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DECEMBER HEADLINE: C++ ABOUT TO BE DETHRONED BY C#. Since the beginning of the TIOBE index back in 2001, the programming language C++ has been number 3 of the chart in a very consistent way. Perl, Visual Basic and PHP have been number 3 too, but these languages could keep this position only for a few months. Now C# is knocking on the door. It will certainly be a tough battle again. C# is Microsoft's most active and evolving programming language, whereas Microsoft recently announced to revive C++ in favor of... C#. We will see what will happen the next few months.
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TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 1 of 8
December Headline: C++ about to be dethroned by C#
Since the beginning of the TIOBE index back in 2001, the programming language C++ has been number 3 of the chart in a
very consistent way. Perl, Visual Basic and PHP have been number 3 too, but these languages could keep this position only
for a few months. Now C# is knocking on the door. It will certainly be a tough battle again. C# is Microsoft's most active and
evolving programming language, whereas Microsoft recently announced to revive C++ in favor of... C#. We will see what
will happen the next few months.
The TIOBE Programming Community index is an indicator of the popularity of programming languages. The index is
updated once a month. The ratings are based on the number of skilled engineers world-wide, courses and third party vendors.
The popular search engines Google, Bing, Yahoo!, Wikipedia, YouTube and Baidu are used to calculate the ratings. Observe
that the TIOBE index is not about the best programming language or the language in which most lines of code have been
written.
The index can be used to check whether your programming skills are still up to date or to make a strategic decision about
what programming language should be adopted when starting to build a new software system. The definition of the TIOBE
index can be found here.
Position
Dec 2011
Position
Dec 2010 Delta in Position Programming Language
Ratings
Dec 2011
Delta
Dec 2010 Status
1 1
Java 17.561% -0.44% A
2 2
C 17.057% +0.98% A
3 3
C++ 8.252% -0.76% A
4 5
C# 8.205% +1.52% A
5 8
Objective-C 6.805% +3.56% A
6 4
PHP 6.001% -1.51% A
7 7
(Visual) Basic 4.757% -0.36% A
8 6
Python 3.492% -2.99% A
9 9
Perl 2.472% +0.14% A
10 12
JavaScript 2.199% +0.69% A
11 11
Ruby 1.494% -0.29% A
12 10
Delphi/Object Pascal 1.245% -0.93% A
13 13
Lisp 1.175% +0.11% A
14 23
PL/SQL 0.803% +0.24% A
15 14
Transact-SQL 0.746% -0.03% A
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 2 of 8
16 16
Pascal 0.734% -0.03% A
17 18
Ada 0.632% -0.02% B
18 35
Logo 0.619% +0.26% B
19 17
Assembly 0.563% -0.10% B
20 25
ABAP 0.560% +0.01% B
Long term trends
The long term trends for the top 10 programming languages can be found in the line diagram below.
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 3 of 8
Other programming languages
The complete top 50 of programming languages is listed below. This overview is published unofficially, because it could be
the case that we missed a language. If you have the impression there is a programming language lacking, please notify us at
Position Programming Language Ratings
21 Lua 0.550%
22 MATLAB 0.536%
23 RPG (OS/400) 0.532%
24 R 0.522%
25 NXT-G 0.512%
26 C shell 0.493%
27 VHDL 0.480%
28 Fortran 0.477%
29 Erlang 0.469%
30 Scheme 0.456%
31 SAS 0.417%
32 Scratch 0.414%
33 Prolog 0.403%
34 Go 0.394%
35 Visual Basic .NET 0.364%
36 F# 0.358%
37 COBOL 0.339%
38 D 0.330%
39 Forth 0.322%
40 Haskell 0.310%
41 Tcl 0.297%
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 4 of 8
42 APL 0.287%
43 ML 0.284%
44 Ladder Logic 0.281%
45 Groovy 0.273%
46 Smalltalk 0.272%
47 LabVIEW 0.262%
48 Awk 0.258%
49 PL/I 0.246%
50 Q 0.245%
The Next 50 Programming Languages
The following list of languages denotes #51 to #100. Since the differences are relatively small, the programming languages
are only listed (in alphabetical order).
(Visual) FoxPro, ABC, ActionScript, Algol, Alice, Bash, bc, BETA, BlitzMax, Boo, Bourne shell, CFML, cg, CL
(OS/400), Clean, Clojure, cT, Dart, Dylan, Eiffel, Euphoria, Factor, Icon, IDL, Io, J, JavaFX Script, JScript.NET,
Korn shell, Lingo, MAD, MUMPS, NATURAL, Oberon, Occam, OpenCL, OpenEdge ABL, Oz, PowerShell,
REXX, S, Scala, SPSS, Standard ML, SuperCollider, VBScript, Verilog, X10, xBase, Z shell
Very Long Term History
To see the bigger picture, please find the positions of the top 10 programming languages from 5, 15 and 25 years ago in the
table below.
Programming Language Position
Dec 2011
Position
Dec 2006
Position
Dec 1996
Position
Dec 1986
Java 1 1 5 -
C 2 2 1 1
C++ 3 3 2 7
C# 4 8 - -
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 5 of 8
Objective-C 5 42 - -
PHP 6 5 - -
(Visual) Basic 7 4 3 5
Python 8 7 26 -
Perl 9 6 6 -
JavaScript 10 10 25 -
Lisp 13 17 16 2
Ada 17 16 12 3
Programming Language Hall of Fame
The hall of fame listing all "Programming Language of the Year" award winners is shown below. The award is given to the
programming language that has the highest rise in ratings in a year.
Year Winner
2010 Python
2009 Go
2008 C
2007 Python
2006 Ruby
2005 Java
2004 PHP
2003 C++
Categories of Programming Languages
In the tables below some long term trends are shown about categories of languages. Object-oriented statically typed
languages have been most popular for more than 5 years now.
Category Ratings Dec 2011 Delta Dec 2010
Object-Oriented Languages 56.6% -0.5%
Procedural Languages 37.0% -0.9%
Functional Languages 4.4% +0.9%
Logical Languages 2.0% +0.5%
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 6 of 8
Category Ratings Dec 2011 Delta Dec 2010
Statically Typed Languages 71.1% +2.0%
Dynamically Typed Languages 28.9% -2.0%
This Month's Changes in the Index
This month the following changes have been made to the definition of the index:
Markus Humm observed that Free Pascal doesn't match our criteria for being considered a programming language.
So Free Pascal has been removed from the index.
The confidence of programming languages Cg, Logo and R have been set to 90% to compensate for false search
engine hits.
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 7 of 8
Rowan Davies did some helpful research: Visual Basic, ABAP and PL/SQL all appear to be statically typed instead
of dynamically typed (as we indicated). This has been adjusted. Note that also the trend diagram for type systems
has been altered due to this change. It is much flatter now than it was before.
There are lots of mails that still need to be processed. As soon as there is more time available your mail will be
answered. Please be patient.
Bugs & Change Requests
This is the top 5 of most requested changes and bugs. If you have any suggestions how to improve the index don't hesitate to
send an e-mail to [email protected].
1. Apart from "<language> programming", also other queries such as "programming with <language>", "<language>
development" and "<language> coding" should be tried out.
2. Add queries for other natural languages (apart from English). The idea is to start with the Chinese search engine
Baidu. This has been implemented partially and will be completed the next few months.
3. Add a list of all search term requests that have been rejected. This is to minimize the number of recurring mails
about Rails, JQuery, JSP, etc.
4. Start a TIOBE index for databases, software configuration management systems and application frameworks.
5. Some search engines allow querying pages that have been added last year. The TIOBE index should only track those
recently added pages.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Q: Why is the maximum taken to calculate the ranking for a grouping, why not the sum?
A: Well, you can do it either way and both are wrong. If you take the sum, then you get the intersection twice. If you
take the max, then you miss the difference. Which one to choose? Suppose somebody comes up with a new search
term that is 10% of the original. If you take the max, nothing changes. If you take the sum then the ratings will rise
10%. So taking the sum will be an incentive for some to come up with all kinds of obscure terms for a language.
That's why we decided to take the max.
The proper way to solve this is of course to take the sum and subtract the intersection. This will give rise to an
explosion of extra queries that must be performed. Suppose a language has a grouping of 15 terms, then you have to
perform 32,768 queries (all combinations of intersections). So this seems not possible either... If somebody has a
solution for this, please let us know.
Q: Am I allowed to show the TIOBE index in my weblog/presentation/publication?
A: Yes, the only condition is to refer to its original source "www.tiobe.com".
Q: I would like to have the complete data set of the TIOBE index. Is this possible?
A: We spent a lot of effort to obtain all the data and keep the TIOBE index up to date. In order to compensate a bit
for this, we ask a fee of 5,000 US$ for the complete data set. The data set runs from June 2001 till today. It started
TIOBE Programming Community Index for December 2011
Page 8 of 8
with 25 languages back in 2001, and now measures more than 150 languages once a month. The data are available
in comma separated format. Please contact [email protected] for more information.
Q: What happened to Java in April 2004? Did you change your methodology?
A: No, we did not change our methodology at that time. Google changed its methodology. They performed a general
sweep action to get rid of all kinds of web sites that had been pushed up. As a consequence, there was a huge drop
for languages such as Java and C++. In order to minimize such fluctuations in the future, we added two more search
engines (MSN and Yahoo) a few months after this incident.
Q: Why is YouTube used as a search engine for the TIOBE index?
A: First of all, YouTube counts only for 10% of all ratings, so it has hardly any influence on the index. YouTube has
been added as an experiment. It qualified for the TIOBE index because of its high ranking on Alexa. YouTube is a
young platform (so an indicator for popularity) and there are quite some lectures, presentations, programming tips
and language introductions available on YouTube.
Bibliography BIBLIOGRAPHY
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© 2011 TIOBE Software BV. Free copy and distribution are authorized. Portable Document Format file edited by Ángel Moisés García Zepeda.