Timpurile verbale din limba englezăÎn tabelul de mai jos, găseşti cele 12 timpuri verbale din limba engleză. Cele trei coloane corespund timpurilor care indică acţiuni prezente, trecute şi, respectiv, viitoare. Pe fiecare coloană, vei găsi un timp verbal simplu, unul continuu, iar apoi unul perfect simplu şi unul perfect continuu. Tabelul te ajută să îţi sistematizezi în minte timpurile verbale din limba engleză.

Present Tenses Past Tenses Future Tenses

Present Simple

I jog daily.

Past Simple

I jogged yesterday.

Future Simple

I will jog tomorrow.I am going to jog tomorrow.

Present Continuous

I am jogging right now.

Past Continuous

I was jogging yesterday at 7 p.m.

Future Continuous

I will be jogging tomorrow at 7 p.m.I am going to be jogging tomorrow at 7 p.m.

Present Perfect Simple

I have just jogged.

Past Perfect Simple

I had jogged before we met.

Future Perfect Simple

I will have jogged tomorrow at 9 p.m.I am going to have jogged tomorrow at 9 p.m.

Present Perfect Continuous

I have been jogging for two hours.

Past Perfect Continuous

I had been jogging for two hours when we met.

Future Perfect Continuous

I will have been jogging for two hours at 9.I am going to have been jogging for two hours at 9.

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PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE

Timpul verbal Present Simple ne ajută să ne referim la acţiunile de rutină, la obiceiuri, la ceea ce se întâmplă cu regularitate sau este un adevăr general valabil. Present Simple e însoţit de multe ori de adverbe de frecvenţă, care indică regularitatea cu care ceva se întâmplă. În această lecţie, găseşti explicaţii detaliate despre cazurile şi modul de utilizare pentru Present Tense Simple.

I wake up at 7 every day1. Present Simple is the tense that refers to: repeated actions, preferences, general truths and scheduled events.2. Present Simple requires the first form of the verb. (Verbs have three forms. You will learn about them in the following lessons.)

When do I use Present Simple?

Present Simple is used for repeated actions, preferences, general truths and scheduled events.

repeated actions – daily routine: I wake up at 7 every day. repeated actions – habits: I usually swim at the weekend. likes and dislikes: I like horror movies. general truths: Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius. generalizations: People talk too much. scheduled events: The plane takes off at 9.

How do I recognize Present Simple?

Present Simple is often marked by explicit or implicit adverbs or time expressions that indicate frequency.

always, usually, regularly, normally, often, sometimes, occasionally, rarely, seldom, never (adverbs of frequency) every day = daily, every week = weekly, every month = monthly, every year = yearly once a day, twice a week, three times a month, four times a year in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, at night on Mondays, on Thursdays, on Saturdays etc.

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Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the sentences in the next table. They are at Present Simple. Then read the following section – How do I form Present Simple? – to understand how Present Simple works in the affirmative, interrogative and negative forms.

  Affirmative Interrogative Negative1st person Singular I wake up at 7 every day. Do I wake up at 7 every day? I do not wake up at 7 every day. 2nd person Singular You like apples. Do you like apples? You do not like apples.

3rd person Singular He plays football on Tuesdays.She travels in summer.It takes off at 9.

Does he play football on Tuesdays?Does she travel in summer?Does it take off at 9?

He does not play football on Tuesdays.She does not travel in summer.It does not take off at 9.

1st person Plural We pay our bills monthly. Do we pay our bills monthly? We do not pay our bills monthly. 2nd person Plural You eat twice a day. Do you eat twice a day? You do not eat twice a day. 3rd person Plural They usually ski in December. Do they usually ski in December? They do not usually ski in December.

How do I form Present Simple?

AffirmativeSubject + Verb I + (...) e.g.: I (subject) wake up (verb) at 7 every day. 1st person, sg. → I read daily.3rd person, sg. → He reads daily.

1st person, sg. → I often watch TV.3rd person, sg. → He often watches TV.

Remember that:

For the 1st person (sg. and pl.), the 2nd person (sg. and pl.) and the 3rd person pl., the verb has the same form. Only the 3rd person sg. functions differently.

The verb is used in its first form, e.g.: I read. The first form is the infinitive form without to. At the 3rd person sg., we add an s at the end of the verb, e.g.: He reads.

Some verbs take an es (instead of an s) at the end for the 3rd person sg., e.g.: He watches TV. The verbs to be and to have behave differently: a) See how to use the verb to be; b) The verb to have has an irregular form for the 3rd person

sg. → He has an apple.

Interrogative3/34

Do / Does + Subject + Verb I + (...) + ? e.g.: Do I (subject) wake up (verb) at 7 every day? 1st person, sg. → Do I read daily?3rd person, sg. → Does he read daily?

1st person, sg. → Do I often watch TV?3rd person, sg. → Does he often watch TV?

Remember that:

In interrogative sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs do or does. We use do for the 1st and 2nd persons (sg. and pl.) and for the 3rd person pl.. We use does for the 3rd person sg.. In interrogative sentences, we do NOT add s or es at the end of the verb for the 3rd person sg.. The short answer for a Present Simple question is:

o Affirmative: Yes, I do (for I, you, we, you, they) or Yes, he does (for he, she, it)o Negative: No, I don't = No, I do not (for I, you, we, you, they) or No, he doesn't = No, he does not (for he, she, it)

NegativeSubject + Do Not / Does Not + Verb I + (...) e.g.: I (subject) do not wake up (verb) at 7 every day. 1st person, sg. → I do not read daily.3rd person, sg. → He does not read daily.

1st person, sg. → I do not watch TV often.3rd person, sg. → He does not watch TV often.

Remember that:

In negative sentences, we use the auxiliary verbs do or does and the adverb not. We use do not for the 1st and 2nd persons (sg. and pl.) and for the 3rd person pl.. We use does not for the 3rd person sg.. In negative sentences, we do NOT add s or es at the end of the verb for the 3rd person sg.. The short form of do not is don't. The short form of does not is doesn't. e.g.: I don't like horror movies. He doesn't like action movies.

Adverb placement Place adverbs after the subject and the verb. e.g.: I walk every day. Do I walk every day? I don't walk every day. With adverbs of frequency, things are a bit more complicated. It's best to learn their placement through practice. Listen to the audio tutorial in

this lesson.

Surprise! The first form of the verb is also called the present simple form. We also refer to it as to the infinitive form. Seldom is the more formal equivalent of rarely.

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We use phrasal verbs (verbs with more than one element) in the 3rd person sg. like this:He wakes up at 6.It takes off at 9.We add s or es at the end of the main verb, not at the end of the entire phrasal verb. More details..

The first exercise in the Exercises section is a reading exercise. Read it carefully – it is the first step in getting familiar with Present Simple.

PRESENT TENSE CONTINUOUS

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Timpul verbal Present Continuous se foloseşte pentru acţiunile care se întâmplă chiar în momentul vorbirii. El se mai numeşte şi Present Progressive, tocmai pentru că indică acţiuni care sunt in progress, adică în desfăşurare. După cum vei vedea în această lecţie, Present Continuous poate fi folosit şi în alte câteva situaţii, cum ar fi cea a planurilor bine stabilite pentru viitorul apropiat.

Right now, Ruby is swimming

We form Present Continuous like this: To Be + [Verb + ING]

We use the verb to be at the correct person/number: am, are, is We add the termination -ing to the main verb, e.g.: walking, swimming, taking photos

Note that: Present Continuous is also called Present Progressive because it refers to actions that are in progress.

When do I use Present Continuous?

We use Present Continuous in the following situations:

1. When the action is happening right now.e.g.: I am reading a book on the beach.

2. When the action is happening at present, even if it takes more time.e.g.: He is studying to become a doctor.

3. When we refer to plans for the close future.e.g.: Clara is meeting Ruby tomorrow.

4. When we refer to a repetitive and, most often, annoying action.e.g.: He is always arriving late.

In this lesson, we focus on the first use case – when the action is happening right now.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the table below to see how we form Present Continuous in the affirmative, interrogative and negative.

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  Affirmative Interrogative Negative1st person Singular I am sunbathing on the beach. Am I sunbathing on the beach? I am not sunbathing on the beach. 2nd person Singular You are drinking a cocktail. Are you drinking a cocktail? You are not drinking a cocktail.

3rd person Singular He is getting on the plane.She is getting off the plane.It is running in the sand.

Is he getting on the plane?Is she getting off the plane?Is it running in the sand?

He is not getting on the plane.She is not getting off the plane.It is not running in the sand.

1st person Plural We are leaving on a business trip. Are we leaving on a business trip? We are not leaving on a business trip. 2nd person Plural You are returning from holiday. Are you returning from holiday? You are not returning from holiday. 3rd person Plural They are swimming in the ocean. Are they swimming in the ocean? They are not swimming in the ocean.

How do I recognize Present Continuous?

There are several adverbs of time that help us understand that the action is taking place right now and that we should expect to find Present Continuous in the sentence:

now, e.g.: A: What are you doing now? B: I am packing for the holiday. right now, e.g.: They are getting on the plane right now. in this (very) moment, at the moment, e.g.: The plane is taking off in this very moment. at present, e.g.: At present, he is living with his friends, until he finds his own place.

Surprise!

1. We can use contractions:

I'm sunbathing; I'm not sunbathing You're drinking; You're not drinking / You aren't drinking He's getting on; He's not getting on / He isn't getting on We're leaving; We're not leaving / We aren't leaving etc.

2. For some verbs, the last letter is doubled in the continuous form, e.g.: getting, travelling (Br.), swimming. Listen to the audio tutorial in this lesson for more information.

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

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Avem nevoie de Present Perfect Simple atunci când ne referim la acţiuni care tocmai s-au întâmplat şi sunt importante pentru prezent, la acţiuni sau situaţii care au început în trecut şi se continuă în prezent şi în alte câteva cazuri. Timpurile perfecte simple cer forma a treia a verbului. Ea este identică celei de a foua forme în cazul verbelor regulate şi, bineînţeles, neregulată în cazul verbelor neregulate.

The show has just started

How do I form Present Perfect?

(to) have + the 3 rd form of the main verb

e.g.: I have just eaten lunch.e.g.: He has lived here for 10 years.

Note: We need to use the correct conjugation of the auxiliary verb (to) have: have or has, according to the person/number.

When do I use Present Perfect?

We use Present Perfect for:

recent actions that have an impact on the present situation:I have just eaten lunch. (So I am not hungry.)

uncompleted actions that should be completed soon:(The negative form is used in this case.)He has not finished his homework yet.

changes over time:She has cut her hair (since the last time I saw her).

actions/situations that started in the past and continue in the present:He has lived here for 10 years. (He still lives here.)

life experience:I have been to Japan.I have seen this movie three times (up to now / so far).

Adverbs & Prepositions

Adverbs and prepositions that are often used with Present Perfect:

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just: I have just eaten lunch. already: I have already eaten lunch. yet: I have not eaten lunch yet. never / ever: I have never been to Canada. / I have not ever been to Canada. so far / up to now: I have been to Canada two times so far / up to now. recently: I have been to Canada recently. for & since: These two prepositions are used for actions/situations that started in the past and continue in the present.

For indicates the period between the starting point and the present: He has lived here for 10 years.Since indicates the starting point: He has lived here since 2002.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

  Affirmative Interrogative Negative1st person Singular I have eaten lunch. Have I eaten lunch? I have not eaten lunch. 2nd person Singular You have heard this song before. Have you heard this song before? You have not heard this song before.

3rd person Singular He has finished his homework.She has cut her hair.The concert has started.

Has he finished his homework?Has she cut her hair?Has the concert started?

He has not finished his homework.She has not cut her hair.The concert has not started.

1st person Plural We have lived here for two years. Have we lived here for two years? We have not lived here for two years. 2nd person Plural You have been to Italy two times. Have you been to Italy? You have not been to Italy. 3rd person Plural They have grown a lot. Have they grown a lot? They have not grown a lot.

Listen to the audio tutorial in this lesson to find out how we use contractions with the Present Perfect tense.

Present Perfect Continuous si Past Perfect Continuous

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Present Perfect Continuous şi Past Perfect Continuous se folosesc în aceleaşi situaţii ca Present Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Simple. Formele continue, însă, pun accentul pe altceva decât cele simple.Să vedem două exemple, după care vom da mai multe explicaţii.

e.g. I have washed the car. (Present Perfect Simple)e.g. I have been washing the car for two hours. (Present Perfect Continuous)

e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. (Past Perfect Simple)e.g. I had been washing the car for two hours before it started to rain. (Past Perfect Continuous)

Present Perfect Simple si Past Perfect Simple

În primul rând, aminteşte-ţi cum se formează şi când se folosesc Present Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Simple.

Pe scurt, Present Perfect Simple are forma have washed. Este compus din verbul auxiliar ‘to have’ alături de cea de a treia formă a verbului principal. Present Perfect Simple se foloseşte, de obicei, pentru acţiuni care au început în trecut şi se continuă în prezent sau care tocmai s-au încheiat şi au un rezultat important în prezent.

e.g. I have washed the car. → Am spălat maşina, deci ea e curată acum.

Past Perfect Simple are forma had washed. Este compus din verbul auxiliar ‘to have’ la trecut – adică ‘had’ – alături de cea de a treia formă a verbului principal. Past Perfect Simple desemnează o acţiune care s-a întâmplat înaintea unei alte acţiuni din trecut.

e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. → Mai întâi am spălat maşina şi abia apoi a început să plouă.

Present Perfect Continuous si Past Perfect Continuous

Diferenţa dintre Present Perfect Simple şi Present Perfect Continuous, respectiv dintre Past Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Continuous constă în faptul că:

- formele simple pun accentul pe acţiune sau pe rezultatul său;- formele continue evidenţiază durata sau continuitatea acţiunii.

Să revedem exemplele de la începutul lecţiei.

e.g. I have washed the car. → Mă interesează faptul că am spălat maşina şi că acum ea e curată.e.g. I have been washing the car for two hours. → Mă interesează faptul că mi-am petrecut ultimele două ore spălând maşina.

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e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. → Mă interesează faptul că spălasem maşina înainte că ploaia să înceapă.e.g. I had been washing the car for two hours before it started to rain. → Mă interesează faptul că mi-am petrecut două ore spălând maşina înainte ca ploaia să înceapă.

Iată schemele celor două timpuri verbale continue:

Present Perfect Continuous: have been/has been + [verb + ING]

e.g. I have been waiting, you have been dancing, he has been playing video games

Past Perfect Continuous: had been + [verb + ING]

e.g. I had been waiting, you had been dancing, he has been playing video games

Completează următoarele propoziţii folosind Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous şi Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous. Scrie răspunsurile tale în secţiunea de comentarii a acestei lecţii şi vei primi, dacă este cazul, sugestii de îmbunătăţire.

1. Nu pot să cred că dorm de zece ore.I can’t believe I ………. for ten hours. (to sleep)

2. Aceasta e rochia pe care o călcaseşi înainte de a hotărî să o porţi pe cealaltă.This is the dress you ………. before you decided to wear the other one. (to iron)

3. A mâncat deja destulă îngheţată; te rog nu-i mai da.He ….. already ….. plenty of ice cream; please don’t give him any more. (to eat)

4. O dureau picioarele când am ajuns acasă pentru că dansase toată noaptea.Her feet were hurting when we got home because she ………. the entire night. (to dance)

5. Plouă în continuu de când ne-am întors din vacanţă.It ………. continuously since we returned from our holiday. (to rain)

6. Carla era supărată pe noi pentru că nu o sunaserăm să anunţăm că venim.Carla was mad at us because we ………. her to say we were coming. (to call)

7. V-aţi terminat temele?………. your homework? (to finish)

8. Oamenii erau iritaţi pentru că aşteptaseră prea mult să înceapă spectacolul.People were annoyed because they ………. too long for the show to start. (to wait)

PAST TENSE SIMPLE

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Prin Past Tense Simple facem referire la acţiuni punctuale care au început şi s-au terminat în trecut. Pentru acest timp verbal, avem nevoie de forma a doua a verbului. În cazul verbelor regulate, lucrurile sunt foarte simple: adăugăm -ed la finalul primei forme. Verbele neregulate nu se comportă la fel, dar găseşti aici toate resursele de care ai nevoie pentru a le învăţa şi exersa.

2. Clara watched TV yesterdayPast Simple

Pune cursorul pe text pentru a vedea traducerea.

1. Past Simple is the tense that refers to actions completed in the past.2. Past Simple requires the second form of the verb.3. Verbs may be regular or irregular. This is reflected in their second form.

When do I use Past Simple?

Past Simple is used for actions that started and finished in the past.

one action in the past: I watched TV yesterday. a series of actions in the past: I woke up, then I had breakfast and read the newspaper. historical facts: The Second World War started in 1939. generalizations in the past: People watched less TV 10 years ago.

How do I recognize Past Simple?

Past Simple is often marked by explicit or implicit adverbs or time expressions.

yesterday, yesterday morning, the day before yesterday last evening, last week, last month, last September, last summer, last year one week ago, two months ago, three years ago specific dates or months (if they are in the past): on the 1st of March, in May implicit reference (it is obvious that we are referring to the past): As a teenager, he played video games a lot.

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Regular and irregular verbs

English verbs may be regular or irregular. This is linked to their second form. For Past Simple, we need the second form of the verb, which is formed like this:

Regular verbs have regular second forms. They take an -ed at the end of the first form. e.g.: (to) watch - watched Irregular verbs have irregular second forms. These can only be learned by heart or by practice. e.g.: (to) drink - drank

See the first list of irregular verbs - these are used more frequently. When you are ready, see the second list of irregular verbs.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Regular verb: to watchAffirmative Singular Plural1st person I watched TV yesterday. We watched TV yesterday. 2nd person You watched TV yesterday. You watched TV yesterday.

3rd person He watched TV yesterday.She watched TV yesterday.It watched the birds yesterday.

They watched TV yesterday.

Interrogative Singular Plural1st person Did I watch TV yesterday? Did we watch TV yesterday? 2nd person Did you watch TV yesterday? Did you watch TV yesterday?

3rd person Did he watch TV yesterday?Did she watch TV yesterday?Did it watch the birds yesterday?

Did they watch TV yesterday?

Negative Singular Plural1st person I did not watch TV yesterday. We did not watch TV yesterday. 2nd person You did not watch TV yesterday. You did not watch TV yesterday.

3rd person He did not watch TV yesterday.She did not watch TV yesterday.It did not watch the birds yesterday.

They did not watch TV yesterday.

Irregular verb: to drinkAffirmative Singular Plural

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1st person I drank whiskey yesterday. We drank whiskey yesterday. 2nd person You drank whiskey yesterday. You drank whiskey yesterday.

3rd person He drank whiskey yesterday.She drank whiskey yesterday.It drank milk yesterday.

They drank whiskey yesterday.

Interrogative Singular Plural1st person Did I drink whiskey yesterday? Did we drink whiskey yesterday? 2nd person Did you drink whiskey yesterday? Did you drink whiskey yesterday?

3rd person Did he drink whiskey yesterday?Did she drink whiskey yesterday?Did it drink milk yesterday?

Did they drink whiskey yesterday?

Negative Singular Plural1st person I did not drink whiskey yesterday. We did not drink whiskey yesterday. 2nd person You did not drink whiskey yesterday. You did not drink whiskey yesterday.

3rd person He did not drink whiskey yesterday.She did not drink whiskey yesterday.It did not drink milk yesterday.

They did not drink whiskey yesterday.

How do I form Past Simple?

AffirmativeSubject + Verb II + (...) e.g.: I (subject) watched (verb) TV yesterday. 1st person, sg. → I watched TV yesterday.3rd person, sg. → She watched TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. → I drank whiskey yesterday.3rd person, sg. → She drank whiskey yesterday.

Remember that:

At Past Simple, the verb remains unchanged for all persons, singular and plural (including the 3rd person sg.).

InterrogativeDid + Subject + Verb I + (...) + ? e.g.: Did I (subject) watch (verb) TV yesterday? 1st person, sg. → Did I watch TV yesterday?3rd person, sg. → Did she watch TV yesterday?

1st person, sg. → Did I drink whiskey yesterday?3rd person, sg. → Did she drink whiskey yesterday?

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Remember that:

In interrogative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The auxiliary did is the same for all persons, singular and plural. The short answer for a Past Simple question is:

o Affirmative: Yes, I did (for all persons – Yes, I did; Yes, you did; Yes, he did etc.)o Negative: No, I didn't = No, I did not (for all persons – No, I didn't; No, you didn't; No, he didn't etc.)

NegativeSubject + Did Not + Verb I + (...) e.g.: I (subject) did not watch (verb) TV yesterday. 1st person, sg. → I did not watch TV yesterday.3rd person, sg. → She did not watch TV yesterday.

1st person, sg. → I did not drink whiskey yesterday.3rd person, sg. → She did not drink whiskey yesterday.

Remember that:

In negative sentences, the auxiliary did contains the past form of the verb structure. The main verb (to watch or to drink) is used in its FIRST form.

The short form of did not is didn't. e.g.: I didn't watch TV.

Surprise! The second form of the verb is also called the past simple form. Past Simple is only used for finished actions. If an action started in the past, but is not finished at present, we do not use Past Simple.

PAST CONTINUOUS

Past Continuous indică acţiuni care erau în desfăşurare într-un moment din trecut. Past Continuous se mai numeşte şi Past Progressive. După cum probabil ai înţeles deja, atunci când un timp este progressive, el desemnează acţiuni în desfăşurare. Acţiunile aflate în desfăşurare sunt întrerupte fie de alte acţiuni, fie de momente specifice. Pe această pagină, afli toate detaliile despre Past Tense Continuous.

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What was he doing when you took that photo?

We form Past Continuous like this: Was/Were + [Verb + ING]

The verb to be is in the past: was or were, depending on the person/number. We add the termination -ing to the main verb.

Note that: Past Continuous is also called Past Progressive because it refers to actions that were, at a certain moment in the past, in progress.

When do I use Past Continuous?

We use Past Continuous when we refer to interrupted actions in the past.

e.g.: He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

He was talking to Jeremy → the interrupted action (Past Continuous)when I took that photo. → the action that causes the interruption (Past Simple)

Use cases:

a past action interrupted by another past action:He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

a past action interrupted by a specific time:They were watching a movie yesterday at 10 p.m.

parallel actions in the past:The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.

to describe the atmosphere in the past:When I arrived at Ruby's place, Ruby was playing with the cats, Clara was making a cake and Brian and Jeremy were discussing politics.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Read the table below to see how we form Past Continuous in the affirmative, interrogative and negative.

  Affirmative Interrogative Negative1st person Singular I was eating pizza. Was I eating pizza? I was not eating pizza.

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2nd person Singular You were listening to music. Were you listening to music? You were not listening to music.

3rd person Singular He was talking to ClaraShe was talking to Jeremy.The dog was sleeping.

Was he talking to Clara?Was she talking to Jeremy?Was the dog sleeping?

He was not talking to Clara.She was not talking to Jeremy.The dog was not sleeping.

1st person Plural We were washing the dishes. Were we washing the dishes? We were not washing the dishes. 2nd person Plural You were cleaning the room. Were you cleaning the room? You were not cleaning the room. 3rd person Plural They were surfing the Internet. Were they surfing the Internet? They were not surfing the Internet.

When & While

The conjunctions when and while are used very often in sentences that contain verbs in the Past Continuous.

When is followed by Past Simple.He was talking to Jeremy when I took that photo.

While is followed by Past Continuous.The girls were preparing the meat while the boys were chopping sticks for the fire.

Surprise!

We can use contractions only in negative Past Continuous sentences:

I/He/She/It wasn't sleeping yesterday evening at 10 o'clock. You/We/You/They weren't sleeping yesterday evening at 10 o'clock.

* In Romanian, Past Continuous is translated using imperfectul.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE

Timpul verbal Past Perfect Simple indică acţiuni care s-au întamplat înaintea altor acţiuni sau momente din trecut. Past Perfect Simple este, probabil, cel mai uşor de înţeles şi de învăţat dintre toate timpurile verbale din limba engleză. Atunci când ne referim la ceva care se întâmplase înainte de altceva din trecut, ştim că avem de a face cu Past Perfect Simple. Mai jos sunt toate informaţiile de care ai nevoie.

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Ruby had left when Brian arrived

How do I form Past Perfect?

had + the 3 rd form of the main verb

e.g.: Ruby had left when Brian arrived.

Note: The auxiliary verb had never changes.

When do I use Past Perfect?

We use Past Perfect:

to refer to an action that happened before another action in the past:Ruby had left when Brian arrived.1. Ruby had left (before Brian arrived).2. Brian arrived (at a moment in the past, after Ruby had left).

to form the Third Conditional, which we will learn at level Advanced.

Conjunctions

There are three conjunctions that often help us recognize Past Perfect: when, before and after.

Ruby had left when Brian arrived.orBrian arrived when Ruby had left.

Ruby had left before Brian arrived.Brian arrived after Ruby had left.

Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

  Affirmative Interrogative Negative1st person I had studied French before I moved to Had I studied French before I moved to I had not studied French before I moved to

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Singular France. France? France. 2nd person Singular

You had read that book before she gave it to you as a present.

Had you read that book before she gave it to you as a present?

You had not read that book before she gave it to you as a present.

3rd person Singular

Mary called the plumber after George had fixed the sink.Jeremy arrived home after Clara had finished cooking dinner.It had stopped raining when we left.

Had George fixed the sink before Mary called the plumber?Had Clara finished cooking dinner before Jeremy arrived?Had it stopped raining when we left?

George had not fixed the sink before Mary called the plumber.Clara had not finished cooking dinner when Jeremy arrived.It had not stopped raining when we left.

1st personPlural

We had never been to that restaurant before last night.

Had we ever been to that restaurant before last night?

We had not ever been to that restaurant before last night.

2nd person Plural

You had had that TV for ten years before it broke down.

Had you had that TV for ten years before it broke down?

You had not had that TV for ten years before it broke down.

3rd person Plural

They had found a different hotel when the receptionist finally called them.

Had they found a different hotel when the receptionist finally called them?

They had not found a different hotel when the receptionist finally called them.

Listen to the audio tutorial in this lesson to find out how we use contractions with the Past Perfect tense.

* In Romanian, Past Perfect is translated using mai mult ca perfectul.

Present Perfect Continuous si Past Perfect Continuous Present Perfect Continuous şi Past Perfect Continuous se folosesc în aceleaşi situaţii ca Present Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Simple.

Formele continue, însă, pun accentul pe altceva decât cele simple.

Să vedem două exemple, după care vom da mai multe explicaţii.

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e.g. I have washed the car. (Present Perfect Simple)

e.g. I have been washing the car for two hours. (Present Perfect Continuous)

e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. (Past Perfect Simple)

e.g. I had been washing the car for two hours before it started to rain. (Past Perfect Continuous)

Present Perfect Simple si Past Perfect Simple

În primul rând, aminteşte-ţi cum se formează şi când se folosesc Present Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Simple.

Pe scurt, Present Perfect Simple are forma have washed. Este compus din verbul auxiliar ‘to have’ alături de cea de a treia formă a verbului principal. Present Perfect Simple se foloseşte, de obicei, pentru acţiuni care au început în trecut şi se continuă în prezent sau care tocmai s-au încheiat şi au un rezultat important în prezent.

e.g. I have washed the car. → Am spălat maşina, deci ea e curată acum.

Past Perfect Simple are forma had washed. Este compus din verbul auxiliar ‘to have’ la trecut – adică ‘had’ – alături de cea de a treia formă a verbului principal. Past Perfect Simple desemnează o acţiune care s-a întâmplat înaintea unei alte acţiuni din trecut.

e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. → Mai întâi am spălat maşina şi abia apoi a început să plouă.

Present Perfect Continuous si Past Perfect Continuous

Diferenţa dintre Present Perfect Simple şi Present Perfect Continuous, respectiv dintre Past Perfect Simple şi Past Perfect Continuous constă în faptul că:

- formele simple pun accentul pe acţiune sau pe rezultatul său;- formele continue evidenţiază durata sau continuitatea acţiunii.

Să revedem exemplele de la începutul lecţiei.

e.g. I have washed the car. → Mă interesează faptul că am spălat maşina şi că acum ea e curată.e.g. I have been washing the car for two hours. → Mă interesează faptul că mi-am petrecut ultimele două ore spălând maşina.

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e.g. I had washed the car before it started to rain. → Mă interesează faptul că spălasem maşina înainte că ploaia să înceapă.e.g. I had been washing the car for two hours before it started to rain. → Mă interesează faptul că mi-am petrecut două ore spălând maşina înainte ca ploaia să înceapă.

Iată schemele celor două timpuri verbale continue:

Present Perfect Continuous: have been/has been + [verb + ING]

e.g. I have been waiting, you have been dancing, he has been playing video games

Past Perfect Continuous: had been + [verb + ING]

e.g. I had been waiting, you had been dancing, he has been playing video games

Completează următoarele propoziţii folosind Present Perfect Simple sau Continuous şi Past Perfect Simple sau Continuous. Scrie răspunsurile tale în secţiunea de comentarii a acestei lecţii şi vei primi, dacă este cazul, sugestii de îmbunătăţire.

1. Nu pot să cred că dorm de zece ore.I can’t believe I ………. for ten hours. (to sleep)

2. Aceasta e rochia pe care o călcaseşi înainte de a hotărî să o porţi pe cealaltă.This is the dress you ………. before you decided to wear the other one. (to iron)

3. A mâncat deja destulă îngheţată; te rog nu-i mai da.He ….. already ….. plenty of ice cream; please don’t give him any more. (to eat)

4. O dureau picioarele când am ajuns acasă pentru că dansase toată noaptea.Her feet were hurting when we got home because she ………. the entire night. (to dance)

5. Plouă în continuu de când ne-am întors din vacanţă.It ………. continuously since we returned from our holiday. (to rain)

6. Carla era supărată pe noi pentru că nu o sunaserăm să anunţăm că venim.Carla was mad at us because we ………. her to say we were coming. (to call)

7. V-aţi terminat temele?………. your homework? (to finish)

8. Oamenii erau iritaţi pentru că aşteptaseră prea mult să înceapă spectacolul.People were annoyed because they ………. too long for the show to start. (to wait)

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Timpul verbal Future Simple ne ajută să ne referim la acțiuni din viitor. El se poate forma în două moduri: fie folosind verbul modal Will, fie folosind structura Be Going To. Cele două variante au cazuri specifice de utilizare, pe care le găsești mai jos. Pe scurt, Will este asociat acțiunilor voluntare, deciziilor de moment, promisiunilor, iar structura Be Going To apare în cazul planurilor și al intențiilor.

11. I will drive you home. It is going to rain.

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Future Simple

Pune cursorul pe text pentru a vedea traducerea.

Future Simple

Future Simple can be formed in two ways:

Future with Will: Yes, I will drive you home. 'Be Going to' Future: It is going to rain.

Both refer to the future, but they are used in specific situations.

How do I use Future Simple?

We use Future with Will for:

instant decisions: A: Coffee or tea? B: I will have tea. voluntary actions: I will send you an email when I receive new information. promises: (I promise) I will call you when I arrive. offers to help: A: The weather is bad. B: I will drive you home. requests for help: A: Will you drive me home? predictions: The fortune teller said: "You will mary a rich man." / Twenty years from now, I will have wrinkles.

(In this case, the prediction is made with a high level of certainty, usually for a more distant future.)

We use 'Be Going to' Future for:

plans: I am going to spend the summer in California. intentions: I am going to clean the house this weekend. predictions: Look at the sky! It is going to rain.

(In this case, the prediction is made based on a concrete situation / an observable fact in the present.)

Note: According to other sources, Future with Will and 'Be Going to' Future can be used interchangeably for making predictions.

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Affirmative / Interrogative / Negative

Will is a modal verb. Its conjugation is very simple.

I will have tea. → Will I have tea? → I will not (won't) have tea.He will call us when he arrives. → Will he call us when he arrives? → He will not (won't) call us when he arrives.We will drive you home. → Will we drive you home? → We will not (won't) drive you home.

Note: will not = won't

'Be Going to' Future is formed like this: to be + going to + main verb

The verb to be is used at the correct person/number, i.e. am, are or is. Going to never changes. The main verb is always in the infinitive.

  Affirmative Interrogative Negative

1st person Singular I am going to spend the summer here. Am I going to spend the summer here? I am not going to spend the summer here.

2nd person Singular You are going to spend (...) Are you going to spend (...)? You are not going to spend (...)

3rd person Singular He is going to spend (...)She is going to spend (...)It is going to rain.

Is he going to spend (...)?Is she going to spend (...)?Is it going to rain?

He is not going to spend (...)She is not going to spend (...)It is not going to rain.

1st person Plural We are going to spend (...) Are we going to spend (...)? We are not going to spend (...) 2nd person Plural You are going to spend (...) Are you going to spend (...)? You are not going to spend (...) 3rd person Plural They are going to spend (...) Are they going to spend (...)? They are not going to spend (...)

We can use contractions:

I am going to → I'm going toYou are going to → You're going toHe is going to → He's going to etc.

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I am not going to → I'm not going toYou are not going to → You're not going to / You aren't going toHe is not going to → He's not going to / He isn't going to etc.

In colloquial speech, going to can be replaced with gonna:

I am going to buy a new umbrella. → I'm gonna buy a new umbrella.

Timpul verbal Future Continuous Pentru a înțelege timpul verbal Future Continuous, este necesar să îl cunoaștem pe Future Simple. Să începem, așadar, prin a ne aminti când și cum folosim timpul verbal Future Simple.

Ascultă varianta audio a lecției.

Future Simple se folosește, bineînțeles, atunci când ne referim la acțiuni din viitor. Future Simple se poate forma în două moduri, fie folosind verbul modal Will, fie folosind structura Be Going To. Fiecare modalitate de formare se utilizează în cazuri specifice.

Future Simple with Will ne ajută să ne referim la decizii de moment, acțiuni voluntare, promisiuni, oferte sau cereri de ajutor. E.g.: Don’t worry, I will write the e-mail right away. – Nu-ți face griji, voi scrie e-mailul imediat. (acțiune voluntară, promisiune)

Future Simple with Be Going To ne ajută să ne referim la planuri și intenții. E.g.: I am going to drive to the countryside tomorrow. – Voi merge cu mașina la țară mâine. (plan)

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Future Continuous

Future Continuous (sau Future Progressive) se folosește atunci când ne referim la o acțiune care va fi în desfășurare într-un alt moment din viitor sau, altfel spus, la o acțiune din viitor care va fi întreruptă de o altă acțiune sau de un moment din viitor.

Echivalentul din limba română al lui Future Continuous ar fi modul prezumtiv. Acest mod al verbului (voi fi scriind, voi fi mâncând) nu se mai folosește astăzi, însă el te poate ajuta să deosebești cu mai mare ușurință Future Simple de Future Continuous.

E.g.: Nu-ți face griji, voi scrie e-mailul imediat. – Future Simple (will write)E.g.: Mâine la 10:00, voi fi scriind raportul lunar. – Future Continuous (will be writing)

 Future Continuous se formează astfel:

Will be + [verb + ING]

E.g.: Tomorrow at 10:00, I will be writing the monthly report. → Mâine la 10:00, voi scrie / voi fi scriind raportul lunar.

E.g.: When you get back to work, I will be driving to the countryside. → Când tu te întorci la lucru, eu voi merge / voi fi mergând cu mașina la țară.

Tomorrow at 10:00 și When you get back to work sunt momentele din viitor la care ne raportăm. Acțiunile care se vor petrece în aceste momente din viitor sunt exprimate prin Future Continuous.

 Observații:

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1. Pentru a forma Future Continuous, putem folosi fie Will, fie Be Going To. În general, cele două variante sunt interschimbabile, așa că poți folosi mereu varianta cu Will, întrucât aceasta este mai scurtă și mai accesibilă.

Iată schema pentru Future Continuous format prin Be Going To:

Be going to be + [verb + ING]E.g.: The parents are going to be cooking lunch when the children arrive home.

2. Future Continuous (format prin Will) nu își schimbă forma în funcție de număr sau persoană.

3. În cazul timpului verbal Future Continuous, exprimăm momentul de referință din viitor prin Present Simple, nu prin Future Simple. Facem asta deoarece avem de a face cu time clauses (propoziții care încep cu prepoziții de timp precum: when, while, before, after, by, by the time, as soon as etc.).

Incorect: When the children will arrive home,..Corect: When the children arrive home,..

 Mai multe exemple pentru Future Continuous:

When your bus arrives, I will be waiting for you. Will you be listening to the radio tonight at 11:00? She will not be talking when the teacher enters the classroom. I’m sure it will be raining when we leave on holiday. Tomorrow morning at 7:30, we will be eating breakfast. Will all of you be partying this evening? They will be wearing suits when the meeting starts.

 

Present Perfect Continuous si Past Perfect Continuous Verbe statice în limba engleză

Future Perfect Simple & Continuous - Curs audio limba engleza spune:

October 2, 2013 at 4:47 pm

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[...] În cazul timpurilor verbale Future Perfect Simple și Continuous, la fel ca în cazul lui Future Continuous, exprimăm momentul de referință din viitor prin Present Simple, nu prin Future Simple. Facem [...]

Future Perfect Simple & Continuous

Timpul verbal Future Perfect se folosește pentru acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat înainte de un moment din viitor. Echivalentul din limba română al lui Future Perfect este viitorul anterior (voi fi terminat, va fi pregătit).

Ca și în cazul lui Future Continuous, avem nevoie de momente din viitor la care să ne raportăm. Spre deosebire de Future Continuous, Future Perfect nu exprimă acțiuni care vor fi în desfășurare în acel moment, ci acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat până în acel moment.

Ascultă varianta audio a lecției.

Future Perfect Simple

Will have + 3rd form of the verb

E.g.: By midnight, I will have finished the book. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi terminat cartea.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have prepared dinner. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina.

Observăm că avem momente de referință din viitor: by midnight, by the time she gets home. Acțiunile care se vor fi întâmplat până în aceste momente se exprimă prin Future Perfect.

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Future Perfect Continuous

Will have been + [verb + ING]

E.g.: By midnight, I will have been reading the book for six hours. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi citit cartea timp de șase ore.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have been preparing dinner the entire evening. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina întreaga seară.

Future Perfect Continuous se deosebește de Future Perfect Simple prin faptul că pune accentul pe durata sau pe continuitatea acțiunii. For six hours și the entire evening ne arată cât timp vor fi petrecut personajele făcând acea acțiune.

 Observații:

1. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous se pot forma și folosind Be Going To, dar această variantă este interschimbabilă cu varianta prin Will. O preferăm pe cea din urmă deoarece este mai concisă.

Iată două exemple de propoziții în care apar Future Perfect Simple și Continuous formate prin Be Going To:

E.g.: By 9:00 in the morning, I am going to have arrived at work.E.g.: By next summer, I am going to have been studying Chinese for three months.

2. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous nu își schimbă forma în funcție de număr sau persoană.

3. În cazul timpurilor verbale Future Perfect Simple și Continuous, la fel ca în cazul lui Future Continuous, exprimăm momentul de referință din viitor prin Present Simple, nu prin Future Simple. Facem asta deoarece avem de a face cu time clauses (propoziții care încep cu prepoziții de timp precum: when, while, before, after, by, by the time, as soon as etc.).

Incorect: By the time she will get home,..Corect: By the time she gets home,..

 Mai multe exemple pentru Future Perfect:

Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect Continuous

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I will have drunk all the wine by the time the guests arrive. I will have been drinking wine all afternoon by the time the guests arrive. By tomorrow, Mary will have found a solution to this issue. By tomorrow, Mary will have been searching for a solution for two weeks. Will you have told them the story by 10:00 p.m.? For how long will you have been reading them stories by 10:00 p.m.?

The children will not have eaten by the time you return. The children will not have been waiting for more than half an hour when you return.

Future Perfect Simple & Continuous

Timpul verbal Future Perfect se folosește pentru acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat înainte de un moment din viitor. Echivalentul din limba română al lui Future Perfect este viitorul anterior (voi fi terminat, va fi pregătit).

Ca și în cazul lui Future Continuous, avem nevoie de momente din viitor la care să ne raportăm. Spre deosebire de Future Continuous, Future Perfect nu exprimă acțiuni care vor fi în desfășurare în acel moment, ci acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat până în acel moment.

Ascultă varianta audio a lecției.

Future Perfect Simple

Will have + 3rd form of the verb

E.g.: By midnight, I will have finished the book. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi terminat cartea.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have prepared dinner. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina.

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Observăm că avem momente de referință din viitor: by midnight, by the time she gets home. Acțiunile care se vor fi întâmplat până în aceste momente se exprimă prin Future Perfect.

Future Perfect Continuous

Will have been + [verb + ING]

E.g.: By midnight, I will have been reading the book for six hours. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi citit cartea timp de șase ore.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have been preparing dinner the entire evening. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina întreaga seară.

Future Perfect Continuous se deosebește de Future Perfect Simple prin faptul că pune accentul pe durata sau pe continuitatea acțiunii. For six hours și the entire evening ne arată cât timp vor fi petrecut personajele făcând acea acțiune.

 Observații:

1. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous se pot forma și folosind Be Going To, dar această variantă este interschimbabilă cu varianta prin Will. O preferăm pe cea din urmă deoarece este mai concisă.

Iată două exemple de propoziții în care apar Future Perfect Simple și Continuous formate prin Be Going To:

E.g.: By 9:00 in the morning, I am going to have arrived at work.E.g.: By next summer, I am going to have been studying Chinese for three months.

2. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous nu își schimbă forma în funcție de număr sau persoană.

3. În cazul timpurilor verbale Future Perfect Simple și Continuous, la fel ca în cazul lui Future Continuous, exprimăm momentul de referință din viitor prin Present Simple, nu prin Future Simple. Facem asta deoarece avem de a face cu time clauses (propoziții care încep cu prepoziții de timp precum: when, while, before, after, by, by the time, as soon as etc.).

Incorect: By the time she will get home,..Corect: By the time she gets home,..

 Mai multe exemple pentru Future Perfect:

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Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect ContinuousI will have drunk all the wine by the time the guests arrive. I will have been drinking wine all afternoon by the time the guests arrive. By tomorrow, Mary will have found a solution to this issue. By tomorrow, Mary will have been searching for a solution for two weeks. Will you have told them the story by 10:00 p.m.? For how long will you have been reading them stories by 10:00 p.m.?

The children will not have eaten by the time you return. The children will not have been waiting for more than half an hour when you return.

Future Perfect Simple & Continuous

Timpul verbal Future Perfect se folosește pentru acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat înainte de un moment din viitor. Echivalentul din limba română al lui Future Perfect este viitorul anterior (voi fi terminat, va fi pregătit).

Ca și în cazul lui Future Continuous, avem nevoie de momente din viitor la care să ne raportăm. Spre deosebire de Future Continuous, Future Perfect nu exprimă acțiuni care vor fi în desfășurare în acel moment, ci acțiuni care se vor fi întâmplat până în acel moment.

Ascultă varianta audio a lecției.

Future Perfect Simple

Will have + 3rd form of the verb

E.g.: By midnight, I will have finished the book. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi terminat cartea.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have prepared dinner. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina.

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Observăm că avem momente de referință din viitor: by midnight, by the time she gets home. Acțiunile care se vor fi întâmplat până în aceste momente se exprimă prin Future Perfect.

Future Perfect Continuous

Will have been + [verb + ING]

E.g.: By midnight, I will have been reading the book for six hours. → Până la miezul nopții, voi fi citit cartea timp de șase ore.

E.g.: By the time she gets home, he will have been preparing dinner the entire evening. → Până când ajunge ea acasă, el va fi pregătit cina întreaga seară.

Future Perfect Continuous se deosebește de Future Perfect Simple prin faptul că pune accentul pe durata sau pe continuitatea acțiunii. For six hours și the entire evening ne arată cât timp vor fi petrecut personajele făcând acea acțiune.

 Observații:

1. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous se pot forma și folosind Be Going To, dar această variantă este interschimbabilă cu varianta prin Will. O preferăm pe cea din urmă deoarece este mai concisă.

Iată două exemple de propoziții în care apar Future Perfect Simple și Continuous formate prin Be Going To:

E.g.: By 9:00 in the morning, I am going to have arrived at work.E.g.: By next summer, I am going to have been studying Chinese for three months.

2. Future Perfect Simple și Continuous nu își schimbă forma în funcție de număr sau persoană.

3. În cazul timpurilor verbale Future Perfect Simple și Continuous, la fel ca în cazul lui Future Continuous, exprimăm momentul de referință din viitor prin Present Simple, nu prin Future Simple. Facem asta deoarece avem de a face cu time clauses (propoziții care încep cu prepoziții de timp precum: when, while, before, after, by, by the time, as soon as etc.).

Incorect: By the time she will get home,..Corect: By the time she gets home,..

 Mai multe exemple pentru Future Perfect:

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Future Perfect Simple Future Perfect ContinuousI will have drunk all the wine by the time the guests arrive. I will have been drinking wine all afternoon by the time the guests arrive. By tomorrow, Mary will have found a solution to this issue. By tomorrow, Mary will have been searching for a solution for two weeks. Will you have told them the story by 10:00 p.m.? For how long will you have been reading them stories by 10:00 p.m.?

The children will not have eaten by the time you return. The children will not have been waiting for more than half an hour when you return.

http://www.rapiduldeengleza.ro/curs-audio-timpurile-verbale/timpurile-verbale-din-limba-engleza.html

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