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Tilapia Production and Markets
Kevin Fitzsimmons, Ph.D.
Professor, University of Arizona
Vice President, American Tilapia Association
Past - President, World Aquaculture Society
London
November, 2003 updated for Aug 2005
Introduction
Quick review of tilapiaExplosion in tilapia tradeThe US and EU MarketsValue added productsOpportunities to expand markets
Tilapia productionCurrently second in volume to carpsPrediction: Tilapia will become most
important aquaculture crop in this centuryWidest demand, no religious/cultural
concerns, few environmental concernsMore genetic potentialGreatest variety of production systems
World Tilapia Production of 2,007,087 mt in 2004
China45%
Egypt11%
Philippines6%
Mexico6%
Thailand5%
Honduras1%
Indonesia9%
Colombia2%
Vietnam1%Ecuador
2%Cuba2%
Taiwan5%
Costa Rica1%
Brasil4%
World Tilapia Production of 2,007,087 mt in 2004
0
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Major Tilapia Producers (for year 2004)
China – 897,300 metric tons / yearEgypt – 220,000 mt / year Indonesia – 169,310 mt / yearPhilippines - 122,277 mt / yearMexico - 110,000 mt / yearThailand - 100,000 mt / yearTaiwan Province - 90,000 mt / yearBrasil - 80,000 mt / year
Farmed around the world. Tilapia production in 100+ countries. China is world’s largest producer. Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, Latin
America, Middle East significant producers Germany, Belgium, Spain, Canada, Korea,
Japan, most states in US Total production >2,000,000 mt in 2004
Global Tilapia Sales (farmgate)
For year 2000US $ 1,706,538,200
(FAO Fisheries Circular No. 886)
2004 sales >$ 3,000,000,000
Tilapia - the aquatic chicken
Grows in all kinds of farmsEats all kinds of foodLarge eggs and easy to rear youngLots of ways to prepare the fish
Large cage farms
Tilapia-shrimp polyculture farms
Ponds and cages
Intensive tank culture
Tanks in Arizona
Tanks in California
Raceway SystemsIntensive raceways
Extensive raceways
Intensive farms in buildings in cool climates
Intensive farms with recirculation in greenhouses
Integrated with crop irrigation
How did tilapia get so popular, so fast?
Tilapia - The Perfect Aquaculture Storm
Miracle of Loaves and Fishes
Tilapia widely popular around the world and beyond.
Common names: Tilapia, boulti, mojara, chambo, lou fei, pla nil, St. Peters fish, freshwater and/or red snapper
Used in many cuisine, hundreds of recipes, often replaces over-fished local species
Eggs hatched and fry reared on International Space Station
Established market demandAccepted in many national dishesPopular in many forms (live,
whole, fillets, fresh and frozen, smoked, sashimi, fried skins)
Tilapia the “Green” farmed fish
Herbivore / omnivore, low trophic level feeder Algae, bacteria, and detritus are important food
sources Prepared feeds are mostly grains and ag by-
products Can be reared in high densities, with low water
exchange Disease resistant and tolerant of poor water
quality. Anti-biotics and chemicals are rarely used.
The “environmental” fish
Promoted by aid agencies and NGO’s Dr. M. Gupta wins World Food Prize for
promotion of tilapia aquaculture, June 10, 2005 Grown mostly in developing countries Often used in integrated farming systems Frequently reared in reservoirs and irrigation
systems with effluents used for irrigation, reducing fertilizer applications
Genetic improvements in tilapia
(From: Mair, G., 2002)
Research & Development ISTA 7
(Veracruz, MEXICO Sept 6-8, 2006) International Symposia on Tilapia in Aquaculture
Nutritional quality
USDA has completed a complete highly technical nutritional analysis. Now is preparing nutritional report on tilapia for the general public
New USDA “Pyramid” guidelines further support frequent fish consumption
Nutritional quality Moderate in PUFA’s: 0.387 g/100g raw
0.600 g/100g cooked Moderate omega 3 FA’s: 0.141 g/100g raw
0.220 g/100g cooked
Source – USDA- ARS Lab
Low in mercury: Tilapia = 0.01 ppm (or non-detect)
Shark = 0.99 ppm
Source FDA
http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~frf/sea-mehg.html
US market development The LAND opens at
EPCOT in 1983 – features tilapia culture and on menu in the Good Turn Restaurant
Farms in ID, CA, FL & AZ begin sales to Asian stores and restaurants
Farms in Colombia, Costa Rica, Jamaica Taiwan, and Indonesia begin imports
Top Ten Seafoods (U.S.)per capita (lbs)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 (est)Tuna 3.5 Shrimp 3.4 Shrimp 3.7Shrimp 4.0 Shrimp 4.0Shrimp 3.2 Tuna 2.9 Tuna 3.1Tuna 3.4 Tuna 3.4Pollock 1.6 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.0 Salmon 2.2 Salmon 2.2Salmon 1.5 Pollock 1.2 Pollock 1.1 Pollock 1.7 Pollock 1.7Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1Catfish 1.1 Catfish 1.1Cod 0.8 Cod 0.6 Cod 0.7 Cod 0.6 Tilapia 0.7Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5 Crabs 0.6 Crabs 0.6 Cod 0.6Crabs 0.4 Crabs 0.4 Clams 0.5Tilapia 0.54 Crabs 0.6Flatfish 0.4 Flatfish 0.4 Tilapia 0.4Clams 0.5 Clams 0.5Scallops 0.3 Tilapia 0.35 Flatfish 0.3 Scallops 0.3 Scallops 0.3Tilapia 0.28
US Tilapia consumption412,148,000 lbs (187,000 mt) of live weight-2003504,716,000 lbs (229,000 mt) of live weight-2004
0
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1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S.
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Whole Frozen
Fillet Frozen
Fillet Fresh
19,480 mt fresh fillets, 36,160 mt frozen fillets, 57,2990 mt whole frozen (2004)
Value of Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S. 2002
Fillet Fresh
Fillet Frozen
Whole Frozen
$0
$20,000,000
$40,000,000
$60,000,000
$80,000,000
$100,000,000
$120,000,000
$140,000,000
$160,000,000
$180,000,000
$200,000,000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
$ U
S Whole Frozen
Fillet Frozen
Fillet Fresh
Value of Tilapia product forms imported to the U.S.
$0
$50,000,000
$100,000,000
$150,000,000
$200,000,000
$250,000,000
$300,000,000
$350,000,000
$400,000,000
$450,000,000
1992
1993
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2004
est 2
005
$ U
S Whole Frozen
Fillet Frozen
Fillet Fresh
$174,215,165 (2002) $241,205,610 (2003) $297,413,000 (2004) $ 352,305,388 (est 2005)
2005 Imports should be > $ 352,305,388
$176,152,694 imports Jan-June 2005
$0$50,000,000
$100,000,000$150,000,000$200,000,000$250,000,000$300,000,000$350,000,000$400,000,000
Jan-June2005
2005 (est)
WholeFrozen FilletFresh FilletTOTAL
Imports in 2004 were $297,413,261 US production of $40,000,000 at farm2004 Total US tilapia sales were over
$337,000,0002005 Sales estimate –
$176,152,694 (Jan-June imports) *2=$352,305,388 + $40,000,000 = $392,000,000
US Sales of tilapia
Tilapia (May 25, 2005 Madrid Daily)
Europe is following US trend of adopting tilapia as replacement for traditional fishes
Major tilapia market segments US vs. EU
Live fish (supplied by US growers)
Fresh fillets (supplied by Ecuador, Honduras, Costa Rica and Panama)
Frozen fillets (supplied by China, Indonesia)
Sashimi grades (supplied by Taiwan)
Live fish (supplied by EU growers)
Fresh fillets (supplied by Jamaica, Ecuador, and Zimbabwe)
Frozen fillets (supplied by China, Indonesia)
Sashimi grades (supplied by Taiwan)
Major fillet buyers (US)Major restaurant chains (Darden Red Lobster, TGI Fridays,
Landry’s, Joe’s CrabShack, Ruby Tuesday.)
Major grocery chains (Safeway, Kroger, Winn-Dixie, Wegmans)
Food service (supply small restaurant & grocery chains) - SYSCO, Fleming Co., Shamrock
Brokers - most based in Miami, Tampa, Houston, Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, Seattle
Major fillet buyers (EU)Major grocery chains (TESCO, Marks &
Spencer, INTERMARCHE, Carrefour)Food service (supply small restaurant &
grocery chains) - YoungsBrokers –Iceland.coBrands – BirdsEye, Movenpick, iglo
Consumer evolution
Ethnic buyers (Asian - African)Up-scale restaurantsCasual diningHyper and super marketsLocal groceries
Expanding markets in the EUQuality control and assuranceAdvertisingProduct placementEndorsementsNew recipesSubstitute for snapper, bass, flounderNew value added product forms
Quality control and assuranceNational standardsISO and HACCP (Hazard Analysis at
Critical Control Points)
Industry standardsBuyer standardsOther (NGO’s)
Improvedprocessing
plants
IQF Fillets in re-sealable
packages
Tilapia Market TrendsPrices have been constant or trending down for several years,
will not increase with inflation
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$/kg
Breaded tilapia products
Smoked products
Advertising
Direct retail sales
Product placement
“Saving Faith” Murder mysteryDetective fixes elegant tilapia
dinner to seduce the beautiful blonde.
Dear Kevin, I recently began using farm raised Tilapia fillets. I buy
these in individual vacuum sealed packages in one pound bags at Wal-Mart. My husband has diabetes and we both are very weight conscious. This fish is the perfect food item for us, I love the way it is packaged, just use what I need for one meal. It is reasonably priced, always available in the market and consistently high quality.
I LOVE THE PRODUCT!!!! Marian Birnie Aug. 12, 2001
Endorsements
New recipes
New recipes
By-productsLeather goods from skin will become a
significant contributor to profitabilityPharmaceuticals from skinsFormed fish productsFertilizerFish meal
Flowers made from Tilapia scales
Typical prices for Tilapia products sold in the U.S. (August 2005.)
Pond-
side/Processor $/kg
Wholesale $/kg
Retail $/kg
Whole live fish 2.20 - 6.60 2.80 - 7.50 4.00 - 10.00 Whole frozen fish
1.10 - 2.00 2.00 - 2.35 2.20 - 5.00
Whole fresh fish
2.30 - 3.00 3.00 - 4.00 4.00 - 9.00
Fillets, fresh 5.00 - 7.00 6.00 - 8.00 8.00 - 12.00 Fillets, frozen 4.80 - 6.75 5.50 - 7.80 7.00 - 11.50
Fresh tilapia fillet products
Size (under 3 oz, < 85 g) 3-5 oz, 85 - 140 g 4-6 oz, 110 - 170 g 5-7 oz, 140 - 195 g over 7 oz, > 195 g
Skin on, shallow skin or deep skin Individual wrap, 2 or 5 kg package, master pack
Fresh tilapia fillet product pricesFOB Miami
Size (under 3 oz, < 85 g) $2.80 - 3.00/lb 3-5 oz, 85 - 140 g $3.00 - 3.10/lb4-6 oz, 110 - 170 g $3.10 - 3.25/lb5-7 oz, 140 - 195 g $3.15 - 3.40/lbover 7 oz, > 195 g $3.35 - 3.55/lb
Variation in prices due to skinning, packaging, volumes and history with buyer
Additional variations with terms of payment
Mexico - 110,000 mtTilapia-shrimp farm in Sonora
Pond Tilapia farm in Tamaulipas
Markets in Mexico
Strong domestic markets; on ice, fillets in grocery stores
All domestic consumption - Will eventually develop export markets.
Raceway system, Tamaulipas
Brasil - 80,000 mt
Tilapia production & Markets in Brasil
Production in Southeast and NortheastRed tilapia in Southeast for fee-fishing
and foodCage farms allowed in NE reservoirs.Tilapia leather industryJump in interest with ISTA 5 in Rio.Developing export markets.
Tilapia production in Ecuador 35,000 mt
Replacing shrimp because of white spot and other shrimp diseases
Using shrimp infrastructureExporting to US and EUBenefits to shrimp culture with
polyculture
Tilapia production in Ecuador and shrimp viral infections
TILAPIA PRODUCTION IN ECUADOR
0
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1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Pro
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mt)
IHHN Taura
White Spot
Red strains of tilapia most popular for brackish polyculture systems
Tilapia production in outside ponds with shrimp in covered
ponds
Costa Rica - 15,000 mtAcuacorporacion ponds in Cañas, Costa Rica
Jamaica - 5,200 mtTilapia production 1980-2001
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80 82 84 86 88 90 92 94 96 98 2000 2001
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USA 9,000 mt
Production in most statesMostly intensive systems, many
recirculatingSales to ethnic markets as live
fish, high value
US Tilapia Aquaculture
9,200 mt per year (20,000,000 lbs) California is largest producer ID, NC, FL, TX, AZ, NY,PA, MA are also
significant producers Virtually all tilapia in US for live sales Asian groceries and restaurants are primary
market outlets
EU / US Supply and Demand TRENDS
Supply of fillets primarily from China, Southeast Asia, South and Central America.
Demand for live fish needs to expand beyond Asian markets
With rapid increases in supply, demand must increase at least as fast to support price.
Major Tilapia Producers in International Trade
China - whole frozen, IQF filletsEcuador - fresh filletsTaiwan - whole, IQF, sashimiSouth & Central America - fresh filletsZimbabwe - Fresh filletsIndonesia - IQF filletsThailand - IQF fillets
Current International Market Trends
Increase in demand for all forms of tilapia
Demand increase will be greatest for fresh fillets
Prices have been constant for several years and will remain stable, will not increase with inflation
Changes and Predictions
Further intensification in virtually every country
Changes and Predictions
EU / US production will increase slowly, intensifying current production methods
Changes and PredictionsPolyculture with shrimp will
become common in most shrimp farming areas (already practiced in Thailand, Philippines, Mexico, US, Ecuador, Peru, Eritrea)
Tilapia - shrimp polyculture
Floating cage
Hapa (net pen)
Changes and Predictions
Production will be 75% Oreochromis niloticus, 20% Red strains, O. aureus and O. mossambicus mostly for hybridization
Changes and Predictions
Production will be 50% intensive ponds, 35% cages, 10% intensive recirculating and tank systems, 5 % other
Predictions for Value-added products
Processing and "value-adding" will intensify in producing countries
Sashimi
Fried tilapia skins
Future global tilapia production
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2010
Thank-you ! Questions?
Production of Tilapia in the Americas 2002 (by volume)
ECUADOR8%
MEXICO35%
HONDURAS4%
BRAZIL23%
COSTA RICA5%
CUBA12%
US3%OTHERS
1%
JAMAICA2%
COLOMBIA7%
Tilapia production in the Americas
Strain evaluations For saline waters - Hybrid red strains are
preferred For cage and pond culture Chitralada strain of O.
niloticus originally from Thailand and further developed in Brasil.
The GIFT strain of O. niloticus, originally developed in Philippines is most common in Philippines and China
YY Super males - Genetically Male Tilapia
Estimated cost of productionChina - $0.70/kgPhilippines, Indonesia, Brasil - $0.80/kgThailand, Peru - $0.85/kgEcuador, Honduras, Costa Rica - $0.90/kgMexico - $1.00/kgTaiwan Province - $1.05/kgUS - $2.00/kgCanada - $2.10/kg
US. Tilapia imports 1993-2002Sources of imported tilapia to US
0
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1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
(LW
E in
met
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others
Thailand
Indonesia
Colombia
China
Mexico
Jamaica
Ecuador
Costa Rica
Taiw an
www.tilapia.org