelligence tools in order to minimise

the amount of experiments needed and derived equations based on these methodswithout performing extensive experiment plans (Laporte et al., 2009; Tsao, 2008;

Tsao and Hocheng, 2008; Basavarajappa et al., 2008; Hayajneh et al., 2009). In

addition to the fact that a considerable amount of time is required for the drilling

simulation, another disadvantage is that the whole procedure is based on a variety of

restrictions and limitations. This is true mainly because they were based on 2D

strategies and the geometry of the tools was defined using the principles of projective

geometry.

In the numerical approach, a number of problems are tackled using the finite element

method in order to establish models for issues such as: burr formation, cutting forces


4/16


prediction, tool deformations and temperature distribution. Typical approaches for the

numerical modelling of metal cutting are the Lagrangian and Eulerian methods (Guo andDornefield, 2000; Kadirgama et al., 2008; Bagci and Ozcelik, 2006; Chen, 1997; Singh et

al., 2008; Zitoune and Collombet, 2007).

3 The 3D CAD-based approach

One of the main aims of the current research is to minimise the amount of the

necessary testing, while increasing the quality of the derived simulation results. The

current research is based on the concept that the increasing use of modern CAD

systems provides an excellent platform for the development of CAD based tools for

machining simulations and optimisations. In order to create the simulation, the

application programming interface (API) of a general purpose CAD system was

used, taking into account the powerful modelling capabilities and the versatility of up to

date CAD software environments. The programming language used in the API was

Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) and it was used for the development of

the DRILL3D software routine. This routine can simulate the drilling operation using

3D solids for both the drilling tool and the workpiece. Moreover, this approach led to the

generation of 3D solid models for the undeformed chip and the cut workpiece. The

construction of a CAD based geometry of the undeformed chips, through the

developed automatic recognition routine of their dimensional characteristics

within DRILL3D, resulted in the calculation of the thrust force developed by the tool.

Using a friendly interface, a user can easily introduce a number of different tool

geometries and cutting conditions parameters. As a result, a number of different

virtual drilling experiments can become readily available while calculating the tool thrustforce.

The innovation of the proposed approach is the CAD-based principles used. A

modern CAD system, with the assistance of its API, can be used to automate a number of

steps towards manufacturing simulations. Different drill tools and workpieces can be

created parametrically and an appropriate virtual motion can be programmed, in order to

produce all the necessary solid models of the undeformed chip. Using these models, the

thrust force of the tool can be calculated for every tool-workpiece material and geometry

combination, with the assistance of a database containing the appropriate experimental

coefficients.

The software creates automatically both the tool and workpiece 3D solid models and

allows the user to select the motion fragment step of the workpiece (in degrees), as well

as the speed (in m/min) and the feed rate (in mm/rev). In addition, a number ofparameters for setting up the initial conditions, before the work is initiated, is made

available (drill kinematics parameters). Based on the data referred previously, DRILL3D

produces two more 3D solid models, one describing the drilling action on the main

cutting edges and another for the application of drilling in the area of the chisel edge.

These models of the undeformed chip follow a procedure of being segmented into

smaller pieces, in order to increase the accuracy of the thrust force calculation and after

the automatic extraction of their main geometrical characteristics the thrust force of the

twist drill tool is calculated. The complete flow chart of the novel drilling simulation

method is presented in Figure 1.


5/16


Figure 1 The flow chart for the drilling simulation (see online version for colours)

Figure 2 Conventional twist drill tool geometry (see online version for colours)


6/16


3.1 Tool description with 3D solid model

A common method of grinding the flank surfaces of the point of a twist drill is shown in

Figure 2. The drill is rotated about axis AA, which is fixed in space and the flank is

ground by the plane face of the grinding wheel G. Axis AA intersects in point O with the

plane of the grinding wheel face. The motion of the wheel face in relation to the drill

point may be deduced by considering the drill point as fixed and the wheel face rotating

about the axis AA, the virtual motion of the wheel face being equal and opposite to the

actual motion of the drill. A plane rotating about the fixed axis envelops a cone, so that

the grinding wheel face envelops part of a conical surface in its motion relative to the

drill point and the flank surface produced on the drill point is part of the surface of the

cone. The vertex of the cone is the point O and the cone semi angle is the angle

between the axis AA and the wheel face. The cone may be termed the grinding cone and

this method of drill point grinding is referred to as conical grinding. A right hand

coordinate system was used based on the following principles:

a the z-axis lies along the drilling tool axis (towards the drill shank)

b the y-axis lies along the common perpendicular which intersects with the extensions

of the two cutting edges

c the x-axis is perpendicular to the y and z-axes (Galloway, 1957).

According to the model described above, a range of parameters have to be set in order to

produce the desired variety of drilling tools. The aforementioned parameters are

separated in two main categories. The first category determines the main shape of the

tool:

R tool radius in mm

W tool web thickness in mm

p half point angle in deg (i.e., 2p = 118o)

h helix angle.

The second category (dealing with manufacturing parameters), determines the detail

shape of the tool based on the conventional grinding method:

g distance of cone vertex along the x axis

s distance of cone vertex along the y axis

half cone angle.

An important issue for the correct twist drill geometrical representation is the shape of the

flute cross section. drill flute surface for straight cutting lips was considered. Galloway

was the first to derive the condition which the flute surface must satisfy in order to have a

straight cutting lip under conventional conical grinding conditions. That condition is

described by the following equation:

2 2( ( /2) )/2 tan( )arcsin( )

/2 tan( )

r WW hv

r D p

= + (1)


7/16


where (r, v) are the necessary polar coordinates for the flute cross section, with rvarying

from W/2 toD/2. The profile for the secondary (non-cutting lips) flute can be defined in amanner to perform easy chip removal, while at the same time ensures sufficient strength

of the tool. It is worth mentioning that Galloways approach is purely geometrical, which

means that it allows the analytical calculation of all the necessary characteristics of the

tool (rake angle, nominal relief angle etc.) based on 2D analysis of a variety of

geometrical planes.

The DRILL3D routine is used in order to produce the aforementioned geometrical

description of the tool. The solid model of the twist drill fluted part is formed by

sweeping helically the flute cross section described by equation (1). The twist drill point

geometry is finalised by the Boolean subtraction of the grinding cones mentioned earlier.

3.2 The 3D penetration process

The virtual drilling process is separated in two parts. The first is based on the cutting

action of the cutting lips and the second on the cutting action of the chisel edge. Both are

treated in a similar way although they are treated individually. The final result is the

creation of 3D solid models simulating the undeformed chip and the shape of the

remaining workpiece geometries for each case. The tool is virtually moved transitionally

towards the z-axis (feed) while at the same time, it is rotated around its z-axis of

symmetry using a constant step. In every step, a Boolean subtraction of the tool model

from the remaining workpiece model is carried out. The step value, for both cases, is

selected comprising the motion accuracy, the calculation complexity and the CAD system

capacity.

Figure 3 Steady state simulation of the cutting lips penetration into the remaining workpiece(see online version for colours)


8/16


Beginning with, a specially shaped workpiece is used, in order for the cutting lips to be

directly engaged (steady state case), having a small hole in the middle (chisel edge area).A rotation step of one degree can be successfully incorporated into the model (Figure 3).

Following that, another workpiece of pure cylindrical shape with a diameter equal to

each tools chisel edge is used. The step selected in that case, is in the range of 35 in

order to achieve the appropriate motion accuracy without encountering software

limitations due to extremely small size of the chip involved. Once more, the undeformed

chip produced and the remaining workpiece involved, consist the outcome of the virtual

cutting process in the area that comes in contact with the chisel edge (Figure 4). Both

cases are very computing intensive and the simulations need to run for a significant

amount of cycles in order to achieve constant chip geometry and simulate the steady state

condition.

Figure 4 Steady state simulation of the chisel edge penetration into the remaining workpiece(see online version for colours)

Figure 5 illustrates the solid geometry of a number of chips produced in both the areas of

cut (main edges and chisel edge). Every layer of the chip is cut by a different cutting edgeand an angle of 210is selected in order to emphasise their 3D motion. This approach, in

contrast to former modelling efforts, is primitively realistic, since the produced remaining

cut workpiece and the 3D geometry of the chip, are the results of the material removal,

where the cutting tool enters the solid model of the workpiece. DRILL3D routine is able

to output formats provided from the host CAD system (.ipt, .sat, .iges, .stl, .dxf etc.) and

offers realistic presentations of solid parts, chips and cut workpieces, which can be easily

managed for further investigations individually, or as an input to other commercial CAD,

CAM or FEA environments.


9/16


Figure 5 3D solid models of undeformed chip sets (main edges and chisel edge) (see online

version for colours)

Figure 6 Cutting forces involved in drilling


10/16


3.3 Thrust force calculation from the 3D chip models

A well established model, such the Kienzle-Victor was used (Kienzle and Victor, 1957).

The model introduces the specific cutting resistance in order to assess the main cutting

force component:

(1 )mi iF K bh

= (2)

where:Ki is the specific cutting resistance, b is the width of cut and h the undeformed

chip thickness. The main forces used in the current drilling simulation are depicted in the

Figure 6.

The 3D models of the undeformed chip, produced earlier from both cases, were

segmented into smaller pieces in order to achieve higher result accuracy. For each

individual segmented solid model, a number of geometrical parameters were

automatically recognised by the DRILL3D routine, and all this data was an input to the

thrust calculation of the tool, based on the Kienzle-Victor method. In more detail, both

the b and h equation parameters were directly recognised from each segmented piece of

the undeformed chip solid model and the selection of the necessary coefficients Kiwas

made based on published data (Konig and Essel, 1973). Finally, the outcome was the

separate calculation of the thrust force for both the tool areas (main cutting edges and

chisel edge) by adding up all the primitive force components calculated (Figure 7). An

example of a thrust force calculation is analytically presented in Figure 8.

Figure 7 Thrust force calculation based on 3D undeformed chip segmentation (see online versionfor colours)


11/16


Figure 8 Example of a thrust force calculation (see online version for colours)

4 Verification

The determination of the dimensions of the undeformed chip, together with the number of

constant coefficients stored in material databases were the basis for the calculation of the

applied thrust force during the drilling operation. A significant number of simulations

were performed using the DRILL3D routine, utilising two different tools and four

different values of feed rate for each one. All simulations were carried out for two

different cutting speeds (Figure 9).

Figure 9 A table with the cutting parameters used in the experimental work

In order to assess the accuracy of the DRILL3D drilling simulation model in calculating

the thrust force, the same experiments were conducted on a HAAS three-axis CNC

machine centre with continuous speed and feed control within their boundaries and the

specimen used was a CK60 plate. A Kistler type 9257BA three component dynamometer

was positioned between the machine centre and the workpiece. The signal was processed

by a type 5233A control unit and during the tests, the thrust force was displayed


12/16


graphically on the computer monitor and analysed to enable early error detection and

ensure steady state condition (Figure 10). The control unit allowed the selection of themeasurement range. During the experimental work, a range of 2KN and 5KN was

selected for the measurement of the thrust force (Fz). The resulted sensitivity achieved

was 2.50 mV/N and 1.00 mV/N respectively.

Figure 10 Experimental verification (see online version for colours)

Figure 11 Verifying the thrust force for each cutting edge (see online version for colours)


13/16


In order to be able to separate the thrust force created by the two areas (main cutting

edges and chisel edge) two series of experiments were contacted. The first series,involved the direct drill of the workpiece, which means that the total thrust force was

measured. During the second series, the workpiece was pre-shaped with a hole in the

centre. The diameter of the hole was equal to the dimension of the chisel edge and as a

result the thrust force of the main cutting edges was measured (Figure 11). All the pairs

of experiments were conducted once.

Figures 12 and 13 depict the thrust force developed in the area of the main cutting lips

and the total thrust force applied by the tool during the drilling process. On the same

figures, the experimental results are presented. The accuracy of the CAD-based

simulation performed, by the DRILL3D, was proven, by all the different cases

performed.

As expected, approximately 60% of the total thrust force is mainly due to the cutting

action of the chisel edge area. The material removal mechanism is extremely complexthere. Near the bottom of the flutes, where the radii intersect with the chisel edge, the

drill tool forms a cutting rake surface that is highly negative in nature. An indication of

the inefficient material removal process is evident by the severe workpiece deformation

taking place under the chisel point (such deformed products must be ejected by the drill

to produce the hole). These products are extruded, and then wiped into the drill flute,

where they blend with the main cutting edge chips.

Using the larger tool, the forces increase substantially as well as the undeformed chip

geometry. In addition, in all cases, the total thrust force increased with the feed rate. This

is expected, due to the larger dimensions of the undeformed chips produced when the

feed rate rises. Using different cutting speeds although a small increase in thrust force is

depicted in overall, its influence is very small compared to the rest of the parameters

used.

Figure 12 Thrust force prediction for D = 10 mm twist drill tool (see online version for colours)


14/16


Figure 13 Thrust force prediction for D = 14 mm twist drill tool (see online version for colours)

5 Conclusions

Former research work was mainly based on 2D projective geometry principles or

extremely complex 3D mathematical calculations, in order to achieve reliable results. The

novelty of the current research is that the algorithm has been developed and embedded in

a commercial CAD environment, by exploiting its modelling and graphics capabilities.

DRILL3D software routine produces pure 3D solid models of both tools and workpieces.

In addition, the full 3D geometry of the steady state undeformed chip produced, is

derived from the tool and workpiece models. Using these pieces of information,

prediction of the thrust force is achieved based on the segmentation of the undeformed

chip 3D solid model and Kienzle-Victor method. The simulation results were verified by

an appropriate number of experiments using the same manufacturing parameters,

approving the capability and reliability of DRILL3D routine in thrust force prediction.

These 3D geometric definitions and their direct automatic recognition by the

DRILL3D provide a solid environment for a number of downstream applications i.e.,

geometric assessment of tool stresses and wear, finite element analysis, applied torqueprediction, optimisation of the drilling process.

References

Abrao, A.M., Rubio, J.C.C., Faria, P.E. and Davim, J.P. (2008) The effect of cutting tool geometryon thrust force and delamination when drilling glass fibre reinforced plastic composite,Materials and Design, Vol. 29, pp.508513.

Agapiou, J. (1993) Design characteristics of new types of drill and evaluation of their performancedrilling cast iron. I. Drill with four major cutting edges, International Journal of MachineTools Manufacturing, Vol. 33, pp.321341.


15/16


Agapiou, J. (1993) Design characteristics of new types of drill and evaluation of their performance

drilling cast iron. II. Drill with three major cutting edges, International Journal of MachineTools Manufacturing, Vol. 33, pp.343365.

Armarego, E.J.A. (2000) The unified-generalized mechanics of cutting approach a step towardsa house of predictive performance models for machining operations,Machining Science andTechnology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.319362.

Armarego, E.J.A., Ostafiev, D., Wongang, S. and Verezub, S. (2000) An appraisal of empiricalmodeling and proprietary software databases for performance prediction of machiningconditions,Machining Science and Technology, Vol. 4, No. 3, pp.479510.

Audy, J. (2007) A study of computer-assisted analysis of effects of drill geometry and surfacecoating on forces and power in drilling, Journal of Materials Processing Technology,Vol. 204, pp.130138.

Bagci, E. and Ozcelik, B. (2006) Finite element and experimental investigation of temperaturechanges on a twist drill in sequential dry drilling, International Journal of AdvancedManufacturing Technology, Vol. 28, pp.680687.

Basavarajappa, S., Chandramohan, G. and Davim, J.P. (2008) Some studies on drilling of hybridmetal matrix composites based on Taguchi techniques, Journal of Material ProcessingTechnology, Vol. 196, pp.332338.

Boothroyd, G. and Knoght, W.A. (2006) Fundamentals of Machining and Machine Tools, CRCPress, Boca Raton.

Chen, W.C. (1997) Applying the finite element method to drill design based on drilldeformations,Finite Elemets in Analysis and Design, Vol. 26, pp.5781.

Childs, T.H.C., Maekawa, K., Obikawa, T. and Yamane, Y. (2000) Metal Machining: Theory andApplications, Arnold Publishers, London.

Claudin, C., Poulachon, G. and Lambertin, M. (2008) Correlation between drill geometry andmechanical forces in MQL conditions, Machining Science and Technology, Vol. 12,pp.133144.

Ehmann, K.F., Kapoor, S.G., DeVor, R.E. and Lazoglu, I. (1997) Machining process modeling:

a review,Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Vol. 119, pp.655663.

Fujii, S., DeVries, M.F. and Wu, S.M. (1970a) An analysis of drill geometry for optimum drilldesign by computer. Part I drill geometry analysis, Journal of Engineering for Industry,Vol. 92, No. 3, pp.647656.

Fujii, S., DeVries, M.F. and Wu, S.M. (1970b) An analysis of drill geometry for optimum drilldesign by computer. Part II computer aided design, Journal of Engineering for Industry,Vol. 92, No. 3, pp.657666.

Galloway, D. (1957) Some experiments on the influence of various factors on drill performanceASME Trans., Vol. 79, pp.191231.

Grzesik, W. (2008) Advanced Machining Processes of Metallic Materials, Elsevier, ISBN:978-0-08-044534-2.

Guo, Y. and Dornefield, D.A. (2000) Finite element modelling of burr formation process indrilling 304 stainless steel, Transactions of the ASME, Vol. 122, pp.612619.

Hamade, R.F., Seif, C.Y. and Ismail, F. (2006) Extracting cutting force coefficients from drillingexperiments,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol. 46, pp.387396.

Hayajneh, M.T., Hassan, A.M. and Mayyas, A.T. (2009) Artificial neural network modeling of thedrilling process of self-lubricated aluminium/alumina/graphite hybrid composites synthesizedby powder metallurgy technique,Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 478, pp.559565.

Hsieh, J.F. (2005) Mathematical model for helical drill point, International Journal of MachineTools and Manufacture, Vol. 45, pp.967977.

Hsieh, J.F. and Lin, P.D. (2005) Drill point geometry of multi flute drills,International Journal ofAdvance Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 26, pp.466476.


16/16


Kadirgama, K., Abou-El-Hossein, K.A, Mohammad, B., Habeeb, A.A. and Noor, M.M. (2008)

Cutting force prediction model by FEA and RSM when machining Hastelloy C-22HS with90o holder,Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research, Vol. 67, pp.421427.

Kang, D. and Armarego, E.J.A. (2003a) Computer-aided geometrical analysis of the flutingoperation for the twist drill design and production. I. Forward analysis and generated fluteprofile,Machining Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.221248.

Kang, D. and Armarego, E.J.A. (2003b) Computer-aided geometrical analysis of the flutingoperation for the twist drill design and production. II. Backward analysis, wheel profile andsimulation studies,Machining Science and Technology, Vol. 7, No. 2, pp.249266.

Kienzle, O. and Victor, H. (1957) Spezifische shnittkraefte bei der metall-bearbeitung,Werkstattstehnik und Maschinenbau, Bd.47, H.5.

Koehler, W. (2008) Analysis of the high performance drilling process: influence of shape andprofile of cutting edge of twist drills, Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering,Vol. 130, No. 5, doi:10.1115/1.2951932.

Konig, W. and Essel, K. (1973) Spezifische Schnittkraftwerte fur die Zerspanung metallischer

Werkstoffe, Verlag Stahleisen M.B.H., Dusseldorf.Laporte, S., KNevez, J.Y. and Cahuc, O. (2009) Phenomenological model for drilling operation,

International Journal of Advanced manufacturing Technology, Vol. 40, pp.111.

Nelson, D.H. and Schneider, G. (2001)Applied Manufacturing Process Planning with Emphasis onMetal Forming and Machining, Prentice Hall.

Paul, A., Kappor, S.G. and Devor, R.E. (2005) Chisel edge and cutting lip shape optimization forimproved twist drill point design,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture,Vol. 45, pp.421431.

Shaw, M.C. (1989)Metal Cutting Principles, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

Singh, I., Bhatnagar, N. and Viswanath, P. (2008) Drilling of uni-directional glass fiberreinforcement plastics: experimental and finite element study,Materials and Design, Vol. 29,pp.546553.

Trent, E. and Wright, P. (2000)Metal Cutting, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.

Tsai, W. and Wu, S.M. (1979) A mathematical drill point design and grinding, Journal of

Engineering for Industry, Vol. 101, pp.333340.

Tsao, C.C (2008) Prediction of thrust force of step drill in drilling composite material by Taguchimethod and radial basis function network,International Journal of Advanced ManufacturingTechnology, Vol. 36, pp.1118.

Tsao, CC. and Hocheng, H. (2008) Evaluation of thrust force and surface roughness in drillingcomposite material using Taguchi analysis and neural network, Journal of MaterialProcessing Technology, Vol. 203, pp.342348.

Wang, J. and Zhang, Q. (2008a) A study of high-performance plane rake faced twist drills. Part I:geometrical analysis and experimental investigation,International Journal of Machine Toolsand Manufacture, Vol. 48, pp.12761285.

Wang, J. and Zhang, Q. (2008b) A study of high-performance plane rake faced twist drills. Part II:predictive force models,International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, Vol.48,pp.12861295.

Zitoune, R. and Collombet, F. (2007) Numerical prediction of the thrust force responsible of

delamination during the drilling of the long fibre composite structures, Composites Part A:Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 38, pp.858866.

Documents

Thrust Force Prediction of Twist Drill Tools Using a 3D