Timing of AI Relative to Timing of AI Relative to ggBehavioral Estrus and Behavioral Estrus and

S h i d O l ti i S h i d O l ti i Synchronized Ovulations in Synchronized Ovulations in Lactating Dairy CowsLactating Dairy CowsLactating Dairy CowsLactating Dairy Cows

Paul FrickeDepartment of Dairy ScienceDepartment of Dairy ScienceUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison

Behavioral Estrus in Dairy CattleBehavioral Estrus in Dairy Cattle

PM Fricke, Ph.D.

The AM/PM Rule The AM/PM Rule The AM/PM Rule The AM/PM Rule for Timing AIfor Timing AI

A cow observed in estrus in the morning (AM) in the morning (AM) should receive AI 12 h later (PM)later (PM)A cow observed in estrus in the afternoon or evening (PM) should receive AI 12 h later the next morning (AM)

Origin of the AM/PM ruleOrigin of the AM/PM ruleTrimberger & Davis 1943 Nebraska Agric Exp Sta Bull No 129Trimberger & Davis, 1943. Nebraska Agric. Exp. Sta. Bull. No. 129.

Time of AITime of AI nnConception Rate Conception Rate

(%)(%)( )( )Start of Estrus 25 44

Middle of Estrus 40 82

End of Estrus 40 75

After estrus (h)

6 40 366 40 36

12 25 32

18 25 2818 25 28

24 25 12

36 25 8

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

48 25 0

Once daily AI vs. the AM/PM ruleOnce daily AI vs. the AM/PM rule

Treatment # of cows75 d Nonreturn Rate

(%)Treatment # of cows (%)

a.m./p.m. rule 3659 60.1

Once Daily 3581 60.6yNebel et al., 1994. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3185-3191.

O D il AI (0800 0900 h) / lOnce-Daily AI (0800 – 0900 h) vs. a.m./p.m. rule

Treatment # of heifersConception Rate

(%)Treatment # of heifers (%)

a.m./p.m. rule 132 62.9

Once Daily 129 62.0

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

yGonzalez et al., 1985. Theriogenology 24:495-500.

Effect of time of AI relative to a Effect of time of AI relative to a detected estrus on fertilitydetected estrus on fertility

Interval (h) # of AI 75 d Nonreturn Rate (%)

0-6 1126 59.9a0 6 11 6 59.9

6-12 2352 60.7a

12-18 2455 55.5b

18-24 962 53.4bc

24-30 99 49.6c

Nebel et al 1994 J Dairy Sci 77:3185-3191Nebel et al., 1994. J. Dairy Sci. 77:3185 3191

Heat WatchHeat Watch

When does ovulation occur in When does ovulation occur in When does ovulation occur in When does ovulation occur in relation to behavioral estrus?relation to behavioral estrus?

27.6 27.6 ±± 5.4 h5.4 h after the first standing event of gestrus– Walker et al., 1996. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1555

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Effect of interval from first standing Effect of interval from first standing event of estrus on conception rate of event of estrus on conception rate of event of estrus on conception rate of event of estrus on conception rate of lactating dairy cowslactating dairy cows

Interval from onset of estrus

to AI (h) AI (no.)Conception

rate (%) Odds ratio

95% confidence

interval

0 to 4 327 43.1 1.00 –

>4 to 8 735 50.9 1.35 1.03 – 1.77

>8 to 12 677 51.1 1.33 1.01 – 1.75

>12 to 16 459 46.2 1.12 0.83 – 1.50

>16 to 20 317 28.1 0.51 0.36 – 0.71

>20 to 24 139 31.7 0.57 0.37 – 0.87

>24 t 26 7 14 3 0 18 0 02 1 56>24 to 26 7 14.3 0.18 0.02 – 1.56

Dransfield et al., 1998. J. Dairy Sci. 81:1874-1882.

Timing of AI to a Detected Timing of AI to a Detected ggEstrus Estrus –– ConclusionsConclusions

Make sure farm workers know the primary sign of estrus behaviorIt is not necessary to strictly adhere to the AM/PM ruleThe AM/PM rule works IF you could determine the The AM/PM rule works IF you could determine the

first standing event of estrusOnce daily AI programs result in acceptable fertilityy p g p yA cow that is observed in estrus can be

inseminated immediately rather than waiting 12 h

Problems with detection of estrusProblems with detection of estrus

Paul M. Fricke , Ph.D.

Duration of estrus in relation to milk production Duration of estrus in relation to milk production Lopez et al., 2004; Anim. Reprod. Sci. 81:209-223

h) 16.0

14.7n=25

~10% show heat but do not ovulate

stru

s (h

12.0

14.0

9.6n=65

~10% show heat but do not ovulate~10% ovulate but do not show heat

on

of

e

6.0

8.0

10.0 6.3n=94 4.8

n=73

5.1n=56 2 8

Du

rati

o

2.0

4.0

6.0 n 73 2.8n=37

0.0

Milk production (lbs/d)

55 66 8877 99 111 122

•Analysis included all single ovulations (n=350) except first postpartum ovulations•Average milk production during the 10 days before estrus

Milk production (lbs/d)

What percentage of dairy cattle are What percentage of dairy cattle are What percentage of dairy cattle are What percentage of dairy cattle are not cycling at 65not cycling at 65--75 days in milk?75 days in milk?

2424% based on serum P4 (n = 600) Stevenson et al., 2006; J. Dairy Sci. 89:2567–2578.

2020% based on weekly ultrasound and serum P4 (n = 316) Gumen et al., 2003; J. Dairy Sci. 86: 3184-3194.

2828% based on weekly ultrasound and serum P4 (n = 267) Lopez et al., 2003; J. Dairy Sci. 87: 139-145.

2424% b d CL t 1st G RH f 2424% based on CL at 1st GnRH of Presynch/Ovsynch (n = 766) Sterry et al., 2006; J. Dairy Sci. 89:2099-2109.

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

y

Between 5-30% of all AI services to observed estrus are conducted at the wrong stage of the estrous cyclecycle.(Appleyard & Cook, 1976;Senger et al., 1988; Smith, 1982)

Synchronization SystemsSynchronization Systems

Pursley & Wiltbank, 1995

PM Fricke, Ph.D.

Moreira et al., 2001

Ovsynch ScheduleOvsynch ScheduleOvsynch ScheduleOvsynch Schedule

Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri SatSun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat

GnRHGnRH

PGFPGF GnRHGnRH

Paul M. Fricke, Ph.D.

20.0SalineGnRH

10.0

15.0

H (n

g/m

l)

GnRH

Hours to Ovulation

0.0

5.0

LH

30.2 ± 1.1

29 0 ± 0 030

32

-6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 2410.0

Saline

29.0 ± 0.0

28

30

5.0

7.5

pg/m

L)

SalineGnRH

24

26

0.0

2.5E2 ( 24

Saline GnRH0.0

-6 -3 0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 24

Hours from LH > 4.5 ng / ml

When does ovulation occur?When does ovulation occur?When does ovulation occur?When does ovulation occur?

27.6 27.6 ±± 5.4 h5.4 h after the first standing event of 27.6 27.6 ±± 5.4 h5.4 h after the first standing event of estrus– Walker et al., 1996. J. Dairy Sci. 79:1555

All cows (n=20) ovluated within 24 to 32 h24 to 32 hafter the second GnRH injection of Ovsynch– Pursley et al., 1995. Theriogenology 44:915

Thus, timing of ovulation is similar when i th i t l t l ti f comparing the interval to ovulation from

the first standing event of estrus and the second GnRH injection of Ovsynch

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

second GnRH injection of Ovsynch

Experimental DesignExperimental DesignExperimental DesignExperimental DesignPursley et al., 1998. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2139-2144

GG PP GG7 days 2 days

AIAIAIAIAIAIAIAIAIAI

32 h24 h16 h8 hO hOvulationOvulation

(n=143)(n=143)(n=149)(n=148)(n=149)

Conception Rates of Lactating Cows Conception Rates of Lactating Cows R i i TAI t V i I t l f R i i TAI t V i I t l f Receiving TAI at Various Intervals from Receiving TAI at Various Intervals from the Second the Second GnRHGnRH Injection of OvsynchInjection of OvsynchPursley et al 1998 J Dairy Sci 81:2139-2144Pursley et al., 1998. J. Dairy Sci. 81:2139-2144.

41%45%

41%37%40

50

)

32%37%

30

40

n Ra

te (%

10

20

Conc

eptio

n

0

10

0 8 16 24 32

C

0 8 16 24 32

Hours after 2nd GnRH Injection

Effect of AI to Ovulation Interval on Effect of AI to Ovulation Interval on Embryo QualityEmbryo Quality

Paul M. Fricke, PhD

Comparison of variations of Comparison of variations of OvsynchOvsynchP t l i & St J D i S i 88 914 921Portaluppi & Stevenson. J. Dairy Sci. 88:914-921

All cows were presynchronized using two injections of PGF2α 14 d apart and second PGF given 12 d before initiating 3 treatmentsapart and second PGF2α given 12 d before initiating 3 treatmentsCows were only bred to TAI even if detected in heat early

GnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRH GnRH ++TAITAI7 Days 48 h

7 Days 48 hGnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRHGnRH 24 h TAITAI

G RHG RH PGFPGF G RH G RH TAITAI7 Days 72 hGnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRH GnRH ++TAITAI

Conception rate at 40Conception rate at 40--41 d after TAI 41 d after TAI Conception rate at 40Conception rate at 40 41 d after TAI 41 d after TAI Portaluppi & Stevenson. J. Dairy Sci. 88:914-921

Treatment

G48 G48 G72Herd TAI 48 TAI 72 TAI 72 Overall

1 13 (80) 14 (78) 22 (77) 16 16 (235)( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

2 28 (144) 29 (143) 36 (143) 31 31 (430)

Overall 2323a (224) 2424a (221) 3232b (220) 26 (665)

a,bG48+TAI48 and G48+TAI72 treatments combined differed (P<0.05) from the G48 TAI48 and G48 TAI72 treatments combined differed (P 0.05) from the G72+TAI72 treatment.

Effect of Timing of Effect of Timing of CosynchCosynch on Fertility of on Fertility of Lactating Holstein Cows after First Postpartum Lactating Holstein Cows after First Postpartum Lactating Holstein Cows after First Postpartum Lactating Holstein Cows after First Postpartum and and ResynchResynch Timed AI ServicesTimed AI ServicesSterry et al., 2007. Theriogenology 67:1211-1216.

Cosynch 48 Cosynch 72

Primi Multi Primi Multi

Presynch 34.1(15/44)

27.5(28/102)

40.6(39/96)

33.6(37/110)

Resynch 39.6(19/48)

25.0(47/188)

33.3(23/69)

28.1(43/153)

Overall 37.0(34/92)

25.9(75/290)

37.6(62/165)

30.4(80/263)

Paul M. Fricke, Ph.D.

No treatment effect: Presynch (p=0.13); Resynch (p=0.93); Overall (p=0.30)Parity effect: Presynch (p=0.91); Resynch (p=0.09); Overall (p=0.01)

Comparison among Comparison among CosynchCosynch and and OvsynchOvsynch 56 protocols56 protocolsOvsynchOvsynch 56 protocols56 protocolsBrusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.

Cows were submitted for TAI after Presynch or as ResynchCows were submitted for TAI after Presynch or as Resynchtreatment

1507 TAI in 927 lactating Holstein cows

GnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRH GnRH ++TAITAI

7 Days 48 h

7 Days 56 h

GnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRHGnRH TAITAI

16 h

GnRHGnRH PGFPGF GnRH GnRH ++TAITAI

7 Days 56 h 16 h

7 Days 72 h

Effect of Treatment Effect of Treatment on conception on conception rate rate d d lland pregnancy and pregnancy lossloss

Brusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.

Cosynch48

Ovsynch56

Cosynch72

CR d 31-33 (%) 27 (494) 36 (494) 27 (494)

Least squares est. 2929a 3939b 2525aeast squares est. 2929 3939 2525

CR d 52-54 (%) 25 (493) 33 (494) 25 (494)

bLeast squares est. 2727a 3636b 2323a

Preg. Loss (%) 5 (131) 5 (158) 7 (137)

a,b Within a row, treatments differ (P<0.05)

Effect of Treatment Effect of Treatment on Conception Rate on Conception Rate and Pregnancy Loss by AI Service Numberand Pregnancy Loss by AI Service Number

P h/O h R h 32

and Pregnancy Loss by AI Service Numberand Pregnancy Loss by AI Service NumberBrusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.

Presynch/Ovsynch Resynch 32

Treatment 48 56 72 48 56 72

n 108 115 120 386 342 397

CR d 31 33 (%) 36a b 4545a 25b 23y 3333z 26y zCR d 31-33 (%) 36a,b 4545a 25b 23y 3333z 26y,z

CR 52-54 (%) 34A,a,b 4343a 22B,b 22y 3030z 24y,z

Preg. Loss (%) 7 2 7 4.4 6.5 6.6

V l ith diff t i t a b (f fi t i ) y z (f l t Values with different superscripts a,b (for first service) or y,z (for later services) within a row are different (P<0.05)Values with different superscripts A,B (for first service)

Effect of Treatment Effect of Treatment on Conception Rate on Conception Rate and Pregnancy Loss by Parityand Pregnancy Loss by Parity

Primiparous Multiparous

and Pregnancy Loss by Parityand Pregnancy Loss by ParityBrusveen et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 91:1044-1052.

Primiparous Multiparous

Treatment 48 56 72 48 56 72

167 184 225 327 273 292n 167 184 225 327 273 292

CR d32-33 (%) 34a,b 4141a 30b 23y 3333z 25y

CR d53-54 (%) 31A,B 3737A 28B 22y 3131z 23y

Preg. Loss (%) 11 10 6 1Y 1Y 7Z

Values with different superscripts a,b (for primiparous) or y,z (for multiparous) within a row are different (P<0.05)

Values with different superscripts A,B (for primiparous) or Y,Z (for multiparous) within a row are different (P<0.1)

Comparison of first postpartum TAI Comparison of first postpartum TAI after Ovsynch 56 and after Ovsynch 56 and CosynchCosynch 72 72 protocols in lactating dairy cowsprotocols in lactating dairy cowsp g yp g y

Treatment

Parity Ovsynch 56 Cosynch 72 P-value

Primiparous 37 (134) 31 (148) 0 33Primiparous 37 (134) 31 (148) 0.33

Multiparous 47 (204) 25 (253) <0.05

Overall 4343 (338) 2727 (401)

Nebel et al., 2008. J. Dairy Sci. 90(E-suppl. 1):248 (Abstr.)

Timing of the 2Timing of the 2ndnd GnRHGnRHgginjection and TAI injection and TAI -- ConclusionsConclusions

Although Cosynch protocols are often times easier to implement on dairies, pTiming of AI in relation to the timing of ovulation is not optimizedOvsynch 56 yields significantly greater fertility than Cosynch 48 or Cosynch 72

STOP DOING COSYNCH!STOP DOING COSYNCH!