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11/20/2015
1
TYPES OF DAMS
TIPOS DE BARRAGENS
Hydropower Hidroenergia
Jorge Matos1 and Inês Lúcio2
[email protected] [email protected]
1 Hydropower, 2015/2016 @ Matos and Lúcio
2 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Primary purpose of a dam Propósito inerente à construção de uma barragem
• May be defined as to provide for the safe retention and storage of water (capacidade de reter e armazenar água)
A corollary Colorário
• Every dam must represent a design solution specific to its site circumstances; the design therefore also represents an optimum balance of local technical and economic considerations at the time of construction (a solução de projecto de qualquer barragem é função do local de construção; deverá assim assentar num equilíbrio ótimo do ponto de vista técnico-económico à sua data da construção)
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their importance
Large dam - for the purpose of inclusion in the World Register of Dams, a large dam is defined as any dam:
above 15 meters in height (measured from the lowest point of foundation to top of dam) or
between 10 and 15 meters in height which meets at least one of the following conditions: • the crest length is not less than 500 meters • the capacity of the reservoir formed by the dam is not less than one million cubic meters
(106 m3) • the maximum flood discharge dealt with by the dam is not less than 2 000 cubic meters
per second (2000 m3/s) • the dam had specially difficult foundation problems • the dam is of unusual design
Small dam - any of those that do not fit into the classification of “large dam”.
Dictionary. ICOLD. Retrieved 14 November 2015. (http://www.icoldcigb.net/GB/Dictionary/dictionary.asp)
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their main purpose Classificação de acordo com a sua finalidade principal
• Storage dams (Barragens para criar albufeiras ) Storage dams are used to store water for extended lengths of time. The stored water then can be used for irrigation, livestock, municipal water supply, recreation, and hydroelectric power generation. (visam permitir o armazenamento da água afluente em excesso em épocas húmidas para ser utilizada em períodos secos).
• Diversion dams (Barragens de derivação) Diversion dams are used to raise the water level in order to redirect the water to
the designated location. The diverted water can be used for supplying irrigation systems or reservoirs. (destinam-se a criar condições para captar água para canais ou condutas, para usos muito diversos, como o consumo público, a rega e a produção de energia elétrica, sem criar albufeiras de regularização).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their main purpose Classificação de acordo com a sua finalidade principal
• Detention dams (Barragens de detenção) Detention dams are built to catch surface runoff to prevent floods and trap
sediment by regulating the flow rate of the runoff into channels downstream. (visam reter grande parte do material sólido afluente ou deter temporariamente as cheias, evacuando um caudal máximo compatível com a capacidade de transporte do leito existente a jusante e evitando a inundação de determinadas zonas. Estas barragens podem ainda ter dois objectivos em simultâneo).
• Multipurpose dams (Barragens de fins múltiplos) A multipurpose reservoir is a man-made lake which is managed for multiple
purposes (e.g., water supply, flood control, soil erosion, environmental, management, hydroelectric power generation, navigation, recreation, irrigation); the multipurpose nature of these facilities dictates that the agencies which manage them are responsible for balancing competing demands. (verifica-se a coexistência de diferentes objetivos, sem que a importância de qualquer deles se sobreponha).
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diversion_dam & /Multipurpose_reservoir. Retrieved 14 November 2015.
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their materials and structure Classificação quanto aos materiais e estrutura
• Concrete dams (Barragens de betão)
Gravity dams (Barragens de gravidade)
Arch dams (Barragens abóbada)
Buttress dams (Barragens de contrafortes)
Multiple arch dams (Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas)
Mobile dams (Barragens móveis)
• Roller-Compacted Concrete dams (Barragens de betão compactado por cilindros, BCC)
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their materials and structure Classificação quanto aos materiais e estrutura
• Embankment dams (Barragens de aterro) Embankment dams are made mainly from natural materials. The two main types are earthfill dams and rockfill dams, depending on the predominant fill material used. The materials are usually excavated or quarried from nearby sites, preferably within the reservoir basin.
Earthfill dams (Barragens de terra)
Earthfill dams are made up mostly from compacted earth
- Homogeneous earth dams (Barragens de terra homogéneas)
- Zoned earth dams (Barragens de terra zonadas)
Rockfill dams (Barragens de enrocamento)
Rockfill dams are made up mainly from dumped and compacted rockfill
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Group Type %
Embankment dams Earthfill Rockfill
76.6
Concrete dams
Gravity Buttress
Arch Multiple arch
Others
12.4 0.7 4.0 0.3 6.0
Total large dams 56266
Large dams: World Register statistics (http://www.icoldcigb.org/GB/World_register/general_synthesis.asp)
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Dam Country Type Completed Height (m)
Bakhtiyari Iran Concrete, arch Under construction 315
Jinping- I China Concrete, arch 2013 305
Nurek Tajikistan Embankment, earthfill 1972 300
Lianghekou China Embankment, rockfill Under construction 295
Xiaowan China Concrete, arch 2010 292
Xiluodo China Concrete, arch 2013 285.5
Grand Dixence Switzerland Concrete, gravity 1964 285
Highest dams (http://www.icold-cigb.org/)
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Dam Country Type Completed Height
(m) Reservoir capacity
(x109 m3)
Kariba Zimbabwe/
Zambia Concrete, arch 1959 128 180.6
Bratsk Russia Concrete, gravity 1964 125 169.0
High Aswan Egypt Embankment 1970 111 162.0
Akosombo Ghana Embankment 1965 134 153.0
Daniel Johnson
Canada Concrete,
multiple arch 1970 214 142.0
Guri Venezuela Embankment 1978 162 135.0
Dams with largest-capacity reservoirs (http://www.icold-cigb.org/)
http://www.worldbank.org/en/region/afr/brief/the-kariba-dam-rehabilitation-project-fact-sheet https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Kariba
Kariba Dam Lake Kariba: the world's largest man-made lake and reservoir by volume
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Dams: focus points
Dams differ from all other major civil engineering structures in a number of important regards: Every dam, large or small, is quite unique; foundation geology, material characteristics,
catchment flood hydrology etc. are each site-specific;
Dams are required to function at or close to their design loading for extended periods;
Dams do not have a structural lifespan; they may, however, have a notional life for accounting purposes, or a functional lifespan dictated by reservoir sedimentation;
The overwhelming majority of dams are of earthfill, constructed from a range of natural soils; these are the least consistent of construction materials;
Dam engineering draws together a range of disciplines, e.g. structural and fluid mechanics, geology and geotechnics, flood hydrology and hydraulics, to a quite unique degree;
The engineering of dams is critically dependent upon the application of informed engineering judgement.
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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The New Croton dam: a 90.5 m high masonry dam completed in 1905 in the USA, and located 65 km north of New York city - notable application of the stepped spillway concept in the 19th century.
Photograph taken by Jack Boucher in 1978, now part of the Historic American Engineering Record collection of the Library of Congress, USA (http://crotonhistory.org/category/croton-dams/new-croton-dam/)
Types of dams Tipos de barragens
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Overflow stepped channel spillway: consisting of granite blocks with mortared joints (slope=53°), designed for a maximum discharge of 1,550 m3/s, the largest built up to this time (Wegmann 1911, in Chanson 2002, Hager & Pfister 2013) (q = 5 m2/s)
Types of dams Tipos de barragens
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph taken by Jack Boucher in 1978, now part of the Historic American Engineering Record collection of the Library of Congress, USA (http://crotonhistory.org/category/croton-dams/new-croton-dam/)
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph taken by Jack Boucher in 1978, now part of the Historic American Engineering Record collection of the Library of Congress, USA (http://crotonhistory.org/category/croton-dams/new-croton-dam/)
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Types of dams Tipos de barragens
Classification according to their materials and structure Classificação quanto aos materiais e estrutura
• Concrete dams (Barragens de betão)
Gravity dams (Barragens de gravidade)
Arch dams (Barragens abóbada)
Buttress dams (Barragens de contrafortes)
Multiple arch dams (Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas)
Mobile dams (Barragens móveis)
• Roller-Compacted Concrete dams (Barragens de betão compactado por cilindros, BCC)
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Concrete gravity dam It is entirely dependent upon its own mass for stability. The gravity profile is essentially triangular, to ensure stability and to avoid overstressing of the dam
or its foundation. Some gravity dams are gently curved in plan for aesthetic or other reasons, and without placing any
reliance upon action for stability. Where a limited degree of arch action is deliberately introduced in design, allowing a rather slimmer
profile, the term arch-gravity dam may be employed.
Buttress dam Structurally it consists of a continuous upstream face supported at regular intervals by downstream
buttresses. The solid head or massive buttress dam is the most prominent modern variant of the type, and may
be considered for conceptual purposes as a lightened version of the gravity dam.
Arch dam It has a considerable upstream curvature. Structurally it functions primarily as a horizontal arch, transmitting the major portion of the water
load to the abutments or valley sides rather than to the floor of the valley. It is structurally more efficient than the gravity or buttress dam, greatly reducing the volume of
concrete required. A particular derivative of the simple arch is the cupola or double-curvature arch dam. Abutment stability is critical to the structural integrity and safety of both the cupola and the simple
arch.
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Principal variants of concrete dams
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
m and n are indicative only; in (e), RH and Rv generally vary over dam faces.
m and n are indicative only; in (e), RH and Rv generally vary over dam faces.
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Further variants of concrete dams
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Earthfill embankment dam
An embankment in which compacted soils account for over 50% of the placed volume of material.
It is constructed primarily of selected engineering soils compacted uniformly and intensively in relatively thin layers and at a controlled moisture content.
Rockfill embankment dam
In the rockfill embankment the section includes a discrete impervious element of compacted earthfill or a slender concrete or bituminous membrane.
An embankment where over 50% of the fill material may be classified as rockfill, i.e. coarse-grained frictional material.
Modern practice is to specify a graded rockfill, heavily compacted in relatively think layers by heavy plant. The construction method is therefore essentially similar to that for the earthfill embankment.
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Earthfills and rockfill in dam construction
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Principal variants of earthfill and earthfill-rockfill dams
Values of m are indicative only.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Principal variants of rockfill dams
Values of m are indicative only.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Selection of the type of dam
The optimum type of dam for a specific site is determined by estimates of cost and construction programme for all design solutions which are technically valid.
Where site circumstances are such that viable alternatives exist it is important that options are kept open, assessing the implications of each with respect o resources, programme and cost, until a preferred solution is apparent.
It may also be necessary to take account of less tangible socio-political and environmental considerations in the determination of that solution.
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Selection of the type of dam: some key considerations
Hydraulic gradient: the nominal value of hydraulic gradient, for seepage under, around and through a dam varies by at least one order of magnitude according to type. Notional values of gradient range from about 0.5 for a homogeneous embankment to 10 or more for a buttress or cupola dam. The ability of softer and weaker or more erodible foundations to resist high hydraulic gradients safely is very limited.
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Selection of the type of dam: some key considerations
Foundation stress: nominal stresses transmitted to the foundation vary greatly with the dam type.
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Dam type Notional
maximum stress1
(MNm-2)
Embankment 1.8-2.1
Gravity 3.2-4.0
Buttress 5.5-7.5
Arch 7.5-10.0 1 dams 100 m in height.
Foundation deformability: certain types of dams are better able to accommodate foundation deformation and/or settlement without serious damage. The significance of excessive or non-uniform foundation deformability arises in relation to cracking and stress redistribution within the dam. The relative structural flexibility of a well-designed embankment dam will be advantageous.
Foundation excavation: economic considerations dictate that the excavation volume and foundation preparation should be minimized. The economic disincentive of excessive excavation, particularly in relation to a concrete dam, is self-evident.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Type Notes and characteristics
Embankment
Earthfill
Suited to either rock or compressible soil foundation and wide valleys; can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core. Cut-off to sound, i.e. less permeable, horizons required. Low contact stresses. Requires range of materials, e.g. for core, shoulder zones, internal filters, etc.
Rockfill Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc.
Concrete
Gravity Suited to wide valleys, provided that excavation to rock is less than c. 5m. Limited weathering of rock acceptable. Check discontinuities in rock with regard to sliding. Moderate contact stress. Requires imported cement.
Buttress As gravity dam, but higher contact stresses require sound rock. Concrete saved relative to gravity dam 30-60%. Used to reduce uplift force on the dam foundation.
Arch Suited to narrow gorges, subject to uniform sound rock of high strength and limited deformability in foundation and most particularly in abutments. High abutment loading. Concrete saving relative to gravity dam 50-85%.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Type Notes and characteristics
Embankment
Earthfill
Suited to either rock or compressible soil foundation and wide valleys; can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core. Cut-off to sound, i.e. less permeable, horizons required. Low contact stresses. Requires range of materials, e.g. for core, shoulder zones, internal filters, etc.
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
1tills - a sediment consisting of particles of various sizes and deposited by melting glaciers or ice sheets.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Type Notes and characteristics
Embankment1
Rockfill
Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering1. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc. (1alteration of rock to more stable material from their exposure to the agents of air, water, and organic fluids)
Concrete
Gravity Suited to wide valleys, provided that excavation to rock is less than c. 5m. Limited weathering of rock acceptable. Check discontinuities in rock with regard to sliding. Moderate contact stress. Requires imported cement.
Buttress As gravity dam, but higher contact stresses require sound rock. Concrete saved relative to gravity dam 30-60%. Used to reduce uplift force on the dam foundation.
1 earthfill may also be applicable in (b).
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Type Notes and characteristics
Embankment
Rockfill
Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering1. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc. (1alteration of rock to more stable material from their exposure to the agents of air, water, and organic fluids)
Concrete
Arch Suited to narrow gorges, subject to uniform sound rock of high strength and limited deformability in foundation and most particularly in abutments. High abutment loading. Concrete saving relative to gravity dam 50-85%.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
30 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Dam selection: type characteristics Seleção de barragens: características
Type Notes and characteristics
Embankment
Earthfill
Suited to either rock or compressible soil foundation and wide valleys; can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core. Cut-off to sound, i.e. less permeable, horizons required. Low contact stresses. Requires range of materials, e.g. for core, shoulder zones, internal filters, etc.
Rockfill Rock foundation preferable; can accept variable quality and limited weathering. Cut-off to sound horizons required. Rockfill suitable for all-weather placing. Requires material for core, filters, etc.
Concrete
Gravity Suited to wide valleys, provided that excavation to rock is less than c. 5m. Limited weathering of rock acceptable. Check discontinuities in rock with regard to sliding. Moderate contact stress. Requires imported cement.
@ Matos and Lúcio
P. Novak et. al, Hydraulic Structures, Third Edition, Spon Press, Great Britain, 2001
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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapaescolha.htm
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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal
North Region / Região Norte
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapanorte.htm
11/20/2015
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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal
Center Region 1 / Região Centro 1
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapacentro.htm
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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal
Center Region 2 / Região Centro 2
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapacentro1.htm
11/20/2015
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Map of portuguese dams Mapa das barragens de Portugal
South Region / Região Sul
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbportugal/Mapasul.htm
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Concrete gravity dams
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Gravity dams Barragens de gravidade
Miranda Dam Barragem de Miranda
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1dQelTlCYw
https://www.google.pt/maps/place/Barragem+de+Miranda,+49252+Miranda+do+Douro,+Spain/@41.48791,-6.264181,3a,75y,90t/data=!3m8!1e2!3m6!1s36190466!2e1!3e10!6s%2F%2Fstorage.googleapis.com%2Fstatic.panoramio.com%2Fphotos%2Fsmall%2F36190466.jpg!7i3264!8i2448!4m2!3m1!1s0xd396641f4142d69:0x8aa3d7c6abdb51fe
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Gravity dams Barragens de gravidade
Miranda Dam Barragem de Miranda
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Downstream view
Cross section Plan
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
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Gravity dams Barragens de gravidade
Castelo do Bode Dam Barragem de Castelo do Bode
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
https://www.google.pt/search?q=barragem+de+castelo+de+bode&espv=2&biw=2133&bih=1038&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ved=0CCgQsARqFQoTCP305drOiMkCFUFaFAodnrMDYA&dpr=0.9#imgrc=p2OLh7niKT69OM%3A
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Gravity dams Barragens de gravidade
Castelo do Bode Dam Barragem de Castelo do Bode
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Upstream view
Cross section Plan
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
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Arch dams
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Alto Lindoso Dam Barragem do Alto Lindoso
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Alto Lindoso Dam Barragem do Alto Lindoso
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Plan Cross section
Upstream view
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Salamonde Dam Barragem de Salamonde
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Salamonde Dam Barragem de Salamonde
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Plan Cross section
Downstream view
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Alqueva Dam Barragem do Alqueva
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
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Arch dams Barragens em abóbada
Alqueva Dam Barragem do Alqueva
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt Plan Cross section
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
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Buttress dams
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Buttress dams Barragens de contrafortes
Pracana Dam Barragem de Pracana
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Buttresses dams Barragens de contrafortes
Pracana Dam Barragem de Pracana
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
Plan Cross section
Downstream view
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
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Multiple arch dams
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Multiple arch dams Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas
Aguieira Dam Barragem da Aguieira
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
view from downstream
Vídeo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiPG70GwNGc
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
view from upstream
@ Matos and Lúcio
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Multiple arch dams Barragens de abóbadas múltiplas
Aguieira Dam Barragem da Aguieira
Plan
Cross section
Developed section
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
54 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Mobile dams
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
28
55 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Mobile dams Barragens móveis
Belver Dam Barragem de Belver
http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=120&with_photo_id=1940785&order=date_desc&user=410639
@ Matos and Lúcio
56 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Mobile dams Barragens móveis
Belver Dam Barragem de Belver
http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=120&with_photo_id=1940785&order=date_desc&user=410639
Plan Cross section
Downstream view
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
29
57 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Earthfill embankment dams
@ Matos and Lúcio
58 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Homogeneous earth dams Barragens de aterro homogéneas
Capinha Dam Barragem da Capinha
http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=120&with_photo_id=1940785&order=date_desc&user=410639
https://www.google.pt/maps
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
30
59 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Homogeneous earth dams Barragens de aterro homogéneas
Capinha Dam Barragem da Capinha
http://www.panoramio.com/photo_explorer#view=photo&position=120&with_photo_id=1940785&order=date_desc&user=410639
https://www.google.pt/maps
Plan
Downstream slope Upstream slope
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
60 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Zoned earth dams Barragens de aterro zonadas
Alijó Dam Barragem do Alijó
https://www.google.pt/maps
Upstream slope protected with riprap Paramento de montante protegido por enrocamento
https://www.google.pt/maps
Downstream slope protected with grass Paramento de jusante protegido por vegetação
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
31
61 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Zoned earth dams Barragens de aterro zonadas
Sabugal Dam Barragem do Sabugal
https://www.google.pt/maps
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
62 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Zoned earth dams Barragens de aterro zonadas
Sabugal Dam Barragem do Sabugal
https://www.google.pt/maps
Upstream cofferdam incorporated in the earth dam
Ensecadeira de montante incorporada na barragem de aterro
Drainage platorms Plataformas de drenagem
Plan
Developed section
Cross section
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
32
63 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Rockfill embankment dams
@ Matos and Lúcio
64 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Rockfill dams Barragens de enrocamento
Paradela Dam Barragem de Paradela
https://www.google.pt/maps
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Upstream concrete slab protected with synthetic geomembrane
Cortina de betão a montante, protegida com uma geomembrana impermeabilizante
Just rockfill, with upstream concrete slab Enrocamento em toda a barragem,
excepto cortina de betão a montante
view from upstream vista de montante
view from downstream vista de jusante
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
33
65 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Rockfill dams Barragens de enrocamento
Pego do Altar Dam Barragem de Pego do Altar
https://www.google.pt/maps
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Upstream steel curtain Cortina de
impermeabilização em aço a montante
view from upstream vista de montante
view from downstream vista de jusante
Cross section
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
66 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Rockfill dams Barragens de enrocamento
Pego do Altar Dam Barragem de Pego do Altar
http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/ http://www.a-nossa-energia.edp.pt/
Plan Spillway cross section
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
11/20/2015
34
67 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams
@ Matos and Lúcio
68 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC)
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Roller-compacted concrete, or RCC, takes its name from the construction method used to build it. It's placed with conventional or high-density asphalt paving equipment, then compacted with rollers.
Roller-compacted concrete has the same basic ingredient as conventional concrete: cement, water, and aggregates, such as gravel or crushed stone.
But unlike conventional concrete, it is a drier mix—stiff enough to be compacted by vibratory rollers. Typically, RCC is constructed without joints. It needs neither forms nor finishing, nor does it contain dowels 1 or steel reinforcing
These characteristics make roller-compacted concrete simple, fast, and economical. can accept limited differential settlement given relatively broad and plastic core
http://www.cement.org/think-harder-concrete-/paving/roller-compacted-concrete-(rcc)
(1 short steel bars that provide a mechanical connection between slabs without restricting horizontal joint movement)
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
35
69 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Japan (2)
China (1)
Australia (2)
South Africa (2)
Brazil (2)
Spain (1) USA (6)
RCC dams completed at the end of 1986 (Dunstan 1996)
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
@ Matos and Lúcio
70 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Pedrógão dam Barragem de Pedrógão
Photographs: J. Matos (above) ; courtesy of M. Correia (right)
Pedrógão dam (Portugal, 2005)
Hd = 43 m, bs = 301 m, = 51°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 40 m2/s
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
36
71 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Pedrógão dam Barragem de Pedrógão
Cross section Plan
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
@ Matos and Lúcio
http://cnpgb.apambiente.pt/gr_barragens/gbingles/ListaIng.htm
72 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Pedrógão dam Barragem de Pedrógão
Q = 1082 m3/s; q = 3.6 m2/s; dc/h = 1.8 (Jan. 2010)
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph: J. Matos
11/20/2015
37
73 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) gravity dams Barragem de gravidade em betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Upper Stillwater dam (Utah, USA, 1987)
Hd = 88 m, bs = 183 m, = 72°; 59°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 11.6 m2/s
Photograph: courtesy of Pedro Guedes de Melo
@ Matos and Lúcio
74 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Dona Francisca dam (Brazil, 2001)
Hd = 50.5 m, bs = 335 m, = 53°, h = 0.6 m, q0 = 32 m2/s
Photograph: courtesy of Marcelo Marques
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
38
75 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Table: courtesy of Jun GUO, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, China, in 30th IAHR Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2007
Flaring pier gate
Flow jet
Roller bucket
Dachaoshan dam (China)
Hd = 111 m, bs = 70 m, = 55°, h = 1.0 m, q0 = 165 m2/s
882.0
899.0
@ Matos and Lúcio
76 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Dachaoshan dam (China)
Hd = 111 m, bs = 70 m, = 55°, h = 1.0 m, q0 = 165 m2/s
Surface spillway # 3 and bottom outlets # 2 e 3 fully opened, Q=6000 m3/s (20/06/2002) Table: courtesy of Jun GUO, China Institute of Water Resources & Hydropower Research (IWHR), Beijing, China, in 30th IAHR Congress, Thessaloniki, Greece, 2007
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
39
77 Hydropower, 2015/2016
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) dams Barragem de betão compactado por cilindros (BCC)
Wolwedans dam (South Africa, 1990)
Hd = 70 m, bs = 77 m, = 63°, h = 1,0 m, q0 = 12.4 m2/s
Photograph: Peter Holmes, courtesy of Jan Jordaan (in “Large Dams and Water Systems in South Africa”, SANCOLD, 1994)
@ Matos and Lúcio
78 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
40
79 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Photograph & slide: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
Ocoee dam (Tennessee, USA, 1913; r-1980)
@ Matos and Lúcio
80 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Ocoee dam (Tennessee, USA, 1913; r-1980)
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
11/20/2015
41
81 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Kerrville dam (USA, 1980; r-1985)
Hd = 8.1 m (6.4 m), = 45°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 31.1 m2/s
Photograph & slide: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
@ Matos and Lúcio
82 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Kerrville dam (USA, 1980; r-1985)
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
11/20/2015
42
83 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Kerrville dam (USA, 1980; r-1985)
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
84 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Kerrville dam (USA, 1980; r-1985)
@ Matos and Lúcio
Photograph: courtesy of Kenneth D. Hansen
11/20/2015
43
85 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Yellow River Watershed Dam No.17 (Georgia, USA; r-2005)
Hd = 9.1 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 3.4 m2/s
Photograph: J. Matos
@ Matos and Lúcio
86 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Yellow River Watershed Dam No.14 (Georgia, USA, 1967; r-2004)
Hd = 12.2 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 7.8; 18.2 m2/s
Photograph: J. Matos
@ Matos and Lúcio
11/20/2015
44
87 Hydropower, 2015/2016
RCC overlays for overtopping protection Proteção do paramento de jusante de barragens de aterro com BCC
Yellow River Watershed Dam No.14 (Georgia, USA, 1967; r-2004)
Hd = 12.2 m, = 18.4°, h = 0.3 m, q0 = 7.8; 18.2 m2/s
Photograph: J. Matos
@ Matos and Lúcio