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Time to think Out of the BoxTime to think Out of the BoxNeed of Wastewater Reuse in IndiaNeed of Wastewater Reuse in India

Anil Agarwal Dialogue: Excreta Does MatterIndia Habitat Centre

March 4-5, 2013

Anil Agarwal Dialogue: Excreta Does MatterIndia Habitat Centre

March 4-5, 2013

Water Issues Facing Water Issues Facing –– in Indiain IndiaIncreasing Urban Population and usageIncreasing Urban Population and usage

competition for water between water users competition for water between water users ––d ti i d t i lt thd ti i d t i lt th All tiAll tidomestic, industry, agriculture, others domestic, industry, agriculture, others –– Allocation Allocation issuesissues

Climate Change, Drought Climate Change, Drought –– scarcity of surface water. scarcity of surface water.

Depleting groundwater resources/salinity intrusionDepleting groundwater resources/salinity intrusion

Unsustainable water use practices Unsustainable water use practices -- NRW/UFW for NRW/UFW for Developing NationsDeveloping Nations

Insufficient infrastructure for waste management Insufficient infrastructure for waste management ––Developing Nations Developing Nations

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Source: 2011 Provisional Census data, GOI

Source: McKinsey Report; Charting our Water Future - 2030

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BCM

BCM

Source: Central Water Commission, MoWR BCM – Billion Cubic Meter

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Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity Sewage Generation and Treatment Capacity in Metropolitan Cities, Class I and Class II in Metropolitan Cities, Class I and Class II towns in Indiatowns in India

Source: CPCB Report Series: CUPS/70/2009-10STATUS OF WATER SUPPLY, WASTEWATER GENERATION AND TREATMENT IN CLASS-I CITIES & CLASS-II TOWNS OF INDIA

Source: McKinsey Report; Charting our Water Future - 2030

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To reduce the ever increasing gap of To reduce the ever increasing gap of Potable Water Supply and Demand in Urban Potable Water Supply and Demand in Urban CitiesCities

Why Reuse of Wastewater is requiredWhy Reuse of Wastewater is required

To bring down billing charges of fresh To bring down billing charges of fresh water resulted due to long distance water resulted due to long distance transportation, gradient and high energy transportation, gradient and high energy costs.costs.To mitigate conflicts of water resource To mitigate conflicts of water resource allocation between the Domestic and allocation between the Domestic and Agricultural / IndustryAgricultural / IndustryTo reduce groundwater extraction and To reduce groundwater extraction and Increase conservation of water resourcesIncrease conservation of water resourcesMake water and sanitation sector Make water and sanitation sector sustainablesustainable

Resource SustainabilityResource Sustainability

Fresh Water Recycled Water– Source Availability and location – Captive Resource– Source Availability and location – Captive Resource

– Allocation (reservations for various Applications)

– No issues with Allocations

– Interstate Disputes – No Interstate Disputes

– Increased O&M – Theft, pipeline management

– Reduced O&M, Short distances,

– Higher Cost to Industries – Lower Cost to Industries

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What are major concerns on Reuse WaterWhat are major concerns on Reuse WaterUsage Type of recycled water?Usage Type of recycled water?

Availability of Treatment Technologies?Availability of Treatment Technologies?

Operability and Reliability?Operability and Reliability?

No Confidence in Gov. or private O&M operators?No Confidence in Gov. or private O&M operators?

C i t tl ti t lit St d d ?C i t tl ti t lit St d d ?Consistently meeting water quality Standards?Consistently meeting water quality Standards?

Health Issues? or Health Issues? or

Plain and simple Plain and simple –– “Mind “Mind -- Psychology” Psychology”

Recycle and ReuseRecycle and Reuse-- Balancing ActBalancing Act

Direct Potable or High Quality ProcessRO &

Restricted Urban Reuse

Industrial Non-Potable Reuse

Indirect Potable Reuse

Tertiary membrane Filtration

N&P Control

RO & Disinfection

Irrigation

Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Filtration

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Locations of Potential ConsumersLocations of Potential Consumers

Proposed STP 30mld

Existing STP 20mld

MBR & RO Pilot PerformanceMBR & RO Pilot PerformanceFlat Sheet Toray-

IonExchange MBR 50 kL/day

MBR effluentReverse Osmosis

3 kL/day

0.8 mm screen

MBR effluent Tank

3 kL/day

BOD – 180 to 225 mg/L

COD – 360 to 500 mg/L

SS – 450 mg/L

TDS – 600 to 900 mg/L

MPN > 1 million/100 mL

BOD < 2 mg/L

COD – 8 to 20 mg/L

SS < 2 mg/L

TDS – 600 to 900 mg/L

MPN < 10/ 100 mL

BOD – non detect

COD < 10 mg/L

SS < 1 mg/L

TDS < 20 mg/L

MPN < 2 / 100 mL

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135 MLD Reuse Process Scheme 135 MLD Reuse Process Scheme –– Indirect Potable useIndirect Potable use

Raw Water

UFReservoir

Cl2 additionTo BWSSB Distribution System (pumping)

Upgraded T G Halli WTP

Dam

Kum

udav

athi

Riv

er

45 MLD (85 MLD)

25 MLD (50 MLD)

70 MLD (140 MLD)

67.5 MLD (135 MLD)

STPRaw Sewage

TTPUpgraded Tertiary Treatment Plant

Wastewater Treatment Plant (BNR)

75 MLD (150 MLD)

UF Backwash /reject

High rate settler/UF to recover backwash water

Waste to Lagoon

GAC Backwash

Cl2 addition (for residual maintenance)

Cl2 addition (Super chlorination)

7 Kms

Inlet to T G Halli Reservoir

Reverse Osmosis (RO)

Reclaimed water

(50 MLD)

Pumping Station

23 Kms, 1300 mm diameter MS pipe. 70 MLD (150 MLD)

Break Tank/Cascade Aerator and micro-strainer at Tarverkare

Ultrafiltration (UF) Plant 70 MLD (145 MLD) Break Tank

After UF Plant

Granular Activated Carbon (GAC) filters

Treated water sump

)

Arkavathy RiverV-valley Plant

Premises Tarverkare

67.5 MLD (135 MLD)

What are the Drivers that turn people What are the Drivers that turn people off towards any Reuse Project off towards any Reuse Project --

The Disgust or “Yuck” factor;The Disgust or “Yuck” factor;

Perceptions of risk associated with using reuse water;Perceptions of risk associated with using reuse water;Perceptions of risk associated with using reuse water;Perceptions of risk associated with using reuse water;

Specific uses of recycled water;Specific uses of recycled water;

The sources of water to be recycled;The sources of water to be recycled;The issue of choice;The issue of choice;

Trust and knowledge;Trust and knowledge;

Attitudes towards the environment;Attitudes towards the environment;Attitudes towards the environment;Attitudes towards the environment;

Environmental justice issues;Environmental justice issues;

The cost of recycled water; and The cost of recycled water; and

SocioSocio--demographic factors.demographic factors.

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Promoters of Recycled Water

Central Govt. or any State Govt.

• Policy Development for R&R• Guidance Document with legal &

Institutional drivers• Commercial/Fiscal incentives• Water Quality Regulation and monitoring

SPV or any

Water Board

• Arbitrations• Risk Management Framework

• Implementation of R&R • Demand Assessment and Marketing• Financial and Institutional framework• Public Awareness Campaign• Water Purchase and Sale agreements• Water Quality Monitoring• Customer Service

Prospective Buyers

Customer Service

• Commitment to use Recycled Water• Infrastructure for use of Recycle water • Water Quality and Quantity Bench-marks.• Point of use treatment, if required.• Promotion of Recycled water

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Needs of Water Sector Needs of Water Sector

Development of Reliable and acceptable Reuse plans and suggestive methods.

Development of reuse effluent guidelines based on end-use applications.

Development of regulatory criteria and framework for Reuse: performance, redundancy, specifications, and safety & Health issues.p , y

Development of appropriate Public awareness campaign procedures to gain public confidence

Guidelines for reuse projects under PPP and other funding scenarios

Way ForwardWay Forward

Address Institutional and legal issues

Preparation of Reuse Guidance Document that can be adopted by States.

Promote Recycle and Reuse Educational & Public Awareness Programs – for non‐potable and indirect potable applications.

Develop Funding Alternatives for Reuse ProjectsDevelop Funding Alternatives for Reuse Projects

Provide incentives to Industries and agencies using reclaimed water.

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PotableWater

The Future Does Not Have to Be Dry New Approach to Sustainability is to Convert Wastewater

Treatment Plants into Water Factories

Sewage

High Quality Reuse Water for All applications

Treatment for Recycle and Reuse