Titan: The moon with an

Titan: The moon with an

atmosphere

atmosphere

The Saturnian System

The Saturnian System

The story of Titan

The story of Titan’’ s discovery

s discovery

Dis

cover

ed in 1

655 b

y D

utc

h sci

entist

Dis

cover

ed in 1

655 b

y D

utc

h sci

entist

Christia

an H

uygen

sChristia

an H

uygen

s

Ref

erre

d to it as

Ref

erre

d to it as

Luna Saturni

Luna Saturni

(Sat

urn

's m

oon)

(Sat

urn

's m

oon)

Nam

ed

Nam

ed ‘‘Titan

Titan

’’in

in

1847 b

y the

1847 b

y the

English

ast

ronom

er

English

ast

ronom

er

John H

ersc

hel

Jo

hn H

ersc

hel

Aerial telescope

Poss

ibility o

f at

mosp

her

e su

gges

ted b

y C

om

as S

ola

s in

1903

Poss

ibility o

f at

mosp

her

e su

gges

ted b

y C

om

as S

ola

s in

1903 , a

fter

, af

ter

obse

rvin

g lim

b d

arken

ing

obse

rvin

g lim

b d

arken

ing

Existe

nce

of at

mosp

her

e co

nfirm

ed b

y

Existe

nce

of at

mosp

her

e co

nfirm

ed b

y

Kuip

er in 1

944, m

ethan

e id

entified

in

Kuip

er in 1

944, m

ethan

e id

entified

in

Titan

spec

trum

Titan

spec

trum

Gro

und

Gro

und-- b

ased

tel

esco

pic

obse

rvat

ions

bas

ed tel

esco

pic

obse

rvat

ions

Voyag

er1 (1980

Voyag

er1 (1980-- 8

1) sa

w fea

ture

less

surfac

e 81) sa

w fea

ture

less

surfac

e

Cas

sini

Cas

sini --H

uygen

s m

issi

on (1997

Huygen

s m

issi

on (1997-- p

rese

nt)

pre

sent)

Comparison with other solar system objects

Comparison with other solar system objects

Lar

ges

t sa

tellite

of Sat

urn

Lar

ges

t sa

tellite

of Sat

urn

Lar

ger

than

Mer

cury

and P

luto

Lar

ger

than

Mer

cury

and P

luto

Sec

ond lar

ges

t nat

ura

l sa

tellite

in the

sola

r sy

stem

after

Sec

ond lar

ges

t nat

ura

l sa

tellite

in the

sola

r sy

stem

after

Gan

ym

ede

Gan

ym

ede

Sim

ilar

in siz

e, m

ass to

Gan

ym

ede

,Cal

listo

Sim

ilar

in siz

e, m

ass to

Gan

ym

ede

,Cal

listo

Why d

oes

Titan

hav

e an

atm

osp

her

e , w

hile

its Jo

via

n

Why d

oes

Titan

hav

e an

atm

osp

her

e , w

hile

its Jo

via

n

cousins don

cousins don’’ t?t?

Titan

Titan’’ s atmosphere

s atmosphere

Only

moon in the

sola

r sy

stem

to p

oss

ess a

Only

moon in the

sola

r sy

stem

to p

oss

ess a

den

se a

tmosp

her

eden

se a

tmosp

her

e

10 tim

es thic

ker

than

Ear

th10 tim

es thic

ker

than

Ear

th’’ s

atm

osp

her

es at

mosp

her

e

Pre

sence

of huge

atm

osp

her

e unex

pla

ined

Pre

sence

of huge

atm

osp

her

e unex

pla

ined

NN2

2 : M

ajor co

nstituen

t of both

Ear

th: M

ajor co

nstituen

t of both

Ear

th’’ s

s

and T

itan

and T

itan

’’ s a

tmosp

her

e (~

98.4

% N

s at

mosp

her

e (~

98.4

% N

22,,

~1.6

% C

H~1.6

% C

H44))

Uniq

ue

atm

osp

her

ic o

rgan

ic c

hem

istry

Uniq

ue

atm

osp

her

ic o

rgan

ic c

hem

istry

→→fo

rms th

ick h

aze

whic

h e

nvel

opes

the

form

s th

ick h

aze

whic

h e

nvel

opes

the

moon; pre

ven

ts fro

m see

ing the

moon; pre

ven

ts fro

m see

ing the

surfac

esu

rfac

e

Ear

ly E

arth

/Pre

Ear

ly E

arth

/Pre

-- bio

tic

Ear

th in

bio

tic

Ear

th in

dee

p fre

eze

dee

p fre

eze

Titan

Titan’’ s atmospheric chemistry

s atmospheric chemistry

2CH

2CH

44→→

CC22HH

66+ H

+ H

22(( ↑↑

))

Met

han

e M

ethan

e →→

Eth

ane

+ H

ydro

gen

Eth

ane

+ H

ydro

gen

Tholins

Tholins

Ter

m first

pro

pose

d b

y C

arl Sag

an e

t al

.Ter

m first

pro

pose

d b

y C

arl Sag

an e

t al

.

Haz

e m

ade

of lo

ng c

hai

n m

ole

cule

sH

aze

mad

e of lo

ng c

hai

n m

ole

cule

s --‘‘ tholins

tholins ’’

Solid e

nd p

roduct

s of photo

lysis an

d e

lect

ronic

disch

arge

Solid e

nd p

roduct

s of photo

lysis an

d e

lect

ronic

disch

arge

exper

imen

ts sim

ula

ting o

ther

pla

net

ary a

tmosp

her

esex

per

imen

ts sim

ula

ting o

ther

pla

net

ary a

tmosp

her

es

Com

ple

x red

dish o

r bro

wnis

h o

rgan

ic c

om

pounds

Com

ple

x red

dish o

r bro

wnis

h o

rgan

ic c

om

pounds

Not pre

cise

qual

ific

atio

n o

f th

e co

mpounds co

nstituting

Not pre

cise

qual

ific

atio

n o

f th

e co

mpounds co

nstituting

Titan

Titan

’’ s h

aze

s haz

e

Results from Voyager

Results from Voyager

Saw

an o

range,

fea

ture

less

bal

lSaw

an o

range,

fea

ture

less

bal

l

Atm

osp

her

ic struct

ure

, A

tmosp

her

ic struct

ure

,

com

posi

tion

com

posi

tion

Pre

ssure

Pre

ssure

-- tem

per

ature

pro

file

te

mper

ature

pro

file

thro

ugh the

atm

osp

her

eth

rough the

atm

osp

her

e

Rad

io

Rad

io

occ

ultat

ion u

sed

occ

ultat

ion u

sed

to d

eter

min

e to

det

erm

ine

Titan

Titan

’’ s rad

ius

s ra

diu

s

Surface composition

Surface composition

No c

oncl

usive

resu

lts yet

No c

oncl

usive

resu

lts yet

How

ever

, su

rfac

e has

to b

e m

ade

mai

nly

of w

ater

ice

(gro

und

How

ever

, su

rfac

e has

to b

e m

ade

mai

nly

of w

ater

ice

(gro

und--

bas

ed/s

pac

ecra

ft o

bse

rvat

ions)

bas

ed/s

pac

ecra

ft o

bse

rvat

ions)

Expec

ted to b

e co

ated

with h

ydro

carb

ons th

at rai

n d

ow

n fro

m

Expec

ted to b

e co

ated

with h

ydro

carb

ons th

at rai

n d

ow

n fro

m

above

(eth

ane,

ben

zene,

pro

pan

e, e

tc.)

above

(eth

ane,

ben

zene,

pro

pan

e, e

tc.)

Comparison of surface materials

Comparison of surface materials

Bedrock

Bedrock

Silic

a Silic

a W

ater

ice

Wat

er ice

Working fluid

Working fluid

Wat

er

Wat

er

Met

han

eM

ethan

e

Sediment/Soil

Sediment/Soil

Quar

tzQ

uar

tzW

ater

ice

/org

anic

W

ater

ice

/org

anic

mat

eria

ls

mat

eria

ls

(tholins)

(tholins)

Earth

Titan

Wat

er c

ycl

e on E

arth

Met

han

e cy

cle

on T

itan

Internal structure

Internal structure

Mea

n d

ensi

ty o

f ~1880 k

g m

Mea

n d

ensi

ty o

f ~1880 k

g m

-- 33

Implies

a 5

0Im

plies

a 5

0-- 5

0 m

ixtu

re o

f ro

ck a

nd ice

(like

Gan

ym

ede)

50 m

ixtu

re o

f ro

ck a

nd ice

(like

Gan

ym

ede)

Sub

Sub-- s

urf

ace

oce

an ?

(sugges

ted b

y C

assini m

issi

on res

ults)

surf

ace

oce

an ?

(sugges

ted b

y C

assini m

issi

on res

ults)

Titan

Titan’’ s Formation Sequence

s Formation Sequence

Titan

acc

rete

s Titan

acc

rete

s

Core

over

turn

Core

over

turn

occ

urs

occ

urs

Thre

e ep

isodes

Thre

e ep

isodes

of C

Hof C

H4

4 o

utg

assi

ng

outg

assi

ng

Hig

h p

ress

ure

H

igh p

ress

ure

ices

form

at co

reic

es form

at co

re--

man

tle

boundar

ym

antle

boundar

y

Ice

I sh

ell fo

rms

Ice

I sh

ell fo

rms

under

met

han

e under

met

han

e

clat

hra

te lay

ercl

athra

te lay

er

Tobie et al., 2006

Cassini

Cassini --Huygens mission

Huygens mission

Inte

rnat

ional

collab

ora

tion b

etw

een thre

e sp

ace

agen

cies

In

tern

atio

nal

collab

ora

tion b

etw

een thre

e sp

ace

agen

cies

: N

ASA

, ESA

, Ital

ian S

pac

e A

gen

cy: N

ASA

, ESA

, Ital

ian S

pac

e A

gen

cy

2 m

ain e

lem

ents

: Cas

sini orb

iter

and H

uygen

s pro

be

2 m

ain e

lem

ents

: Cas

sini orb

iter

and H

uygen

s pro

be

Lau

nch

ed in 9

7Lau

nch

ed in 9

7’’ ; E

nte

red into

Sat

urn

orb

it o

n J

uly

1, 04;

; Ente

red into

Sat

urn

orb

it o

n J

uly

1, 04;

Huygen

s pro

be

landed

on T

itan

on Jan

uar

y 1

4, 05

Huygen

s pro

be

landed

on T

itan

on Jan

uar

y 1

4, 05

Surface map of Titan

Surface map of Titan

HLS (10°S

, 192°W

)Fac

ula

Fac

ula

––bright sp

ot, M

acula

bright sp

ot, M

acula

––dar

k spot

dar

k spot

Huygen

s pro

be

landed

in d

ark a

rea

Huygen

s pro

be

landed

in d

ark a

rea

10 S

, 192 W

10 S

, 192 W

Dried

Dried

-- up riv

er b

ed?

up riv

er b

ed?

Des

cent im

ages

show

ed

Des

cent im

ages

show

ed

shore

line

shore

line

Den

dritic

feat

ure

s, c

han

nel

sD

endritic

feat

ure

s, c

han

nel

s

Eas

tEas

t --w

est ridges

of bright

wes

t ridges

of bright

mat

eria

lm

ater

ial

In the

dar

k a

reas

In the

dar

k a

reas

Low

alb

edo o

rgan

ic c

om

pounds

Low

alb

edo o

rgan

ic c

om

pounds

Som

e w

ater

ice

vis

ible

Som

e w

ater

ice

vis

ible

Litte

red w

ith 1

5cm

cobble

sLitte

red w

ith 1

5cm

cobble

s

••Bright ic

y c

om

posi

tion

Bright ic

y c

om

posi

tion

••Rounded

appea

rance

Rounded

appea

rance

sugges

ts flu

via

l tran

sport

sugges

ts flu

via

l tran

sport

Chan

nel

bed

appar

ent a

few

Chan

nel

bed

appar

ent a

few

met

ers aw

aym

eter

s aw

ay

Ver

y subdued

topogra

phy

Ver

y subdued

topogra

phy

Met

han

e re

leas

edM

ethan

e re

leas

ed

Met

han

e co

nce

ntrat

ion

Met

han

e co

nce

ntrat

ion

incr

ease

d a

fter

lan

din

gin

crea

sed a

fter

lan

din

g

Pen

etro

met

erPen

etro

met

er

Pro

be

firs

t hit o

ne

of th

e Pro

be

firs

t hit o

ne

of th

e

icy c

obble

sic

y c

obble

s

After

that

gro

und h

as

After

that

gro

und h

as

consist

ency

of w

et c

lay

consist

ency

of w

et c

lay

Couple

d w

ith m

ethan

e Couple

d w

ith m

ethan

e

rele

ase

rele

ase

••W

etW

et-- ish

subsu

rfac

eis

h subsu

rfac

e

••Lik

e pac

ked

snow

or w

et

Lik

e pac

ked

snow

or w

et

clay

clay

Active surface processes

Active surface processes

Flu

via

l er

osion

Flu

via

l er

osion

Aeo

lian

act

ivity

Aeo

lian

act

ivity

Tec

tonic

sTec

tonic

s

Cry

ovolc

anism

Cry

ovolc

anism

Impac

t cr

ater

ing

Impac

t cr

ater

ing

Lac

ustrine

pro

cess

es (la

kes

)Lac

ustrine

pro

cess

es (la

kes

)

Fluvial erosion

Fluvial erosion

15 cm

Aeolian activity

Aeolian activity

Win

d spee

ds on T

itan

wer

e to

be

mea

sure

d b

y D

opple

r W

ind E

xper

imW

ind spee

ds on T

itan

wer

e to

be

mea

sure

d b

y D

opple

r W

ind E

xper

imen

t en

t onboar

d H

uygen

sonboar

d H

uygen

s

Glitc

h w

ith o

ne

of th

e ra

dio

lin

ks

Glitc

h w

ith o

ne

of th

e ra

dio

lin

ks

��ea

rth

earth-- b

ased

rad

io tel

esco

pes

bas

ed rad

io tel

esco

pes

had

to b

e use

d for m

easu

ring

had

to b

e use

d for m

easu

ring

win

d spee

ds

win

d spee

ds

Strong p

rogra

de

(eas

twar

d)

Strong p

rogra

de

(eas

twar

d)

zonal

win

ds during m

ost

zonal

win

ds during m

ost

of des

cent

of des

cent

In situ c

onfirm

atio

n o

f In

situ c

onfirm

atio

n o

f

super

rota

tion o

n T

itan

(w

ind spee

ds of ~ 1

00 m

/s a

t 120 k

m a

super

rota

tion o

n T

itan

(w

ind spee

ds of ~ 1

00 m

/s a

t 120 k

m a

ltitude)

ltitude)

Wea

k surfac

e w

inds (~

1 m

/s)

Wea

k surfac

e w

inds (~

1 m

/s)

Longitudinal dunes on Titan

Longitudinal dunes on Titan

3km

wav

elen

gth

, 100m

hei

ght

3km

wav

elen

gth

, 100m

hei

ght

Found in e

quat

orial

reg

ions,

Found in e

quat

orial

reg

ions,

orien

ted a

long p

redom

inan

t w

ind

orien

ted a

long p

redom

inan

t w

ind--

flow

direc

tion (w

est

flow

direc

tion (w

est --ea

st)

east

)

Wra

p a

round topogra

phic

obstac

les

Wra

p a

round topogra

phic

obstac

les

Sim

ilar

to N

amib

iaSim

ilar

to N

amib

ia

Dunes

obse

rved

to c

over

som

e cr

ater

sD

unes

obse

rved

to c

over

som

e cr

ater

s

Aeo

lian

ero

sion/b

urial

mig

ht be

an

Aeo

lian

ero

sion/b

urial

mig

ht be

an

importan

t pro

cess

importan

t pro

cess

Spec

tral

(U

VIS

) dat

aSpec

tral

(U

VIS

) dat

a

Dune

area

s hav

e lo

w

Dune

area

s hav

e lo

w

wat

er ice

sig

nat

ure

wat

er ice

sig

nat

ure

May

be

solid o

rgan

ic

May

be

solid o

rgan

ic

(Photo

chem

ical

pro

duct

s (P

hoto

chem

ical

pro

duct

s

of m

ethan

e?)

of m

ethan

e?)

Titan

has

a d

earth o

f cr

ater

sTitan

has

a d

earth o

f cr

ater

s

Sev

eral

Sev

eral

suspiciously

suspiciously

circ

ula

r ci

rcula

r

feat

ure

sfe

ature

s

Rad

ar h

as im

aged

~30%

of

Rad

ar h

as im

aged

~30%

of

surfac

esu

rfac

e

Geo

morp

holo

gic

ally

ver

y

Geo

morp

holo

gic

ally

ver

y

active;

young surfac

e ac

tive;

young surfac

e

Rhea –for comparison

Impact cratering

Cryovolcanism

Cryovolcanism

Ice

Ice-- r

ich v

olc

anism

rich

volc

anism

Cry

ovolc

anoes

eru

pt vola

tile

s like

wat

er,

Cry

ovolc

anoes

eru

pt vola

tile

s like

wat

er,

met

han

e, a

mm

onia

instea

d o

f m

olten

rock

met

han

e, a

mm

onia

instea

d o

f m

olten

rock

Eru

pte

d substan

ces

Eru

pte

d substan

ces →→

usu

ally

liq

uid

s, form

plu

mes

, ca

n a

lso b

e in

usu

ally

liq

uid

s, form

plu

mes

, ca

n a

lso b

e in

vap

our fo

rmvap

our fo

rm

Contrib

ution to rep

lenishm

ent of m

ethan

e in

Titan

Contrib

ution to rep

lenishm

ent of m

ethan

e in

Titan

’’ s m

ethan

olo

gic

al

s m

ethan

olo

gic

al

cycl

e (Y

ung e

t al

. 1984)

cycl

e (Y

ung e

t al

. 1984)

Importan

t re

surfac

ing p

roce

ssIm

portan

t re

surfac

ing p

roce

ss

Mig

ht ex

pla

in c

luster

ing o

f cl

ouds nea

r 40

Mig

ht ex

pla

in c

luster

ing o

f cl

ouds nea

r 40°° S

, 350

S, 350°° W

(Roe

et a

l. 2

005)

W (Roe

et a

l. 2

005)

Astro

bio

logic

al im

plica

tions : Pote

ntial

hab

itat

s fo

r life

Astro

bio

logic

al im

plica

tions : Pote

ntial

hab

itat

s fo

r life

Gan

esa

Mac

ula

Gan

esa

Mac

ula

Circu

lar fe

ature

, 180 k

m d

iaCircu

lar fe

ature

, 180 k

m d

ia

Flo

w fea

ture

sFlo

w fea

ture

s

Cry

olv

olc

anic

/alluvia

l fa

ns

Cry

olv

olc

anic

/alluvia

l fa

ns

Cryovolcanism

More

M

ore

‘‘ca

lder

asca

lder

as’’an

d

and ‘‘flow

sflow

s ’’

Probable cryovolcanic sites

Probable cryovolcanic sites

Hotei Arcus

Titan

Titan’’ s Land

s Land-- oo-- Lakes!

Lakes!

Lak

es d

isco

ver

ed a

t N

orth

Lak

es d

isco

ver

ed a

t N

orth

(Sto

fan

(Sto

fan et al.

et al.

2007) an

d S

outh

2007) an

d S

outh

Pole

Pole

Liq

uid

eth

ane

det

erm

ined

to b

e Liq

uid

eth

ane

det

erm

ined

to b

e one

of th

e co

mponen

ts (Bro

wn

one

of th

e co

mponen

ts (Bro

wn et et

al.al.

2008)

2008)

Only

know

n a

ctiv

e la

ke

syst

em

Only

know

n a

ctiv

e la

ke

syst

em

on a

ny sola

r sy

stem

obje

ct a

par

t on a

ny sola

r sy

stem

obje

ct a

par

t from

Ear

thfrom

Ear

thImaging Science

Subsystem (ISS)

RADAR

Visual and Infrared

Mapping spectrometer

(VIMS)

Evidences in support of lake

Evidences in support of lake

interpretation

interpretation

Nois

eN

ois

e-- flo

or le

vel

bac

ksc

atte

r floor le

vel

bac

ksc

atte

r

Hig

her

brightn

ess te

mper

ature

s H

igher

brightn

ess te

mper

ature

s

over

the

feat

ure

s co

mpar

ed to the

over

the

feat

ure

s co

mpar

ed to the

surr

oundin

g reg

ion

surr

oundin

g reg

ion

Pre

sence

of ch

annel

s goin

g in a

nd

Pre

sence

of ch

annel

s goin

g in a

nd

com

ing o

ut of th

e dar

k fea

ture

s co

min

g o

ut of th

e dar

k fea

ture

s

Liq

uid

eth

ane

com

posi

tion

Liq

uid

eth

ane

com

posi

tion

(VIM

S d

isco

ver

y)

(VIM

S d

isco

ver

y)

Temporal evolution of lakes at South Pole

Temporal evolution of lakes at South Pole

Chan

ges

in b

rightn

ess over

the

cours

e of a

yea

rChan

ges

in b

rightn

ess over

the

cours

e of a

yea

r

New

dar

k a

reas

vis

ible

over

South

Pole

New

dar

k a

reas

vis

ible

over

South

Pole

Rai

n fro

m lar

ge

storm

?Rai

n fro

m lar

ge

storm

?

Chan

ges

in c

loud a

ctiv

ity

Chan

ges

in c

loud a

ctiv

ity

Imaging Science

Subsystem (ISS)

Tectonics on Titan

Tectonics on Titan

Mounta

in ran

ges

im

aged

both

by

Mounta

in ran

ges

im

aged

both

by

VIM

S a

nd R

AD

AR

VIM

S a

nd R

AD

AR

Poss

ible

form

atio

n m

echan

ism

s:

Poss

ible

form

atio

n m

echan

ism

s:

Cru

stal

com

pre

ssio

nal

te

ctonism

and u

pth

rustin

g o

f blo

cks

Exte

nsional

tec

tonism

and

form

atio

n o

f hors

t-an

d-g

raben

Dep

osition a

s blo

cks of im

pac

t ej

ecta

Disse

ctio

n a

nd e

rosion o

f a

pre

existing lay

er o

f m

ater

ial

Rad

arcl

inom

etry

(sh

ape

Rad

arcl

inom

etry

(sh

ape-- fro

mfrom

-- shad

ing) use

d to infe

r m

ounta

in h

eights

sh

adin

g) use

d to infe

r m

ounta

in h

eights

an

d slo

pes

and slo

pes

Mea

n slo

pe

~37

Mea

n slo

pe

~37°° , m

ax e

levat

ions ~ 1

930m

, m

ax e

levat

ions ~ 1

930m

Clouds on Titan

Clouds on Titan

Mai

nly

obse

rved

at th

e pole

s an

d a

t 40

Mai

nly

obse

rved

at th

e pole

s an

d a

t 40°° SS

Dynam

ic syst

ems;

disap

pea

r in

few

hours

Dynam

ic syst

ems;

disap

pea

r in

few

hours

Possibility of life on Titan

Possibility of life on Titan

++

Hydro

lysis of th

olins

Hydro

lysis of th

olins

But w

her

e w

ill th

e w

ater

com

e fr

om

?But w

her

e w

ill th

e w

ater

com

e fr

om

?

Cry

ovolc

anism

Cry

ovolc

anism

Impac

tsIm

pac

ts

Bio

logic

al

mole

cule

s

like

amin

o

acid

s

Unanswered questions about Titan

Unanswered questions about Titan

How

did

Titan

get

its

atm

osp

her

e?H

ow

did

Titan

get

its

atm

osp

her

e?

What

is th

e so

urc

e of al

l th

e m

ethan

e?

What

is th

e so

urc

e of al

l th

e m

ethan

e?

Why h

asn

Why h

asn’’ t it ex

hau

sted

by n

ow

?t it e

xhau

sted

by n

ow

?

Wher

e is

all the

ethan

e?W

her

e is

all the

ethan

e?

How

can

the

loca

liza

tion o

f cl

ouds at

H

ow

can

the

loca

liza

tion o

f cl

ouds at

40

40

°°S b

e ex

pla

ined

?S b

e ex

pla

ined

?

What

is th

e su

rfac

e co

mposi

tion o

f Titan

?W

hat

is th

e su

rfac

e co

mposi

tion o

f Titan

?

Whic

h surfac

e pro

cess

es a

re d

om

inan

t W

hic

h surfac

e pro

cess

es a

re d

om

inan

t

on T

itan

?on T

itan

?

Could

bio

logic

al m

ole

cule

s be

synth

esiz

ed

Could

bio

logic

al m

ole

cule

s be

synth

esiz

ed

on T

itan

?on T

itan

?

Future Missions

Future Missions

Airborn

e pla

tform

Airborn

e pla

tform

Cover

vas

t dis

tance

s Cover

vas

t dis

tance

s

Bal

loons ca

n tak

e ad

van

tage

of blo

win

g w

inds

Bal

loons ca

n tak

e ad

van

tage

of blo

win

g w

inds

Sam

ple

Acq

uisitio

n D

evic

esSam

ple

Acq

uisitio

n D

evic

es

The End

The End