Tieng Anh Co Ban TOEFL

7/31/2019 Tieng Anh Co Ban TOEFL

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TiengAnhOnline.net Ngun ti nguyn ting Anh min ph

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TING ANH C BN TOEFL

1. Ch ng (subject). 7

1.1 Danh tm c v khng m c.

1.2 Qun t a (an) v the

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

1.5 S hu cch

1.6 Some, any

2. ng t ( verb)

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset per-fect progressive)

2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu khn gin (simple past)

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfectprogressive).


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2.3 Tng lai

2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)

2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)

2.3.3 Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

3.1 Ch ngng tch khi ng t.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t sit.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v nei-ther ... nor.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th

3.6 Cch s dng A number of/ the number of

3.7 Cc danh t lun dng s nhiu.

3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ng There is, there are

4.i t4.1 i t nhn xng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

4.2 i t nhn xng tn ng

4.3 Tnh t s hu

4.4 i t s hu

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)

5.ng t dng lm tn ng

5.1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

5.3 3 ng tc bit


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5.4 Cc ng tng ng sau gii t

5.5 Vn i ti trc ng t nguyn thhoc Ving lm tn ng.

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

6.1 need

6.2 Dare

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

8.2 Cu hi thng bo

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where,why, how)

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

8.4 Cu hi c ui

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v phnh.

9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

9.2 Li ni ph ho phnh

10. Cu phnh

11. Mnh lnh thc11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

12. ng t khim khuyt.


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12.1 Din t thi tng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin

ti.

12.2.2iu kin khng th thc hin c thihin ti.

12.2.3iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qukh.

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would vsould trong cc mnh if

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.13.1 Thi hin ti.

13.2 Thi qu kh.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

14.1 Thi tng lai.

14.2 Thi hin ti

14.3 Thi qu kh.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1 used to.

15.2 get / be used to.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng.

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng

17. Cch s dng Would Like

18. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi hin ti.


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18.1 Could/may/might.

18.2 Should

18.3 Must

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din tcc trng thi thi qu kh.

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

21.ng t ni.

22. So snh ca tnh t v danh t

22.1 So snh bng.

22.2 So snh hn, km

22.3 So snh hp l

22.4 Cc dng so snh c bit

22.5 So snh a b

22.6 So snh kp (cng ....th cng)

22.7 No sooner ... than (va mi ... th; chngbao lu ... th)

23. Dng nguyn, so snh hn v so snh hn nht.

24. Cc danh t lm chc nng tnh t

25. Enough vi tnh t, ph t v danh t

26. Cc t ni ch nguyn nhn

26.1 Because/ because of26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

26.3 Cause and effect

27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin


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28. Cu bng

29.ng t gy nguyn nhn

29.1 Have/ get / make

29.2 Let

29.3 Help

30. Ba ng tc bit

31. Cu trc phc hp v i t quan h thay th

31.1 That v Which lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.2 That v wich lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.3 Who lm ch ng ca cu ph

31.4 Whom lm tn ng ca cu ph

31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng btbuc

31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph

31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... +of + whom / which

31.8 What v whose

32. Cch loi b cc mnh ph

33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s trng hp cbit

34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh

35. Nhng cch s dng khc ca that

35.1 That vi t cch ca mt lin t (rng)

35.2 Mnh c that

36. Cu ginh


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36.1 Cu ginh dng would rather that

36.2 Cu ginh dng vi ng t trong bng.

36.3 Cu ginh dng vi tnh t

36.4 Dng vi mt s trng hp khc

36.5 Cu ginh dng vi it is time

37. Li ni bao hm

37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... mcn)

37.2 As well as (cng nh, cng nh l)

37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln )

38. Cch s dng to know v to know how

39. Mnh nhng b

39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d)

39.2 although, even though, though

40. Nhng ng t d gy nhm ln

41. Mt sng tc bit khc.PPhhnn IIII

TTiinngg AAnnhh vviittI. Cc li thng gp trong ting anh vit

42. S ho hp ca thi ng t

43. Cch s dng to say, to tell44. Ti trc gii thiu

45. i t nhn xng one v you

46. Cch s dng phn t mu cho mnh ph


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46.1 V+ing mu mnh ph

46.2 Phn t 2 mu mnh ph ch bng

46.3 ng t nguyn th ch mc ch mu cho

mnh ph

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t mu mnh ph ch s tng ng

47. Phn t dng lm tnh t

47.1 Dng phn t 1 lm tnh t

47.2 Dng phn t 2 lm tnh t

48. Tha (redundancy)

49. Cu trc cu song song

50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gin tip

50.2 Phng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sangcu gin tip

50.3 ng t vi tn ng trc tip v tn ng gintip

51. Ph to ln u cu

52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

53. Nhng t d gy nhm ln

54. Cch s dng gii t

54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trongmt qung thi gian)

54.2 From (t) >< to (n)

54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)


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54.4 by

54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha xc nh hn at

54.6 on

54.7 at - ti (thng l bn ngoi, khng xcnh bng in)

55. Ngng t

56. S kt hp ca cc danh t, ng t v tnht vi cc gii t

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu trc cu ting Anh

Subject + Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.Ch ng ng t v ng tn ng

b ng

1. Ch ng (subject)ng u cu lm ch ng v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

Ch ng c th l 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th (c to), 1V+ing, song nhiu nht vn l 1 danh t v 1 danh t c lin quanti nhng vn sau:

1.1 Danh tmc v khngmc.- Danh tm c c thc dng vi sm do c hnh this t, s nhiu. N c th dng c dng vi a (an) v the.

- Danh t khng m c khng dng c vi sm do n khng

c hnh thi s nhiu. Do , n khng dng c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh tm c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman

women

mouse - mice foot


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feet

tooth - teeth man -

men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap physics mathemat-ics

News mumps Air politics

mea-sles

informa-tion

Meat homework

food economics advertis-ing*

money

* Mc d advertisingl danh t khng m c, nhng advertisement

li l danh tm c.V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m c nhfood, meat, money, sand, wa-ter, i lc c dng nh cc danh t m c ch cc dngkhc nhau ca loi danh t.

V d:

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.(ch ra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats

( chng hnpork, beef, lamb. vv...)

Bng sau l ccnh ng dngc vi danh tmc v khngmc.

Danh tm c (withcount noun)

Danh t khng m c (with non-countnoun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,

none,one,two,three,...manya lot ofplenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a greatmany of.(a) fewfew ... than

the, some, anythis, that

nonmuch (thng dng trong cu phnhhoc cu hia lot of

a large amount ofa great deal of(a) littleless ... than


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more ... than more ... than

- Danh ttime nu dng vi ngha thi gian l khng m c nhngnu dng vi ngha s ln hoc thi i li l danh tm c.

V d:

We have spent too much time on this homework.

She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2 Qun ta (an) v the

1- a v an

an - c dng:

- trc 1 danh t s t m c bt u bng 4 nguyn m

(vowel) a, e, i, o

- hai bn nguyn m u, y

- cc danh t bt u bng h cm.

v d: u : an uncle.h : an hour

- hoc trc cc danh t vit tt c c nh 1 nguyn m.

V d: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP

a : c dng:

- trc 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).

- dng trc mt danh t bt u bng uni.

a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- trc 1 danh t s t m c, trc 1 danh t khng xc

nh c th v mt c im, tnh cht, v tr hoc c nhcn ln u trong cu.

- c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s lng nht nh.

V d : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a greatdeal of.

- dng trc nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hngtrm, hng ngn.

V d: a hundred, a thousand.

- trc halfkhi n theo sau 1 n v nguyn vn.

V d: a kilo and a half v cng c th c l one and ahalf kilos.

Ch : 1 /2 kg = half a kilo ( khng c a trc half).

- dng trc halfkhi n i vi 1 danh t khc to thnh tghp.

V d : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na cphn.

- dng trc cc t s nh 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quar-ter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth, one fifth .


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- Dng trong cc thnh ng ch gi c, tc , t l.

V d: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng trc cc danh t s t m c,dng trong cu cm thn.

V d: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nhng: such long queues! What pretty girls.- a c thc t trc Mr/Mrs/Miss + tn h (surname):

V d: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

aMr Smith ngha l ngi n ngc gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ngi li vi ngi ni. Cn nu khng c atc l ngi ni bit ng Smith.

2- The

-c s dng khi danh tc xc nh c th v tnh cht, cim, v tr hoc c nhc n ln th 2 trong cu.

- The + noun + preposition + noun.

V d : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mex-ico; the United States of America.

- The + danh t +i t quan h + mnh ph

V d: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.

- Trc 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

V d: She is in the garden.

- The + tnh t so snh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.

V d : The first week; the only way.

- The + dt s t tng trng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt thc th bthe v i danh t sang s nhiu.

V d: The whale = Whales, the shark = sharks, the deep-freeze =deep - freezes.

Nhng i vi danh tman (ch loi ngi) th khng c qun t(a, the) ng trc.

V d: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on thehorse.

- The + danh t s t ch thnh vin ca mt nhm ngi nht nh.

V d: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly diffi-cult.

- The + adj i din cho 1 lp ngi, n khng c hnh thi snhiu nhng c coi l 1 danh t s nhiu v ng t sau n phi

c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.V d: the old = ngi gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ngitn tt; The unemployed = nhng ngi tht nghip.

- Dng trc tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoclch s.

V d: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun.


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V d: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.

Nhng khng c dng the trc cc t ch phng hng ny, nun i km vi tn ca mt khu vc a l.

V d: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp xng, cc dn nhc cin, cc ban nhcph thng.

V d: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh kh cu.

V d: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h s nhiuc ngha l gia nh h nh ...

V d: the Smiths = Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cngi l gia nh nh Smith.

- The + Tn s t + cm t/ mnh c thc s dng phnbit ngi ny vi ngi khc cng tn.

V d: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the MrSmith who signed this letter.

- Khng dng the trc 1 s danh t nhHome, church, bed, court,hospital, prison, school, college, university khi n i vi ngt v gii t ch chuyn ng (chi ti lm mc ch chnh).

V d: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent himhome.

to bed ( ng)

to church ( cu nguyn)to court ( kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)

to prison (i t)to school / college/ university ( hc)

Tng tin bedat church

We can be in courtin hospitalat school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ col-lege/university.

leave schoolWe can leave hospital

be released from prison.

Vi mc ch khc th phi dng the.

V d:

I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.


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Student go to the university for a class party.

SeaGo to sea (thy thi bin)

to be at the sea (hnh khch/ thu thi trn bin)

Go to the sea / be at the sea = to go to/ be at the seaside : itm bin, ngh mt.

We can live by / near the sea.

Work and office.

Work (ni lm vic) c s dng khng c the trc.

Go to work.

nhng office li phi c the.

Go to the office.

V d:

He is at / in the office.

Nuto be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gi chc.

To be out of office - thi gi chc.

Town

The c th bi khi ni v th trn ca ngi ni hoc ca chth.

V d:

We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town - Vi mc ch chnh l i mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s trng hpc bit.

Dng the Khng dng the

Trc cc i dng, sngngi, bin, vnh v cc h s nhiu.V d:The Red sea, the AtlanticOcean, the Persian Gulf, theGreat Lackes.

Trc tn cc dy ni.V d:

The Rockey Moutains.Trc tn 1 vt th duy nhttrn th gii hoc v tr.V d:The earth, the moon, the Great

Wall

TrcSchool/college/university + of+ noun

Trc tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).V d:Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Trc tn 1 ngn niV d:Mount Mckinley

Trc tn cc hnh tinh hoccc chm saoV d:Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Trc tn cc trng ny khitrc n l 1 tn ring.V d:Coopers Art school, Stetson


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V d:The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sci-

ences.

Trc cc s th t + noun.

V d:The first world war.The third chapter.

Trc cc cuc chin tranh khuvc vi iu kin tn cc khuvc phi c tnh t ho.

V d:The Korean war.

Trc tn cc nc c t 2 ttr ln. Ngoi trGreat Brit-ain.

V d:The United States, the

United Kingdom, the Central Af-rical Republic.

Trc tn cc nc c coi l1 qun o.

V d: The Philipin.

Trc cc ti liu hoc skin mang tnh lch s.

V d: The constitution,the Magna Carta.

Trc tn cc nhm dn tcthiu s.V d:The Indians, the Aztecs.

Nn dng trc tn cc nhcc.

V d:To play the piano.

Trc tn cc mn hc c th.V d:The applied Math.The theoretical Physics.

University.

Trc cc danh t m sau n l1 sm.

V d:World war one

chapter three.

Khng nn dng trc tn cccuc chin tranh khu vc nutn khu vc nguyn.

Trc tn cc nc c 1 t nh: Sweden, Venezuela v cc

nc c ng trc bi newhoc tnh t ch phng hng.

V d: New Zealand, South Af-rica.

Trc tn cc lc a, tiubang, tnh, thnh ph, qun,huyn.

V d: Europe, California.

Trc tn bt c mn th thaono.

V d:Base ball, basket ball.

Trc tn cc danh t mang

tnh tru tng tr nhngtrng hp c bit.V d: Freedom, happiness.

Trc tn cc mn hc chung.V d:Mathematics, Sociology.

Trc tn cc ngy l, tt.V d:Christmas, thanksgiving.

1.3 Cch sdng Other v another.Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mtng php.

Dng vi danh tm c Dng vi danh t khngm c

another + dt2 s it = 1 cina, 1 ci khc, 1 ngi na,

the other + dt 2s t = ngicui cng, ci cui cng ca 1


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1 ngi khc.V d: another pencil

other + dt2 s nhiu = myci na, my ci khc, myngi na, my ngi khc.

V d: other pencils = some

more.the other + dt2 s nhiu =nhng ci cui cng, nhngngi cui cng cn li.

V d: the other pencils =all remaining pencils

b, 1 nhm.

other + dt khng 2 = 1 chtna.

V d: other water = somemore water.

other beer =

some more beer.the other + dt khng 2 = chcn st li.

V d:The other beer = the re-

maining beer. (ch bia cn li)

- Another v other l khng xc nh trong khi the other l xcnh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn c hiu hoc c nhcn, ch cn dng anotherv othernh 1 i t l .

V d:I dont want this book. Please give me another.

- Nu danh tc thay th l s nhiu th otherc s dng theo1 trong 2 cch (other+ nouns hoc others) m khng bao gic sdng (others + DTSN).

- C th dng i t thay thone hoc ones cho danh t sau an-other, the otherv other.

Lu rng this v that c th dng vi i tone nhng these vthose tuyt i khng dng vi ones.

1.4 Cch sdng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

- Little + dt khngmc: rt t, hu nh khng.

V d:

There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.

-A little + dt khngmc: c 1 cht, dng.

V d:

I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

- few + dt mc s nhiu: c rt t, khng .

V d:

She has few books, not enough for references.

- a few + dt mc s nhiu: c mt t, .

V d:

She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn c nhc n th di ch cn dng (a)fewv (a) little nh 1 i t l .

V d:


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Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.

- quite a few = quite a lot = quite a bit = kh nhiu.

- only a few = only a little = c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 Shu cch

The + nouns + noun.

- Ch c dng trong cc danh t ch ngi hoc ng vt, khngdng cho bt ng vt.

V d:

The students book.

The cats legs.

- Nu c 2 danh t cng ng s hu cch th danh t no ng gndanh t b s hu nht s mang du s hu.

V d:

Tom and Marks house.

-i vi nhng danh t s nhiu c s th ch cn t du l.

V d:

The students books.

- Nhng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c s tiui vn phi dng nguyn du s hu.

V d:

The childrens toys.

- N c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, th k, thin nin k.)

V d:

The 1980 events.The 21 stcenturys prospect.

- N c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu.Nu dng s hu cch cho ma Xun v ma Thu tc l ta ang nhncch ho ma .

V d:

The summers hot days.

The winters cold days.

The springs coming back = Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving = s ra i ca Nng Thu.

Trng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ngvt ch dng trong 1 s trng hp tht c bit khi danh t nmtrong cc thnh ng.

V d:

A stones throw.

-i khi i vi nhng danh t ch ni chn hoc a im ch cndng s hu cch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.

V d:


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At the hairdressers

At the butchers

1.6 Some, any

some v any ngha l 1 s hoc 1 lng nht nh. Chng c s

dng vi (hoc thay th) cc danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khngm c.

+ Some l dng s nhiu ca a/an v one:

V d: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.

+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i tring/ i tshu.

V d: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+ somec s dng vi :

- Cc ng t th khng nh.

V d:They bought some honey.

- Trong cc cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

V d:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ngi ni chi cutr li l yes)

- Trong cc cu ngh v yu cu:

V d:

Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+ anyc s dng:- Vi ng t th phnh

V d:

I havent any matches.

- Vi hardly, barely, scarely ( cc ph t ny u mang nghaphnh)

V d:

I have hardly any spare time.

- Viwithout khiwithout any ... =with no ...

V d:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no dif-ficulty.

- Vi cc cu hi

Have you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau if/ whethercc thnh ng mang tnh nghi ng.

V d:


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If you need any more money, please let me know.

I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2. ng t ( verb)

ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.- Hin ti.

- Tng lai.

Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh xcthi gian ca hnh ng.

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)

Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn

phi c c ln.V d:

John walks to school everyday.

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti,khng xc nh c th v mt thi gian v hnh ng lp i lp lic tnh quy lut.

- N thng dng vi 1 s ph t nh: now, present day, nowadays.c bit l1 s ph t ch tn sut hot ng: often, sometimes,always, frequently.

V d:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

amSubject + is +[verb +ing ]...

are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi

gian c xc nh c th bng cc ph t nhnow, right now, pres-ently.

- N dng thay th cho thi tng lai gn.

V d:

He is learning in the US.

Lu : phn bit tng lai gn v hnh ng ang xy ra cn cnc vo ph t trong cu)


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V d:

The committee members are examining the material now. ( hin tiang kim tra)

George is leaving for France tomorrow. (tng lai gn - s ri tiPhp vo ngy mai)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

Have + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trong 1 qu kh ko di vchm dt hin ti. Thi gian trong cu hon ton khng xc nh.

- Ch 1 hnh ng xy ra nhiu ln trong qu kh ko di ti hinti.

- Dng vi 2 gii tforv since + thi gian.

- Dng vi alreadytrong cu khng nh, alreadyc th ng sauhave nhng n cng c thng cui cu.

haveSubject +

+ already+ P2

has

V d:

We have already written our reports.

I have already read the entire book.

Sam has already recorded the results of the experiment.

- Dng vi yet trong cu ph nh v cu nghi vn ph nh, yetthng xuyn ng cui cu, cng thc sau:

haveSubject +not + P2 ...+ yet ...

has

V d:

John hasnt written his report yet.

The president hasnt decided what to do yet.

We havent called on our teacher yet.

- Trong 1 s trng hp yet c tho ln ng sau to have v ng

php c thay i. Not mt i v phn t 2 tr v dng nguyn th cto.

haveSubject + + yet +[verb in simple form] ...

has


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V d:

John has yet to learn the material. = John hasnt learned the mate-rial yet.

We have yet to decide what to do with the money. = We havent de-

cided what to do with the money yet.Ch : Cn thn s dng yet trong mu cu ko nhm vi yet trongmu cu c yet lm t ni mang ngha nhng

V d:

I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.

My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do some-thing on Saturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)

Have been + verbing.

- Dng ging ht nhpresent perfect nhng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn ang tip tc xy ra. N thng xuyn c dngvi 2 gii tfor, since + time.

V d:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. = John haslive in the same house for ten years.

Mt s th d

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng xc nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng xc nh)

They have been at home all day.

We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng xc nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

Hoc

John has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn cha kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit cch dng gia 2 thi

Present perfect Present perfect progressive

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti,do c kt qu r rt.

Hnh ng vn tip tc tipdin hin ti do vy khngc kt qu r rt.


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V d:

I have waited for you forhalf an hour (now I stop wait-ing)

V d:

I have been waiting for youfor half an hour.

(and continue waiting hoping

that you will come)

2.2 Qu kh( Past)

2.2.1 Qu khn gin (simple past)

Verb + ed

- Mt sng t trong ting Anh c qu khc bit v ng thicng c phn t 2 c bit.

- Mt s cc ng t c c 2 dng:

V d:

Light - lighted - lightedlit - lit

Ngi Anh a dng qu kh thng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 cbit.

V d:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic bnh sinh nht

Nhng

I can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c th nhn thy t xa ngi nh sng nh in.

N dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qukh, khng lin quan g ti hin ti.

Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n thng dng vimt s ph t ch thi gian nh: yesterday, at that moment, last+ thi gian nh:

Last night

month

week vv...

Lu : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng th phi dngpre-sent perfect.

V d:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.


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George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

Was / were + Ving

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thiim nht nh trong qu kh khng lin h g ti hin ti. Thiim trong cu c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh:

At + thi gian qu kh.

V d:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 lin tWhenv while ch 1 hnh ng ang xy ra trong qu kh th 1 hnhng khc t ngt xen vo (tng ng vi cu Ting Vit Khi

ang ... th bng).*

Subject1 + simple past + while + subject 2 +past progressive.

V d:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 + past progressive + when + subject 2+ simple past.

V d:

He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

Lu : Mnh c when v while c thng bt k ni no trongcu nhng sau when nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau whilenht thit phi l 1past progressive.

- Dng din t 2 hnh ng song song cng 1 lc, ni vi nhaubng lin twhile.

Subject1 + past progressive + while + subject 2 +past progressive.

V d:

He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner inthe kitchen.

( Mnh khng c while c thc chuyn sang simple past nhnghim khi v s nhm ln vi *)

V d:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.


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While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more in-

formation.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped

in order to talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

Had + P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra trc 1 hnh ng khc trongqu kh. (trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.

- Dng kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua 2 gii t ch thi gianbefore v after.

Subject + past perfect + before + subject +past simple

V d:

I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.

Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he

retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed

the medication.

Subject + past simple + after+ subject +past perfect

V d:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, theyvoted on the proposal.

- Mnh c before v afterc th ng u hoc cui cu nhngsau before nht thit phi l 1 simple past v sau afternht thitphi l 1past perfect.

- Before v afterc thc thay bng when m khng s b nhmln v trong cu bao gi cng c 2 hnh ng: 1 trc v 1 sau.


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V d:

The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after v sau when l past per-fect.)

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

Subject + had+ been +

[Verb + ing]...

N c dng ging ht nhpast perfect nhng hnh ng khng dngli m tip tc tip din cho n thi im simple past. N thngc kt hp vi 1 simple past thng qua ph tbefore. Trong cuthng c since hoc for+ thi gian.

- Thi ny hin nay t dng v c thay th bngpast perfect.

V d:Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved toCalifornia.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years be-fore he retired.

2.3 Tng lai

2.3.1 Tng lai n gin (simple future)

Will / shall+ [

Verb in simple form ]

Can / may.

- Ngy nay ng php hin i, c bit l M dng will cho tt ccc ngi cn shall chc dng trong cc trng hp sau:

Mi mc ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:

Shall we go out for lunch?Shall I take your coat?

ngh gip ngi khc 1 cch lch s.

V d:

Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

Dng ng gi khi mua bn, mc c.

V d:


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Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nhtnh trong tng lai. Thi im ny khng c xc nh r rt. Ccph t thng dng l tomorrow, next + thi gian, in the future.

Near future. (tng lai gn)

To be going to do smth - sp lm g.- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 tng lai gn,thi gian sc din t bng 1 s ph t nh : in a moment (ltna), tomorrow.

V d:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ngi ta thng dng Presentprogressive thay th.

- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi

l tng lai gn.V d:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that en-ables us to learn in the US.

2.3.2 Tng lai tip din ( future progressive)

Will / shall

+ be + [ verb + ing ]

Can / may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng sang xy ra 1 thi im nht nhca tng lai. Thi im ny c xc nh c th bng ngy, gi.

V d:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- N c dng kt hp vi 1present progressive din t 2 hnhng song song xy ra, 1 hin ti, 1 tng lai.

V d:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we willbe working at the office.

2.3.3 Tng lai hon thnh (future perfect)

Will have + P2

- N c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi c hon tt 1thi im no trong tng lai. Thi im ny thng c dint bng : by the end of, by tomorrow.


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V d:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

Lu : Thi ny phi c l do c bit mi s dng.

3. S ho hp gia ch ng v ng t.

Thng thng th ng t ng lin ngay vi ch ng v phi chiatheo ngi ch ng. Song c nhng trng hp khng phi nh vy.

3.1 Chngng tch khing t.-ng xen vo gia ch ng v ng t l 1 ng gii t ( 1 gii tm u kt hp vi cc danh t theo sau). Ng gii t ny khngquyt nh g n vic chia ng t.ng t phi chia theo ch ngchnh.

Subject + [ng giit] + verb

V d:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the

cities.Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng di y cng vi cc danh ti ngsau n to nn hin tng ng ch ng. Cm ng ch ng ny phing tch bit ra khi ch ng chnh v ng t bng 2 du phy vkhng c nh hng g ti vic chia ng t.

Together with alongwith

accompaniedby

as wellas

V d:

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to aparty tonight.Singular subject

singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving to-night.


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Singular subject

singular verb

Lu : - Nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin tandth ngt lp tc phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu (they).

V d:

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.- nhng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin torth

ng t s phi chia theo danh tng sau or. Nu l danh t st th phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

V d:The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2 Cc danh tluni hing tvi ts it. l cc ng t trong bng sau:

any + danh t

s t

no + danh t

s t

Some + danh t

s tanybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every + danh t s it each + danh t s t

everybody

everyone either*

everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng c s dng vi or vnor.

Lu :

- either(1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3 ngi, 3vt tr ln phi dng any.

V d:

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish

this work.

If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the

permission of the instructor.

- Neither (khng 1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ngi, 2 vt. Nu 3ngi, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any).

V d:

Neither of two his classes gets an c

Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.


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3.3 Cch sdng none, no

none of the : c s dng ty theo danh tng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m c th ng t phi chia ngi th3 s t.

None + of the + non-count noun + singularverb

V d:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of the l 1 danh tm c s nhiu th ng tphi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None + of the + plural noun + plural verb

V d:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

Noc s dng cng tu theo danh tng sau n.

- nu sau no l danh t s t hoc khng m c th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular noun

No ++ singular verb

non-count noun

V d:

No example is relevant to this case.

- nhng nu sau no l 1 danh tm c s nhiu th ng t phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No + plural noun + pluralverb

V d:

No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 Cch sdng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.iu cn lu nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau orhoc nor. Nu danh t l s t thng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ngc li.

Neither nor+ noun


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+ singular noun + singular verb

either or

V d:

Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+ noun

+ plural noun + plural verb

either or

V d:

Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.Plural plural

Lu :

Khi ch ng l 1 verbingth ng t phi chia ngi th 3 st.

3.5 Cc danh ttp th l nhng danh t trong bng di y dng ch mt nhm ngihoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy, chng vn c xem l danh t s t vdo , cc ng t v i ti cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 st.

congress fam-

ily

group commit-

tee

class

organi-

zation

team army club crowd

govern-

ment

jury major-

ity*

minority pub-

lic

- Nu ng tng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiuth n m ch cc thnh vin ca t chc hoc nhm ang hotng ring r.

V d: The congress votes for the bill.

The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

* Majority

Danh t ny c dng tu theo danh ti ng sau n.

The majority+ singular verb

The majorityof the plural noun +


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plural verb.

V d: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.

Lu : Danh tpolice lun c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiudo vy ng tng sau n phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a sus-pect.

Mt s th d:

The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.The organization has lost many members this year.

Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng di y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho ddanh tng sau gii tofc s nhiu th ng t sau vnphi chia ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds,sheep

herd ofcattle

pack ofdogs

school offish

pride oflions

V d:The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.

A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

Lu : Tt c cc danh t tp hp ch thi gian, tin bc, sou i hi cc ng t - i t - b ngi cng n phi ngi st.

(TOEFL bt li ny).

V d:

He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another

fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.

Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.


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3.6 Cch sdng A number of/ the number of

a number of+ danh t s nhiu +ng t s nhiu

- a number of: mt s lng ln nhng... .i vi danh t s nhiuv ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.- the number of: mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nhng ng tphi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of + danh t s nhiu+ ng t s t

V d:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is

quite small

3.7 Cc danh tlun dngs nhiu.Cc danh t sau y lun phi dng dng s nhiu.

Trou-sers

eyeglasses tongs - cikp

shorts scissors-ci ko

tweezers- cinhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - cikm

V d:

The pants are in the drawer.

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn thng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2thc th, do vy cc ng t v i ti cng chng phi ngith 3 s nhiu.

V d:

The pliers are on the table.

These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t dng a pair of... v lc ngt v i ti cng vi chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

V d:

This pair of scissors is dull.

The pair of pliers is on the table.


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3.8 Cch dng cc thnh ngThere is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ngi hoc vt ti 1 ni no .Phi phn bit chng vi ng tto have.

There is

There are

To have ch s s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold instinctively).

- Ch ng tht ca thnh ng ny i ng sau ng t to be. Nudanh t l s nhiu th ng t chia s nhiu v ngc li.

- Mi bin i v thi v thu nhm vo ng tto be cn phnt 2 th da vo trng tto have/ has been.

there is

there was +singular subject ...

there has been( hoc non-count)

there are

there were +singular subject ...

there have been (hoc non-count)

V d:

There is a storm approaching.

singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

4. i ti t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c cc chc nng ring bit.

4.1 i tnhn xng chng(Subject pronoun)Gm :

I weyou youhe

ch s t n ti


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theysheit

Chc nng:

-ng u cu lm ch ng trong cu v quyt nh vic chia ngt.

-ng ng sau ng tto be.

V d: The teachers who were invited to the party were George,Batty.

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nhthan, as. Tuyt i khngc dng i t nhn xng tn ng trong trng hp ny.

V d: He is taller than I (am) - khng c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

-i vi cc i t nhn xng ch ng nhwe, you v i t nhnxng tn ng nhus c th dng 1 danh t s nhiu ngay sau .

V d: We students, you teachers, us workers.

Cc i t nhall, both c thc dng theo li ny vi cc ngis nhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

V d:

I am going to the store.

We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng tbe)

George and I would like to leave now.

We students are going to have a party.

4.2 i tnhn xng tn ng

me usyou youhim themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gii t lm nhim v ca mttn ng.

- i vi cc ngi i t nhn xng tn ng s nhiu c th dngall hoc both ngay sau .usyou all / boththem


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V d:

They called us on the phone.complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.

complement

The policeman was looking for him.sau gii t

To us, it seems like a good bargainsau gii t

Lu : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh cc thnhphn khc trong cu, chng hn nh ph t hoc lin t. V vy, tacn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g - cn da vo ngcnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh thng v chc nngca chng.

V d:

Janet will make her presentation after him.preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ng v 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, he l ch ng v finishes l ng t).

4.3 Tnh tshu

my our

your yourhisher

theirits

- N ng ngay trc danh t v ch s s hu ca ngi hoc vti vi danh tng ng sau.

V d:

John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.

The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

Lu : Its khc vi Its. Its c ngha l it is hoc it has.


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4.4 i tshu

mine oursyours

yours

hishers

theirsits

- Dng thay th cho tnh t s hu v danh t c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun + possessiveadjective + noun

- N c thc ng lm ch ng trong cu.

-ng ng sau ng t to be.

- N c th lm tn ng khi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 giit.

Do you remember to take your money?

-ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nhthan, as.

Your book is as good as mine.

Mt s th d:

This is my book = This is mine.Your teacher is the same as his teacher = Yours is as the same ashis.

Her dress is green and my dress is red = Hers is green is green andmine is red.

Our books are heavy = Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework = I forgot mine.

4.5 i tphn thn (reflexive pronoun)

myselfourselves

yourself your-selveshimselfthemselvesherselfitself


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Lu : cc ngi s nhiu, ui - selfbin thnh - selves.

Chc nng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong trng hp nyn ng ngay sau ng t hoc ng cui cu sau gii tforhocto.

V d:He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong trng hp ny nng ng sau ch ng hoc cui cu khi ni.

V d:

I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.

The students themselves decorated the room.

You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.

V d:

John washed the dishes by himself = John washed the dishes alone.

5. ng t dng lm tn ng- Khng phi bt cng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danht hoc i t theo sau n lm tn ng. C mt sng t li yucu tn ng sau n phi l mt ng t khc. Chng chia lm 2 loisau:

5.1 ng tnguyn th lm tn ngBng sau l nhng ng ti hi tn ng sau n phi l mt ngt khc. Chng tun theo mu cu nh sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agreede-sirehopeplanstrive

at-temptex-pectin-tendpre-paretend

claimfaillearnpre-tendwant

de-cidefor-getneedre-fusewish

demandhesi-tateofferseem


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V d:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.

Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next youryears.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.

Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s cc ng t i hi tn ng sau n l 1 Vingtheo cc mu cu sau:

admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

V d: He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admitdelaymissreportsug-gest

appre-ciatedenypost-poneresentavoid

enjoyprac-ticeresistcanthelpfinish

quitresumecon-sidermindrecallrisk

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

cant resist

V d:

With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a

time.

Lu : Nu mun t phnh cho cc trng hp ny t not trcnguyn th bto hoc Ving. Tuyt i khng c cu to dng phnh ca ng t chnh.

V d:

John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt s th d:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.

+ (against) doing smth : khng th dng c,khn th nh n c ...


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Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the FloridaStraits.

Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ng ca chng c

th l ng t nguyn th hay Ving m ng ngha ca chng khngthay i.

V d:

begin to do smth = begin doing smth.

beginhatere-gret

cantstandlikestart

con-tinuelovetry

dreadpre-fer

Lu : Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smth

doing smth

V d:

waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school = I hate riding her bicycle toschool.

5.3 3ng tc bit l cc ng t m ng ngha ca chng thay i khi tn ng saun l 1 nguyn th hoc 1 Ving.

Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.V d:

He stops to get gasoline.

Stop doing smth : dng vic g ang lm li.

V d:

He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

V d:

I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.

V d:

I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant findthe key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.

V d:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

cant ( Khng th chu ng c khiphi lm g)

I cant


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Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

V d:

I forget doing the homework yesterday.

Lu :ng tforget trong mu cu mang ngha phnh.

I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend thismorning.

5.4 Ccng tngng sau gii t

- Tt c cc ng tng ng sau gii tu phi dng Ving.

verb

adj. +preposition + Ving

noun

ng t + gii t + Ving

Bng sau gm cc ng t + gii t.

approve of: tn

thnh

give up: t b

rely on: ph

thuc vo

worry about: lo

lng v

be better off:

insist on: ni n

succeed in: thnh

cng trong

count on = rely on

keep on =

continue

think about

think of

depend on

put off: tr

hon

Danh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

possibil-ity ofchoice of

methodofinten-tion of

methodforexcusefor

reasonfor

V d:

George has no excuse for dropping out of school.

There is a possibility of acquiring this property at a good price.

There is no reason for leaving this early.

Connie has developed a method for evaluating this problem.

Tnh t + gii t + Ving (bng sau)

accustomedtointent on

afraid ofinter-ested in

capableofsuccess-ful in

fondoftiredof

V d:


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Mitch is afraid of getting married now.

We are accustomed to sleeping late on weekends.

Jean is not capable of understanding the predicament.

Alvaro is intent on finishing school next year.

Craig is fond of dancing.

We are interested in seeing this film.

- Khng phi bt c tnh t no trong ting Anh cng i hi ngsau n phi l 1 gii t, c mt s tnh t li i hi ng sau nl mt ng t nguyn th (xem bng sau).

anxiouseager: hohcpleasedusual

boringeasypre-paredcommon

danger-ousgoodreadydiffi-cult

hardstrangeable*

eager to do smth: ho hc lm g.hard to do smth : kh lm g.* able :able capableunable incapable

V d:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.

These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult prob-lems.

Mt s th d:

Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weather

We are ready to leave now.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the coun-try.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

Lu :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh thng c gii ti km pha sau.Khng c nhm ln gii t vi to ca ng t nguyn th. Chnghn mt sng t trong bng sau:

object to:phn i

look forward to :mong i

confess to : th nhn lm g

V d:John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

of doingto dosmth =


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We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.

You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5 Vni ti trcng tnguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.-ng trc 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i tphi l tn ng.

PronounSubject + verb + complement form

+ [ to + verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng cc ng ti hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau nphi dng tn ng.

allowinviteremind

askor-derurge

begper-mitwant

con-vinceper-suadeexpect

in-structpreparepromise

V d:

Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.

We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to consider your decision.

They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.

The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.

You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Tuy nhin, ng trc 1 Vinglm tn ng th dng ca danh t hoci t phi dng s hu.

dng shu ca danh tCh ng + ng t ++ [verb + ing] ...

tnh t shu

V d:We understand your not being able to stay longer.

He regrets her leaving.

We are looking forward to their coming next year.

We dont approve of Johns buying this house.

We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.


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We object to their calling at this hour.

6. Cch s dng ng t bn khim khuyt need v dare

6.1 need

ng t ny c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh tng ngsau n l ng vt hay bt ng vt.

- khi ch ng l ng vt (living thing)

Subject as a living thing +

need+ to + verb

(cn phi lm g)

V d:

I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

He will need to drive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhin khi ch ng l mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) thng t sau need si khc.

Subject as unliving thing + need

+ [Verb + ing]

to be + P2

V d:

The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.

The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to berepaired.

The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs tobe rewritten.

Lu :

need = to be in need of+ noun

to be in need of + noun c th thay th cho c 2 cng thc trn.

V d:

Jill is in need of money = Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair = The roof needs to be repaired.


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The organization was in need of volunteers = The organizationneeded volunteers.

6.2 Dare

- Dare khng c dng nhiu khng nh. N chc dng ph

nh v nghi v

n.

ng t

sau n theo l thuy

t l c to nh

ng trn

thc t thng b to. N c th dng vi tr ng t to do hocdng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything = Dares he (to) say anything.

- Dare khng c dng th khng nh tr trng hp - I dare saymang 2 ngha:

- Ti cho l.

V d: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the endof the train.

- Ti cng nhn l.

V d: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) + subject ... (sao dm).

V d:

How dare you open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th ca ti ra th ?

- Dare cn c dng nh 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theomu cu sau:

To dare smb to dosmth

(thch ai lm g)

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.

7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE + INFINITIVE

- N c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn ttngi th nht qua ngi th 2 ti ngi th 3.

V d:

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the po-lice.

(khng ai c php ri to nh ny m khng c php ca cnhst).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho ti khi bn tao quay li).

- Dng vi mnh ifmang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

V d:

Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved


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He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.

- truyn t mt dnh.

V d:

She is to be married next month.

(c y s ci vo thng ti)

The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta both ngi ta bbei tit kim ch.

V d:

The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

= The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were + infinitive

din t 1 tng v s mnh.

V d:

They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet

again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp linhau)

- To be about to + verb = near future = to be in the point of Ving.

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yes hoc nou cu. Nn nh rng:

Yes + positive verbNo + negative verb.

Khng c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliary

be+ subject + verb ...

do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposal today?

Do you want to use the telephone?

Does George like peanut butter?

Did you go to class yesterday?


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8.2 Cu hi thng boL loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yes hoc no ra cn phithm mt s cc thng tin khc. Cc cu hi ny dng vi mt s cci t nghi vn.

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

Who+ verb + (com-

plement) + (modifier)

what

Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)

What happened last night? (something happened last night.)

Ch : Khng ng khi ni :

Who did open the door?

What did happen last night?

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ng ca cu hi

whom auxiliary+

+ subject + verb + ( modifier)

what do, does, did

Ch :

Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ngi s dng who thay cho whom trong

loi cu hi ny nhng tuyt i khng c dng nh vy trong vnvit (li c bn)

V d:

Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone fromVenezuela)

What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at thestore)

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho cc b ng (when, where, why, how)

when

where

why

how

When did John move to Jacksonville?

Where does Mohamad live ?

Auxiliary

+ be + subject +verb + (complement) + (modifier)


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Why did George leave so early?

How did Maria get to school today?

Where has Henry gone?

When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

L loi cu hi c cc c im sau:

- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni vi nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.

- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng c cu tocu hi thnh phn th 2.

- i t nghi vn khng ch bao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c th l 2hoc 3 t chng hn: whose + noun, how many, how much, how long,how often, what time, v what kind.

Subject + verb ( phrase) + question

word + subject + verb

V d:Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting willtake place.

Q word subject verb phraseCu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the planelanded at the wrong airport.

Q word subject phrase

auxiliary + subject + verb + questionword + subject + verb

Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt s th d:

The professor didnt know how many students would be in her af-ternoon class.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?

Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.

The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.


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8.4 Cu hi cui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi m nhm khng nh li kin ca bn thn mnh bit.

- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn tch bit nhau bi du phy.

- Nu ng t phn chnh th khng nh th phn ui l ph

nh v ngc li.- ng t to bec dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dng trng tto do, cc ng t thi kp: future, perfect, progressivedng vi chnh trng t ca thi .

- Cc thnh ngthere is, there are v it is dng li phn ui.

-ng tto have trong ting Anh ca ngi M l ng t thng do n s dng vi trng tto do.

V d:

There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?

Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?

The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?

You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?

Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?

You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, th sdng havent you?)

Lu :

Trong cc bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh l have th ng sau phidng trng tdo.

V d:

She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v phnh.

9.1 Li ni ph ho khngnh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ngi khc tng ngvi cu ting vit cng th v ngi ta s dng so v too trongcu trc ny.

-ng tto bec php dng trc tip, cc ng t thng dngvi tr ng t to do, cc ng t thi kp (future, perfect,progressive) dng vi chnh ng t ca n.

- Khi bec s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng tbes dng trong cu ph ho cng phi cng thi vi be mnh chnh.

Subject +

verb(be) + too

Affirmative statement (be) + and+

So + verb(be) +


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subject

V d:

I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.

- Khi mt ng t th kp (auxilary + verb), v d, will go,should do, has done, have written, must examine, vv... xut hintrong mnh chnh th trng t ca mnh chnh c s dng dng khng nh, v ch ng v ng t phi ho hp.

Subject + auxiliary

only + too

Affirmative statement + and+

(ng t th kp) So+ auxiliary only + subject

V d:

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or

did+ too.

Affirmative statement + and+

(ng t n trbe) So + do,does, or did+ subject

V d:Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.

He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.

We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.

She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2 Li ni phho phnh

- Dng ph ho li phnh ca ngi khc, tng ng vi cuting vit cng khng.


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- Cu trc dng cho loi cu ny l eitherv neither.

Nn nh rng: Not ... either / Neither ... positive verb.

Cc trng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.

Subject + negative auxiliary

or be + either.Negative statement + and+

Neither

+ positive auxiliary or be + subject.

V d:

I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be goingto the conference.

She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont ei-ther.

She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her col-leagues.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movieyet.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10. Cu phnh thnh lp cu phnh ngi ta t not vo sau ng tto be,trng tto do ca ng t thng, v cc trng t ca ngt thi kp.

-t anyng trc danh t nhn mnh cho phnh.

- Trong mt s trng hp nhn mnh cho danh tng sau b phnh, ngi ta ng t nguyn th v t no trc danh t. (no = not at all).

Nagative + nagative =Positive

V d:

Its really unbelievable that he has no money.

Nagative + comparative = Super-lative


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V d:

Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful = Pr. Baker was the mosthelpful.

We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Todayis the best day to go to the beach.

Nagative ..., much less +noun.

(khng m li cng khng)

V d:

He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.

Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such afree fall, much less live to tell about it on TV.

Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha phnh, khi dng n

trong cu tuyt i khngc dng phnh ca ng t na.

V d:

Hardly

Scarcely Hu nh khng ( Almost no)

Barely

Hardly ever

Rarely Hu nh khng bao gi ( almost never).

Seldom

Cng thc dng vi cc ph t trn.

Subject + nagative + adverb+ positive verb

Lu : Barely v scarcely i khi mang ngha va , va son(just enough). Phi cn c theo ng cnh ca cu hoc cc cu trli di phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.

V d:

He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.

(N va tin tr hc ph v khng cn xu no c.)

11. Mnh lnh thcChia lm 2 loi trc tip v gin tip.


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11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ngi ra lnh cho mt ngikhc lm vic g . N c th c please i trc. Ch ng chiu l you. S dng dng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn th bto).

V d:

Close the door. Open the window.Leave the room. Pay your rent.

Please turn off the light. Be quiet.

Dng mnh lnh thc phnh c thnh lp nh cng thm donttrc ng t.

Dont close the door.

Please dont turn off the light.

Dont open the window, please.

( Please c thng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cutr nn lch s hn).

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.Thng dng vi 4 ng t sau:

to order

to ask

to tell

to say

V d:

John told Mary to close the door.

Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.The teacher told Christopher to open the window.

Please tell Jaime to leave the room.

John ordered Bill to close his book.

The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.

Lu :

ui ca Lets ...., shall we.

V d:

Lets go out for lunch, shall we?

Khc vi let us trong cu mnh lnh thc.

V d:

Lets go now (chng ta i thi) khc vi Let us go, please. ( xinhy cho chng ti i)

12. ng t khim khuyt.

S d gi l nh vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh sau:

- Khng c tiu ttong trc.

smbto do something.not to do some-


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-ng t no i sau n cng phi bto.

- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i cng vi nhau, nu c thbt buc ng t th 2 phi chuyn sang mt dng khc.

V d:

Will have tomust

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

12.1 Dint thi tng lai.

12.2 Dint cuiu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Will/shall

If+ Subject + simple present + subject ++ [verb in simple form]

can/ may

V d:

If I have the money, I will buy a new car.If you try more, you will improve your English.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner ifit is only ten oclock now.

If+ subject + simple present tense + subject +... + simple present tense

Mu cu ny cn c dng din t mt thi quen.

V d:

If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients inthe hospital in the afternoon (khng c ng t khuyt thiu.)

John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

If+ Subject + simple present tense ... +command form* ...


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* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simpleform)

Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.

V d:

If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi hin ti.

Would/should

If + Subject + simple past + subject ++ verb in simple form

could/ might

V d:

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house( but now I dont have enough money.)

If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with

you.)

He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).

If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)

Lu :

ng tto be sau if mu cu ny phi chia lm were tt ccc ngi.

I... they were.

V d:

If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.(but Im not you.)

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin c thi qu kh.

Would/should

If + Subject + past perfect + subject ++ have + P2

could/ might

V d:


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If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)

If we had known that you were there, we would have written you aletter.

(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a let-ter.)

She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)

If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)

Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thctrn, trong mt s trng hp 1 v ca cu iu kin qu kh cnmt v li hin ti do thi gian ca tng mnh quynh.

V d:

If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.

Lu :

Trong mt s trng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hinc thi qu kh, ngi ta bifi v o hadln u cu nhng ngha vn gi nguyn.

Had+ subject + [verb in past parti-ciple ]...

V d:

Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.

Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4 Cc cch dng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong cc mnh ifThng thng nhng ng t ny khng c dng ng sau ifnhngnu c dng n s mang ngha sau:

Ifyou will /would.

Thng c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Wouldlch s hn)

V d:

If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.

(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c ykhng.)

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement forme.

If you could+ verb in simple form.


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Nu ng vui lng - Ngi ni cho rng ngi kia sng nh mt l tt nhin

V d:

If you could fill in this form.

If you could open your books.

If + subject + will / would.

Nu ... chu - Din t tnguyn

V d:

If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.

Nu n chu nghe theo li ti th ti c th gip n.

If + subject + will.

Din t s ngoan c.

V d:

If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test issure awaiting you.

Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th trt k thi TOFELchc chn ang chn cu.

If + subject +should.

Din t mt hnh ng d rt c thc song kh nng rt t vkhi ni ngi ni khng tin l s vic li c th xy ra.

V d:

If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me upthis number.

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in choti s my ny. (Ni vy nhng ngi ni khng cho rng l anh tali khng bit s dng chic tivi .)

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises,

please feel free to ask me.

(Ngi thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm c nhngbi tp - v chng rt d hoc cu hc tr rt thng minh)

- Trong mt s trng hp ngi ta bifi v o shouldln ucu m ng ngha khng thay i.

V d:


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Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises,please feel free to ask me.

Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wanderaround for food - a sign that spring is near.

Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ngi ta cho l consc t si lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca ma Xun angti gn. Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny th tc gi cho rng khicon sc t chui ra th rt him khi tri li c nhiu my v butri li xm li - c th l do kt qu thng k.

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.

(C ngha l : dng nh l, nh th l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny thng hay dng iu kinkhng th thc hin c v chia lm 2 thi:

13.1 Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh trc chia simple present th ng t

mnh sau phi chia simple past, ng tto be s phi chia l were tt c cc ngi.

as ifSubject + verb (simple present) ++ subject + verb (simple past)

as though

V d:

The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2 Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh trc chia simple past th ng t mnh 2 phi chia past perfect.

Subject + verb (simple past) + +subject + verb (past perfect)

as if

as


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V d:

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.Past simple

past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sau as ifu din t iu kin khng th thchin c.

Lu :

Trong mt s trng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thctrn khng c tun theo.ng t li tr v dng bnh thng theodin bin ca cu.

V d:

He looks as if he has finish the test.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nhng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ng sau ng tto hope l mt cu din bin bnh thng.

V d:

I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)

( Ti hy vng l h s ti.)

We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)

+ Nhng ng t to wish li i hi ng sau n phi l mt iukin khng th thc hin c.iu kin ny chia lm 3 thi.

14.1 Thi tng lai.ng t mnh sau s phi l Would / could + verb hoc were +Ving.

Could + verbSubject + wish + (that) + Subject* +

would + verb + ...were + Ving

Subject* : c th l cng hoc khc ch ng vi ch ng trong mnh chnh.

V d:


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We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (You cant come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)

She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming withus.)

14.2 Thi hin ting t mnh 2 s chia simple past.ng tto be phi chialm were tt c cc ngi.

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject* + verb in simplepast ...

V d:

I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont haveenough time.)

We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not oldenough.)

They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They haveto go to class.)

14.3 Thi qu kh.ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfect hoc Could have+ P2

Past perfect

Subject + wish + (that) + Subject +Could have + P2

V d:

I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash theclothes yesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have moretime.)

Lu :

ng t wish ch c th nh hng n mnh ng sau nbng cch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hinc. Nhng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quyt nh khng h ph thuc vo thi ca ng tto wish.

V d:

He wished that he could come to the party next week.


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Qu kh iu kin tng lai Tng

lai

Ph hp v thi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we arestanding now.

Qu kh iu kin hin

ti hin ti

Ph hp v thi

- Phi phn bit vi to wish dng cu ny vi ngha c g,mong g vi to wish trong mu cu sau:

To wish somebody something

V d:

I wish you a happy birthday.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to

15.1 used to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Thng hay, tng)

Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng thng xuyn xy ra lp i lp litrong qu kh.

V d:

When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trongqu kh)

Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did + Subject + use to + Verb

= Used + Subject + to + verb.

V d:

When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?

Cu phnh:

Subject + didnt + use to + Verb

(*)


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= Subject + used not to + verb.

V d:

When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

15.2 get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING

( tr nn quen vi) (noun)

Lu : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to = Wouldnhng dnhm ln.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would rather

Would rather ... than = Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sau would ratherphi l mt ng t nguyn th bto (bareinfinitive) nhng ng saupreferphi l mt verb+ing.

V d:

John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.

John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.

Lu :

Vic s dng thnh ng ny cn tu thuc vo s ch ng v nghaca cu

16.1 Loi cu c mt chng. loi cu ny ch dng Would rather(khng c than) v chia lm 2

thi :

1.Thi hin ti.

ng t sau Would rather l nguyn th b to. Nu mun dng ph

nh t not trc ng t nguyn th bto ( cng thc 1)

Subject + Would rather+ (not) bareinfinitive

V d:

(1


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Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong cu ny ngi ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai(ch hm nay Jim khng mun)

2. Thi qu kh.

thi qu kh sau would ratherl have + past participle (hay cngi l phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject + would rather+ have + (P2)

V d:

John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( Johnthch i hc vo ngy hm qua hn ngy hm nay).

16.2 Loi cu c 2 chng loi cu ny thnh ngc s dng s l Would rather that

(c g, mong g) v chia lm nhng mu cu nh sau:

1.Cu ginh

L loi cu din t ngi th nht mun ngi th 2 lm mtvic g , nhng lm hay khng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ngith 2. Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng 2 phi l nguyn th bto - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + Would rather that + Subject2 +bare infinitive

V d:I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes giin cho ti vo ngy mai - Nhng Jones c gi in cho ngi nihay khng cn tu vo Jones).

We would rather that he take this train. (p chuyn tu haykhng cn tu vo anh y - H ch mun vy).

2.iu kin khng thc hin c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vithc t).

ng t sau ch ng 2 s chia Simple past, ng tto be s phic chia thnh Were tt c cc ngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Sim-ple past...

V d:

Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same depart-ment as he does

(2

(1

(2


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(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)

Jane would rather that it were winter now.

(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:

- Trong cc cu trn ngha ca v th 2 lun tri vi thc t thi im hin ti.

- Nu mun thnh lp th phnh dng

3.iu kin khng th thc hin c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cul tri vi thc t.)

Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi c chia Past perfect - Cng thc 1.

Subject1 + would rather that + Subject2 + Pastperfect

V d:

Jim would rather that Jill had gone to class yesterday.

(nhng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua vngi ni ch ly lm tic l Jill khng ti lp vo ngy hmqua.)

Nhn xt: Trn thc t ngha ca to wish v would rather that (vingha c, mong mun) trong trng hp trn l ging nhau nhngWishc s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). Cn Wouldrather that mang kch tnh nhiu hn.

17. Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ngi khc mt cch lch s hoc

din t mong mun ca mnh mt cch nh nhn sau phi l ngt nguyn th c to (infinitive).

Subject + would like + [to + verb]...

V d:

Would you like to dance with me?

I would like to visit Hongkong.

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.

They would like to study at the university.

Would you like to see a movie tonight?

Did not +

verb

(1


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Should+ [Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :

- Nn ( din t mt li khuyn, ngh hoc bt buc nhng khng

mnh lm)- C khi - dng din t mong mun iu g xy ra.

V d:

It should rain tomorrow ( I expect it to rain tomorrow)

My check should arrive next week. ( I expect it to arrive nextweek).

Lu :

- Had better, ought to, be supposed to ni chung l ng ngha vishouldvi iu kin l ng tto be phi chia thi hin ti.

- be supposed to ngoi ngha tng ng vi shouldcn mang nghaquy nh phi, bt buc phi.

V d:

We are supposed to have a math test this afternoon, but it waspostponed because the Professor had to attend a science conference.

( Theo quy nh l ....)

18.3 Must

Must + [verb in simpleform]

Ngha l :

- Phi - bt buc rt mnh (ngi b bt buc khng c s lachn no khc)

V d:

One must endorse a check before one cashes it. (ngi ta phik sau tm sc trc khi rt tin).

George must call his insurance agent today.

A pharmacist must keep a record of the prescriptions that arefilled.

An automobile must have gasoline to run.

An attorney must pass an examination before practising law.This freezer must be kept at -200.

- Hn l - din t mt s suy lun c logic da trn nhnghin tng c tht hin ti.

V d:

Johns lights are out. He must be asleep.


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(We assume that John is asleep because the lights are out.)

The grass is wet. It must be raining.(We assume that it is raining because the grass is wet.)

Mustc thay th bng have to trong nhng trng hp sau y

-ng sau Will thi tng lai.V d:

We will have to take a TOEFL test at the end of thisyear.

- Had to thay cho must qu kh.

V d:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

thi hin ti have toc thay th cho must khi:

Hi xem mnh c b buc phi lm iu g khng hoc din ts bt buc do khch quan mang li lm gim nh tnh bt

buc ca must.V d:

Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?

A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register,Im sorry but thats the rule.

19. Cch s dng cc ng t khim khuyt din t cc trng thi thi qu kh.

Could/ May/ might + have +P2 (c l)

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ngi ni khng dm chc.V d:

It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C lm qua tri ma)

The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca ci cht c l l do vi trng)

John might have gone to the movies yesterday.(C l John ti rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)

Could + have +P2 (c l c th - nhng thct th khng)

V d:

We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt infact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt c vn ny.)


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SHOULD + HAVE+ P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nhngthc t th khng)

Thnh ng ny tng ng vi Was / were / Supposedto.

MUST HAVEP2 - Hn l

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng ctht trong qu kh)

V d:

Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsedit many times this past week.

(Hm nay Paul c li pht biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rt nhiu ln ).

MIGHT HAVE BEENVERB+ ING - c l lc y ang

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin tng ctht trong qu kh)

V d:

I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping atthat time.

I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been payingattention to the argument.

MUST HAVE BEENVERB+ ING - chc hn lc y ang

(Ch

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