TITLE : Discovery of SenegalPRESENTED BY :

•Gallo Sall•Dina Diatta•Ousseynou Niang•Momo Ndiaye•Pierre Bampoky•Mbacke Sarr•Mariama Samba•Junior Ndiaye

SCHOOL : Military School of Saint Louis

AGE : 16th-17th

1929 1943 1954/1952

1960 2029

AFrica united

The Big Crisis of 1929 constitutes a bend in the colonial history. For the first time, the interests of the dependent and metropolitan savings collide. The prices of the manufactured goods which colonies buy in West know an unprecedented decline, but the touched are unmistakably the prices of the primary products on which they depend. The colonialism becomes unacceptable even for the colonial elites. The crisis destabilizes the national and international political life of coloniesWe attend then, in the interwar period, within most of the French colonies in Africa, the levying of nationalist movements claiming the emancipation. It is however necessary to wait for the end of the second world conflict so that the mobilization begins

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Word crash

The Second World War considerably reduced the aura of Europe and strengthened the awareness of the subdued populations. Number of independent parties, such as the democratic Malagasy Movement of the renovation ( MDRM), is born in this period. The political main lines of the future are outlined in all French Africa. However, according to the Gaullist rules of the Conference of Brazzaville, in February, 1944, the independence remains a taboo subject. Only the countries of the Maghreb which had seen in 1942 the Allies off-landing, the Charter of the Atlantic Ocean - lauding the self-determination of all the peoples - in the hand, intend to jump at the opportunity. In spring, 1943, the first Algerian and Moroccan manifestoes demand an autonomous existence. The French repression marks the entrance to the era of the violence institutionalized within the army and within the police colonial. According to the estimations of Yves Benot in his work Massacres

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Algerian War

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Between 1945 and 1947, to avoid the demands of independence in sub-Saharan Africa, France is going to reform its colonial policy, in particular by deleting the native population. France also abolishes the hard labor and reforms the financing of colonies by creating the Investment fund for the economic and social development for overseas. But these reforms will not be enough. In March, 47, it is the fire in Madagascar after arrests within the MDRM, that advocates the emancipation. The uprising, which extends very fast in a vast zone, is repressed in the violence by the army, the police and the colonists were armed(equipped) by the State. In one year, 550 French people and 89.000 Malagasies are killed.

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Malgach Uprising

1960 will remain marked with the seal of the decolonization. Indeed, it is the year which France - and Belgium - choose to negotiate peacefully the African independences.In Cameroon, from 1948, the local section of the African Democratic Gathering, demanded independence of the territory under mandate. What had led to the ban on the party by the French State and to the murder of his leaders. So that on January 1st, 1960, the Cameroonian independence will be granted to parties and politicians who had never demanded it and who had even opposed to those who had prepared her.Côte d'Ivoire, one of the colonies the richest in natural resources, had been the theater of systematic repressions to the political class, especially towards the African Democratic Gathering (allied to the French Communist Party to 1950), and his local leader, Félix Houphouët-Boigny. This last one, with the massive support of the population, obtains nevertheless the autonomy in 1958 and leads Côte d'Ivoire to the independence on August 7th, 1960.Autonomous republic since 1958, Senegal joined at first in French Sudan (current Mali), benefiting from the same status, to train(form) the short-lived Federation of Mali which will be declared independent on June 20th, 1960. After the explosion of the federation, Léopold Sédar Senghor leads Senegal to the independence from next August 20th).

Inescapable 60’s

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The Portuguese ( 1445-1588 ): discoverers and traders At first systematic stopover of the famous expeditions towards India and Brazil (led by Barthelemy Dias, Vasco de Gama, François-Xavier, Luis de Camões), the island becomes the point of departure then the center of a network of counters allowing a business of very lucrative barter (rifles, powder, jewels, materials, brandies against gold, ivory, musk, amber, skins, ostrich's feathers, as well as slaves).

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It’s them indeed that name " goede reede " ( good natural harbour) the island where from they eliminate the Portuguese in 1588, taking advantage of the European context (the Portuguese decline happens as Holland becomes emancipated of Spain). But it is in 1617 when they buy the island to a fisherman against some iron bars. They build forge, bakery, stores there as well as two forts.

The Dutch( 1588-1677 ): we give them the name of "Gorée“

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French and English(1677-1817 ): an indecisive rivalry around the island symbol of the slavery The end of the XVIIth and the XVIIIth see English and a French quarrelling the island and his certainly lucrative business, but in the dark echofor the history of the Humanity. The English people, the étrennant their status of " bosses of seas ", hunt(chase away) the Dutch people of the island? The French will compete for it to them during all this period by leaning as for them on their presence (1626 ) in the North, in the mouth of the river Senegal where they Saint Louis ( 1659 ), first French city of Africa. This movement of yoyo stops the same year when is held the Congress of Vienna ( 1815 ) abolishing internationally the slavery, which is not henceforth any more the center of all the greeds. French people, free to maneuver only in the region, hurry to unify the country to colonize it, as the African western rest.

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The French botanist Michel Adanson travels in Senegal at his expenses from 1748 till 1754 and brings back a considerable number of descriptions of animal and vegetable species, but also makes it numerous geographical and ethnographical observations. It is to him that the baobab, the emblem of Senegal, owes its name, Adansonia digitata. Faidherbe, Pinet-Laprade or Gallieni, and with the creation of French western Africa ( AOF) in 1895, the local infrastructures and the means of transportation improve. The first colonists concentrated on islands ( Gorée) and coast, but it is henceforth possible to penetrate inside the country. While the line Dakar-Saint-Louis - the first railroad - already connects the capital with the North of the country, the starting of the railroad of Dakar-Niger open new perspectives. Comfortable ships connect almost every week Marseille and Bordeaux with the port of Dakar, in Conakry or in Cotonou. Back time line

The Touring-Club of France organizes caravans in Senegal and in the 1930s a tourist information office is created in Dakar. THE AOF becomes a possible destination, even a fashionable destination. Brochures praise these new landscapes, the variety of the peoples - " real ethnographical checkerboard "-, the flavour of tams-tams, as well as a plentiful fauna within gunshot. A special number of The Illustration, dedicated to " The work of France in western Africa ", describe in 1936 " unspeakable and inexhaustible charm " of this " burning nature ", disturbing yesterday, but welcoming today. Everything seems become easy: " in fact, the AOF is the tropical suburb of Europe. “ And to quote the comments of a big American traveler: " but your Africa it is all the East of the Bible. Something that we do not have. Something that we have not already seen. " The Second World War slows down this craze, but, at the time of the independences, Senegal remains the only country in tourist vocation of the sub-region Back time line Back time line

At the time of the independences, Senegal remains the only country in tourist vocation of the sub-region. His political stability strengthens this privileged position. At the beginning of 1970s the State sets up a development policy of the sector, realized in particular by the construction of several luxury hotel establishments. In 1973 the Club Mediterranee opens a first vacation village to Cape Skirring. The Casamance also innovates with the first rustic camps. Seduced by these new possibilities in the seaside, Europeans and Americans stream. In the 1980s the tourism is carrier of immense hopes and we expect then the million annual visitors.

60’s to 70’s

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The disappointment is big, because the other destinations appear and the seaside tourism does not hold any more the monopoly of the motivations. As well as Senegal sometimes benefited of disorders in Morocco or Egypt, it was deprived in his turn of one of its best maps during the some years of the conflict in Casamance. This eclipse benefited indirectly Saint Louis who knew a real tourist bang] in the 1990s, taking advantage of a growing craze for the discovery of the nature and the cultural tourism. While the Casamance lost 16,9 % of arrivals between 1999 and 2000, Saint Louis welcomed 37,2 % of supplementary tourists.

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Many efforts were already done to improve the road network and ease congestion in the capital. To reassure the visitors, it was also necessary to inssure their security and their tranquillity in some high places such as the Sandaga market of Dakar-tray or the Lake Rose. The government however announced the creation of a tourist police. The national Agency of promotion of the tourism ( ANPT) was launched in 2004. The first stone of a new airport, an international airport Blaise Diagne, was put in 2007.

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UNITED STATES OF AFRICA

5 States with 5 capitals & 5 governors

45 countrys with chief of country in each one

5 States with 5 capitals & 5 governors

45 countrys with chief of country in each one

1 president for the united states

Every 5 years, the capital rotate in the same state.

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