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Tire Labeling and Green Tires
National law, Infrastructure and Market
in Japan, South Korea and China
Horst Wildemann
Tobias Engelmeier
This study was inquired by
to analyze National law, Infrastructure and Market
for Green Tires in Japan, South Korea and China.
Horst Wildemann
Tobias Engelmeier
Tire Labeling and Green Tires
National law, Infrastructure and Market in Japan, South Korea and China
Copyright by TCW Transfer-Centrum GmbH & Co. KG, 2011
1st Edition 2011
Publisher:
TCW Transfer-Centrum GmbH & Co. KG, Munich
All rights, including translation into other languages, reserved. No part of this work may be
reproduced without the written permission of the publisher in any way, nor used for educational
purposes, reproduction or by usage of electronic systems.
Bibliographic information Die Deutsche Bibliothek
Die Deutsche Bibliothek provides this publication in the German
national bibliography:
Detailed bibliographic data are available on the internet at
http://dnb.ddb.de.
Wildemann, Horst, Engelmeier, Tobias:
Tire Labeling and Green Tires National law, Infrastructure and Market in Japan, South Korea
and China
1st Edition,
Munich: TCW Transfer-Centrum, 2011
ISBN: 978-3-941967-32-8
3
Preface
The European Union designed new regulation for tires, which will
go into effect in November 2011. The regulations target further
reduction on fuel consumption and CO2 emissions. Especially the
Asian countries need to tackle these challenges. The rapid
urbanization processes and increasing mobility needs in markets
such as Japan, China and South Korea lead to new policies and
guidelines. As one of the world largest rubber manufactuarer and
additives, LANXESS is a knowledgable discussion partner for our
Asian clients, suppliers and decision makers in order to implement
higher regulations for tires. Therefore, we decided to mandate Prof.
Wildemann, Technical University of Munich, to compile the
following study on “Tire Labeling and Green Tires National law,
Infrastructure and Market in Japan, South Korea and China”. I
thank Prof. Wildemann and his team for his exemplary work.
Leverkusen, July 20, 2011
Dr. Axel C. Heitmann
Dr. Axel C. Heitmann
Chief Executive Officer
LANXESS AG, Leverkusen
5
Foreword
The European Union sets its guiding principles with the new
regulation 661/2009/EG in order to futher harmonize its rules in the
European area. Green tires as such have less rolling resistance
which is the resistance that arises from the rolling of tire by
deformation and friction losses. Because of this, the EU created a
European tire label that sets technical standards and provides
information on substance-force efficiency, wet grip and rolling
noise. Countries such as Japan and South Korea introduced an
elaborate and comprehensive tire labeling standards. For the
purpose of clarity and convenience, this study carried out within the
framework of certain parameters, namely road infrastructure,
enablers, national law/policies and finally the market analysis of the
counties Japan, China and South Korea.
Munich, July 20, 2011
Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. Horst Wildemann
Horst Wildemann
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.
Technical University Munich
6
Authors
Horst Wildemann
Univ.-Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.
Technical University Munich,
TCW Transfer-Centrum-GmbH & Co. KG
Dr. Tobias Engelmeier
Managing Director
BRIDGE TO INDIA Private Limited
New Delhi
Editorial assistant
Isabelle-Jasmin Roth
Director
BRIDGE TO INDIA Private Limited
New Delhi
Sven Stegmann
MBA, Dipl.-Ing. (FH)
TCW Transfer-Centrum GmbH & Co. KG,
Munich
7
Preface ............................................................................................................................3
Foreword........................................................................................................................5
Author ............................................................................................................................6
0 Summary ................................................................................................................9
1 Introduction..........................................................................................................11
2 Frame of reference for green tires .....................................................................12
2.1 Green tires and reasons for new thinking ................................................................... 12
2.2 European tire labeling to support the introduction ..................................................... 14
2.3 Impact of road and infrastructure quality on the tire .................................................. 16
3 Insights into key market Japan ..........................................................................18
3.1 Road infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 18
3.2 Enablers ...................................................................................................................... 21
3.3 National law and outlook for tire labeling and green tires ......................................... 25
3.4 Market analysis with focus on green tires .................................................................. 30
4 Insights into key market South Korea...............................................................32
4.1 Road infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Enablers ...................................................................................................................... 35
4.3 National law and outlook for tire labeling and green tires ......................................... 38
5 Insights into key market China ..........................................................................44
5.1 Road infrastructure ..................................................................................................... 44
5.2 Enablers ...................................................................................................................... 47
5.3 National law and outlook for tire labeling and green tires ......................................... 52
5.4 Market analysis with focus on Tires ........................................................................... 57
8
6 Future trade outlook between key markets and the European Union .......... 61
6.1 Labeling as entry barrier for European companies .....................................................61
6.2 Impact of labeling on European-Asian tire export and import behaviour ..................63
6.3 Conclusion for rubber manufactures ...........................................................................66
6.3.1 Develop innovative premium products for Asian clients ..............................66
6.3.2 Showcase the direct adavantes to your key clients and end- consumers.......67
6.3.3 Implement a long-term and systemic sustainability strategy for Asia ..........67
6.3.4 Develop a pro-active stakeholder management strategy for the Asian
markets...........................................................................................................67
References.................................................................................................................... 68
Appendix...................................................................................................................... 80
9
0 Summary
The Kyoto Protocol obliges its participating nations to reduce
emissions of CO2. A large percentage of fossil fuel is consumed by
means of transportation; in fact 12% of CO2 emissions in the
European Unision (EU) are due to passenger cars. In this context,
increasing energy efficiency is becoming the guideline for the design
of cars. Increasing fuel prices and concerns about climate change due
to carbon emissions trigger efforts to reduce fuel consumption.
The rolling resistance of tires is a major cause of fuel consumption
as well as CO2 emission of a vehicle. Studies show that 20% to 30%
of fuel consumption and over 24% of CO2 emissions are reasoned
by tires. This shows the need to develop fuel optimized tires, which
are discussed under the name of “green tires” in the European tire
and rubber industry.
Green tires as such have less rolling resistance which is the
resistance that arises from the rolling of tire by deformation and
friction losses. Today efficiency potential in fuel consumption is on
average 3%. Because of this, the EU created a European tire label
that sets technical standards and provides information on substance-
force efficiency, wet grip and rolling noise. The regulation
661/2009/EG will harmonize the tire standards in the European area
and create the conditions for a high level of road safety and
environmental protection. The regulation will go into effect in
November 2011 and has the potential to be a role model for global
policy development. Therefore, key Asian markets such as China,
Japan and South Korea become focus of large tire companies.
Japan: The data on Japan highlights the fact that the island nation is
doing visibly significant efforts to make its transport sector fuel
efficient and world class. The energy consumption in road sector as
percentage of total energy consumption has declined from 15.05% in
2003 to 13.93% in 2008. It has brought out emission laws in the
transport sector which is by far the most stringent in the world. The
12% CO2 emission in the EU are due to
passenger cars.
13%
21%
6% 7%
12%
41%
Other Transportation
Passenger Car
Households
Business
Industry
Power Generation
20,9% of fuel consumtion are
reasoned by tires.
0.4Acceleration
Resistance
20.9Total
Resistance
4.5Air
Resistance
16Rolling
Resistance
Proportion of
tires for fuel
consupmtion
in %
0.4Acceleration
Resistance
20.9Total
Resistance
4.5Air
Resistance
16Rolling
Resistance
Proportion of
tires for fuel
consupmtion
in %
10
privatization law that it passed in 2005 has resulted in the formation
of world class expressways. The most important step taken in the
direction of fuel-efficient transport system is the introduction of an
elaborate and comprehensive tire labeling standards that it brought
out in 2010 which is technically equal to European standards. By
this, it has set an unprecendented bench mark for other Asian
countries to follow. The tire standard will be mandatory from
December 2011. Coupled with this is the fact that Japan’s economy
though never consistent has always been able to retain its status as
one of the top 5 economies of the world. Thus, it provides a huge
potential for the companies to invest in its green tire market.
China: Chinese economy is the fastest growing in the world. This
has a direct impact on its infrastructure. Consequently, its road
infrastructure has been growing at an average of 20% per year since
2000 reaching a total length of road network of 3.98 million km in
2010. The development scenario resulted in increasing fuel
consumption, carbon emissions and air pollution. The environmental
awareness of the population is still low, but the government intends
to enforce a green development of the economy. In the upcoming
12th FYP (2011-2015), China plans to restructure the economy
towards a higher level of sustainability and aims for a ‘higher quality
growth’. However, as of now, Chinese policies do not include any
measure taken specifically on green tires or green tire labeling.
South Korea: It is also one of the better developed economies of
Asia though not as much as Japan. Its economy is consistently on the
rise and the public as well as private usage of vehicles is steadily
increasing. Along with Japan, it has also brought out its tire labeling
mechanism. It is a crucial step in making its transportation sector
efficient and to keep up with the labeling standards of other
developed nations. The tire regulations will become mandatory from
November 2012 and so the green tire market of South Korea holds
promising potential to its investors.
Japanese tire labeling is equal
to European standards.
FC
Foreclosure of
the market at the
moment phase 2
is taking effect in
EU.
EB
G
C
B
A
EU
Rating
AA
Qualifies tires
for the special
mark of fuel
efficient tires in
Japan.
AAA
Foreclosure of
the market at the
moment phase 1
is taking effect in
EU.
-
A
Comment
Japa-
nese
Rating
FC
Foreclosure of
the market at the
moment phase 2
is taking effect in
EU.
EB
G
C
B
A
EU
Rating
AA
Qualifies tires
for the special
mark of fuel
efficient tires in
Japan.
AAA
Foreclosure of
the market at the
moment phase 1
is taking effect in
EU.
-
A
Comment
Japa-
nese
Rating
As well as the growth of the road
infrastructure the cars sold in china grows
20 % anually.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2004 2006 2008 2010
+20%
Cars sold in
mn units
Cars sold in
mn units