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TIMEby Janet Spencer

On March 31, 1918, Daylight Saving Time went into effect – briefly – for the first time in history. Come along with Tidbits as we remember this historic event by trying to figure out what the heck time it is anyway.

MASS CLOCK CONFUSION

• In the good old days, the time of day varied by one minute for every 13 miles (21 km) traveled east to west. Noon was whenever the sun was overhead any particular town. Cities only a few hundred miles apart had times that were quite different. This didn’t matter much when people rarely traveled more than a few miles from home. But when railroads started transporting people long distances, things got complicated. It made scheduling trains hard.

• When it was noon in Chicago, it was 12:31 in Pittsburgh, 12:17 in Toledo; 11:50 in St. Louis; 11:39 in St. Paul; and 11:27 in Omaha. The train station in Pittsburgh had six clocks showing six local times. Wisconsin had 38 different time zones, all within the same state. Railroads had nearly 300 time zones across the nation. It was difficult to prevent trains from crashing with so much confusion.

• A Connecticut man named Charles Dowd suggested the solution. Because there are 24 hours in a day, he divided the Earth’s 360 degrees by 24, creating 24 time zones separated by 15 degrees.

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CROSSWORD Across

1 Piece of fruit?8 Time capsule ceremonies15 Barhopping16 Awkward at gatherings, say17 Big oaf18 “I need an answer now!”19 __-Locka, Florida20 Shortens again, as a board22 Medieval fight club?23 Move, briefly25 Frozen Four org.26 Pequod co-owner27 Give up a seat29 Pianist Schnabel31 Ivy League nickname32 Wild West34 Prefix with -syllabic35 NBAer Artest who changed his name to Metta World Peace36 Youngest male tennis player to be No. 1 in the ATP Rankings40 Guy41 Short remnant42 Cagy43 Battle of Shiloh monogram

44 Erect46 Bollywood garments50 Bedroom label52 Some brothers54 Having a single channel55 NYC train, familiarly56 Historic events58 16th-century date59 Certain tie61 “Now, listen ...”63 As good as it gets64 All-purpose65 Covent Garden locale66 Fuddy-duddy

Down1 Deep sleeps2 Hot under the collar3 Syllables sometimes said with one’s fingers in one’s ears4 1940s arena: Abbr.5 Queen who is also a humanitarian activist6 Keepsake7 Mississippi source8 Show known for its slow-motion shots9 Capitalizes on10 Sigur __: ethereal Icelandic band11 “Where __ from ...”12 Wartime signal

13 Loyal friend of Gawain14 Alabama Slammer ingredient21 Duel personality?24 Words someone 15-Across loves to hear26 Hunts28 Mani-pedi spot30 Rugged vehicles33 Incredulous accusation36 Stop looking for a rescue plane37 Recliner features38 Where most hits wind up

39 Start of Popeye’s credo40 Seconds ago45 Turn a corner, in a game47 The Joker portrayer48 Like comic Eddie Izzard, at times49 Alone51 Unspoken53 Symbol of strength56 “Happily Divorced” actress Drescher57 Cellphone button60 Cockney abode62 Mag mogul

CLOCK CONFUSION, cont’d

• Charles Dowd took his time zone plan to a convention of railway superintendents meeting in New York City in 1869. They spent the next 13 years thinking it over.

• Finally, at a convention in 1882, the Standard Time system was adopted by the railroads. This divided the U.S. into four time zones: Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific which were divided by the 75th, 90th, 105th, and 120th meridians. At noon on Sunday, November 18, 1883 – a day that became known as “the day with two noons” - the railroads set their clocks to this system.

• This was only an agreement among the railroads, but people all over the world recognized the beauty of the system. Leaders from about 25 different nations met in Washington, D.C. on October 13, 1884 at the International Meridian Conference where it was agreed that the longitude line that runs through Greenwich, England, would be the “prime meridian”- zero degrees longitude - and the time would change by one hour for each 15 degrees traveled from that point, known as Greenwich Mean Time. Still, it took Congress years to get around to making the Standard Time Act a matter of American law, on March 19, 1918 — a move they made in conjunction with passing the first Daylight Saving Time, enacted on March 31.

DAYLIGHT SAVING

• Ben Franklin was the first person to suggest that setting clocks ahead in the spring and behind in the fall would be a wise idea because it would save expensive candles. The thought wasn’t taken seriously until 1907 when a British man named William Willert was riding through the countryside early one morning and noticed that in spite of the full daylight, all the curtains were drawn in the cottages, indicating their occupants were still sound asleep because the clock said it was too early to get up in the morning.

• Willert wrote a pamphlet suggesting Britain set its clocks ahead in April, and behind in October. A bill introduced in Parliament in 1909 was ridiculed. However, World War I brought a dire need to conserve coal, and the “British Summer Time Act” was passed in 1916, one year after Willert died. It set the clocks ahead one hour in spring and back

one hour in fall. The idea worked so well that Britain put its clocks ahead two full hours during the summers of World War II.

• The U.S. followed suit and Daylight Saving Time was enacted for the first time in March of 1918 to conserve fuel for the war effort. It proved to be so unpopular, however, that it was repealed in 1919. It was reinstated during World War II. After the war, some places continued observing it and some didn’t. Those localities that did continue to observe Daylight Saving were not agreed as to which date to set the clocks forward and back again. This caused confusion among the broadcast industries, railroads, bus lines, and airlines. On a single 35-mile stretch of highway between West Virginia and Ohio, a traveler went through seven time changes.

• The transportation industry, led by Greyhound, lobbied hard to remedy the situation, and in 1966 Congress passed the Uniform Time Act. This law did not make Daylight Saving Time mandatory, but merely said that individual states needed to observe it (or not) on a uniform basis and all on the same date.

• Daylight Saving Time is now observed in

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TIMEX TIME• Joakim Lehmkuhl was president of the

Waterbury Watch Company of Connecticut. He had purchased the small business just before World War II and saw sales soar when they started making timing fuses for the war. When the war ended and sales slumped, Lehmkuhl went looking for new ways to promote watches. After designing an inexpensive and nearly indestructible watch, Lehmkuhl named it Timex and sent his salesmen to jewelry stores to market it for the extraordinarily low price of $6.95.

• Jewelers, who were accustomed to selling watches for $100 and making a $50 profit, snubbed the new watches. When salesmen hurled the watches against walls to demonstrate their indestructibility, jewelers only thought of all the money they would lose by no longer needing to repair them. So Lehmkuhl sent his salesmen to drugstores and dimestores, where the watches sold well.

• The campaign touting the product’s indestructibility was begun with golfer Ben Hogan shown with a watch strapped to his club and Mickey Mantle pictured with a watch attached to his Louisville Slugger. But the campaign really gathered speed when the company came out with a display that allowed shoppers to use levers to dunk a watch into water, then drop it on an anvil where it would be struck with a hammer. Such a display, which would have been unseemly in posh jewelry stores, was a hit in local drugstores.

• In 1956, John Cameron Swayze started the series of “It keeps a licking and keeps on ticking” torture tests done live on TV. Watches

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DAYLIGHT SAVING (cont’d)

about 70 countries around the world. Note that it’s singular rather than plural—it’s not Daylight Savings Time, but Daylight Saving Time. A study done by the U.S. Department of Transportation estimated that our nation saves about 1% of its energy for every day DST is in effect. And maybe that makes it worth the effort for Americans to change three billion time pieces twice every year.

IT’S A FACT

• There are only three states and one Canadian province that have exempted themselves from Daylight Saving Time. In Hawaii, the length of the days doesn’t change as much as it does on the continent so DST isn’t needed. In Arizona, most of the state does not follow DST with the exception of the Navajo Reservation which does, except for the Hopi Partitioned Land which lies inside the Navajo Reservation, which doesn’t. Things are especially confusing in Indiana where some parts of the state follow DST and some parts do not. To further confuse the issue, some parts of Indiana are on Eastern Standard Time and other parts on Central Standard Time. Saskatchewan also opts out of Daylight Saving because, although they are located in the area for Mountain Standard Time, they

Canadian Tid-bits

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▶ Most fast food French fries come out of the potato processing plant in Portage La Prairie, including the fries for McDonald’s, Wendy’s and other food chains. The Can-Oat Milling plant on the other side of town is one of the biggest oat mills in the world.

▶ 80% of the alcohol consumed in Canada is beer.

▶ Edward Asselbergs, an employee of the Canadian Ministry of Agriculture, revolutionized the potato industry in 1962 when he invented instant mashed potato flakes. He was trying to figure out how to provide quick and easy meals for soldiers and campers.

▶ Canada’s coastline is longer than any other country’s coastline, at 202,000 km (125,000 mi). Indonesia comes in second, followed by Greenland and Russia.

▶ Although it’s not technically in Canada, the postal code for the North Pole is H0H 0H0. You can write a letter to the North Pole in any language and Santa will send you a letter back.

▶ There are just under 1,500 airports in Canada.

IT’S A FACT CONT’D

observe Central Standard Time, effectively meaning they are on Daylight Saving all year long anyway.

WHY ARE THERE 12 HOURS?

• The mathematical system of the Sumerians was based on the number 12 just like ours is based on the number 10. Twelve was considered magical because it is the lowest number with the greatest number of divisors. Multiples of the number 12 were also considered notable, especially 60 which can be divided by ten other numbers. The number 360 was also special, since they operated on a 360-day calendar. (That’s why there are 360 degrees in a compass instead of 365.) The Sumerian’s system of weights and measures was based on the number 12, as was their money. And it was the Sumerians who first divided the day into 12 parts, with each segment equal to two of our hours.

• Later the Egyptians divided the day into 24 segments instead of 12. And the Babylonians are responsible for our current system of having 60 minutes in an hour and 60 seconds in a minute.

Famous CanadiansSANFORD FLEMING

• Sanford Fleming was born in Scotland in 1827. As a teen, he was apprenticed as a surveyor, a skill he mastered quickly. He and his brother immigrated to what is now Ontario when he was 18 years old. By 1849 he was qualified as a surveyor in Canada, and he established what he intended to be a school for surveyors, the Royal Canadian Institute. Instead, it became more of a scientific society and it still thrives today.

• Fleming’s skill as a surveyor propelled him into work with the railroad which was expanding quickly. By 1855 he was Chief Engineer of the Northern Railway of Canada. He insisted all railroad bridges be made of stone or metal rather than the traditional (and far less expensive) wood. Although it was a controversial move at the time, the decision was justified when the new bridges turned out to be nearly impervious to fire. He subsequently pioneered many other innovative techniques for building railroads.

• In 1862, he approached the government with a plan to build a railroad from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The government approved the plan and put him in charge of the project. He set off, along with a few friends and his son, to survey the route. A book written by his travel companion George Monro Grant entitled Ocean to Ocean became a best-seller, and prepared the national mindset for the task of building a transcontinental railway.

• Much to his dismay, the government decided they wanted to hire a private contractor to complete the railroad. He was dismissed from his job with a $30,000 pay-out. He was very disappointed. Nevertheless, he was present at the driving of the last spike that completed the railroad. He went on to design the first trans-Pacific cable. The undersea cable from Vancouver to New Zealand and Australia was completed in 1902.

• Sanford missed a train in 1876 because the printed train schedule listed p.m. instead of the correct a.m. This infuriated him and he knew something needed to be done to regulate train schedules. At the time, 12:00 p.m. in Kingston was twelve minutes later than

12:00 p.m. in Montréal and thirteen minutes before 12:00 p.m. in Toronto. It was a nightmare for station-masters, who could not deal with train schedules based on local time. The result was chaos for a transcontinental railway.

• At a meeting of the Royal Canadian Institute on February 8, 1879 he advocated for a single world time clock that he called Cosmic Time. He originally thought the new global time system could originate from the center of the planet before deciding that using the meridians to divide the planet into time zones was a better idea. In the U.S., Charles Dowd had proposed this idea to the railroads of America, but Sanford Fleming insisted that not only the railroads but also the entire world should conform to this idea.

• Determined to impose a rational order, Fleming spent years browbeating politicians and negotiating with world leaders. Due to his steady efforts and his influence with the railroad, in 1883 the railways of North America adopted the system of one-hour time zones that remains in force today. Because of its simplicity, railway time soon became the standard for the continent.

Page 6 Cosita Publishing www.tidbitsvernon.ca For Advertising Call (250) 832-3361

Q: My dog is smart and sneaky. When his “mother” gives him an allergy pill inside crumbled meat or sausage, he appears to eat it. But he’s fooled us. We realized this when we found three pills under the bed. Can dogs plan in advance to hide their pills? Also, our dog was once attacked by big, black dog, and now he’s aggressive toward all big, black dogs. Has he become a racist?

A: I doubt your dog plans in advance to hide his pills. Instead, he’s managed to detect the pills by their scent - even hidden inside a lump of meat. Many dogs detect pills in the same way, but the meat is so appealing that they inhale everything in seconds. For your dog, the pill is too much of a turn off. Some might argue that your dog isn’t intentionally attempting to fool you; he simply doesn’t want the pill and deposits it out of the way. Others might argue that he is being “sneaky.” To solve the problem, simply medicate your dog without attempting to hide the pills in his food. If you don’t know how to do this, consult a veterinary professional. One way is to offer a yummy treat, then the (apparently bitter) pill, followed by a second treat. As for black dogs, your pet is merely responding to them based on experience. I know of a dog who was once hit by a branch falling from a tree. For the rest of his life, he avoided walking under trees. You or I might be tempted to behave the same way, though we do have a different thought process compared to dogs. Once bitten, dogs don’t forget, but how they respond may vary from dog to dog. For example, if a Dachshund is responsible for biting another dog, the pooch that was bitten may become wary of all Dachshunds, all small dogs, or even all dogs. Other dogs who’ve been bitten may not be affected at all.

TIMEX TIME, cont’d

were tossed into paint mixers, attached to surfboards, a racehorse’s leg, and the wrist of a high diver. Professional boxer Rocky Marciano wore a Timex during a punishing boxing routine.

• Professional figure skater Barbara Ann Scott strapped a Timex to her skate. Watches were frozen in ice cube trays, taped to lobster claws in tanks, tossed over Grand Coulee Dam, attached to an archer’s arrow tip that was shot through a pane of glass, strapped to a tackle line and cast off a deep-sea fishing boat, attached to the pontoon of a plane that landed on water, and swallowed by a farmer’s cow. In one ad, Swayze stood by as a dolphin tested the watch in a series of jumps at Marine World. Another featured Timex watches strapped to the bellies of Sumo wrestlers. Then there was the one which showed a psychic with mind power that could bend a fork, but couldn’t stop a Timex. Another had an opera singer’s shrill voice shattering every object in the opera hall – except the watch.

• For 20 years, John Cameron Swayze sent watches through torture tests to demonstrate that they “take a licking and keep on ticking.” However, one commercial was done live on the Steve Allen Show. Swayze strapped a Timex to an outboard motor in a tank of water on the set. After the propeller quit spinning, the watch was nowhere to be found. Swayze slogged through the tank swearing, “It worked perfectly during rehearsals!” while Allen laughed himself hysterical off-stage. Swayze finally reported the watch was “probably still ticking” at the bottom of the tank.

• Viewers sent in 1,000 suggestions a month for new tests. By 1960, 30% of all watches sold were Timex. By 1963, nearly half the watches sold in the U.S. were from Timex. By 1967, it was the world’s best-selling watch brand.

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Early Years Fair @ ORL Vernon BranchSaturday, April 5, 2014 from 10 am to 12pm at Okanagan Regional Library - Vernon Branch, 2800-30th Avenue, Vernon. Join us for an Early Years Fair at the Vernon Branch of the Okanagan Regional Library! Families with children under 5, come and learn what your community has to offer! -Free children’s entertainment -Free take-homes and giveaways -Meet 12 organizations who can help Presented by the North Okanagan Early Years Council! For more information call250-542-7610 or visit www.orl.bc.ca. http://www.orl.bc.ca/branches/vernon

Lumby Business Showcase Discover our EdgeSaturday, April 5, 2014 at 10:30am at Lumby Curling CLub, 2230 Shields Ave., Lumby. Community and Business Tradeshow Showcase, Free Admission, Tastings from Local Restaurants, Displays, Door Prizes and Give Away’s. http://www.monasheetourism.com

“The Shoparama” Spring MarketSaturday, April 5, 2014 from 10am to 7pm and Sunday April 6, 2014 from 10am to 5pm at Vernon Recreation Complex, 3310 - 37 Avenue, Vernon Come on down and support a budding bunch of Entrepreneurs, Crafters, and Home Based Business. Baking toooo!! Lots of new and unique products…all under 1 roof. Together with a fun shopping experience, you can support the Cancer Society and the Food Bank. There will be entertainment, goodies for the kids, door prizes and a yummy concession. Admission is free, however you are invited to bring a non-perishable food item for the Food Bank. Help us make this a Special Food Bank fundraiser! http://www.facebook.com/home.phpclk_loc=5#!/TheShoparama

After-School GamesEvery Tuesday, April 8, 2014 to May 13, 2014 at 3pm at Okanagan Regional Library, 2800 30th Ave, Vernon. Play board games and Wii at the library http://www.orl.bc.ca Help Wanted

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