Upload
sai-santosh
View
219
Download
2
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
1/75
Topof
Form
p a r t n
I S O - 8
Se a r c
Bottom ofForm
Tips toDesign
Earthquake
Resistant StructuresDesigning Earthquake
Resistant Structures isindispensable. Every year,
earthquakes take the lives ofthousands of people, and
destroy property worthbillions and not everyone
has home insurance, somany really suffer and havea hard time to recover. It is
imperative that structuresare designed to resist
earthquake forces, in order
to reduce the loss of life.Structural design plays an
important role. Here, we willdiscuss different tips and
techniques used in designingEarthquake Resistantstructures.
What is anEarthquake?
Tips to
DesignEarthquak
eResistant
Structures
Earthquak
es and
NaturalCalamities
Types of
Seismic
Waves
Earthquak
e Hazards
SeismicEffect on
Structures
Building
Stiffnessand
Flexibility
Effect of
Deformations in
Structures
How
Earthquak
es affectReinforced
Concrete
Buildings?
Planningfor
Earthquak
http://www.norwichunion.com/home-insurance/http://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_hazards.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_hazards.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/equake_resistant.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/types_of_seismic_waves.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_hazards.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_hazards.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/seismic_effect_on_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/building_stiffness_and_flexibility.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/effect_of_deformations_in_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/how_earthquakes_affect_reinforced_concrete_buildings_.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.norwichunion.com/home-insurance/8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
2/75
An earthquake is a sudden,rapid shaking of the Earth
caused by the breaking and
shifting of rock beneath the
Earth's surface. Forhundreds of millions ofyears, the forces of plate
tectonics have shaped theEarth as the huge plates
that form the Earth's surface
move slowly over, under,and past each other.
Sometimes the movement isgradual. At other times, the
plates are locked together,
unable to release theaccumulating energy. When
the accumulated energygrows strong enough, the
plates break free causing the
ground to shake. Mostearthquakes occur at the
boundaries where the platesmeet; however, some
earthquakes occur in the
middle of plates.
Ground shaking from
earthquakes can collapsebuildings and bridges;
disrupt gas, electric, andphone services; and
sometimes trigger
landslides, avalanches, flashfloods, fires, and huge,
destructive ocean waves(tsunamis). Buildings with
foundations resting on
unconsolidated landfill andother unstable soil, and
trailers and homes not tiedto their foundations are at
e
Resistant
Structures
Earthquake
ResistantTechnique
s and
DesignPhilosoph
y
Construction
Materials
forEarthquak
e
Resistanc
e
Base
IsolationTechnique
s For
Earthquake
Resistanc
e
EnergyDissipatin
g Devicesfor
Earthquake
Resistanc
e
ActiveControl
Devicesfor
Earthquake
Resistanc
e
CaseStudy -
BaseIsolation
http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/earthquake_resistant_techniques_and_design_philosophy.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/construction_materials_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/base_isolation_techniques_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/energy_dissipating_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/active_control_devices_for_earthquake_resistance.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
3/75
risk because they can beshaken off their mountings
during an earthquake. When
an earthquake occurs in a
populated area, it maycause deaths and injuriesand extensive property
damage.
It is for this reason that it is
often said,
"Earthquake don't kill people,
buildings do."
The dynamic response
of building to earthquake
ground motion is the mostimportant cause of
earthquake-induced damageto buildings. The damage
that a building suffers
primarily depends not upon
its displacement, but uponacceleration. Whereasdisplacement is the actual
distance the ground andbuilding may move during
an earthquake, acceleration
is a measure of how quicklythey change speed as they
move. The conventionalapproach to earthquake
resistant design of buildingsdepends upon providing thebuilding with strength,
stiffness and inelasticdeformation capacity which
are great to withstand a
given level of earthquake-
System
CaseStudy -
EnergyDissipatin
g Devices
Site Map
http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/site_map.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_base_isolation_system.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/case_study_energy_dissipating_devices.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/site_map.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
4/75
generated force. This isgenerally accomplished
through the selection of an
appropriate structural
configuration and thecarefully detailing ofstructural members, such as
beams and columns, and theconnections between them.
In contrast, we can say that
the basic approachunderlying more advanced
techniques for earthquakeresistance is not to strength
the building, but to reducethe earthquake-generated
forces acting upon it. By de-
coupling the structure fromseismic ground motion it is
possible to reduce theearthquake-induced forces
in it. This can be done in two
ways:
Increase natural period of
structure by "BASEISOLATION".
Increase damping of the
system by "ENERGYDISSIPATING DEVICES".
Next:Earthquakes and
Natural Calamities
Home | About Us | CompanyProfile | Articles | Our
Projects | Contact Us
http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/aboutus.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/profile.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/profile.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/articles-interior-architecture.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/projects.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/projects.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/contactus.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/index.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/aboutus.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/profile.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/profile.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/articles-interior-architecture.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/projects.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/projects.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/contactus.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
5/75
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
EARTHQUAKE RESISTANTBUILDINGS
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE
PAGE INDEX:
Background
Procedure
Building with base isolator
Building with buttresses
Conclusion
BACKGROUND:Earthquake-proof versus Earthquake
Resistant
Engineers would liketo make every building
earthquake-proof, but
can't because it's too
expensive. Instead, they
recommend making
Transamerica
Building, San
Francisco
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
6/75
dams and public
buildings earthquake-
proof. All other buildings
should be earthquake
resistant to avoid
deaths. The cost of
repair is a fraction of the
cost of earthquake-
proofing these buildings
(Knowing Earthquakes,
p. 2-3). The
Transamerica PyramidBuilding in San
Francisco is earthquake-
proof. It swayed more
than one foot in the
1989 earthquake but
wasn't damaged.
(Left) Tuned mass
damper system
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
7/75
PROCEDUREA) A nine layer overlapped building
with a cross brace inside was made
on the earthquake machine. Straight
buttresses and a roof attached with
plasticine were added. The handles
of the earthquake machine were
pulled back to the line then let go.
When the machine had stopped
shaking, the handles were pulled
again and again until the building
collapsed. Each pull of the machine
was timed to last two seconds. Three
trials were done. At the end of each
trial, the building was rebuilt. The
data for each trial was recorded.
Earthquake building
with buttresses
B) A nine layer overlapped building
with a cross brace inside was made
and a roof was attached using
plasticine. The building was built on
a marble base isolator on the
earthquake machine. The handles of
the earthquake machine were pulled
back to the line then let go. When the
machine had stopped shaking, the
handles were pulled again and again
until the building collapsed. Each pull
of the machine was timed to last two
seconds. Three trials were done. At
Earthquake resistantbuilding with base
isolators
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
8/75
the end of each trial, the building
was rebuilt. The data for each trial
was recorded.
RESULTS (A)EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING WITH BASE ISOLATOR
9 LAYER OVERLAPPED BLOCKS
nine layercross
bracedroo
fbase
isolator
cross braced/roof/
base isolator10 20 10 28 36
12 22 14 28 40
12 16 16 24 34
averag11.3 19.3 13.3 26.7 36.7
%improvedstability 71 18 136 225
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
9/75
RESULTS (B)EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDING WITH BUTTRESSES
9 LAYER OVERLAPPED BLOCKSNine layer
Crossbraced Roof
Buttresses
Buttresses/Roof/Cross braced
10 20 10 12 2012 22 14 10 24
12 16 16 12 18
AVERAG11.3 19.3 13.3 11.3 20.7
% 71 18 0% 83
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
10/75
Improvedstability
CONCLUSIONIt is possible to make modifications to a building to make it
earthquake resistant.
The nine layer overlapped cubic building with buttresses, a
roof, and cross braces was 83% more stable than the plain
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
11/75
nine layer building. The nine layer overlapped cubic building
with cross braces, a roof and a marble base isolator was
226% more stable then a plain nine layer building. The base
isolator is more effective at stabilizing the building than the
buttresses because it actually absorbs more of the
earthquake's energy.
Click here
to go BACK
to
INDEX
Click here
to go BACK
to
ROOFS
Click here
to go to the
TOP of the
PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
PROBLEMS WITH THE
EXPERIMENT
MATERIALS
E a r t h q u a k e M a c h i n e :25 71/2 cm compression springs
Duct tape
Staples
Carpenter's stapler
Wire
25 screw eyes
Bamboo sticks
Pliers
Cutting shears
Ply wood
Circular saw
Exper i menta t i on :
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
12/75
Plasticine
Bamboo sticks
Crate wood for blocks
Marbles
Scissors
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
PROBLEMS WITH THE EXPERIMENT
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE
1. THE EARTHQUAKE MACHINEThe holes drilled in the bottom board didnt match the
position of the springs in the top board so all the springs
couldnt stand up straight when the top piece of plywood
was put on. The testing surface was too small so it wascovered with a larger piece of Styrofoam. The marble base
isolator was too heavy for the springs and made the
machine top lean slightly to one side. It was hard to pull the
handles in the same way every time so that the machine
would shake the same.
2. STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS AND BUILDINGSTABILITYa) Overlapping and Stability -The blocks couldnt be
attached together because then the buildings wouldnt fall
when being tested on the earthquake machine. The only
way it was possible to do this experiment was if the blocks
were not attached to each other. This meant that buildings
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
13/75
could only be stabilized to a certain point.
b) Height and Stability - There were no problems with this
experiment except it would be good to see what happens to
buildings with more layers.
c) Buttresses and Stability -Using the blocks as buttresses,
it was only possible to put buttresses on the first three
layers of the buildings. Stacking more blocks to make a
higher buttress didn't work. It toppled over. This left the top
layers without a buttress.
d) Base Isolators and Stability - As mentioned above the
marbles were too heavy for the machine causing it to bendover slightly to one side. Larger buildings such as a cross
were too heavy to be placed on the marble base isolator at
all because it would be too heavy for the machine. Many
lighter substitutes were tried, such as peas, beads and
Styrofoam balls but they all had their own problems.
e) Roofs and Stability - The roof couldnt be attached well
enough to the rest of the building, so after a couple of
shakes of the earthquake machine, it just fell off especially
since the rest of the blocks in the building werent attached.
The roof needs to be attached to the rest of the building to
make sure the building stays together during an earthquake.
If the roof starts to fall off, gravity and the forces of the
earthquake could topple the building.
f) Cross bracing and Stability - It was hard to find the right
materials to make the cross braces and to fit the crossbraces into the buildings. It was also difficult to attach the
cross braces to the blocks. In some trials the building and
the cross brace fell over because they werent attached to
the earthquake machine well enough.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
14/75
Nine layer building with
buttresses-
the top layers are not buttressed
Cross shaped building-
too big for base isolator
Click
here
to go
BACK to
INDEX
Click here
to go BACK to
EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT
BUILDINGS
Click
here
to go to
the
TOP of
the PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
FURTHER
EXPERIMENTATION
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
15/75
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:
CROSS BRACING AND STABILITY
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE
PROCEDURE
A cross brace structure was constructed from plasticine
and bamboo skewers. It was in the shape of either a cube or
a rectangular prism depending on the building height to be
tested. The cross brace structure was placed inside the
buildings to be tested to see if it would stabilize thebuilding. Cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine
layers of blocks were tested. The handles of the earthquake
machine were pulled back to the line then let go. When the
machine had stopped shaking, the handles were pulled
again and again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the
machine was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were
done. At the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The
data for each trial was recorded.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
16/75
Rectangular cross brace
Nine layer building cross braced
RESULTSCROSS BRACING AND STABILITY
BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS 3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER
no crossbracing crossbracing no crossbracingcrossbracin
g
nocrossbracin
gcross
bracing4 8 6 8 10 20
6 6 10 8 12 22
6 8 8 10 12 16AVERAG
5.3 7.3 8 8.7 11.3 19.4
%improvedstability 38 9 72
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
17/75
CONCLUSION
Cross bracing made a lot of difference in the stability of the
three layer building and the nine layer building but not the
six layer building. The stability of the nine layer building was
increased by almost 75%. Neither the cubic nor therectangular cross brace fit in the six layer building properly.
It wasn't braced well enough and so little improvement was
shown.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
18/75
Click here
to go
BACK to
INDEX
Click here
to go BACK to
BASE
ISOLATORS
Click here
to go to the
TOP of the
PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
ROOFS
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:
BASE ISOLATORS AND STABILITY
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE.
PROCEDUREA flat box with a layer of marbles in it was used as a base
isolator. Cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine
layers of blocks were placed in turn on top of the marbles
and tested on the earthquake machine for stability. The
handles of the earthquake machine were pulled back to the
line then let go. When the machine had stopped shaking,
the handles were pulled again and again until the building
collapsed. Each pull of the machine was timed to last two
seconds. Three trials were done. At the end of each trial,
the building was rebuilt. The data for each trial was
recorded.
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
19/75
Marble base isolator
Nine layer overlapped
building on
marble base isolator
RESULTSBASE ISOLATOR AND STABILITY
BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER
No BaseIsolator
BaseIsolator
NoBaseIsolator
BaseIsolator
NoBase
Isolator
BaseIsolator
4 8 10 286 8 6 20 14 28
6 8 8 22 16 24
Averag5.3 8 8 20.7 11.3 26.7
%Improvedstability 51 159 136
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
20/75
CONCLUSIONA marble base isolator made a lot of difference to the
stability of the buildings. It works because the marbles
absorb the energy made when the earthquake machinevibrates and release it by rolling around. Without the base
isolator, the bottom of the building sways faster than the
top of the building. With the base isolator, the entire
building moves as one unit and moves more slowly than the
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
21/75
base isolator.
The base isolator improved the stability of the three layer
building by 51%, the six layer by 159% and the nine layer
building by 136%. This was unexpected because the ninelayer building should increase the stability more than the six
layer. This may be because it is already more stable
because of its weight and the base isolator can't improve it
much more.
Click here
to goBACK to
INDEX
Click here
to go to BACKto
BUTTRESSES
Click here
to go to theTOP of the
PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:CROSS BRACES
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:
BUTTRESSES AND STABILITY
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE
PROCEDURE
On the earthquake machine, buttresses were added to a
rectangular building. The blocks were not overlapped.
Three blocks were stacked on each of the four corners to
act as buttresses. The handles of the earthquake machine
were pulled back to the line then let go. When the machine
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
22/75
had stopped shaking, the handles were pulled again and
again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the machine
was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were done. At
the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The data foreach trial was recorded. Three trials were done. Tests were
done using straight buttresses and then slanted buttresses.
Buttresses were also tested on cubic buildings where the
blocks were overlapped. The same procedure as above was
used.
Straightbuttressesoverlapped building
Slanted buttresses
overlapped building Straight buttresses
non-overlapped building
RESULTS
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
23/75
BUTTRESSES AND STABILITYNON-OVERLAPPED AND OVERLAPPED BLOCKSNO BUTTRESSES
STRAIGHTBUTTRESSES SLANTED BUTTRESSES
NON-OVER
LAPPEDOVER
LAPPEDNON-OVER
LAPPEDOVERLAPPE
D
NON-OVERLAPPE
DOVERLAPPED
2 4 8 12 16 6
2 6 11 6 12 8
2 6 10 8 14 10
AVERAGE 2 5.3 9.7 8.7 14 8%
Improvedstability 385 64 600 51
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
24/75
CONCLUSION
Reinforcing the structure with buttresses makes the
building more stable. For buildings where the blocks are not
overlapped, straight buttresses improved the stability by
385%. For buildings with slanted buttresses, the increase instability is 600%. For buildings with straight buttresses, the
building pushed the buttresses forward until they fell off the
earthquake machine. The slanted buttresses are harder to
move because they are pressing against one another.
For the building where the blocks were overlapped and had
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
25/75
straight buttresses, the stability is improved by 64%.
Buttresses dont stabilize the overlapped buildings as much
as the non-overlapped buildings. This is because of the
arrangement of the blocks in the overlapped buildingsalready makes them more stable.
Click here
to go
BACK to
INDEX
Click here
to go BACK to
BUILDING
HEIGHT
Click here
to go to the
TOP of the
PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
BASE ISOLATOR
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:
BUILDING HEIGHT AND STABILITY
Go to Bottom of Page
PROCEDURE
The effect of building height on stability was tested by
making cubic, overlapped buildings of three, six and nine
layers of blocks. The handles of the earthquake machine
were pulled back to the line then let go. When the machinehad stopped shaking, the handles were pulled again and
again until the building collapsed. Each pull of the machine
was timed to last two seconds. Three trials were done. At
the end of each trial, the building was rebuilt. The data for
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
26/75
each trial was recorded.
Three Layer Building
Six Layer Building Nine Layer
Building
RESULTSBUILDING HEIGHT
BUILDING WITH OVERLAPPED BLOCKS
4 6 10
6 10 12 6 8 12AVERAGE 5.3 8 11.3% improvedstability 51 113
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
27/75
Click here
to go BACK
to
INDEX
Click hereto go BACK to
OVERLAPPING
Click here
to go to the
TOP of the
PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
BUTTRESSES
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
STRUCTURAL MODIFICATIONS:
OVERLAPPING AND STABILITY
Go to BOTTOM of PAGE
PROCEDURE
Four blocks were centered on the
earthquake machine but not
overlapped. A small rectangular
building, three stories high, was
built using more blocks. The
handles of the earthquake machine
were pulled back to the line then
let go. When the machine hadstopped shaking, the handles were
pulled again and again until the
building collapsed. Each pull of the
machine was timed to last two
seconds. Three trials were done. At
Three layer non-overlapped
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
28/75
the end of each trial, the building
was rebuilt. The data for each trial
was recorded.
Then another building was made
but this time the blocks were
overlapped and the building was
square. The same procedure was
followed as for the non-overlapped
blocks. Three layer overlapped
RESULTS
OVERLAPPED BLOCKS AND STABILITYNON-OVERLAPPED AND OVERLAPPED BLOCKS 3 LAYER 6 LAYER 9 LAYER
non-
overlappedoverlapped
non-overlap
pedoverlappe
dnon-overlapped overlapped
2 4 2 6 2 10 2 6 2 10 2 12 2 6 2 8 2 12
AVERAGE 2 5.4 2 8 2 11.3
% improved stability 170 300 465
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
29/75
CONCLUSION
Overlapping increased the stability of buildings because the
blocks were all touching and the force from the earthquake
machine was distributed evenly. The friction from the blocks
rubbing one another stops them from falling down as quickly
as when the blocks are not overlapped. The percent
improved stability for the six layer overlapped building was
300% more than the non-overlapped one. The nine layer
overlapped building was 465% more stable than the non-
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
30/75
overlapped.
Clickhere
to go
BACK to
INDEX
Click hereto go BACK to
EARTHQUAKE
MACHINE
Click hereto go to
the
TOP of
the PAGE
Click here to go to NEXT:
BUILDING HEIGHT
Index ~~ Background ~~ Purpose ~~ Hypothesis ~~ Materials ~~ Earthquake Machine
~~ Modifications: Overlapping - Height - Buttresses - Base Isolators - Cross Braces -
Roofs ~~ Resistant Buildings ~~ Problems ~~ Further Experimentation ~~
Bibliography
BibliographyGo to BOTTOM of PAGE
Agrawal, D.P. and Manikant Shah,
"Earthquake Resistant Structures of Himalayas."
www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_quake.htm
"ArchNet Discussion Forum, Conflict and Natural Disasters."
archnet.org/forum/veiw.tel?message_id=118715
"Design: Tuned Mass Damper."
www.canberrasec.net/~fuyh/hchallenge/finalpro/structural.htm
"Earthquake Protection: The Earth May Move, But Parliament Stays
Put". http://www.ps.parliament.govt.nz/quake.htm
FEMA,
"Buildings: Structural Concepts." www.conservationtech.com/fema-
web/fema-subweb-eq/02-02-earthquake...
Horton, Robyn,
http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/background.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/purpose.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/hypothesis.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/materials.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakemachine.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/overlapping.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buildingheight.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/buttresses.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/baseisolators.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/crossbraces.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/roofs.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/earthquakeresistant.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/problems.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/bibliography.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
31/75
"K-State Researchers Shake Things up for Earthquakes."
www.mediarelations .ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/
earthquakebuilding71300.html
Japan Atlas,"Historic Sites: Todaiji Temple. web-
japan.org/atlas/historical/his13.html
Morris, Neil,
Earthquakes. Crabtree Publishing Company. 1998
Pendick, Daniel,
"Savage Earth: Building Safer."
www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/earthquakes/html/sidebar3.html
Schwartz, Karyn,
"Predicting Earthquakes."
www.pbs.org/newshour/science/earthquake/buildings.html
Simon, Seymour,
The Wonders of Our World: Earthquakes. Morrow Junior Books. 1991.
"Structural Control System."www.takenaka.co.jp/takenaka_e/quake_e/seishin/.htm
TIFAC,
"Knowing Earthquakes," www.tifac.org.in/news/eqknow.htm
Walker, Sally M.,
Earthquakes: A Caroirhoda Earth Watch Book. Cariorhuda Books. 1996.
Click here
to go BACK to
INDEX
Click here to go
BACK to FURTHER
EXPERIMENTATION
Click here
to go to the
TOP of the
Page
http://www.mediarelations.ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/http://www.mediarelations.ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htmhttp://www.mediarelations.ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/http://www.mediarelations.ksu.edu/web/news/newsreleases/http://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/index.htmhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2006/thom6d2/furtherexperimentation.htm8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
32/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
33/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
34/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
35/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
36/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
37/75
Top of Form
en 1R2ADBF_en 1 3
earthquake resistant buildings
Search images
Bottom of Form
Back to image results
See full size image
280 x 280 - 12k - jpg - www.hrd-s.com/.../Base2.jpg
Image may be subject to copyright.
Below is the image at:www.hrd-s.com/.../Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlRemove frame
http://images.google.co.in/images?q=earthquake+resistant+buildings&hl=en&rlz=1R2ADBF_en&sa=X&um=1http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base2.jpghttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base2.jpghttp://images.google.co.in/imghp?hl=enhttp://images.google.co.in/images?q=earthquake+resistant+buildings&hl=en&rlz=1R2ADBF_en&sa=X&um=1http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base2.jpghttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
38/75
Source: Japan Society of Seismic Isolation
Base Isolated HouseWhat is Base Isolated House?Base isolated structure fends off violent shakings of quakes while earthquake-resistant housing usesthe building itself to resist such tremors. Its isolation mechanism absorbs the earthquake force toconvert severe vibrations into much smaller and slower ones. Thus it can protect your loved ones andproperty by preventing secondary damage caused by falling or dropping of the furniture or breakageof window glasses.'Base isolated house' absorbs the earthquake energy and changes it to slower swaying.'Earthquake-resistant house' secures your safety by holding out the tremors leveraging its ownstrength and resilience.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
39/75
Base isolated House
Earthquake Resistant HouseThe technology called 'seismic isolation structure' which turns destructive seismic shakings into slowerand softer ones prevents possible damage. This structure can evade the tremors, taking them in strideand safeguarding the building, not mention the human lives and property inside.'Earthquake-resistant' technology enables the building to counter quakes by making its strength andresilience great enough to resist shakings. Although it can protect the building safely, it is ac-companied by a risk that the fur-niture inside could fall or drop.
Hybrid seismic isolation system,the first of its kind forhouses in japan
The hybrid seismic isolation system that incorporates ultra-low elastic multi-rubber with a specially-coated slider is the first of its kind for houses in Japan.. Our efforts to untiringly and repeatedlyconduct experiments have come to fruition at last, allowing us to provide quake-proof houses ofoutstanding performance at low cost
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
40/75
Multi-rubberSliderThe laminated rubber plays a role in oscillating the building at a low frequency in the event of anearthquake and will bring it back to its original position after the quake.This absorbs the energy of an earthquake by sliding the building freely 360 degrees.
High performance was verified after 300 shakes,reducing earthquakes acceleration by 1/4 or 1/3.
http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/BaseCG.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
41/75
In our development of seismic isolation systems, we carried out tests that actually shook a wooden 2-story house built on the device about 300 times. As a result, we confirmed that our system is capableof easing quakes acceleration (intensity of vibrations) by 1/4 or 1/3 as well as securing safety to thepoint that even glasses on tables are prevented from trembling.We conducted public experiments applying actual oscillations at Hazama Technology Institute, whichhas large testing equipment of the highest standard in Japan. This has proven our credible quakeisolation performance and high security.
Our performance in JapanWe have developed our base isolated houses, making their popularity our prime goal, and we havesucceeded in cutting the cost substantially to one-half or to 1/3 of that of traditional isolationstructures. Realizing this cost-reduction, we have already built 1,900 houses in Japan (as of April2006). We are very proud that this accounts for more than 70% of Japans seismic isolation house
market. "We want all the houses to be seismically isolated" We have a passion for creating safehouses every day.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
42/75
Examples of base isolated buildings in the U.S.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
43/75
San Francisco City Hall(The state of California)
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
44/75
Oakland City Hall(The state of California)USC University Hospital(The state of California)
Back to top
*enlargement
Results of vibration of tests
*enlargement
http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/BaseCG.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Graph.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Graph.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Video/video.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Base%20Isolated%20House.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/BaseCG.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Graph.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
45/75
http://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Video/kitchen.htmlhttp://www.hrd-s.com/products/Base%20Isolated%20House/Video/Living.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
46/75
HubPages
sign in
start a new hub
my account
help
browse Topics Hubs Answers Hubbers Forums Hubtivity
Top of Form
search
Bottom of Form
EARTHQUAKES
73rate or flag this page
Byram_m
EARTHQUAKES
http://hubpages.com/http://hubpages.com/signin/http://hubpages.com/hubtool/create/name/http://hubpages.com/my/hubshttp://hubpages.com/faq/http://hubpages.com/topics/http://hubpages.com/hubs/hot/http://hubpages.com/answers/latest/http://hubpages.com/authors/best/http://hubpages.com/forum/http://hubpages.com/hubtivity/http://hubpages.com/profile/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/profile/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/http://hubpages.com/signin/http://hubpages.com/hubtool/create/name/http://hubpages.com/my/hubshttp://hubpages.com/faq/http://hubpages.com/topics/http://hubpages.com/hubs/hot/http://hubpages.com/answers/latest/http://hubpages.com/authors/best/http://hubpages.com/forum/http://hubpages.com/hubtivity/http://hubpages.com/profile/ram_m8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
47/75
San Francisco, April 18, 1906 at 5-15 AM a massive earthquake measuring 8.25 on the Richter
scale devastated most parts of the city. The havoc was magnified in its intensity by the fire that
erupted resulting in the collapse of nearly 25000 buildings and the death of about 700 people. The
human misery was even greater---about 250,000 became homeless and the damage was estimated
to be more than $350,000,000. Eighty three years later (1989) San Francisco was hit by anotherearthquake this time measuring 6.7 on the Richter scale. It is predicted that earthquakes of 1906
magnitude usually take place at intervals of 200 years, but the probability of earthquakes of 6.7 on
the Richter scale before 2032 is about 62%. We cannot avert these acts of nature nor can we be
complacent about it. So what can we do when nature strikes? This can answered only when we
understand why and how earthquakes occur.
WHAT CAUSES EARTHQUAKES
Part of the earth called plates; move in opposite direction due to forces acting upon it. This stretches
the rock resulting in the formation of faults. When distortion reaches breaking point, the rocks begin
to break. This break rapidly spreads along the fault releasing immense amount of energy. Themovement of the rock can sometimes be up and down too. The origin of the earthquake where the
initial break takes place is called the FOCUS. The point on the earth's surface directly above the
focus is called the EPICENTRE.
Sometimes earthquakes are preceded by foreshocks. But the problem is that it can be identified as
one, only after the main earthquake has taken place. Aftershocks however are more common, which
may continue for weeks or months and occurs due the readjustments in the position of rocks.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTH QUAKES
Earthquakes are measured on the logarithm of the energy released and is expressed in Richter
scale.
Slight : Magnitude up to 4.9 on the Richter scale
Moderate : Magnitude 5.0 to 6.9
Great : Magnitude 7.0 to 7.9
Very great : Magnitude 8.0 and more
INSTRUMENTS MEASURING EARTHQUAKES
A Seismograph is the instrument which is used for measuring earthquakes. The first seismograph
was invented in 132 AD by the Chinese astronomer Chang Heng. It was called Earthquakeweathercock". The modern seismograph was however invented by the British geologist John Milne
in 1880 who along with Sir James Alfred Ewing and Thomas Gray formed the Seismological Society
of Japan which had funded the invention of seismograph.
DEADLIEST EARTHQUAKES
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
48/75
The deadliest earthquake in recorded history took place in Shansxi, China on January 23, 1556. It is
estimated that around 830,000 people perished in the great calamity and had a magnitude of 8 on
the Richter scale. However one of the largest earthquake in the twentieth century was on May 22,
1960 which took place in Chile. Quite often fallouts of earthquakes are tsunamis as in the case of the
Indonesian earthquake of 2004, where an undersea earthquake of the magnitude of 9.1 on theRichter scale triggered a tsunami which killed nearly 150,000 people and released energy equivalent
to 23000 Hiroshima type A-bombs.
WHEN EARTHQUAKES STRIKES
Remain cool and don't panic. Survival depends upon how you react in such emergencies.
WHEN INSIDE
DROP, COVER AND HOLD ON. This means that you should take cover under some heavy
piece of furniture like a table and continue to remain there until the shaking stops. Ensure that
you are not near a window or door and don't move around unnecessarily.
If you are in bed, you may either seek cover under the bed or continue to remain there. But
cover you head with a pillow.
Never use an elevator.
WHEN OUTSIDE
Move away from buildings, trees or power lines and stand in a clear spot
Drop to the ground and remain like that until the shaking stops.
IF YOU ARE IN A CAR
Slow down and find a clear space to stop. Avoid stopping under bridges, power lines or
collapsing buildings.
Switch off the engine, turn on emergency flashers and continue to remain inside.
AFTER THE EARTHQUAKE
Listen to emergency information on your battery operated radio.
If your home is unsafe, get every one out.
If there is a gas leak, open the windows and leave the building.
If your electricity system is damaged, see sparks or smell hot insulation, switch of the electricity
mains, but don't go near it if you have to step into water.
Help your neighbors, particularly children, elderly people and those who are physically
handicapped.
It is not earthquake however that kill, people but buildings around us. Modern earthquake resistant
buildings try to increase the natural period of the structure by base isolation and increase damping
by energy dissipating devices.
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
49/75
Links
The Great 1906 Earthquake and Fire
http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.html
Early films on San Francisco earthquake
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html
Library of Congress collection
http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.html
Dos and don'ts during earthquakes
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGs
The San Francisco earthquake of 1989
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=related
Sumatra earthquake
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=related
Asian Tsunami 2004
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoE
Dos and don'ts when insuring your home.
http://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.html
Designing earth quake resistant buildings
http://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_
structures.html
http://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoEhttp://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.sfmuseum.org/1906/06.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/papr/sfhome.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Llim0NxpGGshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FW-TkpvKPl0&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPj41JySMLk&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NfKZAiWRoEhttp://www.unitedpolicyholders.org/claimtips/tip_do_donot.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.htmlhttp://www.architectjaved.com/earthquake_resistant_structures/planning_for_earthquake_resistant_structures.html8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
50/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
51/75
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
52/75
San Francisco earthquake 1906
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
53/75
How earthquakes happen
Cheng Heng's Earthquake weathercock
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
54/75
Charles Richter
Earthquake resistant building
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
55/75
Probability of another earthquake in San Francisco
Seismic zoning in US
8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
56/75
seismometer
Earthquakes: 2006 Centennial Update
Price: $53.35
Nature Tech - Earthquakes (History Channel)
Price: $2.06
List Price: $24.95
Earthquakes (reillustrated) (Let's-Read-and-Find-Out Science 2)
Price: $2.48
List Price: $5.99
Nova: Earthquake the Science Behind the Shake
Price: $24.34
List Price: $39.95
PrintShare it! Rate it: up down [flag this hub]
Ecology: WATER, WATER NOWHERE AND NOT A DROP TO DREAM
http://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-Centennial-Update-Bruce-Bolt/dp/0716775484%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0716775484http://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-Centennial-Update-Bruce-Bolt/dp/0716775484%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0716775484http://www.amazon.com/Nature-Tech-Earthquakes-History-Channel/dp/B000NDIAUQ%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000NDIAUQhttp://www.amazon.com/Nature-Tech-Earthquakes-History-Channel/dp/B000NDIAUQ%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000NDIAUQhttp://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-reillustrated-Lets-Read-Find-Out-Science/dp/0064451887%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0064451887http://www.amazon.com/Nova-Earthquake-Science-Behind-Shake/dp/B000T8Z04O%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000T8Z04Ohttp://www.amazon.com/Nova-Earthquake-Science-Behind-Shake/dp/B000T8Z04O%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000T8Z04Ohttp://www.printnicer.com/http://www.printnicer.com/http://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/flag/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/flag/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/WATER--WATER-NOWHERE-AND-NOT-A-DROP-TO-DREAMhttp://www.amazon.com/Nova-Earthquake-Science-Behind-Shake/dp/B000T8Z04O?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000T8Z04Ohttp://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-reillustrated-Lets-Read-Find-Out-Science/dp/0064451887?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0064451887http://www.amazon.com/Nature-Tech-Earthquakes-History-Channel/dp/B000NDIAUQ?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000NDIAUQhttp://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-Centennial-Update-Bruce-Bolt/dp/0716775484?SubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0716775484http://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-Centennial-Update-Bruce-Bolt/dp/0716775484%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0716775484http://www.amazon.com/Nature-Tech-Earthquakes-History-Channel/dp/B000NDIAUQ%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000NDIAUQhttp://www.amazon.com/Earthquakes-reillustrated-Lets-Read-Find-Out-Science/dp/0064451887%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=0064451887http://www.amazon.com/Nova-Earthquake-Science-Behind-Shake/dp/B000T8Z04O%3FSubscriptionId=14H876SFAKFS0EHBYQ02&tag=hubpagcom08a-20&linkCode=xm2&camp=2025&creative=165953&creativeASIN=B000T8Z04Ohttp://www.printnicer.com/http://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/flag/hub/EARTHQUAKEShttp://hubpages.com/hub/WATER--WATER-NOWHERE-AND-NOT-A-DROP-TO-DREAM8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
57/75
Comments
RSS for comments on this Hub
starcatchinfo says:
13 months ago
WHAT A DEVASTATING AN EARTHQUAKE WILL BE
umkeyra says:
7 months ago
Good informational hub.
Lots of resource links and videos. Also facts about earthquakes are useful too.
If you think it would be helpful to your readers, you can link to my earthquake maps which show the
recent 'swarms' for up to the past 30-60 days and the current hot spots in the world. These come as
different layers on a map so you can turn them on or off. Check out my hubs.
Top of Form
Submit a Comment
1050817
Members and Guests
Sign in orsign up and post using a hubpages account.
Name:
URL: optional
http://hubpages.com/hub/?rsshttp://hubpages.com/profile/starcatchinfohttp://hubpages.com/profile/umkeyrahttp://hubpages.com/profile/umkeyrahttp://hubpages.com/signin/http://hubpages.com/user/new/?utm_source=tocomment&utm_nooverride=1http://hubpages.com/profile/starcatchinfohttp://hubpages.com/hub/?rsshttp://hubpages.com/profile/starcatchinfohttp://hubpages.com/profile/umkeyrahttp://hubpages.com/signin/http://hubpages.com/user/new/?utm_source=tocomment&utm_nooverride=18/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
58/75
Comment:
Post Comment
No HTML is allowed in comments, but URLs will be hyperlinked
Comments are not for promoting your hubs or other sites
Bottom of Form
90
ram_m
From India
30 Fans
24 Hubs
Joined 2 years ago
Read more hubs by ram_m
Contact ram_m
http://hubpages.com/profile/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/author/ram_m/hot/http://hubpages.com/email/user/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/profile/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/profile/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/author/ram_m/hot/http://hubpages.com/email/user/ram_m8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
59/75
Join ram_m's fan club
Subscribe to ram_m's RSS feed
Request a hub from ram_m
R E L A T E D H U B S
Top 5 Hot Nursing Schools in the San Francisco Bay Area
byPatty Inglish, MS
Top Ten Neighborhoods to Visit on a Trip to San Francisco
byKathryn Vercillo
A dangerous earthquake in San Francisco in the next 30...
byglassvisage
I left my Heart in San Francisco
bySharing Insight
Great Stuff To Do In San Francisco
byrelache
http://hubpages.com/fans/add/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/author/ram_m/latest/?rsshttp://hubpages.com/make/request/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Nursing-Schools-in-the-San-Francisco-Bay-Areahttp://hubpages.com/profile/Patty+Inglish,+MShttp://hubpages.com/profile/Patty+Inglish,+MShttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Ten-Neighborhoods-to-Visit-on-a-Trip-to-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Kathryn+Vercillohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Kathryn+Vercillohttp://hubpages.com/hub/A-dangerous-earthquake-in-San-Francisco-in-the-next-30-yearshttp://hubpages.com/profile/glassvisagehttp://hubpages.com/profile/glassvisagehttp://hubpages.com/hub/I-left-my-Heart-in-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Sharing+Insighthttp://hubpages.com/profile/Sharing+Insighthttp://hubpages.com/hub/San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/relachehttp://hubpages.com/profile/relachehttp://hubpages.com/hub/San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/hub/I-left-my-Heart-in-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/hub/A-dangerous-earthquake-in-San-Francisco-in-the-next-30-yearshttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Ten-Neighborhoods-to-Visit-on-a-Trip-to-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Nursing-Schools-in-the-San-Francisco-Bay-Areahttp://hubpages.com/fans/add/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/author/ram_m/latest/?rsshttp://hubpages.com/make/request/ram_mhttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Nursing-Schools-in-the-San-Francisco-Bay-Areahttp://hubpages.com/profile/Patty+Inglish,+MShttp://hubpages.com/hub/Top-Ten-Neighborhoods-to-Visit-on-a-Trip-to-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Kathryn+Vercillohttp://hubpages.com/hub/A-dangerous-earthquake-in-San-Francisco-in-the-next-30-yearshttp://hubpages.com/profile/glassvisagehttp://hubpages.com/hub/I-left-my-Heart-in-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Sharing+Insighthttp://hubpages.com/hub/San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/relache8/3/2019 Tips to Design Earthquake Resistant
60/75
Top 10 Hot Jobs in San Francisco
byPatty Inglish, MS
R E L A T E D Q U E S T I O N S
Homelessness In San Francisco, A Local's Overview
asked byRyan Hupfer12 months ago
0 answers Answer this question
next year my family and I are planning a 7 day trip to New York and 7 days in San Francisco. suggestionsplease of visitor attractions which are children friendly
asked byjimmythejock2 years ago
3 answers Answer this question
T A G S
earthquake
earthquakes
tsunami
richter
seismology
seismograph
seismometer
san francisco earthquake
midwest earthquake
seismological society of japan
john milne
when earthquake strikes
what causes earrthquakes
earthquake resistant buildings
deadliest earthquakes
chan hengs earthquake weather cock
san francisco earthquake 1989
san francisco earthquake 1906
dos and donts during earthquakes
seismic zoning of us
earthquake resistant building, earthquake resistant buildings, earth quake safety, resisting earthquake, design structural building
http://hubpages.com/hub/Hot-Jobs-in-San-Franciscohttp://hubpages.com/profile/Patty+Inglish,+MShttp://hubpages.com/profile/Patty+Inglish,+MShttp://hubpages.com/question/7790/homelessness-in-san-francisco--a-locals-overviewhttp://hubpages.com/profile/Ryan+Hupferhttp://hubpages.com/profile/Ryan+Hupferhttp://hubpages.com/profile/Ryan+Hupferhttp://hubpages.com/question/7790/homelessness-in-san-francisco--a-locals-overviewhttp://hubpages.com/question/7790/homelessness-in-san-francisco--a-locals-overview?openhttp://hubpages.com/question/1063/next-year-my-family-and-i-are-planning-a-7-day-trip-to-new-york-and-7-days-in-san-francisco-suggestions-please-ofhttp://hubpages.com/question/1063/next-year-my-family-and-i-are-planning-a-7-day-trip-to-new-york-and-7-days-in-san-francisco-suggestions-please-ofhttp://hubpages.com/profile/jimmythejockhttp://hubpages.com/profile/jimmythejockhttp://hubpages.com/profile/jimmythejockhttp://hubpages.com/question/1063/next-year-my-family-and-i-are-planning-a-7-day-trip-to-new-york-and-7-days-in-san-francisco-suggestions-please-ofhttp://hubpages.com/question/1063/next-year-my-family-and-i-are-planning-a-7-day-trip-to-new-york-and-7-days-in-san-francisco-suggestions-please-of?openhttp://hubpages.com/tag/earthquake/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/earthquakes/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/tsunami/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/tsunami/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/richter/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/seismology/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/seismograph/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/seismometer/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/san+francisco+earthquake/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/midwest+earthquake/hothttp://hubpages.com/tag/seismo